EP1889669B1 - Drawing rolling method by mandrel mill - Google Patents

Drawing rolling method by mandrel mill Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1889669B1
EP1889669B1 EP06730240A EP06730240A EP1889669B1 EP 1889669 B1 EP1889669 B1 EP 1889669B1 EP 06730240 A EP06730240 A EP 06730240A EP 06730240 A EP06730240 A EP 06730240A EP 1889669 B1 EP1889669 B1 EP 1889669B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
stand
circumference
groove
mother tube
mandrel mill
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
EP06730240A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
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EP1889669A4 (en
EP1889669A1 (en
Inventor
Akihito Yamane
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nippon Steel Corp
Original Assignee
Sumitomo Metal Industries Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sumitomo Metal Industries Ltd filed Critical Sumitomo Metal Industries Ltd
Publication of EP1889669A1 publication Critical patent/EP1889669A1/en
Publication of EP1889669A4 publication Critical patent/EP1889669A4/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1889669B1 publication Critical patent/EP1889669B1/en
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B17/00—Tube-rolling by rollers of which the axes are arranged essentially perpendicular to the axis of the work, e.g. "axial" tube-rolling
    • B21B17/02—Tube-rolling by rollers of which the axes are arranged essentially perpendicular to the axis of the work, e.g. "axial" tube-rolling with mandrel, i.e. the mandrel rod contacts the rolled tube over the rod length
    • B21B17/04—Tube-rolling by rollers of which the axes are arranged essentially perpendicular to the axis of the work, e.g. "axial" tube-rolling with mandrel, i.e. the mandrel rod contacts the rolled tube over the rod length in a continuous process
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B27/00—Rolls, roll alloys or roll fabrication; Lubricating, cooling or heating rolls while in use
    • B21B27/02—Shape or construction of rolls
    • B21B27/024—Rolls for bars, rods, rounds, tubes, wire or the like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B3/00—Rolling materials of special alloys so far as the composition of the alloy requires or permits special rolling methods or sequences ; Rolling of aluminium, copper, zinc or other non-ferrous metals
    • B21B3/02—Rolling special iron alloys, e.g. stainless steel

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an elongation rolling method using a mandrel mill. Specifically, the present invention relates to an elongation rolling method using a mandrel mill in which the occurrence of so-called overfilling and under-filling can be effectively prevented during elongation rolling using a mandrel mill.
  • seamless tube including seamless pipe
  • a round billet or a square billet is charged into a rotary hearth heating furnace and heated therein to 1200 - 1260°C, and it is then subjected to piercing rolling in a piercer using a plug and rolls to produce a hollow shell.
  • the hollow shell is then used as a material being rolled (mother tube) and subjected to elongation rolling using a mandrel mill to reduce its wall thickness to a predetermined value.
  • the mother tube is then subjected to sizing by a sizing mill (sizer) so as to have a predetermined outer diameter, and thus a product in the form of a seamless tube is manufactured.
  • a sizing mill sizer
  • a 2-roll type mandrel mill having a pair of grooved rolls which are disposed such that the direction of reduction differs by 90° between adjoining stands has been much used as such a mandrel mill.
  • a 4-roll type mandrel mill having four grooved rolls with the angle of reduction of two adjoining stands differing by an angle of 90° has also come to be used.
  • a 3-roll type mandrel mill equipped with three grooved rolls having rolling directions which form an angle of 120° and which has the angle of reduction of adjoining stands differing by 60° has also been proposed.
  • one type of grooved rolls are used with adjustment for elongation rolling of mother tubes made of various types of steels from common steels to alloy steel such as stainless steel having various wall thicknesses.
  • the outer circumference of a mother tube formed by elongation rolling may not become sufficiently small or rather increase; leading to the formation of overfilled scars or other rolling troubles caused by overfilling, which is a phenomenon in which a mother tube is protruded into a gap between the flange portions of grooved rolls.
  • the outer circumference of a mother tube formed by elongation rolling becomes too small, resulting in the occurrence of mandrel bar withdrawal defects or the formation of holes in the mother tube caused by under-filling, which is a phenomenon in which the inner surface of a mother tube adheres to a mandrel bar.
  • Various inventions have been proposed in the past in order to solve these problems.
  • Patent Document 1 discloses an invention in which elongation rolling in a mandrel mill of a mother tube made primarily of an alloy steel such as stainless steel is performed such that the ratio of groove circumference to circumference of a hot finished mother tube on the exit side of the mill is made at least 1.12 for the first stand, at least 1.06 for the second stand, and at least 1.02 for the third stand whereby an appropriate outer circumference of the mother tube on the exit side of the mandrel mill is ensured and in the end portion of the mother tube where under-filling most easily occurs, a suitable gap can be formed between the mandrel bar and the mother tube so as to prevent the occurrence of under-filling.
  • an alloy steel such as stainless steel
  • Patent Document 2 discloses an invention in which elongation rolling in a mandrel mill of a mother tube made primarily of an alloy steel such as 13% Cr steel (in this description, unless otherwise specified, percent means mass percent) is performed such that the ratio of groove circumference determined by the grooved rolls in each of the first stand and the second stand to the outer circumference of the mother tube undergoing elongation rolling in the mandrel mill is made to be in a certain range, whereby the occurrence of under-filling in the end portion of a mother tube is prevented.
  • Patent Document 1 JP 2582705 B
  • Patent Document 2 JP 2003-10907 A1
  • EP-A2-0,519,705 discloses a method in accordance with the pre-characterizing section of claim 1.
  • Patent Document 1 prescribes suitable conditions with respect to a mother tube made of an alloy steel such as stainless steel having specific dimensions. Namely, overfilling occurs if elongation rolling is carried out to form a thin-walled mother tube for which the ratio of the wall thickness to the outer diameter (wall thickness/outer diameter ratio) is at most 3% and which is made of common steel with a Cr content of less than 1% according to the dimensions of groove circumference, outer diameter of the mother tube, and other parameters disclosed by Patent Document 1.
  • Patent Document 1 it is necessary to change the grooved rolls when elongation rolling is performed to form a mother tube made of an alloy steel or to form a thin-walled mother tube made of common steel with a thickness/outer diameter ratio of at most 3%.
  • the grooved rolls of a sizing mill are changed each time the outer diameter to be finished is changed, but in order to carry out the invention disclosed by Patent Document 1, in addition to replacing the grooved rolls in a sizing mill, it is necessary to stop the mandrel mill for elongation rolling and change the grooved rolls of the mill each time there is a change in the type of steel or dimension to be finished in elongation rolling.
  • Patent Document 2 discloses suitable rolling conditions specified for a mother tube made of an alloy steel such as 13% Cr steel having specific dimensions, so it has problems like those of the invention disclosed by Patent Document 1.
  • the present invention was made in light of the problems of the prior art. Its object is to provide an elongation rolling method using a mandrel mill which can effectively prevent the occurrence of overfilling and under-filling using a combination of the same grooved rolls for mother tubes of different steel types such as common steel and alloy steel and having different wall thicknesses.
  • the present invention is An elongation rolling method of a mother tube from a hollow shell using a mandrel mill having a plurality of stands each provided with a plurality of grooved rolls, comprising: setting the groove profile of grooved rolls provided in a first stand and a second stand of the mandrel mill such that the groove circumference in the first stand which is determined by a plurality of grooved rolls provided in the first stand satisfies the following Equation 1, the groove circumference in the second stand which is determined by a plurality of grooved rolls provided in the second stand satisfies the following Equation 2, and the groove circumferences in the first stand and the second stand satisfy the following Equation 3: 1.06 the ratio of groove circumference in the 1 ⁇ st stand to finished circumference 1.12 1.05 the ratio of groove circumference in the 2 ⁇ nd stand to finished circumference 1.10 groove circumference in the 1 ⁇ st stand > groove circumference in the 2 ⁇ nd stand and characterized by setting the outer diameter of the hollow shell such that the
  • both overfilling and under-filling can be effectively prevented for mother tubes made of various types of steel including common steel and alloy steels and having various wall thicknesses using one type of combination of grooved rolls without changing the combination of grooved rolls in accordance with the type of steel and other factors.
  • it is ensured that the occurrence of overfilled scars caused by overfilling and withdrawal defects and scars caused by under-filling can be effectively and inexpensively prevented.
  • Figure 1(a) is a graph showing a model of the behavior when a mother tube made of an alloy steel underwent elongation rolling
  • Figure 1(b) is a graph showing a model of the behavior when a mother tube made of an alloy steel underwent elongation rolling when the groove circumference of grooved rolls was set to a large value based on the prior art
  • Figure 1(c) is a graph showing a model of the behavior when a mother tube made of common steel underwent elongation rolling.
  • the axial strain on the abscissa of the graphs shown in Figures 1(a) - 1(c) is the value expressed by [In (length of mother tube after elongation rolling/length of mother tube before elongation rolling)].
  • the graph shown in Figure 1(a) shows the variation in the outer diameter and the axial strain of a mother tube from the entrance side to the exit side of a stand having grooved rolls with a groove circumference corresponding to an inner diameter of 98 mm (shown by the dashed line in the figure) when elongation rolling was carried out on a hollow shell made of an alloy steel with an outer diameter of 100 mm until the axial strain on the exit side of the stand reached 0.3.
  • the graph shown in Figure 1(b) shows the variation in the outer diameter and axial strain of a mother tube from the entrance side to the exit side of a stand when elongation rolling was carried out under the same conditions as for Figure 1(a) except that the groove circumference of the grooved rolls was set to a large value corresponding to an inner diameter of 99 mm shown by the dashed line in the figure in accordance with the prior art.
  • the graph shown in Figure 1(c) shows the variation in the outer diameter and the axial strain of a mother tube from the entrance side to the exit side of a stand when elongation rolling was carried out under the same conditions as for Figure 1(a) except that the mother tube was made of common steel.
  • Figure 2 is a graph showing the variation in the outer diameter and the axial strain of a mother tube from the entrance side to the exit side of a stand when elongation rolling was carried out under the same conditions as for Figure 1(a) except that the outer diameter of the mother tube was set to a large value of 102 mm.
  • under-filling can be prevented by setting the outer diameter of a mother tube to a large value as in the model shown in Figure 2 instead of by setting the groove circumference of grooved rolls for a mother tube to a large value as shown in Figure 1(b) .
  • the present invention was achieved based on the fact that under-filling can be prevented by setting the outer diameter of a hollow shell to a large value as shown by the graph in Figure 2 .
  • the outer diameter of a hollow shell which undergoes elongation rolling in a mandrel mill is suitably varied depending on the particular steel type and size using known methods such as by varying the setting of a piercer or using a shell sizer, a single combination of grooved rolls can be employed without producing under-filling of a mother tube made of an alloy steel or overfilling of a mother tube made of common steel.
  • the graphs showing the models of rolling behavior in Figure 1 and Figure 2 were plotted based on the concept described below.
  • the process of deformation of a mother tube can be divided into an "outer diameter working step" from when the outer peripheral surface of the mother tube first contacts the grooved rolls until it is reduced between the grooved rolls and the mandrel bar (until the outer diameter of the mother tube becomes equal to the inner diameter of the grooved rolls) and a "wall thickness working step" in which the mother tube is reduced between the grooved rolls and the mandrel bar.
  • the graph shown by line segment A1B1 in Figure 1(a) corresponds to the behavior in the outer diameter working step. Regardless of the type of steel, the outer diameter of the mother tube, i.e., the outer circumference is decreased as the mother tube is inwardly forced by the groove profile of the grooved rolls.
  • the graph shown by line segment A2B2 in Figure 1(b) , the graph shown by line segment A3B3 in Figure 1 (c) , and the graph shown by line segment A4B4 in Figure 2 correspond to the behavior in the outer diameter working step. As described above, the behavior in the outer diameter working step does not depend upon the steel type, so each of the graphs has the same slope.
  • the graph shown by line segment B1C1 in Figure 1(a) corresponds to the behavior in the wall thickness working step.
  • the mother tube is not inwardly forced by the groove profile of the grooved rolls, but in the portion of the mother tube in which direct reduction does not take place between the grooved rolls and the mandrel bar, as the amount of elongation increases and the mother tube lengthens, tensile deformation develops resulting in a decrease in the outer diameter, i.e., the outer circumference.
  • the graph shown by line segment B2C2 in Figure 1(b) , the graph shown by line segment B3C3 in Figure 1 (c) , and the graph shown by line segment B4C4 in Figure 2 correspond to the behavior in the wall thickness working step.
  • the change in the outer diameter relative to the change in the amount of elongation i.e., the change in the axial strain in the wall thickness working step, namely, the absolute value of the slope of each graph depends upon the type of steel.
  • the amount of deformation i.e., the amount of deformation to be larger for a mother tube made of an alloy steel. Accordingly, the graph shown by line segment B1C1 in Figure 1(a) , the graph shown by line segment B2C2 in Figure 1(b) , and the graph shown by line segment B4C4 in Figure 2 are all plotted with the same slope, but the graph shown by line segment B3C3 in Figure 1(c) is plotted with a slope having a smaller absolute value than the other graphs.
  • the present invention was completed by utilizing these principles and specifying various parameters in elongation rolling conditions by above-described Equations 1 - 3.
  • the present invention is not limited to application to a 2-roll mandrel mill, and it can be applied in the same manner to a 3-roll or 4-roll mandrel mill.
  • the "finished circumference" means the outer circumference of a mother tube on the exit side of a finishing stand.
  • Figure 3 shows explanatory views for explaining the definition of the groove circumference.
  • Figure 3(a) is a vertical cross-sectional view schematically showing a portion of a grooved roll provided in a 2-roll mandrel mill
  • Figure 3(b) is a vertical cross-sectional view schematically showing a portion of a grooved roll provided in a 3-roll mandrel mill.
  • the groove profile P of a grooved roll 1 provided in a mandrel mill generally has a shape which is a combination of three arcs. It is a curve with left and right symmetry having a straight line connecting the groove bottom B and the groove center O as an axis of symmetry.
  • the profile on one side has a shape formed by continuously combining an arc with a radius R1 and a central angle ⁇ 1, an arc with a radius R2 and a central angle ⁇ 2 (referred to below as arc R2), and an arc with a radius R3 and a central angle ⁇ 3 (referred to below as arc R3).
  • the groove circumference is defined as 4(R1 ⁇ 1 + R2 ⁇ 2 + R4 ⁇ 4).
  • the groove profile P of a grooved roll 1 provided in a 3-roll mandrel mill generally has a shape formed by combining three arcs R1, R2, and R3.
  • the groove circumference is defined as 6(R1 ⁇ 1 + R2 ⁇ 2 + R4 ⁇ 4).
  • the groove profile P of a grooved roll 1 has a shape formed by continuously combining two outwardly-facing convex arcs R1 and R2 (which face away from the groove center O) and an inwardly-facing convex arc R3 (which faces towards the groove center O).
  • the present invention is not limited to this shape of groove profile, and the groove profile may have a shape formed by continuously combining one outwardly-facing convex arc or three or more outwardly-facing convex arcs of different radius with one inwardly-facing convex arc.
  • the inwardly-facing convex arc may be formed by continuously combining a plurality of arcs of different radius.
  • a straight line shape may be used instead of an inwardly-facing convex arc.
  • the groove circumference is defined as 2n(LO + R4 ⁇ 4) ; wherein R4 and ⁇ 4 are the radius and central angle, respectively, of an arc which is tangent to the joining point of arc R2 and arc R3 at one end and, at the other end, is perpendicular to a straight line L which forms an angle of 180/n (°) with respect to a straight line connecting the groove bottom B and the groove center O.
  • the groove profile of grooved rolls provided in the third stand of the mandrel mill is preferably set so that the groove circumference in the third stand determined by the plurality of grooved rolls provided in the third stand satisfies the following Equation 4 and the groove circumferences in the second stand and the third stand satisfy the following Equation 5.
  • the finished circumference means the circumference of a mother tube at the completion of elongation rolling: 1.02 ⁇ the ratio of groove circumference in the 3 ⁇ rd stand to finished circumference ⁇ 1.07 groove circumference in the 2 ⁇ nd stand > groove circumference in the 3 ⁇ rd stand
  • An elongation rolling test was carried out in order to determine one type of combination of grooved rolls which can be used both for a mother tube of an alloy steel without causing under-filling and for a mother tube of common steel without causing overfilling by adjusting the outer diameter of a hollow shell.
  • stainless steel was used as an alloy steel having a Cr content of at least 10%.
  • the outer circumference of the hollow shell was set such that the ratio of outer circumference of the hollow shell to finished circumference, which is the outer circumference of the mother tube on the exit side of the finishing stand, was at least 1.1.
  • a thin-walled mother tube with a wall thickness/outer diameter ratio of at most 3% was used as a mother tube of common steel with a Cr content of less than 10%.
  • the ratio of outer circumference of the hollow shell to finished circumference was set to less than 1.1.
  • the value of the ratio of groove circumference to finished circumference for the first stand and the ratio of groove circumference to finished circumference for the second stand were varied.
  • Figure 4 is a graph showing an example of the results of this elongation rolling test.
  • X indicates a mother tube with which under-filling or overfilling developed
  • ⁇ indicates a mother tube which did not develop either under-filling or overfilling.
  • the groove circumference in the first stand is less than or equal to the groove circumference in the second stand, the outer circumference of the mother tube cannot be adjusted in the second stand, and it becomes easy for under-filling or overfilling to develop. There are also cases in which overfilling occurs in the third stand.
  • the outer diameter of a hollow shell can be suitably adjusted by known methods such as those disclosed in JP H08-71615 A1 , JP 2002-11507 A1 , and the like.
  • Figure 5 is a graph showing one example of the results of this rolling test.
  • X indicates mother tubes with which under-filling or overfilling developed
  • ⁇ indicates mother tubes which had a tendency for under-filling or overfilling
  • ⁇ indicates mother tubes with which neither under-filling nor overfilling developed.
  • mother tubes made from stainless steel had somewhat of a tendency to develop under-filling in the fourth stand if the ratio of groove circumference to finished circumference in the third stand (#3std) was less than 1.02, and the thin-walled mother tubes made from common steel had somewhat of a tendency towards overfilling in the fourth stand if the ratio of groove circumference to finished circumference in the third stand was greater than 1.07.
  • the groove circumference in the second stand (#2std) was less than or equal to the groove circumference in the third stand, the outer circumference of the mother tube in the third stand cannot be adjusted, and it becomes easy for under-filling or overfilling to develop. There are also cases in which overfilling occurs in the fourth stand.
  • the groove profile of the grooved rolls provided in the third stand is preferably set such that the groove circumference in the third stand which is determined by the plurality of grooved rolls provided in the third stand satisfies Equation 4 (1.02 ⁇ groove circumference in the 3rd stand/finished circumference ⁇ 1.07) and such that the groove circumferences in the second stand and the third stand satisfy Equation 5 (groove circumference in the 2nd stand > groove circumference in the 3rd stand).
  • the groove circumferences S1 to S3 in the first stand through the third stand set for each condition were as shown in the table of Figure 6 .
  • Examples 1-1 through 1-4, Examples 2-1 and 2-2, and Examples 3-1 and 3-2 had the same groove circumference (they used the same combination of grooved rolls).
  • the numbers shown in the column for "shell/finished" are the values of the outer circumference of the hollow shell divided by the finished circumference.
  • the mother tubes with a Cr content of at least 10% (13% Cr steel) or the mother tubes with a Cr content of less than 10% (9% Cr steel, 5% Cr steel, and carbon steel) had scars occurring at a rate exceeding 4%.
  • both the mother tubes with a Cr content of at least 10% (13% Cr steel) and the mother tubes with a Cr content of less than 10% (9% Cr steel, 5% Cr steel, and carbon steel) had almost no occurrence of scars in spite of being rolled using the same combination of grooved rolls.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Reduction Rolling/Reduction Stand/Operation Of Reduction Machine (AREA)
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EP06730240A 2005-03-28 2006-03-28 Drawing rolling method by mandrel mill Expired - Fee Related EP1889669B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2005090432A JP4441912B2 (ja) 2005-03-28 2005-03-28 マンドレルミル圧延方法
PCT/JP2006/306292 WO2006104146A1 (ja) 2005-03-28 2006-03-28 マンドレルミルによる延伸圧延方法

Publications (3)

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EP1889669A1 EP1889669A1 (en) 2008-02-20
EP1889669A4 EP1889669A4 (en) 2009-02-25
EP1889669B1 true EP1889669B1 (en) 2010-12-29

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EP06730240A Expired - Fee Related EP1889669B1 (en) 2005-03-28 2006-03-28 Drawing rolling method by mandrel mill

Country Status (7)

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EP (1) EP1889669B1 (pt)
JP (1) JP4441912B2 (pt)
CN (1) CN101151107B (pt)
BR (1) BRPI0609266B1 (pt)
DE (1) DE602006019242D1 (pt)
RU (1) RU2357815C1 (pt)
WO (1) WO2006104146A1 (pt)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR101607585B1 (ko) 2008-12-09 2016-03-30 발루렉 도이칠란트 게엠베하 3롤식 압연기에 의해 이음매 없는 관을 제조하기 위한 제조 방법

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2010131602A (ja) * 2007-03-15 2010-06-17 Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd 継目無管の製造方法
MX2012003886A (es) 2009-09-29 2012-04-20 Sumitomo Metal Ind Laminador de mandril de rodillos multiples y metodo para producir tubos sin costuras.
EP2591865B1 (en) * 2010-07-07 2016-04-27 Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation Mandrel mill and method for manufacturing seamless pipe
JP5003833B1 (ja) * 2011-03-31 2012-08-15 住友金属工業株式会社 絞り圧延用ロールの製造方法、及び、絞り圧延用ロール

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5218851A (en) * 1991-06-21 1993-06-15 Kawasaki Steel Corporation Mandrel mill capable of preventing stripping miss
JP2582705B2 (ja) * 1991-06-21 1997-02-19 川崎製鉄株式会社 マンドレルミル
JPH0857506A (ja) * 1994-08-23 1996-03-05 Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd マンドレルミル
DE19506858C1 (de) * 1995-02-14 1996-01-18 Mannesmann Ag Walzenkalibrierung für ein Rohrreduzierwalzwerk
JP3716763B2 (ja) 2001-06-28 2005-11-16 Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 継目無鋼管のマンドレルミル圧延方法

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR101607585B1 (ko) 2008-12-09 2016-03-30 발루렉 도이칠란트 게엠베하 3롤식 압연기에 의해 이음매 없는 관을 제조하기 위한 제조 방법

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BRPI0609266A2 (pt) 2010-03-09
CN101151107A (zh) 2008-03-26
JP4441912B2 (ja) 2010-03-31
DE602006019242D1 (de) 2011-02-10
WO2006104146A1 (ja) 2006-10-05
BRPI0609266B1 (pt) 2019-07-02
JP2006272340A (ja) 2006-10-12
RU2357815C1 (ru) 2009-06-10
EP1889669A4 (en) 2009-02-25
EP1889669A1 (en) 2008-02-20
CN101151107B (zh) 2010-08-11

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