EP1945271B1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von polymerbeschichteten mikropartikeln - Google Patents

Verfahren zur herstellung von polymerbeschichteten mikropartikeln Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1945271B1
EP1945271B1 EP06851733.3A EP06851733A EP1945271B1 EP 1945271 B1 EP1945271 B1 EP 1945271B1 EP 06851733 A EP06851733 A EP 06851733A EP 1945271 B1 EP1945271 B1 EP 1945271B1
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Prior art keywords
particles
nanoparticles
hydrophobic
microparticles
emulsion
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French (fr)
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EP1945271A4 (de
EP1945271A2 (de
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Gil U. Lee
Hao Shang
Won-Suk Chang
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Magsense Life Sciences Inc
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Magsense Life Sciences Inc
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2/00—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic
    • B01J2/02—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic by dividing the liquid material into drops, e.g. by spraying, and solidifying the drops
    • B01J2/06—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic by dividing the liquid material into drops, e.g. by spraying, and solidifying the drops in a liquid medium
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K41/00—Medicinal preparations obtained by treating materials with wave energy or particle radiation ; Therapies using these preparations
    • A61K41/0028—Disruption, e.g. by heat or ultrasounds, sonophysical or sonochemical activation, e.g. thermosensitive or heat-sensitive liposomes, disruption of calculi with a medicinal preparation and ultrasounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K41/00—Medicinal preparations obtained by treating materials with wave energy or particle radiation ; Therapies using these preparations
    • A61K41/0052—Thermotherapy; Hyperthermia; Magnetic induction; Induction heating therapy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
    • A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
    • A61K49/18—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes
    • A61K49/1818—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles
    • A61K49/1887—Agglomerates, clusters, i.e. more than one (super)(para)magnetic microparticle or nanoparticle are aggregated or entrapped in the same maxtrix
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
    • B01J13/12—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation removing solvent from the wall-forming material solution
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
    • B01J13/14—Polymerisation; cross-linking
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y25/00—Nanomagnetism, e.g. magnetoimpedance, anisotropic magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance or tunneling magnetoresistance
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y5/00—Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/0036—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties showing low dimensional magnetism, i.e. spin rearrangements due to a restriction of dimensions, e.g. showing giant magnetoresistivity
    • H01F1/0045—Zero dimensional, e.g. nanoparticles, soft nanoparticles for medical/biological use
    • H01F1/0054—Coated nanoparticles, e.g. nanoparticles coated with organic surfactant

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to methods for producing uniform micrometer-sized particles comprising densely packed nanoparticles, and more particularly to methods for making highly uniform, high magnetic moment, polymer coated, magnetic microparticles using an emulsion based-templated assembly technique.
  • Such particles are useful in bioseparations, biophysical measurements, bioanalytical assays, drug delivery, hyperthermia treatment and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  • Magnetic particles can be coated with specific chemistries such that the particles have the ability to bind the corresponding targets from a mixture of biological materials. These magnetic particles can be separated from the mixture by being attracted to an external magnetic field such that the target bound to the particle surface can be separated.
  • the ability to bind specific biological materials to the magnetic particles provides a simple and effective means for the separation and purification of cells, viruses, and biological macromolecules.
  • Magnetic particles have also been employed as a tool in biophysical measurements.
  • the ability of generating a force under a magnetic field has made the particles particularly useful in biological science to characterize specific binding interactions and to differentiate specific and nonspecific binding interactions.
  • the use of magnetic particles in biophysical measurements is described, for example, in Shang et al, "The Application of Magnetic Force Differentiation for the Measurement of the Affinity of Peptide Libraries", Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 293, 2005, pp382-388 ; Strick et al, "The elasticity of a single supercoiled DNA molecule", Science, 271(5257), 1996, 1835-1837 .
  • Magnetic particles have been utilized as a bioanalytical tool.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,236,824 describes an in-situ laser magnetic immunoassay method, which permits a quantitative determination of a target immunological substance in an analyte solution containing both bound and free species.
  • the force discrimination assay is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,418 B1 .
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,342 B1 describes assay methods utilizing the response of magnetic particles to the influence of a magnetic field to qualitatively or quantitatively measure binding between specific binding pairs and hence the presence or amount of analyte contained in a test sample can be determined.
  • Magnetic particles have been utilized in medical research, especially in drug delivery, hyperthermia treatment and MRI imaging. Magnetic particles have been used to carrier and localize the therapeutic agent to a specific target as described in Yellen et al, "Targeted drug delivery to magnetic implants for therapeutic applications", Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 293 (1), 2005, pp647-654 ; Saravanan et al, "Ultrasonically controlled release and targeted delivery of diclofenac sodium via gelatin magnetic microspheres", International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 283(1-2), 2004, pp71-82 .
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,654,267 describes possibly the first magnetic particle in which the magnetic polymer particles were prepared by treating compact or porous polymer particles with a solution of iron salts, which can form nanometer size iron oxide particles by raising the pH value.
  • At least three other methods have been developed to produce magnetic microparticles.
  • 6,133,047 describes the superparamagnetic particles comprised a core of a first polymer, an internal layer of a second polymer coating the core in which a magnetic material is distribute, and an external layer of a third polymer coating the magnetic layer.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,782 describes a procedure to make magnetizable core-shell microparticles based a cross-linked organopolysiloxane.
  • the second approach uses heterogeneous polymerization of nanosize magnetic particles and a polymer monomer as described in Rana et al, "Synthesis of magnetic beads for solid phase synthesis and reaction scavenging", 40(46), 1999, pp8137-8140 .
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,687 describes a method to produce magnetic polymer particles by dispersing the nanomagnetic particles in hydrophobic monomer solution with the hydrophobic initiator. An emulsion was prepared by dispersing the monomer solution in water and polymerization was initiated by heating.
  • the present invention relates generally to methods for producing uniform micrometer-sized particles comprising densely packed nanoparticles, and more particularly to methods for making highly uniform, high magnetic moment, polymer coated, magnetic particles in accordance with claim 1.
  • One preferred aspect of the invention comprises: 1) providing nanoparticles having a size of between 1 nm and 100 nm; 2) optionally adding a hydrophobic surface layer to the nanoparticles; 3) making a suspension of the hydrophobic nanoparticles and polymerization initiator in a hydrophobic solvent; 4) optionally dissolving a monomer in the hydrophobic solvent; 5) making an emulsion by dispersing droplets of the hydrophobic solvent in a continuous aqueous phase with an emulsifier; 6) optionally sizing the first emulsion to provide a second emulsion of the same basic components but in which the droplets are substantially uniform and between 2 and 20 ⁇ m in size; 7) evaporating at least a substantial portion of the dispersed hydrophobic drop
  • Another aspect of the present invention within the limitations of claim 1 provides a similar method wherein hydrophilic nanoparticles are dispersed in an aqueous phase suspended in a continuous hydrophobic phase, which is commonly known as a water-in-oil emulsion,
  • the initiator should be soluble in the aqueous phase.
  • the hydrophobic phase must be selected to have a lower vapor pressure than the aqueous phase so that the aqueous phase may be evaporated to allow assembly of the nanoparticles.
  • the microparticles have a polymeric coating and a magnetic content that comprises in excess of 50%, preferably in excess of 70%, and more preferably in excess of 90%, of the particle's mass.
  • the polymeric shell may contain one or more functional groups capable of forming covalent bonds useful in managing a variety of separations.
  • One benefit of the present invention is the ability to provide magnetically responsive microparticles having a core comprising nanoparticles which are superparamagnetic and exhibit negligible residual magnetism.
  • Such nanoparticles may be made of magnetite, may be less than 50 nm in size, and may exhibit only paramagnetic properties.
  • Another benefit of the present invention is the production of a magnetic microparticle with uniform magnetization. Uniform magnetization is promoted by producing uniformly dispersed nanoparticles in hydrophobic solvent as disclosed above.
  • Another benefit of the present invention is to provide magnetic microparticles whose overall diameter can be varied within a wide range by simply changing the loading of nanoparticles or emulsion size.
  • the assembled microparticles preferably range in size from 0.01 to 5 microns in diameter. In some embodiments the particles range in size from 0.1 to 3.0 microns, while in other embodiments the particles range in size from 0.5 to 2.0 microns in diameter.
  • Another benefit of the present invention is the development of a magnetic microparticle whose size distribution can be controlled in a narrow range.
  • the sizes of the assembled microparticles can be controlled such that the microparticles are uniform in size, with a coefficient of variance (of particle size) of less than 40%, preferably less than 20%, more preferably less than 5%, and most preferably less than 2% being obtainable for batches of microparticles made by the disclosed method.
  • Another benefit of the present invention is to provide the polymerization process in which the initiator is confined within and on the surface of the core particles without leaking into the solutions in which the particles are suspended.
  • the polymerization only happens within and around the surface of the particles because this is where the initiator is. This is in contrast to methods in which the initiator is allowed to leak into the solution, causing the whole solution to be polymerized and making the particles aggregate together.
  • Another benefit of the present invention is to provide the particles with functional groups, such as carboxyl and primary amine, so that the particles are stable in physiological salt solutions and biomolecules of interest can be covalently attached to the particle surface.
  • functional groups such as carboxyl and primary amine
  • Another benefit of the present invention is to provide methods for forming particles coated with a layer of poly(ethylene glycol) or other hydrophilic polymer such as dextran, which may be used to reduce the nonspecific adsorption of proteins to the particle surface.
  • Another benefit of the present invention is to provide methods for forming particles coated with a layer of nanoparticles, which may be used to impart specific properties or functional behavior to the microparticle.
  • Another benefit of the present invention is to provide magnetic particles with the polymer coating that can suppress the nonspecific adsorption and react specifically to the target so that the false positive is minimized.
  • novel coated magnetic particles prepared by the methods described above and illustrated below have a magnetic core" (i.e., the bare nanoparticles without their hydrophobic or hydrophilic coatings, and without a polymer coating) that comprises a significant proportion of the particle's mass, i.e. in excess of 50%.
  • Preferred coated particles have a magnetic core that comprises in excess of 70%, preferably in excess of 80%, and more preferably in excess of 90%, of the particle's mass. This is in contrast to prior art methods in which the core typically comprises 10-30% of the particle mass.
  • the larger magnetic core may result in increased magnetization for the finished particles.
  • some aspects of the present invention provide coated microparticles having magnetization as high as about 25 to about 50 emu/g.
  • the particles have both a bare nanoparticle core in excess of 70% of the particle's mass, and a coefficient of variance (of particle size) of less than 40%.
  • Preferred particles have both a bare nanoparticle core in excess of 80% of the particle's mass, and a coefficient of variance (of particle size) of less than 20%, while more preferred particles have both a bare nanoparticle core in excess of 80% of the particle's mass, and a coefficient of variance (of particle size) of less than 5%.
  • microparticles may have a core comprising more than one type of nanoparticle. That is, diverse nanoparticles may be assembled into homogeneous cores if they are similar size and surface energy.
  • one aspect of the invention relates to a method for preparing microparticles with a polymeric coating within the limitiations of claim 1.
  • the method comprises: 1) providing nanoparticles of a superparamagnetic material having a size between 1 nm and 100 nm; 2) optionally adding a hydrophobic surface layer to the particles, preferably by combining them with a material having a first end that adsorbs to the surface of the nanoparticle and a second end that extends away from the nanoparticle and imparts hydrophobicity to the particles; 3) making a suspension of the hydrophobic nanoparticles and a polymerization initiator in the hydrophobic solvent; 4) optionally adding a polymerizable monomer to the hydrophobic solvent; 5) making an emulsion of the hydrophobic phase in an continuous aqueous phase with an emulsifier, wherein the hydrophobic phase comprises droplets in which polymerization initiator, hydrophobic nanoparticles, and optionally polymer
  • FIG. 1 illustrates certain aspects of the preferred process to produce the particles.
  • step A the nanoparticles are suspended in hexane 12, in which benzophenone is dissolved.
  • a crude oil-in-water emulsion is formed by dispersing the hexane solution 12 in SDS solution 11.
  • step B the crude emulsion is pushed through a membrane 13 with defined pore size to form refined emulsion 14.
  • step C the hexane in the refined emulsion is allowed to evaporate to form microparticles 15.
  • step D the microparticles are suspended in monomer solution 17 and the polymerization is initiated by exposing the solution to UV light source 18.
  • a polymer shell is formed around each particle 16.
  • a variety of nanoparticles known to the art can be assembled and coated by the method according to the present invention, with the preferred nanoparticles being superparamagnetic. While a variety of methods are known for forming such superparamagnetic nanoparticles, preferred magnetic nanoparticles for use in the present invention can be prepared by the co-precipitation of ferric and ferrous salts according to the method described by Landfester, "Magnetic Polystyrene Nanoparticles with a High Magnetite Content Obtained by Miniemulsion Processes", Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 204, 2003, pp22-31 and by U.S. Patent No. 5,648,124 .
  • a mixture of ferrous chloride and ferric chloride in deoxygenated water is combined with aqueous ammonium hydroxide and heated with vigorous stirring.
  • the resulting black slurry is then dialyzed, filtered, and hydrophobized with oleic acid (as described more fully below).
  • the nanoparticles are made from one or more magnetic materials. Accordingly, the nanoparticles include or consist essentially of a magnetic material such as Fe (including magnetite and maghemite), Ni, and Co, or mixtures of these materials. In other embodiments magnetic alloys, such as alloys containing Mn, and/or antimony, may be used.
  • a magnetic material such as Fe (including magnetite and maghemite), Ni, and Co, or mixtures of these materials.
  • magnetic alloys such as alloys containing Mn, and/or antimony, may be used.
  • the nanoparticles are made with one or more metallic materials. Accordingly, the nanoparticles may include or consist essentially of alumina, aluminum, magnesium, copper, silver, or gold.
  • the nanoparticles are made with one or more nonmetallic materials. Accordingly, the nanoparticles may include or consist essentially of a powder of oxides such as silica.
  • the nanoparticles are preferably spherical and monodisperse.
  • the size of the nanoparticles is in the range of 1 nm to 100nm, preferably from 5nm to 50nm.
  • the nanoparticles may be provided with a surface layer about the particle to control their surface energy and thus their solubility in either the hydrophobic or hydrophilic phases.
  • a hydrophobic surface layer is to be provided on hydrophilic nanoparticles this may be done, for example, by contacting the particles with a generally aliphatic compound having a polar end-group.
  • the first end of each molecule of the compound may include a carboxyl group, an amine group, a silane, etc., that adsorbs to the surface of the particle.
  • the second end of each molecule of the compound may include alkane group that extends away from the particle and provides hydrophobicity to the coated particle.
  • a wide variety of materials may be used to provide the hydrophobic surface layer.
  • saturated fatty acids such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid, and unsaturated variants thereof, such as palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid, may generally be used.
  • Oleic acid has been preferred as the hydrophobic coating material in testing to date.
  • Silanes such as octadecyl trichlorosilane have also been widely used to functionalize oxide surfaces.
  • the hydrophobic surface layer is generally provided simply by mixing the nanoparticles into a volume of hydrophobic coating material suitable for coating the particles. An excess of hydrophobic coating material is generally used so that the nanoparticles form a suspension in the hydrophobic coating material. Each nanoparticle will then have a hydrophobic layer on its surface.
  • an emulsion is used to facilitate assembly of the microparticles.
  • Emulsions are formed from two immiscible phases and are stabilized through the use of emulsifiers.
  • an oil-in-water emulsion may be prepared by adding a sufficient quantity of an aqueous solution containing surfactant to the hydrophobic phase and vigorously stirring the mixture to produce a polydispersed hydrophobic phase in the continuous aqueous phase.
  • a water-in oil emulsion may be prepared by adding a sufficient quantity of a hydrophobic solution containing surfactant to the hydrophilic phase and vigorously stirring the mixture to produce a polydispersed hydrophilic phase in the continuous hydrophobic phase.
  • hydrophobic fluids may be used for the hydrophobic phase, including, but not limited to, alkane, alkene, cycloalkane, aromatic and non-polar organic solvents, for example, hexane, octane, cyclohexane, toluene, benzene, xylene, styrene, acrylate compounds etc.
  • Hexane is the preferred hydrophobic phase as it has a low enough vapor pressure at room temperature that the emulsion can be processed, but the hexane can easily be removed by evaporation.
  • the hydrophobic phase also may provide a vehicle for adding polymerization initiator and monomer to the assembled microparticles.
  • the preferred initiators are ones that can be activated by UV light, such as benzophenone derivatives, thioxanthone derivatives, phenyl propane-one derivatives, acetophenone derivatives, phenyl ketone derivatives, phosphineoxide derivatives.
  • UV initiator synergist such as aminobenzoate derivatives and benzoyl benzoate may be used with UV photoinitiators for more effective UV reaction. Benzophenone has been the preferred initiator in testing to date.
  • the polymerization initiator is soluble in the hydrophobic phase, and is added by dissolving the initiator in the hydrophobic phase.
  • the amount of polymerization initiator is selected according to the monomers used, the amount of monomer to be polymerized and other parameters as known to those skilled in the art.
  • polymerization initiators such as initiators that can be activated by mild heating may also be suitable.
  • heat-activated initiators should allow the polymerization temperatures to remain at or below about 75°C.
  • suitable heat activated initiators include, but are not limited to VAZO 33 (2,2'-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) or VAZO 52 (2,2'-azo-bis(2,4-dimethylpentanenitrile), both marketed by E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE.
  • Hydrophobic monomers that are soluble in the hydrophobic phase include styrene, acrylate derivatives (methylmethacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethylacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, etc), maleimide and maleic anhydride monomer derivatives, vinyl monomer derivatives, etc.
  • hydrophobic cross-linkers can be added to the hydrophobic solvent such as multi-vinyl compound derivatives (e.g., divinylbenzene), multi- acrylate derivatives (e.g. methylenebis diacrylate), urethane multi-acrylate (e.g. urethane diacrylate, urethane triacrylate), pentaerythritol derivatives, polyethylene multi-acrylate (e.g. polyethylene tetraacrylate), epoxy multi-acrylate derivatives (e.g., epoxy dimethacrylate), etc.
  • multi-vinyl compound derivatives e.g., divinylbenzene
  • multi- acrylate derivatives e.g. methylenebis diacrylate
  • urethane multi-acrylate e.g. urethane diacrylate, urethane triacrylate
  • pentaerythritol derivatives polyethylene multi-acrylate (e.g. polyethylene tetraacrylate), epoxy multi-acrylate derivative
  • the aqueous phase is an aqueous solution of a surfactant such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton or Tween, with SDS being most preferred in testing to date.
  • SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
  • the surfactant stabilize the emulsion, dispersing the phase in which the surfactant does not dissolve and promoting uniform particle size and effectively stabilize the microparticles.
  • the initial emulsions comprise a discontinuous phase with a high degree of polydispersity.
  • One benefit of controlling the size of the particles in the emulsion is that the finished particle size can be controlled and the particle size can be made more uniform.
  • the size distribution of the discontinuous phase in the emulsion is controlled by filtration. This may be done, for example, by passing the emulsion through a membrane having a desired pore size. If the pore size of the membrane that is smaller than the average drop size of in emulsion it appears that uniform droplets are formed that are determined by the pore size the membrane, filtration pressure, and surface tension of surfactant-oil-water interface.
  • the membrane may have a pore size of 1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, more preferably 2 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m.
  • the size of the discontinuous phase in the emulsion was controlled using shear stress.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the shear device used to control the size of the emulsion, in which the hexane 22, which contains nanoparticles, initiators and optional hydrophobic monomers, and the aqueous solution 23 are continuously fed to the shear device through the lower port 21.
  • the two solutions are fed directly into the shear device without preforming the emulsion.
  • the shear device consists of two concentric cylinders 24 and 25 with a uniform gap between them.
  • the outer cylinder 25 is immobile whereas the inner cylinder 24 rotates relative to the central axle.
  • the gap between the inner cylinder and the outer cylinder is preferred in the range of 0.05-1 mm, more preferably 0.1-0.3mm.
  • Two O-rings 26 are placed at the upper and lower ends of the inner cylinder.
  • Two bearings 27 are placed at the upper and lower ends of the outer cylinder.
  • the diameters of the inner and outer cylinders remain constant in the range between the two bearings.
  • the solutions are preferred to be fed through the lower port and the emulsion is collected through the upper port 28. In such a device, the solution experiences the constant and uniform shear rate.
  • the shear rate is controlled by an electric motor, which drives the inner cylinder.
  • the rotation speed is monitored by a tachometer.
  • the viscoelasticity of the aqueous solution can be obtained by incorporating one or more additives, such as dextran derivatives, sucrose derivatives, cellulose derivatives, carboxymethylcellulose derivatives, chitosan derivatives. Dextran has been the preferred additive in testing to date.
  • Evaporation of the hydrophobic solvent in the emulsion gives an aqueous suspension of generally monodisperse microparticles in the form of aggregates of nanoparticles having a hydrophobic surface layer.
  • the microparticle can be 0.01 to 5 microns in diameter, more preferably from 0.1 to 3.0 microns, and most preferably from 0.5 to 2.0 microns in diameter.
  • Gasses such as air bubbles can be introduced to the solution to accelerate the evaporation.
  • inert gasses are used.
  • the surfactant used when forming the emulsion can be removed from the suspension and replaced with another surfactant that has properties better suited for facilitating polymerization of the final particles.
  • the first surfactant is removed by washing with an aqueous solution containing a polymerizable surfactant such as nonylphenoxypropenyl polyethylate alcohol (RN-10).
  • RN-10 nonylphenoxypropenyl polyethylate alcohol
  • the microparticles may be coated with a polymer layer by addition of a polymer monomer to the aqueous solution.
  • Monomers may include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, vinyl acetic acid, 4-pentenoic acid, undecylenic acid, and salts thereof.
  • Basic monomers such as acrylamide, aminoethylmethacylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, pyrrole, N-vinyl carbazole, vinylpyridine, vinylpyrrolidone and salts thereof, may generally be used.
  • Acrylic acid has been the preferred monomer in testing to date.
  • co-monomers can be utilized.
  • One particularly suitable co-monomer is RN-10, as mentioned above.
  • Other suitable co-monomers can include difunctional monomers, such as for example di- and tri-acrylate esters of diols and triols.
  • the pH of the acrylic acid solution is preferably adjusted to 3.1 using sodium hydroxide. Testing has shown the optimal pH is in the range of 2.8-3.3.
  • initiation involves exposing the mixture to an ultraviolet light source.
  • the choice of ultraviolet light source depends on the initiator used, the amount of reaction volume and other parameters as known to those skilled in the art.
  • the coated magnetic particles can be collected with a permanent magnet by diluting the viscous reaction mixture with methanol, rinsing with additional methanol and water and storing at reduced temperatures.
  • Example 1 below illustrates preferred aspects of the present invention.
  • the polymer coating of the particles may have one or more functional groups that can bond with a variety of bioactive materials or that can be further functionalized to enable this bonding.
  • carboxylic acids attached to the coating's surface can be reacted with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) to facilitate bonding to proteins and other bioactive materials.
  • EDAC 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride
  • the coating of the microparticles may have poly(ethylene glycol) functionality. This may be provided by incorporation of a co-monomer such as RN-10 that minimizes non-specific absorption by the steric hindrance mechanism.
  • Example 13 below illustrates the ability of preferred coated microparticles to absorb a target bioactive material while avoiding the absorption of a second non-target bioactive material.
  • the nanoparticles are suspended in a hydrophobic phase and droplets of that hydrophobic phase are then dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase.
  • monomers, cross-linkers, and initiators that are soluble in the aqueous phase may be incorporated directly into the aqueous phase.
  • the hydrophobic phase must have a low enough vapor pressure that losses are negligible during the evaporation of the hydrophilic phase.
  • the invention provides a method of preparing uniform microparticles, comprising:
  • the coated microparticles have a magnetic core that comprises in excess of 50% of the particle's mass, and the size of the coated microparticles ranges from 0.01 to 10 ⁇ m.
  • the general inventive method may be employed in an embodiment in which the first fluid phase comprises a hydrophobic solvent and the second fluid phase comprises an aqueous phase.
  • the general inventive method may be employed in an embodiment in which the first fluid phase comprises a hydrophilic solvent and the said second fluid phase comprises a hydrophobic phase.
  • microparticles with coating layers are provided.
  • Such particles range in size from 0.01 to 10 ⁇ m, although in some embodiments the particles are sized between 0.1 and 10 ⁇ m, while in other embodiments the particles are sized between 0.5 and 10 ⁇ m. In further embodiments the particles range in size from 0.01 to 5 ⁇ m, while in other embodiments the particles are sized between 0.01 and 3 ⁇ m. In other embodiments the particles range in size from 0.1 to 5 ⁇ m, while in other embodiments the particles range in size from 0.5 to 3 ⁇ m.
  • batches of the particles may be made uniform in size, with a coefficient of variance of less than 40%, preferably less than 20%, more preferably less than 5%, and most preferably less than 2% being obtainable for batches of microparticles made by the disclosed method.
  • the novel coated magnetic particles prepared by the methods described herein have a magnetic "core" (i.e., the bare nanoparticles without their hydrophobic or hydrophilic coatings, and without a polymer coating) that comprises a significant proportion of the particle's mass.
  • the coated particles have a metal core that comprises in excess of 50%, preferably in excess of 70%, more preferably in excess of 80%, and most preferably in excess of 90%, of the particle's mass.
  • the particles 1 have both a bare nanoparticle core in excess of 70% of the particle's mass, and a coefficient of variance (of particle size) of less than 40%.
  • the particles have a bare nanoparticle core in excess of 70% of the particle's mass, and a coefficient of variance of less than 20%, while in another embodiment the particles have both a bare nanoparticle core in excess of 70% of the particle's mass and a coefficient of variance of less than 10%.
  • the particles have a bare nanoparticle core in excess of 70% of the particle's mass and a coefficient of variance (of particle size) of less than 5%. 1
  • the description of the coefficient of variance of the "particles" means the coefficient of variance (size) of a batch or a plurality of individual particles.
  • the particles have both a bare nanoparticle core in excess of 80% of the particle's mass and a coefficient of variance (of particle size) of less than 40%, while in another embodiment the particles have a bare nanoparticle core in excess of 80% of the particle's mass and a coefficient of variance of less than 20%. In still another embodiment the particles have both a bare nanoparticle core in excess of 80% of the particle's mass and a coefficient of variance of less than 10%, while in another embodiment the particles have a bare nanoparticle core in excess of 80% of the particle's mass and a coefficient of variance of less than 5%.
  • the particles have both a bare nanoparticle core in excess of 90% of the particle's mass and a coefficient of variance (of particle size) of less than 40%, while in another embodiment the particles have a bare nanoparticle core in excess of 90% of the particle's mass and a coefficient of variance of less than 20%. In still another embodiment the particles have a bare nanoparticle core in excess of 90% of the particle's mass and a coefficient of variance of less than 10%, while in another embodiment the particles have a bare nanoparticle core in excess of 90% of the particle's mass and a coefficient of variance of less than 5%.
  • the coating layers may comprise additional nanoparticles, such as those described in Example 12. Additional polymer layers may also be adsorbed and crosslinked on the surface of the particle to modify the density of the microparticle or provide increased chemical or mechanical stability.
  • microparticles will be composed of more than one type of nanoparticles.
  • Such microparticles range in size from 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m, with microparticles sized between 0.1 and 5 ⁇ m being preferred, and microparticles sized between 0.5 and 3 ⁇ m being more preferred.
  • batches of the microparticles may be uniform in size, with a coefficient of variance of less than 40%, preferably less than 20%, more preferably less than 5%, and most preferably less than 2% being obtainable for batches of microparticles made by the disclosed method.
  • These particles can be formed by adding two or more types of nanoparticles to the discontinuous phase in the emulsion, such as those described in Example 11.
  • the only limitation in the types of nanoparticles that can be used is that they must be of similar size and surface energy.
  • a first aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of preparing uniform microparticles, comprising:
  • a second aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the starting nanoparticles comprise a ferromagnetic material.
  • a third aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the starting nanoparticles comprise a paramagnetic material.
  • a fourth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the starting nanoparticles comprise a non-magnetic material.
  • a fifth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the starting nanoparticles comprise an alloy.
  • a sixth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the starting nanoparticles comprise magnetite.
  • a seventh aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the starting nanoparticles comprise maghemite.
  • An eighth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the starting nanoparticles comprise a material selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn, Sb, alumina, Cu, Ag, Au, and Mg.
  • a ninth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the starting nanoparticles comprise a polymer.
  • a tenth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the starting nanoparticles comprise one or more types of nanoparticles.
  • a eleventh aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the method further includes providing a polymerization initiator to the polymerizable monomer prior to polymerization.
  • a twelfth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the polymerization initiator is provided by adding polymerization initiator to the hydrophobic solvent prior to making emulsion.
  • a thirteenth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the polymerization initiator comprises a ultraviolet light activated initiator.
  • a fourteenth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 13 wherein the polymerization initiator comprises benzophenone.
  • a fifteenth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 11 wherein the polymerization initiator comprises a heat activated initiator.
  • a sixteenth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the method further includes providing a monomer soluble in hydrophobic solvent.
  • a seventeenth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 16 where the monomer soluble in hydrophobic solvent is provided by adding the monomer to the hydrophobic solvent prior to making emulsion.
  • An eighteenth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 16 wherein the monomer comprises styrene.
  • a nineteenth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the method further includes the step of sizing the emulsion formed in step (c) to provide an emulsion wherein at least 95% of the dispersed hydrophobic solvent droplets are sized between 2 and 10 ⁇ m.
  • a twentieth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 19 wherein the sizing step comprises passing the emulsion through a membrane.
  • a twenty-first aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 20 wherein the membrane comprises pores having a size of 2 to 5 ⁇ m.
  • a twenty-second aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the hydrophobic solvent and aqueous phase form emulsion by being exposed to shear stress.
  • a twenty-third aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 22 wherein the aqueous medium is viscoelastic.
  • a twenty-fourth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 23 wherein the aqueous medium contains 20-30% dextran.
  • a twenty-fifth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 22 wherein the aqueous medium contains carboxymethylcellulose.
  • a twenty-sixth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 22 wherein said hydrophobic solvent and aqueous phase are fed to the shear device in two separate streams.
  • a twenty-seventh aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 22 wherein said shear stress is from 800 to 3500s-1.
  • a twenty-eighth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 22 wherein said shear stress is achieved by using two concentric cylinders rotating to each other.
  • a twenty-ninth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 22 wherein said hydrophobic solvent and aqueous phase are fed to the shear device through the lower port.
  • a thirtieth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein the liquid medium of step (b) is an aqueous phase comprising a first surfactant.
  • a thirty-first aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 30 wherein said first surfactant comprises SDS.
  • a thirty-second aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 30 wherein said method includes the step of washing the self-assembled particles of step (d) to replace the first surfactant with a second surfactant.
  • a thirty-third aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein said monomer mixture is mixed with sodium hydroxide solution to adjust the pH to 2.8-3.3.
  • a thirty-fourth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 1 wherein said method further includes the step of functionalizing the polymer layer of the microparticles.
  • a thirty-fifth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 34 wherein said functionalizing comprises providing biological receptors to the polymer layer.
  • a thirty-sixth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 35 wherein said biological receptors are linked to the polymer layer through a covalent bond to the carboxylic acids by reacting with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC).
  • EDAC 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride
  • a thirty-seventh aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 34 wherein said functionalizing comprises providing nanoparticles to the polymer layer.
  • a thirty-eighth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 37 wherein said nanoparticles are gold nanoparticles.
  • a thirty-ninth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of preparing uniform microparticles, comprising:
  • a fortieth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 39 wherein said first fluid phase comprises a hydrophobic solvent and wherein said second fluid phase comprises an aqueous phase.
  • a forty-first aspect of the present disclosure provides a method as in aspect 39 wherein said first fluid phase comprises a hydrophilic solvent and wherein said second fluid phase comprises an organic phase.
  • a forty-second aspect of the present disclosure provides a particle made by the process of aspect 1.
  • a forty-fourth aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by the process of aspect 1, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 70% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 40%.
  • a forty-fifth aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles, wherein each particle in said plurality has a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, and wherein each particle in said plurality comprises a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, wherein said paramagnetic core comprises at least 70% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 40%.
  • a forty-sixth aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by any of the processes of aspects 1 to 42, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 70% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 40%.
  • a forty-seventh aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by any of the processes of aspects 1 to 42, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 70% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 20%.
  • a forty-eighth aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by any of the processes of aspects 1 to 42, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 70% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 10%.
  • a forty-ninth aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by any of the processes of aspects 1 to 42, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 70% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 5%.
  • a fiftieth aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by any of the processes of aspects 1 to 42, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 70% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 2%.
  • a fifty-first aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by any of the processes of aspects 1 to 42, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 80% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 40%.
  • a fifty-second aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by any of the processes of aspects 1 to 42, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 80% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 20%.
  • a fifty-third aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by any of the processes of aspects 1 to 42, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 80% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 10%.
  • a fifty-fourth aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by any of the processes of aspects 1 to 42, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 80% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 5%.
  • a fifty-fifth aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by any of the processes of aspects 1 to 42, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 80% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 2%.
  • a fifty-sixth aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by any of the processes of aspects 1 to 42, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 90% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 40%.
  • a fifty-seventh aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by any of the processes of aspects 1 to 42, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 90% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 20%.
  • a fifty-eighth aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by any of the processes of aspects 1 to 42, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 90% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 10%.
  • a fifty-ninth aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by any of the processes of aspects 1 to 42, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 90% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 5%.
  • a sixtieth aspect of the present disclosure provides a plurality of particles made by any of the processes of aspects 1 to 42, wherein said plurality of particles comprises particles having a particle size of between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, said particles comprising a paramagnetic core and a polymeric shell, said paramagnetic core comprising at least 90% of the weight of the particle, and wherein the plurality of particles has a coefficient of size variance of less than 2%.
  • the iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitating ferric chloride and ferrous chloride in deoxygenated water under alkaline conditions. Ammonium hydroxide was rapidly added to the solution with vigorous stirring and the resulting reaction mixture heated to about 70° C, and maintained at that temperature with continued stirring for about 30 minutes to give a black slurry of magnetic nanoparticles. The slurry was washed first with water and then with 18% (v/v) perchloric acid. The resulting nanoparticles were dialyzed using 12,000-14,000 Da tubing (available from Spectrum, Collinso Dominguez, California) to remove any remaining acid. The magnetic nanoparticles were filtered with a 1 ⁇ m Nuclepore polycarbonate membrane (available from Whatman, Florham Park, NJ).
  • the magnetic nanoparticles were hydrophobized by suspending the particles in a 16% oleic acid solution for 20 minutes with stirring. Excess oleic acid was removed with an ethanol rinse and the particles re-suspended in hexane to give an approximate 5% w/v concentration of magnetic nanoparticles.
  • the SDS on the microparticle's surface was replaced with nonylphenoxypropenyl polyethylate alcohol (Noigen®, RN-10, marketed by Dai-Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd. of Japan) by rinsing the particle three times with a 1% RN-10 solution in water.
  • Noigen®, RN-10 nonylphenoxypropenyl polyethylate alcohol
  • the coated microparticles described above generally had an average particle diameter of less than about 2 ⁇ m.
  • Thermal gravity analysis (TGA) studies demonstrated a mass loss of about 8% for sample 1 suggesting that the organic materials represented about 8% of the particle's mass and magnetic core represented about 92% of the particle's mass ( Figure 3 ).
  • Sample 4 had the largest mass loss, which counts for 27% of the total particle weight. The remaining weight for sample 4 was about 73%.
  • the density of the coated magnetic microparticles produced was about 2.6 g/cm 3 , which is considerably higher than the normal 1 to 1.5 g/cm 3 for conventional magnetic particles comprising magnetic nanoparticles within a polymer particle. This is indicative of the greater than normal magnetic material content of the coated microparticles.
  • the colloidal stability of the coated metal nanoparticles was examined in various concentrations of sodium chloride.
  • the critical coagulation concentrations (CCC) were determined and are provided in Table I. Magnetization measurements were performed on the Sample 1 indicating a saturation magnetization of about 45.9 emu/g.
  • the coated particles were analyzed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the molar ratio of acrylic acid (AA) to RN-10.
  • XPS x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  • the XPS spectrum of sample 4 is shown in Figure 4 .
  • the ratios of monomers in the surface layer of the particles are provided in the last column of Table I.
  • coated particles were formed according to this general procedure with acrylamide with and without the replacement of the SDS with RN-10 prior to polymerization to give similarly coated microparticles.
  • Other water-soluble monomers can be similarly utilized both with and instead of the acrylic acid and water soluble cross-linking agents such as di- and tri-acrylate esters of diols, triols or other polyols can similarly be added to the monomer mixture.
  • micron size magnetic core utilized in this example was an agglomeration of smaller magnetic nanoparticles
  • similar nanoparticles derived from other material can be coated with the procedure described above.
  • the UV initiator, benzophenone can be replaced with a generally water insoluble heat sensitive polymerization initiator and the polymerization can be carried out by heating the mixture to a temperature of not more than about 75°C.
  • the method of example 1 was repeated with three different benzophenone concentrations, 1 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M, and 100 ⁇ M.
  • the coated particles prepared with a 1 ⁇ M level of benzophenone were gel-like.
  • the coated particles prepared with a 10 ⁇ M level of benzophenone were less gel-like, but displayed a strong tendency to adhere to a glass surface.
  • the coated particles prepared with a 100 ⁇ M level of benzophenone were discrete and easily collected by diluting with methanol and appeared stable.
  • example 1 The method of example 1 was repeated with the particles prepared in example 2.
  • the magnetization measurement showed that the particle had the saturation magnetization up to 50.6 emu/g as indicated in Figure 5 .
  • the nanoparticles prepared in Example 2 were adjusted to the solid content of 0.78% by adding hexane. Benzophenone was added to the concentration of 100 ⁇ M.
  • the aqueous solution contained 1% SDS and 30% dextran (MW 100-200K).
  • the hexane solution and aqueous solution were fed into the shear device at the same flow rate using two separate syringes. The solution was subject to a shear rate of 840s -1 .
  • the monodisperse emulsion was collected in 0.1% SDS solution ( Figure 6 ). The hexane was allowed to evaporate. The particles were resuspended in 10% RN-10 and 10% acrylic acid solution.
  • the polymerization was carried out by exposing the particles to 20mW/cm 2 UV light for about 10 minutes.
  • the microparticles were centrifuged at 100g for 10 times. Each time the upper solution was discarded and the particles were resuspended in water.
  • the final particle showed the diameter around 1 ⁇ m and coefficient of variance less than 10% as indicated by the Figure 7 and 8 .
  • the zeta potential of the particle was -1.9mV.
  • Example 5 The operating procedure in this example is identical to that in Example 5 except 20% dextran was used and the shear stress was adjusted to 3450s -1 .
  • the operating procedure in this example is identical to that in Example 5 except that in addition to benzophenone, styrene was added to hexane at 1.9M and divinylbenzene was added to hexane at 0.46M prior to the formation of emulsion.
  • the final particle showed higher stability when exposed to acidic solutions.
  • Example 5 The method of Example 5 was repeated with the pH of the monomer mixture being adjusted by sodium hydroxide solution to 3.1. The resulting microparticles were well separated in aqueous solution and the zeta potential of the particle was -2.88mV. Further testing showed the optimal pH is 2.8-3.3.
  • the commercially available 10 nm Au nanoparticle (available from BBlnternational, Golden Gate, Ty Glas Ave., Edinburgh CF14 5DX UK) was concentrated 10 times using centrifugation. A glass vial was charged with 0.5ml of 1mM dodecane thiol ethanol solution, 1 ml concentrated Au nanoparticle in water and 1ml of 10mM dodecane thiol hexane solution. The mixture was rotated for 24 hr. The modified Au nanoparticles became purple and moved into the hexane layer. The hexane layer was collected and stored in refrigerator until use.
  • the magnetite particle prepared in example 2 was diluted 10 times in hexane and mixed with the modified Au nanoparticles at a 1:1 ratio.
  • the 1 ml particle mixture was added into 5 ml 1% SDS solution and transformed into an emulsion by passing through a 200nm membrane.
  • the hexane was allowed to evaporate overnight.
  • the particles were observed under transmission electron microscope.
  • Figure 9 showed that the Au and magnetite nanoparticles mixed together and assembled into micron size particles.
  • a glass vial was charged with 0,1ml magnetite nanoparticles prepared in Example 2, 0.9 ml hexane and 0.5 ml 1 mM benzophenone. The solution was well mixed before 5 ml 1% SDS solution was added. The mixture was shaken by hand to make crude emulsions. The crude emulsion was passed through a 200nm membrane (Whatman, Florham Park, NJ) using a syringe. The hexane was allowed to evaporate for 12 hr at room temperature. The resulting particles were rinsed with 1% RN-10 solution three times. The particles were mixed with 5 ml 1% RN-10 and 2 ml of 5M acrylamide.
  • the mixture was exposed to 20mW/cm 2 UV light for about 10 minutes.
  • the particles were separated using a magnet, rinsed with water, and resuspended in water.
  • the 20 nm Au nanoparticles (BBInternational, Golden Gate, Ty Glas Ave., Edinburgh CF14 5DX UK) were concentrated 3 times using centrifugation.
  • About 1ml of the Au nanoparticles was mixed with 0.1 ml of amine modified magnetic particles.
  • the mixture was rotated overnight.
  • the magnetic particles were collected with magnet, rinsed with water, and re-suspended in 1 ml water.
  • the Au modified magnetic particles were examined using TEM and UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
  • the TEM showed that the magnetic particles were decorated with Au nanoparticles on the outside ( Figure 10 ).
  • the UV-Vis spectrophotometry measurement showed the signature adsorption peak from the attached Au nanoparticles ( Figure 11 ).
  • microparticles prepared in Example 1 were modified with mouse anti-M13 IgG (available from Amersham Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ) using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) coupling chemistry.
  • EDAC 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride
  • a mixture containing 200 ⁇ l of particles, 600 ⁇ l water, 50 ⁇ l of 500 mM 2-(morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES, available from Sigma) having a pH of 6.1 and 100 ⁇ l of the antibody were sonicated at low power in an ice bath. After about 15 minutes, 290 ⁇ l of EDAC (available from Sigma) was added to the mixture and sonication continued for an additional 15 minutes.
  • MES 2-(morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid
  • the resulting mixture was incubated on a rotation wheel for about 1 hour after which the particles were washed three times with 12 mM phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS). After washing, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) anti-mouse IgG conjugate (available from KPL, Gaithersburg, MD) was added at 0.01mg/ml and HRP anti-rabbit IgG was added to the control groups. After incubating the mixtures for 1 hour, the particles were washed three times with PBS solution.
  • HRP anti-rabbit IgG horseradish peroxidase

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Claims (13)

  1. Ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von einheitlichen Mikropartikeln, wobei das Verfahren die Schritte umfasst:
    (a) Bereitstellen von Ausgangsnanopartikeln mit entweder einer hydrophoben Oberfläche oder einer hydrophilen Oberfläche, wobei die Ausgangsnanopartikel einen Partikeldurchmesser von zwischen 1 und 100 nm aufweisen, wobei die Ausgangsnanopartikel ein oder mehrere magnetische Materialien umfassen;
    (b) Suspendieren der Ausgangsnanopartikel in einer ersten Fluidphase, um eine Suspension der Ausgangsnanopartikel in der ersten Fluidphase bereitzustellen, wobei die erste Fluidphase ein hydrophobes Lösungsmittel umfasst, wenn die Ausgangsnanopartikel hydrophob sind, und wobei die erste Fluidphase ein hydrophiles Lösungsmittel umfasst, wenn die Ausgangsnanopartikel hydrophil sind;
    (c) Mischen der in Schritt (b) gebildeten Suspension mit einer zweiten Fluidphase, in der die erste Fluidphase nicht mischbar ist, wodurch eine Emulsion von Tröpfchen aus der in Schritt (b) gebildeten Suspension, die in der zweiten Fluidphase suspendiert ist, hergestellt wird, wobei die zweite Fluidphase eine wässrige Phase umfasst, wenn die erste Fluidphase hydrophobe Ausgangsnanopartikel, die in einem hydrophoben Lösungsmittel suspendiert sind, umfasst, und wobei die zweite Fluidphase eine hydrophobe Phase umfasst, wenn die erste Fluidphase hydrophile Ausgangsnanopartikel, die in einem hydrophilen Lösungsmittel suspendiert sind, umfasst;
    (d) Verdampfen einer ausreichenden Menge des hydrophoben oder hydrophilen Lösungsmittels aus der Emulsion, damit Nanopartikel sich selbst anordnen, um Mikropartikel zu bilden, die jetzt in der zweiten Fluidphase suspendiert sind;
    (e) Zuführen eines polymerisierbaren Monomers zu der zweiten Fluidphase; und
    (f) Polymerisieren des polymerisierbaren Monomers, um eine Polymerschicht auf den Mikropartikeln bereitzustellen;
    wobei die beschichteten Mikropartikel einen magnetischen Kern aufweisen, der mehr als 50% der Partikelmasse umfasst, wobei der magnetische Kern der bloße Nanopartikel ohne seine hydrophoben oder hydrophilen Beschichtungen und ohne eine Polymerbeschichtung ist; und
    wobei die Größe der beschichteten Mikropartikel im Bereich von 0,01 bis 10 µm liegt.
  2. Ein Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Verfahren die Schritte umfasst:
    (a) Bereitstellen von Ausgangsnanopartikeln mit einer hydrophoben Oberfläche und einem Partikeldurchmesser von zwischen 1 und 100 nm;
    (b) Suspendieren der Ausgangsnanopartikel in einem hydrophoben Lösungsmittel, um eine Suspension der Ausgangsnanopartikel bereitzustellen;
    (c) Mischen der in Schritt (b) gebildeten Suspension mit einer wässrigen Phase, in der die Suspension nicht mischbar ist, wodurch eine Emulsion von Tröpfchen aus der in Schritt (b) gebildeten Suspension, die in der wässrigen Phase suspendiert ist, hergestellt wird;
    (d) Verdampfen einer ausreichenden Menge des hydrophoben Lösungsmittels aus der Emulsion, um Mikropartikel durch Anordnung aus den Nanopartikeln zu bilden, wobei nach dem Verdampfen die Mikropartikel in der wässrigen Phase suspendiert werden;
    (e) Zuführen eines polymerisierbaren Monomers zu der wässrigen Phase; und
    (f) Polymerisieren des polymerisierbaren Monomers, um eine Polymerschicht auf den Mikropartikeln bereitzustellen.
  3. Das Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, wobei die Ausgangsnanopartikel ein paramagnetisches Material umfassen.
  4. Das Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, wobei die Ausgangsnanopartikel Magnetit oder Maghemit umfassen.
  5. Das Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, wobei das Verfahren ferner Zuführen eines Polymerisationsinitiators zu dem polymerisierbaren Monomer vor der Polymerisation durch Zugabe eines Polymerisationsinitiators zu dem hydrophoben Lösungsmittel vor der Herstellung der Emulsion in Schritt (c) umfasst.
  6. Das Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, wobei das Verfahren ferner Bereitstellen eines in hydrophobem Lösungsmittel löslichen Monomers durch Zugabe des Monomers zu dem hydrophoben Lösungsmittel vor der Herstellung der Emulsion in Schritt (c) umfasst.
  7. Das Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, wobei das Verfahren ferner den Schritt des Sortierens nach Größe der in Schritt (c) hergestellten Emulsion beinhaltet, um eine Emulsion bereitzustellen, wobei mindestens 95% der dispergierten hydrophoben Lösungsmitteltröpfchen eine Größe zwischen 2 und 10 µm aufweisen.
  8. Das Verfahren nach Anspruch 7, wobei der Schritt des Sortierens nach Größe Hindurchleiten der Emulsion durch eine Membran umfasst.
  9. Das Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, wobei das hydrophobe Lösungsmittel und die wässrige Phase eine Emulsion bilden, indem sie einer Scherbeanspruchung ausgesetzt werden.
  10. Das Verfahren nach Anspruch 9, wobei das wässrige Medium viskoelastisch ist.
  11. Das Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, wobei das Verfahren ferner den Schritt des Funktionalisierens der Polymerschicht der Mikropartikel umfasst.
  12. Das Verfahren nach Anspruch 11, wobei das Funktionalisieren Ausstatten der Polymerschicht mit biologischen Rezeptoren umfasst.
  13. Das Verfahren nach Anspruch 11, wobei das Funktionalisieren Ausstatten der Polymerschicht mit Nanopartikeln umfasst.
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EP1945271A2 (de) 2008-07-23
US8715739B2 (en) 2014-05-06
ES2761937T3 (es) 2020-05-21
DK1945271T3 (da) 2020-01-13

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