EP2060331B1 - Vorrichtung zur Reinigung eines Rohrinneren, Anordnung und Verfahren mit einer derartigen Vorrichtung - Google Patents

Vorrichtung zur Reinigung eines Rohrinneren, Anordnung und Verfahren mit einer derartigen Vorrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2060331B1
EP2060331B1 EP08275070A EP08275070A EP2060331B1 EP 2060331 B1 EP2060331 B1 EP 2060331B1 EP 08275070 A EP08275070 A EP 08275070A EP 08275070 A EP08275070 A EP 08275070A EP 2060331 B1 EP2060331 B1 EP 2060331B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pipe
spray
interior
nozzle
cleaning
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP08275070A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2060331A2 (de
EP2060331A3 (de
Inventor
Andrew Rae
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fastflow Pipeline Services Ltd
Original Assignee
Fastflow Pipeline Services Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fastflow Pipeline Services Ltd filed Critical Fastflow Pipeline Services Ltd
Priority to EP11175201A priority Critical patent/EP2383050B1/de
Publication of EP2060331A2 publication Critical patent/EP2060331A2/de
Publication of EP2060331A3 publication Critical patent/EP2060331A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2060331B1 publication Critical patent/EP2060331B1/de
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08—CLEANING
    • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B9/00—Cleaning hollow articles by methods or apparatus specially adapted thereto
    • B08B9/02—Cleaning pipes or tubes or systems of pipes or tubes
    • B08B9/027—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages
    • B08B9/04—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages using cleaning devices introduced into and moved along the pipes
    • B08B9/043—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages using cleaning devices introduced into and moved along the pipes moved by externally powered mechanical linkage, e.g. pushed or drawn through the pipes
    • B08B9/0433—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages using cleaning devices introduced into and moved along the pipes moved by externally powered mechanical linkage, e.g. pushed or drawn through the pipes provided exclusively with fluid jets as cleaning tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08—CLEANING
    • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B9/00—Cleaning hollow articles by methods or apparatus specially adapted thereto
    • B08B9/02—Cleaning pipes or tubes or systems of pipes or tubes
    • B08B9/027—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages
    • B08B9/04—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages using cleaning devices introduced into and moved along the pipes
    • B08B9/043—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages using cleaning devices introduced into and moved along the pipes moved by externally powered mechanical linkage, e.g. pushed or drawn through the pipes
    • B08B9/047—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages using cleaning devices introduced into and moved along the pipes moved by externally powered mechanical linkage, e.g. pushed or drawn through the pipes the cleaning devices having internal motors, e.g. turbines for powering cleaning tools
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03B—INSTALLATIONS OR METHODS FOR OBTAINING, COLLECTING, OR DISTRIBUTING WATER
    • E03B7/00—Water main or service pipe systems
    • E03B7/006—Arrangements or methods for cleaning or refurbishing water conduits

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an apparatus for cleaning an interior of a pipe, and relates particularly, but not exclusively, to a pipe interior cleaning assembly.
  • the invention also relates to a method of cleaning an interior of a pipe.
  • a preferred embodiment of the present invention seeks to overcome the above disadvantages of the prior art.
  • an apparatus for cleaning an interior of a pipe comprising the features of claim 1.
  • an apparatus for cleaning an interior of a pipe comprising:
  • this apparatus can operate regardless of rotational orientation, i.e. if the apparatus is turned upside down, it will continue to operate and has been shown to successfully clean lengths of pipe in excess of 500 metres in a single pass, whereas known pigging methods require multiple passes. It has been found that the apparatus can negotiate a 1D bend in a pipe. This means that for a pipe having diameter D, the apparatus can successfully negotiate a bend in the pipe having radius D.
  • At least one said nozzle is mounted at an end of a spray arm projecting from a spray head rotatably mounted to the body.
  • the spray arm further comprises a flexible joint to enable the spray arm to bend.
  • said flexible joint comprises a portion of elastomeric tubing disposed between two substantially rigid portions of the spray arm.
  • Said elastomeric tubing may be reinforced with a high tensile steel wire helix.
  • This provides the advantage of reinforcing the flexible joint, and ensuring that the spray arm flexes back to a straight configuration when an obstacle has been cleared.
  • the apparatus further comprises a variable speed electric motor arranged to rotate the spray head relative to the body.
  • variable speed electric motor provides the advantage of enabling the apparatus to be used to clean pipes of different diameters.
  • a variable speed motor enables the speed of rotation of the spray head to be selected according to the diameter of pipe to be cleaned.
  • the support assembly comprises a plurality of support legs moveably mounted to the body, each said support leg having an engaging member disposed at an end thereof to engage the interior of the pipe, wherein the support legs are adapted to extend and retract relative to the body to change the distance between the engaging members and the body to hold the body substantially at the centre of the pipe, the support assembly further comprising biasing means arranged to bias each said support leg outwardly from the body.
  • This provides the advantage of maintaining the body substantially at the centre of the pipe meaning that the distance between the nozzles and the wall of the pipe remains substantially constant. This improves cleaning effectiveness and also improves the consistency of the cleaning process.
  • the apparatus further comprises an interlinking mechanism connected to each said support leg, wherein the interlinking mechanism causes each said support leg to be deployed outwardly from the body to the same extent.
  • the interlinking mechanism may comprise:
  • the apparatus may further comprise at least one draft nozzle arranged to spray fluid substantially axially along the pipe.
  • At least one said draft nozzle may be arranged to spray fluid forwardly in a direction of movement of the apparatus.
  • Said draft nozzle may be rotatably mounted to the body and weighted to cause the draft nozzle to hang below the body.
  • the apparatus further comprises monitoring means to monitor the rotation of at least one said nozzle.
  • monitoring means provides the advantage that a user will be made aware if the spray head becomes stuck and can then deactivate the apparatus.
  • a pipe interior cleaning assembly comprising:
  • a method of cleaning the interior of a pipe comprising:
  • a pipe interior cleaning apparatus 2 comprises a main body 4 and a pair of support assemblies 6.
  • Main body 4 is a length of steel tubing. Alternatively, in order to increase strength, a bore 44 can be drilled in a steel cylinder to form body 4. More or less than two support assemblies 6 can be used depending on the requirements of the pipe to be cleaned.
  • a spray head 8 is rotatably mounted to body 4 and comprises a plurality of spray arms 10.
  • a nozzle 12 is disposed at the end of each spray arm 10.
  • the spray head 8, spray arms 10 and nozzle 12 are arranged to spray high pressure fluid, preferably water, from nozzle 12 onto the interior surface of a pipe to be cleaned.
  • Spray arms 10 are preferably formed from lengths of stainless steel pipe. Each spray arm comprises a flexible joint 11 ( Figure 5a ) disposed along the length of the pipe.
  • a portion of flexible elastomeric tubing 11, such as black nitrile rubber tube may be used to join two lengths of steel tubing 10a and 10b to form an arm 10 having a flexible joint.
  • the elastomeric tubing may be reinforced using a high tensile steel wire helix (not shown).
  • An electric motor 14 is coupled to spray head 8 to rotate the spray head 8.
  • the electric motor 14 may be a variable speed electric motor which enables the speed of rotation of the spray head to be changed in order to clean pipes of different diameter.
  • the electric motor 14 is powered by an onboard battery (not shown).
  • Motor 14 is coupled to spray head 8 by a drive belt 15.
  • a draft spray head 22 is rotatably mounted to body 4 and connected to draft spray arm 18 and draft spray nozzle 16.
  • Draft spray head 22 is freely rotatable on body 4 and is weighted by weight 20 to ensure that draft spray nozzle 16 is always positioned below the body 4.
  • draft spray nozzle 16 sprays water axially along the pipe, and preferably forwardly of the cleaning apparatus 2, to remove water that has pooled at the base of the pipe to ensure that cleaning water sprayed by nozzles 12 can clean the base of the pipe.
  • draft spray head 22 may be formed from the same part as spray head 8.
  • spray head 8 comprises four spray arms 10.
  • one of arms 10 is replaced with draft spray arm 18 and the other three arms 10 are removed.
  • the apertures (not shown) to which arms are connected can then be closed with nuts (not shown) This enables a single part to be manufactured for both spray head 8 and draft spray head 22 to reduce manufacturing costs.
  • Monitoring means such as a CCTV camera 24 is arranged to transmit pictures of rotating spray head 8 and spray arms 10 to enable an operator to determine whether the spray head 8 is rotating. If the spray head 8 becomes stuck, nozzles 12 will continually spray high pressure water on the same points on the pipe interior. This can cause damage to the interior wall of the pipe such that if the CCTV camera 24 shows that the spray head 8 has become stuck, then the operator can shut down the cleaning apparatus 2.
  • Monitoring means other than a CCTV camera can be used to monitor the rotation of spray head 8.
  • a support ring 26 forms an extension to body 4 and is connected to body 4 by a plurality of support ring arms 28.
  • Support assembly 6 comprises a plurality of support arms 30 pivotably mounted to support ring 26.
  • Biasing means such as gas struts 32 are used bias support legs 30 outwardly of body 4.
  • Engaging members such as nylon wheels 34 are arranged to engage the interior wall of a pipe to support the body centrally in the pipe. Since support legs 30 are biased outwardly by gas struts 32, then the support assembly 6 ensures that the body 4 is centred in the pipe.
  • Spring struts can be used instead of gas struts. Spring struts have the advantage that they do not lose hydraulic pressure over time.
  • Interlinking mechanism comprises a coupling member such as a triangular plate 38 rotatably mounted on body 4.
  • a ring may be used in place of the triangular plate.
  • a plurality of rods 40 are pivotably mounted at a first end to triangular plate 38 and pivotably mounted at a second end to far ends of support arms 30. Consequently, when one of support arms 30 pivots relative to support ring 26, the respective rod 40 is pushed or pulled causing triangular plate 38 to rotate. This results in the remaining rods 40 being either pushed or pulled to move the remaining support arms 30 in the same manner as the first support arm.
  • a sliding ring mechanism can be used for an interlinking mechanism, similar to the mechanism used on an umbrella to interlink support arms 30 to ensure that the body member 4 and spray heads are centred in a pipe.
  • a sliding ring (not shown) could be slidably mounted on body member 4 and biased to push rods 40 and therefore support arms 30 into outwardly extended positions.
  • the biasing means may be adjustable in order to enable the apparatus to be calibrated for different pipe diameters.
  • the apparatus 2 is supplied with high pressure cleaning fluid, preferably water, via an umbilical (not shown) connected to central bore 44.
  • Central bore may be formed by drilling a hole through a steel cylinder to provide a relatively strong body 4. This enables the apparatus to be pulled rearwardly through a pipe without the risk of deforming body 4.
  • a seal housing ring 42 is disposed in both the spray head 8 and draft spray head 22 in order to seal the housing. This rotary sealing system enables delivery of water at pressures up to 100 bar. Either lip seals or O-rings can be used to seal the spray heads.
  • the close proximity of spray arms 10, 18 and nozzles 12 and 16 to the central bore 44 ensures high pressure and therefore efficient cleaning.
  • FIG. 1 and 5 it can be seen that four pairs of offset nozzles 12 are used.
  • This configuration enables spray overlap which leads to more effective cleaning.
  • a nozzle separation of 10 degrees and nozzle distance of 50mm from the pipe wall results in an effective cleaning surface on pipe wall 46 of 75mm.
  • the number of spray arms 10 and nozzles 12 can be changed depending on the requirements of the pipe to be cleaned. More or less arms can be used depending on the diameter of the pipe to be cleaned, and also the amount of cleaning required. For example, a pipe wall with a greater amount of deposit will require more cleaning, and therefore more spray arms can be used. The more arms that are used, the faster the apparatus can move along a pipe.
  • the apparatus of Figures 1 to 5 is fed with water from an umbilical connected to central bore 44 and the apparatus is pulled along the pipe by umbilical 74 via slow motion carriage (not shown) to ensure constant speed.
  • Electric motor 30 rotates spray head 8 and therefore rotates spray arms 10 to spray the pipe wall 46 and remove deposits from pipe wall 46.
  • Electric motor 14 ensures correct rotational speed of the cleaning head and also ensures that the rotational speed is not dictated by water pressure. Also, if the apparatus becomes partially submerged in residual water, for example in pipe depressions, then motor 14 ensures that the spray head continues to rotate. Support assembly 6 centre the body 4 and therefore spray assemblies in the centre of the pipe. Finally, draft nozzle 16 sprays water forwardly of the apparatus 2 to remove pooled water before cleaning.
  • a reception pit 50 and launch pit 52 are excavated in the ground at the ends of a length of pipe 54 to be cleaned.
  • a winch rope 56 is then pulled through the length of pipe 54 by a robotic carriage 58 ( Figures 11 and 12 ).
  • Robotic carriage 58 is powered by batteries 60.
  • a foam swab assembly 62 comprising a foam portion 64, polyurethane seals 66, steel support plates 68 and towing eyes 70 is connected to winch rope 56 and pulled through the length of pipe to be cleaned. This helps to minimise the amount of standing water remaining in the pipe before cleaning.
  • a reeling drum 72 stores a umbilical assembly 74.
  • Umbilical assembly 74 is connected to winch rope 56 and pulled through the pipe 54 from the reception pit 50 to the launch pit 52.
  • a water supply 76 is connected to umbilical 74 and the umbilical is then connected to the cleaning apparatus 2.
  • a slow motion carriage 78 is connected to the umbilical and used to pull the cleaning apparatus 2 at a constant speed through the pipe 54.
  • spray head and spray arms 10 rotate as shown by arrows B to spray the interior pipe wall and remove deposits from the pipe wall. It has been found that lengths of pipe in excess of 500 metres can be successfully cleaned with this system.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Cleaning In General (AREA)
  • Sink And Installation For Waste Water (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Vorrichtung (2) zum Reinigen einer Innenseite eines Rohres, wobei die Vorrichtung Folgendes umfasst:
    einen Körper (4) und wenigstens eine Düse (12), wobei die wenigstens eine genannte Düse so gestaltet ist, dass sie relativ zum Körper rotiert und Fluid auf die Innenseite eines Rohres sprüht, um die Innenseite des Rohres zu reinigen; und
    eine Trägerbaugruppe (6), die so angeordnet ist, dass sie in die Innenseite des Rohres eingreift, um den Körper relativ zur Innenseite des Rohres zu tragen;
    wobei die wenigstens eine genannte Düse an einem Ende eines Sprüharms (10) montiert ist, der von einem drehbar am Körper befestigten Sprühkopf (8) vorsteht, und dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Sprüharm ferner ein flexibles Gelenk (11) umfasst, damit sich der Sprüharm krümmen kann.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, wobei das genannte flexible Gelenk einen elastomeren Schlauchabschnitt zwischen zwei im Wesentlichen starren Abschnitten des Sprüharms umfasst.
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, wobei der genannte elastomere Schlauch durch eine hochfeste Stahldrahtspirale verstärkt ist.
  4. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, die ferner einen drehzahlvariablen Elektromotor (14) umfasst, der so angeordnet ist, dass der Sprühkopf relativ zum Körper in Drehung versetzt wird.
  5. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei die Trägerbaugruppe mehrere Stützschenkel (30) umfasst, die beweglich am Körper befestigt sind, wobei jeder genannte Stützschenkel ein Eingriffselement (34) an einem Ende davon hat, das in die Innenseite des Rohres einzugreifen, wobei die Stützschenkel so gestaltet sind, dass sie relativ zum Körper aus- und einfahren, um den Abstand zwischen den Eingriffselementen und dem Körper zu verändern, um den Körper im Wesentlichen in der Mitte des Rohres zu halten, wobei die Trägerbaugruppe ferner ein Vorspannmittel (32) zum Vorspannen jedes genannten Tragschenkels vom Körper nach außen umfasst.
  6. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 5, die ferner einen Verbindungsmechanismus umfasst, der mit jedem genannten Stützschenkel verbunden ist, wobei der Verbindungsmechanismus bewirkt, dass jeder genannte Stützschenkel im selben Ausmaß vom Körper nach außen wirkt.
  7. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6, wobei der Verbindungsmechanismus Folgendes umfasst:
    ein Kopplungselement (38), das drehbar am Körper befestigt ist; und
    mehrere Stäbe (40), wobei jeder genannte Stab mit einem ersten Ende schwenkbar an einem Punkt des Kopplungselements fern von einer Rotationsachse des Sprühkopfes montiert ist und mit einem zweiten Ende schwenkbar an einem Stützschenkel montiert ist, so dass eine Schwenkbewegung von einem Stützschenkel in einer Rotationsbewegung des Kopplungselements resultiert, so dass jeweilige Stäbe bewegt werden, um die anderen Stützschenkel zu schwenken.
  8. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, die ferner wenigstens eine Zugdüse (16) zum Sprühen von Fluid im Wesentlichen axial entlang dem Rohr umfasst.
  9. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 8, wobei die wenigstens eine genannte Zugdüse so gestaltet ist, dass sie Fluid nach vorne in einer Bewegungsrichtung der Vorrichtung sprüht.
  10. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 8 oder 9, wobei die wenigstens eine genannte Zugdüse drehbar am Körper montiert und beschwert ist, so dass die Zugdüse unterhalb des Körpers hängt.
  11. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, die ferner ein Überwachungsmittel (24) zum Überwachen der Rotation der wenigstens einen genannten Düse umfasst.
  12. Baugruppe zum Reinigen einer Innenseite eines Rohres, die Folgendes umfasst:
    eine Aufwickeltrommel (72) zum Aufwickeln einer Reinigungsfluidumbilikalleitung; und
    eine Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, die an der Reinigungsfluidumbilikalleitung anbringbar ist.
  13. Verfahren zum Reinigen einer Innenseite eines Rohres, wobei das Verfahren die folgenden Schritte beinhaltet:
    Ziehen einer Reinigungsfluidumbilikalleitung (74) durch ein zu reinigendes Stück Rohr;
    Anschließen einer Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11 an der Reinigungsfluidumbilikalleitung, um der Vorrichtung Reinigungsfluid zuzuführen; und
    Bewegen der Vorrichtung durch das zu reinigende Stück Rohr,
    um die Innenwand des Rohres zum Reinigen der Innenseite des Rohres zu besprühen.
EP08275070A 2007-11-16 2008-11-11 Vorrichtung zur Reinigung eines Rohrinneren, Anordnung und Verfahren mit einer derartigen Vorrichtung Not-in-force EP2060331B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP11175201A EP2383050B1 (de) 2007-11-16 2008-11-11 Vorrichtung zur Reinigung eines Rohrinneren, Anordnung und Verfahren mit einer derartigen Vorrichtung

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB0722467.8A GB0722467D0 (en) 2007-11-16 2007-11-16 Apparatus for cleaning an interior of a pipe

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP11175201.0 Division-Into 2011-07-25

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2060331A2 EP2060331A2 (de) 2009-05-20
EP2060331A3 EP2060331A3 (de) 2011-06-22
EP2060331B1 true EP2060331B1 (de) 2012-03-07

Family

ID=38896389

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08275070A Not-in-force EP2060331B1 (de) 2007-11-16 2008-11-11 Vorrichtung zur Reinigung eines Rohrinneren, Anordnung und Verfahren mit einer derartigen Vorrichtung
EP11175201A Not-in-force EP2383050B1 (de) 2007-11-16 2008-11-11 Vorrichtung zur Reinigung eines Rohrinneren, Anordnung und Verfahren mit einer derartigen Vorrichtung

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP11175201A Not-in-force EP2383050B1 (de) 2007-11-16 2008-11-11 Vorrichtung zur Reinigung eines Rohrinneren, Anordnung und Verfahren mit einer derartigen Vorrichtung

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (2) EP2060331B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE548132T1 (de)
GB (1) GB0722467D0 (de)

Cited By (1)

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CN103009220A (zh) * 2012-12-19 2013-04-03 无锡昌华机电制造有限公司 立式钢瓶刷锈机

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FR3008909A1 (fr) * 2013-07-23 2015-01-30 Areva Nc Dispositif de nettoyage d'une canalisation comportant des moyens de traction d'une tete de nettoyage
CN106311688A (zh) * 2016-09-23 2017-01-11 重庆市汇畅钢管制造有限公司 管道内壁可调节清洗装置
CN111842363B (zh) * 2020-07-18 2021-12-24 宁波索利得管桩有限公司 一种用于冲洗混凝土泵车管体的冲洗装置
CN112170397B (zh) * 2020-10-10 2023-04-11 上海理工大学 一种长距离输油管道清理装置及清理车
CN114472391B (zh) * 2021-12-28 2023-04-28 中铁隧道局集团有限公司 隧道施工中泥浆管道用管道清渣装置
CN114411936A (zh) * 2021-12-31 2022-04-29 上海井园市政工程有限公司 一种市政工程下水道清淤装置
CN114837745B (zh) * 2022-05-07 2023-02-17 南昌工程学院 一种隧道施工用通风状态监测机器人
CN116273532A (zh) * 2023-01-17 2023-06-23 重庆水务集团龙兴排水有限公司 一种多功能水下扰流器
CN119748336B (zh) * 2024-12-10 2025-10-28 长沙市特种工程装备工业技术研究院有限公司 一种带自喷淋降温的伸缩臂及水力喷砂切割设备
CN120815794B (zh) * 2025-09-15 2025-11-11 南通沿江管业有限公司 一种用于船用管道自动化清洗装置及方法

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Cited By (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103009220A (zh) * 2012-12-19 2013-04-03 无锡昌华机电制造有限公司 立式钢瓶刷锈机
CN103009220B (zh) * 2012-12-19 2015-04-15 无锡昌华机电制造有限公司 立式钢瓶刷锈机

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2383050A1 (de) 2011-11-02
EP2060331A2 (de) 2009-05-20
EP2060331A3 (de) 2011-06-22
GB0722467D0 (en) 2007-12-27
EP2383050B1 (de) 2012-05-30
ATE548132T1 (de) 2012-03-15

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