EP1918477A2

EP1918477A2 - Multilayer building block, assembly of such blocks and method of erection of building structures by using such blocks

Info

Publication number: EP1918477A2
Application number: EP07021408A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Dmitrijs Samitins
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2006-11-03
Filing date: 2007-11-02
Publication date: 2008-05-07
Also published as: EP1918477A3; LV13709B

Abstract

The invention relates to the industry of building materials being used in particular for the erection of low-storey buildings and may be used for construction of partition walls of civil and industrial structures. A three-layer basic block with a load carrying interior layer (1) made from concrete and a facing layer (2) is used, between which an interior heat-insulating layer (3) is placed. Each layer is having a thickness selected from range of thicknesses being previously defined. On the grounds of basic block an assembly of modular type blocks is created, including the line wall blocks (A1,A2,A3) in several standard sizes, the corner blocks (B1,B2,B3) in several standard sizes, the aisle blocks (C1,C2,C3) in several standard sizes, the joint blocks (D1,D2,D3,D4) in several standard sizes, set of the oriel blocks (E1,E2,E3,E4,E5) of several types.

Description

The invention relates to the industry of building materials being used in particular for the erection of low-storey buildings and may be used for construction of partition walls of civil and industrial structures for which the high level requirements exist for the decorative exterior in designs of buildings, heat and acoustic insulation of rooms, for example, lodgings, cottages and other buildings.
It is known decorative finishing building block and method of use thereof of prior art, for instance, from the description to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2131006, 1998 , IPC⁷ E04C 1/40, wherein a multilayer building block comprising a decorative finishing layer and a basic layer is described. Decorative finishing layer is consisting of a mixture of hydraulic cohesive substance, filler and pigment while as a basic layer is used a silicate or ceramic brick, and in addition the defined thickness proportion of the finishing and basic layers is maintained.
However the prior art building element upon use thereof in the erection of buildings is failing to ensure sufficient warmth, whereby additional thermal provisions for buildings are required, and the finishing layer does not ensure obtaining of various texture of finishing and does not provide sufficient architectural diversity of performance of walls.
The other prior art design is known as a building block and method of use thereof in construction according to description of patent of the Russian Federation No. 2208101, 2001 , IPC⁷ E04C 1/40, wherein a multilayer building block is described. The building block comprises a facing layer, two concrete layers and heat-insulating layer installed between the above, while the interior and the interior load bearing layer are connected by reinforcing bars going through the heat-insulating layer and formed as fiberglass bars.
Erection of the partition walls of buildings is performed in a well-known manner. For connection of blocks a cement-sand mortar is used where various admixtures are inserted. The constructed walls from these blocks are strong, having good heat insulation characteristics. Deficiencies of the well-known building block is such that at the erection individual adjustment of blocks is needed at the building site due to which the labour requirements are increasing, terms for construction of buildings are growing. Moreover the acquisition of continuous heat insulation area along entire length of walls of various configurations is not achieved.
The present invention has for its object to create building blocks ensuring implementation of accelerated construction of buildings, reduction of labour input and costs of construction operations.
In conformity of invention there is provided a multi-layer building block containing at least a concrete and a heat-insulating layers, which are connected at least by one cross alignment bar, which is going through the heat-insulating layer and by end or ends incorporated into the concrete layer, thickness whereof is selected from the previously defined relation. According to the invention the block preferably is formed in three layers with the concrete load carrying interior layer and the facing layer as well as the interior heat-insulating layer, while thickness of these layers is selected within limits of the following ranges of thickness proportions:
T₁: T; T₃: T; T₂: T, where:

T₁ - thickness of a carrying layer (1) is selected within limits of a range (0.3 to 0.35) T;
T₂ - thickness of a facing layer (2) is selected within limits of a range (0.43 to 0.5) T;
T₃ - thickness of an interior heat insulation layer (3) is selected within limits of a range (0.2 to 0.22) T;

₁

₃

₂

Assembly of multilayer building blocks contain blocks based on the proposed building block which are shaped as rectangular parallelepipeds in the form of line wall blocks of several standard sizes, having an equivalent selected basic thickness (T) and different length, preferably selected from relation: L₁: L₂: L=0.5:0.75:1; where: L₁ - length of the first line wall block; L₂ - length of the second line wall block; L - length of the third line wall block; equivalent to the base length ; while length L of the third block is equivalent to the basic thickness, i.e., L = T. The line wall blocks of various standard sizes, included in a assembly in order to provide a system of modular building blocks, are preferably varying in length by specific value, for example, 100 mm..
The assembly of blocks include also the blocks produced as corner blocks of several standard sizes having an equivalent selected basic length, wherefrom two corner blocks are provided with equivalent selected basic thickness, while one of the corner blocks is produced so as to have a shortened facing layer and a crosswise Γ-type heat-insulating layer, the second corner block is produced so as to have a shortened load carrying interior layer and a crosswise Γ-type heat-insulating layer, while the third corner block is performed so as to have a Γ-type facing layer, cavity whereof is filled by a heat-insulating layer, while thickness of the third corner block is selected from the ratio wherein thickness of that block is approximately half as thick as for the first two blocks. The protruding parts of the heat-insulating layers of the first and the second corner blocks are formed as rims to the main part of heat-insulating layer, while rim of the first corner block is connected by alignment bar to the basic part of the heat-insulating layer, and rim of the second corner block is connected by lengthwise alignment layer to the interior carrying layer.
In addition to the said, the rim of the first corner block is formed so as to have a length that corresponds to the thickness of its load carrying layer, while rim of the second corner block is formed so as to have a length that corresponds to the thickness of its facing layer.
The assembly of blocks may include also a set of three types of rectangular aisle blocks formed so as to have equivalent basic thickness and with protrusions, created by continuations of the facing layer, wherefrom two blocks are formed with protrusions from one side, and the third one - by protrusions from two opposite sides, while length of two blocks by protrusions on the facing layer is selected as being equivalent to the basic length, and length of the second corner block is selected from the ratio at which it is approximately one half of the length of the two other blocks.
Width of the aisle block protrusions may be selected from the ratio at which it is equivalent to thickness of the facing layer. While heat-insulating layer of the first and the second aisle blocks from the protrusion side may be covered by a concrete layer.
The assembly of blocks may be equipped also by a set of blocks of joints having four types as rectangular parallelepipeds, consisting of the heat-insulating and the concrete layers, connected at least with one aligning bar, end whereof is incorporated into the concrete layer and going through the heat-insulating layer, lengths of all the blocks of joints are selected as equivalent to the base length of blocks, while the first block of joints is formed with facing layer from concrete, the second block of joints is formed of square cross-section with interior load carrying layer from concrete, the third block of joints is formed also of square cross-section with Γ-type interior load carrying layer from concrete, in the cavity whereof a heat-insulating layer is placed, and the fourth block of joints is formed with Γ-type heat-insulating layer, in the cavity whereof a facing layer from concrete is placed, and the width of the first block and the fourth block of joints is selected from the ratio at which it for the said two blocks is approximately one half of the width of the two other blocks of joints.
Thickness of the interior load carrying layer from concrete of the second and the third block of joints, width of protrusion of load carrying layer of the third block of joints and width of protrusion of heat- insulating layer of the fourth block of joints is selected equivalent to such size, in order to be in conformity with conditions of their compatibility with the corresponding layers of other blocks included in an assembly of selected blocks.
The assembly is provided also by a set of oriel blocks of several types, wherefrom four are formed so as to have basic thickness of the facing, heat-insulating and load carrying interior layer, each of the oriel blocks is formed with two corresponding edges along one of the frontal surfaces, located at an angle of 45°, with middle edge of a joint of one edge with rear surface along the interior load carrying layer and with middle edge of a joint of the other edge with front surface along the facing layer of the corresponding block, the third and the fourth oriel blocks are formed with continuation of the facing layer as type of corresponding protrusions while length of rear surface of the first block is selected as equivalent to the length of front surface of the second block and, respectively, to the length of surface of the fourth oriel block, while length of front surface of the first block and, respectively, length of the third oriel block is selected as equivalent to the length of rear surface of the second block, while length of rear surface of the third block comparing to the length of rear surface of the first block and length of rear surface of the fourth block comparing to the length of rear surface of the second block is selected from the condition that it is reduced by the length of facing layer protrusions.
Heat insulation layer of the third and the fourth oriel blocks from the protrusion side may be covered by the concrete layer.
The fifth oriel block with a layer from concrete and heat-insulating layer , connected at least with one aligning bar, end whereof is incorporated into the concrete layer and is going through the heat insulation layer, may be formed in cross-section as isosceles triangle and isosceles trapeze joined by the large bases, angle between related lateral edges whereof is selected equivalent to 90°, while angle at the triangle apex - 135°, while heat-insulating layer of this block is placed in cross-section from the side of trapeze and thickness of it is less than height of the trapeze, and thickness of the layer and other sizes of the block are selected from conditions of its conformity with other blocks, included in the assembly of blocks.
Method of erection of structures is carried out by means of using multilayer building blocks having at least the concrete and the heat-insulating layer connected with one or several cross-sectional alignment bars, going through the heat-insulating layer and having end or ends being incorporated into the concrete layer, thickness whereof is selected from the previously determined ratio, including erection of walls by block-laying and connection thereof with a cement-sand mortar. According to the invention the blocks are selected from a group, including several standard sizes of line wall blocks, several standard sizes of corner blocks, several standard sizes of aisle blocks, several types of joint blocks and several types of oriel blocks, and being used for erection of walls having any configuration, angles, aisles and other elements of installations, with minimum requirements of individual adjustment of blocks.
The blocks are selected from a group, including three standard sizes of the line wall three-layer blocks, two standard sizes of three-layer and one standard size of two-layer corner block, two standard sizes of three-layer and one standard size of two-layer aisle block, four standard sizes of two-layer joint blocks and four standard sizes of three-layer and one standard size of two-layer oriel block.
The mortar at the joining of blocks is laid along the lateral surfaces of the facing and the load carrying layers, and spaces between blocks in the heat insulation joint areas are filled by heat-insulating means selected from the group, including: foamy materials, heat-insulating strips, hollows with air. At the building blocks are used, for example, of the first, the second and the third aisle blocks and the third and the fourth oriel blocks exposed sections of the heat-insulating layer whereof from the side of protrusions are covered by the concrete layer of increased thickness.
The invention is explained by the enclosed drawings, wherein the fig. 1 illustrates axonometric view of the multilayer building block; fig. 2, 3 and 4 are displaying three standard sizes of three-layer line wall blocks; fig. 5, 6 and 7 - three standard sizes of corner blocks; fig. 8, 9 and 10 - three standard sizes of aisle blocks; fig. 11, 12, 13 and 14 - four standard sizes of joint blocks; fig. 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 - five types of oriel blocks.
According to the invention the wall building block proposed in the basic version (fig.1) is performed as rectangular parallelepiped being in three layers in thickness T - with the load carrying interior layer 1 and the facing layer 2, as well as with the interior heat-insulating layer 3, which are connected at least with one cross-alignment bar 4, going through the interior heat insulation layer 3 and having the ends being incorporated into the facing layer 2 and into the interior load carrying layer 1. Interior load carrying layer 1 of the building block may be made from concrete, material of the facing layer 2 selected from the group of light concretes, including ceramsit concrete, slag concrete, foam concrete and varieties thereof. Heat-insulating layer 3 is formed in type of thermo-insertion from the foamed or extruded foam-polystyrene, for example, from foam-plastics with foil either from one side, or from two sides, while aligning bars 4 are formed as cores from plastics, which may be without reinforcements or may be reinforced, for example, from fiberglass with metallic reinforcement. Facing layer 2 in addition may be volumetrically painted by mineral pigments and may have a decorative texture, imitating natural stone, brick-laying etc.
Thickness T₁ of the load carrying interior layer 1, T₃ of heat-insulating layer 3 and T₃ of the heat insulating layer 2 with respect to the summary thickness T of the block is selected within limits of the following range of ratios:
T₁: T₃:T₂: T= (0.3 to 0.35): (0.43 to 0.5): (0.2 to 0.22): 1.
Total basic thickness T of the building block is preferably selected within limits of the range from 348 to 398 mm, and respectively, thickness T₁ of the load carrying layer is selected equivalent to 120 mm, thickness T₃ of the heat insulation layer in the range from 150 to 200 mm, thickness T₂ of the facing layer - 78 mm, and the height of block H - 190 mm. In the basic version of the block form the thickness T and length L are selected equivalent to T = L, for example, 398 mm, but thickness T₁ of the load carrying layer is selected as being equivalent to 120 mm, thickness T₃ of the heat insulation layer - to 200 mm, while thickness T₂ of the facing layer - to 78 mm,
Based on the proposed basic building block an assembly of different blocks is created, being required when building low-storey houses, including line wall blocks of the modulus type of three standard sizes, corner blocks of three standard sizes, aisle blocks of three standard sizes, joint blocks of four standard sizes and oriel blocks of five types.
Building blocks are formed as unified ones by means of an assembly of three-layer line wall blocks. The assembly of line wall blocks of the modulus type shaped as rectangular parallelepiped, is including three types of blocks A1, A2 and A3 (fig. 2, 3 and 4), having equivalent selected basic thickness T, and different lengths L₁, L₂, L, preferably selected from the ratio:
L₁ : L₂ : L = 0.5 : 0.75 : 1.
where:

L₁-length of the first line wall block A1;
L₂ - length of the second line wall block A2;

The building line wall blocks A1, A2 and A3 are formed as three-layer ones - with the load carrying interior layer 1 and the facing layer 2, heat-insulating layer 3, which are connected with one or two cross-alignment bars 4, going through the heat-insulating layer 3 and having ends incorporated into the facing layer 2 and into the load carrying layer 1. The line wall blocks A1, A2 and A3 formed in different standard sizes, included into the assembly of blocks allow to obtain the modular system of blocks, which are preferably formed in length varying by specific value, for example, 100 mm.
The assembly of building blocks in addition may contain blocks, formed as corner blocks of several standard sizes B1, B2, B3 (fig. 5, 6 and 7), which are also formed as analogous structures - as three-layer ones with the load carrying interior layer 1, facing layer 2 and heat-insulating layer 3, connected by one or several cross-alignment bars 4, going through the layer 3 and having ends incorporated into the facing layer 2 and into the load carrying layer 1. The blocks B1, B2 and B3 are having equivalent basic length, wherefrom two corner blocks B1 and B2 are formed with equivalent selected basic thickness, and one from the corner blocks B1 according to fig. 5 is formed so as to have a shortened facing layer (2) and a crosswise Γ-type in cross-section, the Γ-shaped protrusion whereof is marked by position 5, the second corner block B2 according to fig. 5 is formed so as to have a shortened carrying interior layer 1 and the heat insulation layer 3 being Γ-shaped in cross-section, the Γ-shaped protrusion whereof is marked by position 6.
The third corner block B3 according to fig. 7 is formed by r -shaped facing layer 2, cavity whereof is filled with heat-insulating layer 3. Layers of the block B3 are also connected with one or several cross-alignment bars 4, going through the layer 3 and having ends incorporated into the facing layer 2. All three types of the corner blocks B1, B2, B3 according to fig. 5, 6 and 7 are having equivalent length being equivalent to length L of the basic block, while thickness T₆ of the third corner block B3 is selected from the ratio according to which it is approximately one half of the basic thickness T of the first two blocks B1 and B2.
As a version, protruding parts of the heat-insulating layers 3 of the first B1 and the second B2 corner blocks may be formed as rims, 5 and 6 respectively, to the basic part of heat-insulating layer 3. Rim 5 of the first corner block B1 is connected by alignment bar 7 to the basic section of the heat-insulating layer 3, and rim 6 of the second corner block B2 is connected to the interior load bearing layer 1 via longitudinal alignment bar 8. Rim 5 of the first corner block B1 is formed with the length corresponding to thickness of its load carrying layer 1, and rim 6 of the second corner block B2 is formed with the length corresponding to thickness of its facing layer 2.
For the aisles to be constructed it is provided that assembly of the modular blocks in addition is including a set of three types of rectangular blocks C1, C2, C3 of aisles (fig. 8, 9, 10), formed by facing 2, heat-insulating 3 and interior load carrying 1 layers, provided with protrusions 9, created by continuation of the facing layer 1. The load carrying interior layer 1, facing layer 2 and heat-insulating layer 3 of the first block C1 of the aisle, are connected by one or several cross-sectional alignment bars 4, going through the layer 3 and having ends incorporated into the facing layer 2 and into the load carrying layer 1.
Two blocks C1 and C2 of the aisles (fig. 8 and 9) are provided with protrusions 9 from one side, while the third C3 (fig. 10) - with protrusions 9 from two opposite parts. Thickness of all three blocks C1, C2, C3 of aisles is selected as being equivalent to the basic thickness, while length L of two blocks C1 and C3 with protrusions 9 along the facing layer 2 is selected as equivalent to the basic length, and length of the second corner block C2 according to fig. 9 is selected from the relation whereunder it is approximately one half of the length of two other blocks C1 and C3. Width of protrusions 9 of the aisle blocks C1, C2, C3 is selected from the ratio according to which it is equivalent to thickness of the facing layer 2.
The most optimal solution is when, taking into account the building fire safety requirements, heat-insulating layer 3 of the first and the second blocks C1 and C2 of aisles from the side of protrusions 9 is covered by a concrete layer of increased thickness.
For the purpose of construction of edifices with configuration of increased complexity, including right interior angles, in the assembly of blocks a set of blocks D1, D2, D3 and D4 is included of four types of joints (fig. 11, 12, 13 and 14) in the shape of rectangular parallelepipeds of analogous structures, formed from heat-insulating 3 and concrete layers 1 or 2, connected by one or two alignment bars 4, end whereof is incorporated into a concrete layer and going through the heat- insulating layer 3.
Lengths of all the blocks D1, D2, D3 and D4 of joints are selected as equivalent to the basic length, while the first block D1 of joint according to fig. 11 is provided with facing layer 2 formed from light concrete, selected from a group, including ceramsit concrete, slag concrete, foam concrete and varieties thereof, the second block D2 of joint according to fig. 12 is formed in square cross-section with interior carrying layer 1 produced from concrete, the third block D3 of joint according to fig. 13 is also formed in square cross-section with Γ-shaped interior load carrying layer 1 produced from concrete, in cavity whereof heat-insulating layer 3 is placed, and the fourth block D4 of joint according to fig. 14 is formed with Γ-shaped heat-insulating layer 3, in cavity whereof the facing layer 2 is placed. Width of the first block D 1 and the fourth block of joint D4 is selected from the ratio according to which the same for the said two blocks is approximately one half of the width of the two other blocks of joints D2 and D3. Thickness of the interior load carrying layer 1 from concrete of the second and the third blocks of joints D2, D3, the width of protrusion 11 of carrying layer 1 of the third block of joint D3 and the width of protrusion 12 of heat-insulating layer 3 of the fourth block of joint D4 are selected of such values that the same would comply with conditions of their compatibility with respective layers of other blocks, included into assembly of selected blocks.
For the eventual configurations of partition walls of the building to be extended, the assembly is additionally supplied with a set of oriel blocks E1, E2, E3, E4 and E5 of five types (fig. 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19).
Four oriel blocks E1, E2, E3, E4 (fig. 15, 16, 17 and 18) are provided with the facing 2, the heat-insulating 3 and the load carrying 1 interior layers, also connected at least with one cross-sectional alignment bar 4, going through the layer 3 and having ends incorporated into the facing layer 2 and into the load carrying layer 1. While these oriel blocks E1, E2, E3, E4 are provided with basic thickness of the facing 2, heat-insulating 3 and the load carrying interior layer 1, each of these oriel blocks are performed with two respective edges (13 and 14), (17 and 18), (21 and 22) and (26 and 27) along one of the frontal surface, placed under the angle of 45°, with middle edge of joint of one edge 13, 18, 21, 26 with the rear surface 15, 19, 23, 28 along the interior load carrying layer 1 and with the middle edge of joint of the other edge 14, 17, 22, 27 with the front surface 16, 20, 24, 29 along the facing layer 2 of the respective block. Thicknesses of the facing layer 2, heat-insulating layer 3 and the load carrying layer 1 of the oriel blocks E1, E2, E3, E4 outside the borders of scarf edges, accordingly 14, 18, 22 and 26 are selected from the ratio T₁ : T₃ : T₂ : T = 0.3 : 0.5 : 0.2 : 1.
The third E3 and the fourth E4 oriel blocks are formed with continuation of the of the facing layer 2 as respective protrusions 25, 30, while length of the rear surface 15 of the first block E1 is selected as equivalent to length of the front surface 20 of the second block E2 and, respectively, to length of surface 29 of the fourth oriel block E4, while length of the front surface 16 of the first block E1 and, respectively, length of the front surface 24 of the third oriel block E3 is performed as equivalent to length of the rear surface 19 of the second block E2, while length of the rear surface 23 of the third block E3 in comparison to length of the rear surface 15 of the first block E1 and length of the rear surface 28 of the fourth block E4 in comparison to length of the rear surface 19 of the second block E2 is selected subject to condition that it is reduced by the length of protrusions 25, 30 of the facing layer 2.
The heat-insulating layer 3 of the oriel blocks E3, E4 from the side of protrusions 25 and 30 is covered by a concrete layer 31.
The fifth oriel block E5 (fig. 19) is executed with the layer 32 from concrete and heat insulation layer 3, connected at least with one alignment bar 4, end whereof is incorporated in the concrete layer 32 and going through the heat-insulating layer 3, is constructed in cross-section as the isosceles triangle 33 and isosceles trapeze joined by the large bases 36, angle between related lateral edges whereof is selected equivalent to 90°, while angle at the triangle apex - 135°, while heat-insulating layer 3 of this block is placed in cross-section from the side of trapeze 34 and thickness of it is less than height of the trapeze, and thickness of the layer 3 and other sizes of the said block E5 are selected from conditions of its conformity with other blocks, included in the assembly of blocks.
For production of the blocks of module type demountable forms with precisely withstanding dimensions, angles and proportion of dimensions with minimal tolerances are used. The form is filled with concrete for shaping of the first layer, which is covered by the heat-insulating layer from the foam plastics, through which alignment bars are laid. Thereafter section of the form above the block of foam plastics is filled with concrete of the load carrying layer. Preparation of concrete, forming and hardening of concrete is performed taking into account the type of concrete being used. After hardening of the concrete the form is disassembled and the finished block is either withdrawn or extruded from the form. When appropriate, on the blocks relief facing surface is formed. For that purpose beforehand on the bottom of form appropriate matrix is placed. For facilitation of withdrawing or extruding of the finished block from the form, on all the walls plastic spacers may be inserted made from the material to which interior load carrying layers 1 and facing layers 2 do not adhere. Walls of the form may be also greased by lubricant or by liquid for facilitation of sliding between wall of the form and the inserts/spacers.
Erection of enclosing walls of the buildings is carried out by laying and connection of blocks. For connection of blocks a concrete-sand mortar is used wherein different admixtures are inserted. Mortar is laid on the lateral surfaces of the facing and the load carrying layers. Spaces between blocks in the heat insulation joint areas may be filled by any heat insulation means being selected from the group depending on the climate zone, including: foamy substance, thermo-ribbon, air et al. In the same way for connection of blocks adhesive substance for exterior works may be used.
Method of erection of structures by using of building, for example, of three-layer and two-layer blocks, having at least the load carrying concrete layer 1 and the heat-insulating layer 3, which are connected with one or several cross-sectional alignment bars 4, going through the heat-insulating layer 3 and having end or ends incorporated into the concrete layer 1, thickness whereof is selected from proportion being previously determined, is characterized in that the blocks being selected from the group, including several standard sizes of the line wall blocks A1, A2, A3, of several standard sizes of the corner blocks B1, B2, B3, of several standard sizes of the aisle blocks C1, C2, C3, of several types of the joint blocks D1, D2, D3, and of several standard sizes of the oriel blocks E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, and are used for erection of walls of any configuration, angles, aisles and other elements of structures, with minimum requirements of individual adjustment of items. While in appropriate places the first and the second blocks of aisles C1, C2 and the third and the fourth blocks of bay windows E3, E4 are used, exposed sections of the heat-insulating layer 3 whereof from the side of protrusions are covered by concrete layer of the increased thickness.
Technical results are constituted by obtaining a modular system of blocks, varying in dimensions by specific value, for example, 100 mm, which upon erection of buildings is allowing to use entire range of the available building materials and blocks: covering plates, panels of partition walls, wall stones, foundation blocks, bricks, standard window frames and door blocks. Actually the requirement for individual adjustment of items is excluded. Amount of work expenditures for direct building operations is minimized allowing to reduce the term of construction of a cottage type two-storey house down to two weeks. Upon construction of the partition walls of houses, obtaining of a continuous heat insulation belt along the entire length of walls of actually any configuration, including the ones with oriels, is enabled. The said is allowing to build the partition walls of houses both in the temperate and the cold climatic area. By using of the invented assembly of building blocks the carrying capacity of the laying for load carrying walls of the houses constructed from the building blocks of not less than 3 storeys is ensured, or under the frame construction - without limitations to the number of storeys.
Possibility to conjoin the erection of structures on the basis of the building blocks with forming of spatial monolith framework from reinforced concrete at the same time is ensured for regions having complicated engineering and geologic conditions and increased seismic activity.
Upon application of the invented building blocks the maximum heat insulation capacity and the maximum fire-resistance of the wall structure constructed from building blocks is achieved.
By using of the invented block, elaboration of the technical and technological solutions of "non-repairable façade" is possible.
The new technical solution is providing a possibility to increase the pace of construction and to enhance the quality and to minimize the labour intensity of the laying and the interior finishing works on account of achieving precision in geometric dimensions of blocks within limits of 1 to 2 mm.
Realization of the invented assembly of blocks is allowing industrialization of construction of structures - low-storey houses on account of transfer of maximum amount of production operations under the factory conditions: manufacturing of prefabricated elements with high degree of factory availability on mechanized technological lines. In result of using of the prefabricated blocks allows to minimize the manual assembly work on the construction site making it as low labour-consuming work.

Claims

Multilayer building block, including at least concrete and heat-insulating layer, which are interconnected at least by one cross alignment bar, which is going through the heat-insulating layer and by end or ends incorporated into the concrete layer, thickness whereof is selected from the previously defined relation, characterized in that the block is preferably formed in three layers with concrete load carrying interior layer (1) and facing layer (2) as well as interior heat-insulating layer (3), while thickness of these layers is selected within limits of the following ranges of thickness proportions:
T₁: T; T₃: T; T₂: T, where:
T₁ - thickness of a load carrying layer (1) is selected within limits of a range (0.3 to 0.35) T;

T₂ - thickness of a facing layer (2) is selected within limits of a range (0.43 to 0.5) T;

T₃ - thickness of an interior heat-insulating layer (3) is selected within limits of a range (0.2 to 0.22) T;
T - summary thickness of all the layers.
Multilayer building block according to Claim 1, characterized in that the interior load carrying layer (1) is produced from concrete, facing layer (2) is produced from light-weight concrete, selected from the group, including: porous concrete, ceramsit foam-concrete and of varieties thereof, heat-insulating layer (3) is produced as a thermo-insertion from a foamed or extruded foam-polystyrene, for example, from foam plastic with foil either from one side or from two sides, while alignment bars (4) are produced as cores from plastics or from reinforced plastics, which may be without reinforcements or be reinforced, for example, formed from fiberglass with metallic reinforcement.
Multilayer building block according to Claim 1 or 2 , characterized in that the summary basic thickness (T) of the block is preferably selected from range 318 to 398 mm, and respectively, thickness (T₁) of the load carrying layer (1) is selected equivalent to 120 mm, thickness (T₃) of the heat-insulating layer (3) as 150 to 200 mm, thickness (T₂) of the facing layer (2) - 78 mm, and the height of block (H) - 190 mm.
Assembly of multilayer building blocks, containing blocks according to any of the preceding Claims characterized in that the assembly of blocks include blocks shaped as rectangular parallelepipeds in the form of line wall blocks of several standard sizes (A1), (A2), (A3), having an equivalent selected basic thickness (T) and different length, preferably selected from relation:
L₁: L₂; L=0.5 : 0.75 : 1,
where:
L₁- length of the first line wall block (A1);

L₂ - length of the second line wall block (A2);
L - length of the third line wall block (A3); equivalent to the basic length ;
wherein length L of the third block is equivalent to thickness thereof, i.e., L = T.
Assembly of multilayer building blocks, containing blocks according to any of the preceding Claims characterized in that the line wall blocks of various standard sizes, included in a assembly in order to provide a system of modular building blocks, which are preferably varying in length by specific value, for example, 100 mm..
Assembly of multilayer building blocks, containing blocks according to any of the preceding Claims characterized in that that the assembly of blocks include the blocks formed as corner blocks of several standard sizes (B1), (B2), (B3) having an equivalent selected basic length, wherefrom two corner blocks (B1) and (B2) are provided with equivalent selected basic thickness, while one of the corner blocks (B1) is formed so as to have a shortened facing layer (2) and a crosswise Γ-type heat-insulating layer (3), the second corner block (B2) is formed so as to have a shortened load carrying interior layer (1) and a crosswise Γ-type heat-insulating layer (3), while the third corner block is formed so as to have a Γ-type facing layer (2), cavity whereof is filled by a heat-insulating layer (3), while thickness of the third corner block (3) is selected from the ratio wherein thickness of that block is approximately half as thick as for the first two blocks (B1) and (B2).
Assembly of blocks according to Claim 6, characterized in that the protruding parts of the heat-insulating layers (3) of the first and the second corner blocks (B1) and (B2) are formed as rims (5) and (6) to the main part of heat-insulating layer (3), while rim (5) of the first corner block (B1) is connected by alignment bar (7) to the basic part of the heat-insulating layer (3), and rim (6) of the second corner block (B2) is connected by lengthwise alignment layer (8) to the interior carrying layer (1).
Assembly of blocks according to Claim 6 or 7 characterized in that the rim (5) of the first corner block (B1) is formed so as to have a length that corresponds to the thickness of its load carrying layer (1), while rim (6) of the second corner block (B2) is formed so as to have a length that corresponds to the thickness of its facing layer (2).
Assembly of multilayer building blocks, containing blocks according to any of the preceding Claims characterized in that the set of blocks is equipped by an assembly of rectangular aisle blocks (C1), (C2), (C3), formed so as to have equivalent basic thickness and with protrusions (9), created by continuations of the facing layer (2), wherefrom two blocks (C1) and (C2) are formed with protrusions (9) from one side, and the third one (C3) - by protrusions from two opposite sides, while length of two blocks (C1) and (C3) by protrusions (9) on the facing layer (2) is selected as being equivalent to the basic length, and length of the second corner block (C2) is selected from the ratio at which it is approximately one half of the length of the two other blocks (C1) and (C3).
Assembly of blocks according to Claim 9 characterized in that the width of the aisle (C1), (C2), (C3) block protrusions (9) is selected from the ratio at which it is equivalent to thickness of the facing layer (2).
Assembly of blocks according to Claim 9 or 10 characterized in that the heat-insulating layer (3) of the first and the second aisle blocks (C1) and (C2) from the protrusion (9) side is covered by a concrete layer.
Assembly of multilayer building blocks, containing blocks according to any of the preceding Claims characterized in that the assembly of blocks is equipped by an assembly of blocks of joints (D1), (D2), (D3), (D4) having four types as rectangular parallelepipeds, consisting of the heat-insulating (3) and the concrete layers, connected at least with one aligning bar (4), end whereof is incorporated into the concrete layer and going through the heat-insulating layer (3), lengths of all the blocks of joints are selected as equivalent to the base length of blocks, while the first block of joints (D1) is formed with facing layer (2) from concrete, the second block of joints (D2) is formed of square cross-section with interior load carrying layer (1) from concrete, the third block of joints (D3) is formed also of square cross-section with Γ-type interior load carrying layer (1) from concrete, in the cavity whereof a heat-insulating layer (3) is placed, and the fourth block of joints (D4) is formed with Γ-type heat-insulating layer (3), in the cavity whereof a facing layer (2) from concrete is placed, and the width of the first block (D1) and the fourth block (D4) of joints is selected from the ratio at which it for the said two blocks is approximately one half of the width of the two other blocks of joints (D2) and (D3).
Assembly of blocks according to Claim 12 characterized in that the thickness of the interior load carrying layer (1) from concrete of the second and the third block of joints (D2), (D3), width of protrusion (11) of load carrying layer (1) of the third block of joints (D3) and width of protrusion (12) of heat- insulating layer (3) of the fourth block of joints (D4) is selected equivalent to such size, in order to be in conformity with conditions of their compatibility with the corresponding layers of other blocks included in an assembly of selected blocks.
Assembly of multilayer building blocks subject to any of the preceding Claims characterized in that the assembly is provided also by a set of oriel blocks (E1), (E2), (E3), (E4), (E5) of several types, wherefrom four (E1), (E2), (E3), (E4) are formed so as to have basic thickness of the facing (2), heat-insulating (3) and load carrying interior layer (1), each of the oriel blocks (E1), (E2), (E3), (E4) is formed with two corresponding edges (13 and 14), (17 and 18), (21 and 22) and (26 and 27) along one of the frontal surfaces, located at an angle of 45°, with middle edge of a joint of one edge (13), (18), (21), (26) with rear surface (15), (19), (23), (28) along the interior load carrying layer (1) and with middle edge of a joint of the other edge (14), (17), (22), (27) with front surface (16), (20), (24), (29) along the facing layer (2) of the corresponding block, the third (E3) and the fourth oriel blocks (E4) are formed with continuation of the facing layer (2) as type of corresponding protrusions (25), (30), while length of rear surface (15) of the first block (E1) is selected as equivalent to the length of front surface (20) of the second block (E2) and, respectively, to the length of surface (29) of the fourth oriel block (E4), while length of front surface (16) of the first block (E1) and, respectively, length (24) of the third oriel block (E3) is selected as equivalent to the length of rear surface (19) of the second block (E2), while length of rear surface (23) of the third block (E3) comparing to the length of rear surface (15) of the first block (E1) and length of rear surface (28) of the fourth block (E4) comparing to the length of rear surface (19) of the second block (E2) is selected from the condition that it is reduced by the length of facing (2) layer protrusions (25), (30).
Assembly of blocks according to Claim 14 characterized in that the heat-insulating layer (3) of the third (E3) and the fourth (E4) oriel blocks from the protrusion (25) and (30) side is covered by the concrete layer (31).
Assembly of blocks according to Claim 14 or 15 characterized in that the fifth oriel block (E5) with a layer (32) from concrete and heat-insulating layer (3), connected at least with one aligning bar (4), end whereof is incorporated into the concrete layer (32) and is going through the heat insulation layer (3), may be formed in cross-section as isosceles triangle (33) and isosceles trapeze joined by the large bases (36), angle between related lateral edges whereof is selected equivalent to 90°, while angle at the triangle apex - 135°, while heat-insulating layer (3) of this block is placed in cross-section from the side of trapeze (34) and thickness of it is less than height of the trapeze, and thickness of the layer (3) and other sizes of the block (E5) are selected from conditions of its conformity with other blocks, included in the assembly of blocks.
Method of erection of installations by means of using multilayer building blocks having at least the concrete (1) and the heat-insulating (3) layer connected with one or several cross-sectional alignment bars (4), going through the heat-insulating layer and having end or ends being incorporated into the concrete layer, thickness whereof is selected from the previously determined ratio, including erection of walls by block-laying and connection thereof with a cement-sand mortar, characterized in that the blocks are selected from a group, including several standard sizes of line wall blocks, several standard sizes of corner blocks, several standard sizes of aisle blocks, several types of joint blocks and several types of oriel blocks, and being used for erection of walls having any configuration, angles, aisles and other elements of installations, with minimum requirements of individual adjustment of products.
Method of erection of installations according to Claim 17 characterized in that the blocks are selected from a group, including three standard sizes of the line wall three-layer blocks (A1, A2, A3), two standard sizes of three-layer (B1, B2) and one standard size of two-layer corner block (B3), two standard sizes of three-layer (C1, C2) and one standard size of two-layer aisle block (C3), four standard sizes of two-layer joint blocks (D1, D2, D3, D4) and four standard sizes of three-layer (E1, E2, E3, E4) and one standard size of two-layer oriel block (E5).
Method of erection of installations according to Claim 17 or 18 characterized in that the mortar at the joining of blocks is laid along the lateral surfaces of the facing and the load carrying layers, and spaces between blocks in the heat insulation joint areas are filled by foamy substance.
Method of erection of installations according to any of Claims from 17 to 19 characterized in that at the building blocks are used, for example, of the first, the second and the third aisle blocks (C1, C2, C3) and the third and the fourth oriel blocks (E3, E4) exposed sections of the heat-insulating layer (3) whereof from the side of protrusions (9, 25, 30) are covered by the concrete layer (10, 31) of increased thickness.