EP1827958B1 - Verfahren zum erlangen eines kastenrahmens zur konstruktion und daraus resultierender kastenrahmen - Google Patents

Verfahren zum erlangen eines kastenrahmens zur konstruktion und daraus resultierender kastenrahmen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1827958B1
EP1827958B1 EP05847803A EP05847803A EP1827958B1 EP 1827958 B1 EP1827958 B1 EP 1827958B1 EP 05847803 A EP05847803 A EP 05847803A EP 05847803 A EP05847803 A EP 05847803A EP 1827958 B1 EP1827958 B1 EP 1827958B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
frame
module
formwork
beams
concrete
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP05847803A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1827958A1 (de
Inventor
Frédéric De Chérancé
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Individual
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Individual
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Publication of EP1827958A1 publication Critical patent/EP1827958A1/de
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Publication of EP1827958B1 publication Critical patent/EP1827958B1/de
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Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B35/00—Vessels or similar floating structures specially adapted for specific purposes and not otherwise provided for
    • B63B35/34—Pontoons
    • B63B35/38—Rigidly-interconnected pontoons
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B35/00—Vessels or similar floating structures specially adapted for specific purposes and not otherwise provided for
    • B63B35/34—Pontoons
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D27/00—Foundations as substructures
    • E02D27/01—Flat foundations
    • E02D27/04—Flat foundations in water or on quicksand
    • E02D27/06—Floating caisson foundations

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for producing a frame for a construction, in particular a frame more particularly adapted to a construction that can float as described in the patent application.
  • WO-03.03173 2 a method for producing a frame for a construction, in particular a frame more particularly adapted to a construction that can float as described in the patent application.
  • the patent application WO 03.031732 proposes a construction capable of moving between a first position in support of the ground and a second floating position.
  • the frame of the construction consists of galvanized steel beams or aluminum for example, forming a mesh capable of receiving the insulated floor of a building. This mesh is necessary to ensure the recovery of the load and to maintain plan this floor.
  • the chassis also comprises flotation means in the form of boxes trapped in the mesh of the metal structure formed by the beams.
  • the insertion of the caisson-type flotation means inside the mesh-shaped metal structure is relatively long and complex to achieve, leading to an increase in the cost price of the chassis.
  • the present invention aims at overcoming the drawbacks of the prior art by proposing a method of producing a chassis for a construction, in particular a chassis for a construction that can float as described in the patent application.
  • WO 03.031732 said method being simple to implement, to reduce production costs and to obtain a mechanically resistant structure.
  • the present invention also proposes a chassis obtained according to the aforementioned method and a module used to develop said chassis.
  • FIG. 10 there is shown in 10 a frame on which can be reported a not shown construction.
  • This frame 10 is more particularly adapted to mobile constructions between two positions, a first ground support and a floating second, as described in the patent application. WO 03.031732 .
  • this frame can be used for other types of constructions requiring a chassis forming an above ground foundation.
  • the chassis comprises means 12 for flotation whose upper part comprises a network of grooves capable of forming forms for concrete beams 14 and wells, passing through said means 12 for flotation, capable of forming forms for columns 16 of concrete.
  • This arrangement makes it possible to obtain a resistant frame thanks to the network of beams 14, capable of receiving a slab or a floor for a construction, said frame being able to withstand the compressive stresses produced by the construction thanks to the columns 16.
  • the network consists of a first series of beams preferably equidistant and a second series of beams, preferably equidistant, perpendicular to the first beams.
  • the section of the beams, the distance separating the beams and their number are determined by those skilled in the art depending in particular on the load likely to be applied to the frame 10. Similarly, the section of the columns, their number and their locations are determined by those skilled in the art so that the chassis resists compression efforts.
  • the beams 14 and the columns 16 comprise a reinforcement in order to increase the mechanical properties of the frame.
  • the columns 16 are disposed at the intersections of the beams 14.
  • the beams 14 connect the columns 16 to each other, and have an arch-shaped lower face, as illustrated in the drawings.
  • Figures 2A and 2B in order to increase the mechanical properties of said beams 14.
  • the legs of the columns 16 comprise damping means 20 protruding from the lower surface of the Flotation means 12.
  • these damping means 20 are obtained from a rubber insert 22, as shown in FIG. figure 7 disposed in the lower part of the wells in which the columns are cast.
  • Each insert 22 comprises in the upper part a collar capable of bearing against a shoulder formed in the lower part of the wells. This arrangement makes it possible to increase the strength of the frame and the construction in the event of an earthquake by separating the frame and the construction of the ground. This arrangement makes it possible to confer chassis seismic qualities.
  • the frame 10 comprises at its upper part, at the periphery, a belt 24 of reinforced concrete capable of forming a chaining.
  • the frame comprises at the periphery a formwork 26 in the form of a channel U with a first branch 28 is contiguous to the means 12 for flotation.
  • Tie rods 30 are advantageously provided for connecting the upper ends of the branches of the U-shaped chute in order to prevent deformation of said chute during pouring of the concrete.
  • the tie rods 30 are distributed around the waist.
  • the formwork 26 can be connected directly to the floatation means 12 and / or the tie rods 30 can be connected by any appropriate means, such as, for example, by welding, to the reinforcement provided for the beams 14.
  • the formwork used to pour the concrete forms the means of flotation. Thanks to the network of beams connected to the wells, a solid mechanical connection is obtained between the concrete part and the flotation means.
  • This connection can be reinforced by any means, such as for example by increasing the roughness of the surface of the flotation means forming formwork.
  • the frame 10 comprises only a network of beams in the upper part as shown in FIG. figure 1 .
  • the frame 10 is covered by a concrete slab comprising in the lower part the beams 14 and the columns 16.
  • the flotation means 12 are made by assembling a plurality of modules 32 as illustrated in FIGS. Figures 2B , 3 at 9, said modules being made by plastic molding.
  • the flotation means can be made in one piece as illustrated by the Figure 2A .
  • a module 32 of substantially parallelepiped shape is made by rotational molding.
  • the height of the modules 32 is adjusted according to the load supported by the chassis so that the latter can in particular float.
  • layers of modules 32 may be stacked to increase the floatation capabilities of the chassis.
  • the upper face of the module has a suitable shape capable of cooperating with the lower face of the upper module.
  • Each module 32 comprises at its upper face two grooves 34 and 36, capable of forming a formwork for the beams 14, said grooves 34 and 36 preferably being substantially perpendicular and in a mediating position when the module has a square or rectangular shape .
  • the module comprises a well 38 capable of forming a formwork for a column 16.
  • the well 38 is disposed at the intersection of the grooves 34 and 36.
  • the bottom of the grooves 34 and 36 is curved and inclined towards the well 38 so as to form arches when the modules are assembled as shown in Fig 2B.
  • the production method consists of assembling modules 32 so as to form the flotation means 12 with, at the top, a network of grooves capable of forming forms for concrete beams 14 and wells passing through said means. 12 flotation capable of forming forms for concrete columns 16, as illustrated in figure 4 .
  • the grooves 34 and 36 define in the upper part of the module four sectors 40 with each of the projecting shapes 42 capable of cooperating with recessed shapes formed under the underside of an upper module.
  • all modules are identical regardless of the layer.
  • the same module comprises an upper face with projecting elements 42 and a lower face with recessed shapes whose shapes are adapted to those of the projecting elements 42.
  • each module comprises in the lower part at least one recess 44, preferably four at each sector 40. These recesses 44 reinforce the compressive strength of the module.
  • the side walls of the module also include recesses 45 also to enhance the compressive strength of the module.
  • the chassis comprises assembly means 46 for connecting the different modules 32 prior to pouring the concrete and during drying.
  • assembly means 46 comprise a rod 48 with at each end a claw 50.
  • the length of the rod is adapted so that a first claw 50.1 is disposed below the modules and a second claw 50.2 is disposed above the modules, as illustrated on the figure 8 .
  • at least one nut is provided to cooperate with a thread formed on the rod in order to press the claws 50 against the modules and to grip said modules in order to keep them assembled before pouring the concrete.
  • the claws 50 have curved ends 52 that may cooperate with recessed shapes formed at the modules to better grip said modules.
  • the rods 48 extend over the entire height of the chassis or connection means 53 are provided to connect the rods of the different levels, as shown in FIG. figure 9 .
  • the rods 48 are disposed at the connection zone of four adjacent modules.
  • the modules comprise at each corner, a recess 54 in quarter round extending over the entire height of the side walls, as shown in FIG. figure 5 .
  • the four adjacent quarter-round recesses 54 form a duct 56 capable of housing a rod 48, as illustrated in FIG. figure 4 .
  • each module comprises at each side wall, two recesses 58 half round offset from the top, extending over the entire height of the side walls, as shown in the figure 4 .
  • the half-round recesses 58 form a duct 60 capable of housing a rod 48.
  • These recesses 58 facilitate the assembly of the peripherally disposed modules.
  • the method of making a chassis is easy and greatly simplified. It is sufficient to assemble an adequate number of modules 32 according to the desired area and shapes of the chassis. To keep them assembled, the rods 48 and the claws 50 are put in place. If necessary a second layer or several layers of modules are thus assembled.
  • an array of grooves capable of forming forms for concrete beams 14 and wells passing through said float means 12, capable of forming forms for concrete columns 16, is obtained. as shown on the figure 4 .
  • the modules being all identical and being arranged one on the other, the wells of each layer cooperate to obtain formwork for the columns 16 extending over the entire height of the frame.
  • a chassis capable of supporting a construction is economically obtained.
  • the modules can be made industrially which leads to lower manufacturing costs. These modules can then be assembled in situ quickly. Different sizes and frame shapes can be obtained by assembling identical modules according to the invention. Depending on the load to be supported, one can increase the characteristics of the chassis by assembling one or more layers of modules.
  • the chassis obtained from the invention makes it possible to obtain a floating chassis capable of supporting a construction in order to obtain a floating construction.
  • the present chassis could be used in other applications, especially when it is desired to obtain a foundation above ground, detached from the ground, such as for example for a seismic construction.
  • the frame 12 is intended for a construction as described in the patent application WO 03.031732 .
  • the frame comprises at least one duct 62 passing through the frame over its height, to allow the passage of a pile along which can slide the frame when the water level rises and the frame 12 floats.
  • the chassis comprises several ducts 62 capable of housing piles along which the chassis 12 can slide.
  • each duct 62 is formed in a module 64.
  • this module 64 comprises preferably metallic reinforcement means 66 delimiting the duct 62, capable of reinforcing the module and limiting the deformation of said duct 62.
  • the reinforcing means 66 are connected to the network of beams 14.
  • they may be embedded at least in part in the network of concrete beams or connected to the reinforcement used for the network of beams 14.
  • the module (s) 64 are each obtained from two half-modules 64.1 and 64.2 symmetrical in a median vertical plane 68.
  • the reinforcement means 66 are made in two parts, one part for each half -module 64.1 and 64.2.
  • the half-modules are made by molding, the reinforcing means 66 forming inserts integrated into the mold and partially embedded in the molded material.
  • the reinforcement means 66 comprise, for each half-module, a cradle 70 with a section along a U-shaped vertical plane, said cradle 70 being obtained by the mechanically welded assembly of profiles.
  • each cradle comprises two U, one disposed at the level of the upper plane of the module and the other disposed at the lower plane of the module, cross members connecting the U at the ends of the branches of the U and of part and other of the base of the U, as shown in Figures 11 and 12 .
  • the cradles 70 When the half-modules are placed against each other the cradles 70 are arranged vis-a-vis and form a conduit 62 as shown in FIG. figure 10 .
  • the reinforcing means 66 comprise for each half-module a U-shaped cradle and jambs 72 and
  • a first leg 72 is provided extending perpendicularly to the base of the U of the cradle 70 in a substantially vertical plane, the other legs 72 extending perpendicularly to the branches of the U from their ends in a vertical plane.
  • the half-modules are preferably made by rotational molding.
  • modules 32 are assembled in situ to the other modules 32 by means 46 of assembly. Once assembled, the modules form the flotation means 12 with at the level of the upper face a network of grooves capable of forming forms for concrete beams 14 and wells, passing through said floating means 12, capable of forming forms for columns 16 of concrete.
  • part of the jambs 72 is embedded in the network of beams 14 which contributes to improving the mechanical properties of the frame obtained.
  • the invention is obviously not limited to the embodiment shown and described above, but covers all variants, especially with regard to the dimensions and materials of the various elements forming the frame.
  • other materials could be used instead of concrete to be poured into the grooves and wells and ensure the mechanical strength to the chassis.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)
  • Moulds, Cores, Or Mandrels (AREA)
  • Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
  • Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)

Claims (16)

  1. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Gestells für eine schwimmfähige Konstruktion, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es folgende Schritte umfasst:
    - Bilden von Schwimmmitteln (12), deren oberer Teil ein Netz von Nuten zur Bildung von Schalungen für Betonbalken (14) sowie die Schwimmmittel (12) durchziehende Schächte zur Bildung von Schalungen für Betonsäulen (16) umfasst,
    - vorteilhafter Weise Anordnen von Bewehrungen in den Schalungen und Hinzufügen einer Schalung am Umfang zur Bildung eines Gürtels und
    - Gießen von Beton.
  2. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Gestells nach Anspruch 1,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es folgende Schritte umfasst:
    - Zusammenfügen von Modulen (32) zur Bildung der Schwimmmittel (12) mit, im oberen Teil, einem Netz von Nuten zur Bildung von Schalungen für Betonbalken (14) sowie die Schwimmmittel (12) durchziehenden Schächten zur Bildung von Schalungen für Betonsäulen (16),
    - vorteilhafter Weise Anordnen von Bewehrungen in den Schalungen und Hinzufügen einer Schalung am Umfang zur Bildung eines Gürtels und
    - Gießen von Beton.
  3. Gestell für eine schwimmfähige Konstruktion, hergestellt nach dem Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es Schwimmmittel (12) umfasst, deren oberer Teil ein Netz von Nuten zur Bildung von Schalungen für Betonbalken (14) sowie die Schwimmmittel (12) durchziehende Schächte zur Bildung von Schalungen für Betonsäulen (16) sowie ein Netz von Betonbalken (14) und Betonsäulen (16) umfasst.
  4. Gestell für eine Konstruktion nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Netz aus einer ersten Reihe von vorzugsweise gleich beabstandeten Balken (14) und aus einer zweiten Reihe von vorzugsweise gleich beabstandeten, im rechten Winkel zu den ersten Balken verlaufenden Balken (14) besteht, und dass die Säulen (16) im Bereich der Kreuzung der Balken (14) angeordnet sind.
  5. Gestell für eine Konstruktion nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Balken (14) die Säulen (16) untereinander verbinden und eine bogenförmige Unterseite haben.
  6. Gestell für eine Konstruktion nach einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Füße der Säulen (16) Dämpfungsmittel (20) umfassen, die von der Unterseite der Schwimmmittel (12) vorspringen.
  7. Gestell für eine Konstruktion nach einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Schwimmmittel (12) aus mehreren zusammengefügten Modulen (32) bestehen.
  8. Gestell für eine Konstruktion nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es Verbindungsmittel (46) umfasst, mit denen die Module (32) zusammengehalten werden.
  9. Gestell für eine Konstruktion nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es mindestens einen Kanal (62) umfasst, der das Gestell in seiner Höhe durchragt und durch das ein Pfahl hindurchgeführt werden kann, entlang dessen das Gestell verschieblich ist.
  10. Gestell für eine Konstruktion nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jeder Kanal (62) in einem Modul (64) eingebracht ist, das den Kanal (62) begrenzende Verstärkungsmittel (66) vorzugsweise aus Metall umfasst, wobei die Verstärkungsmittel (66) mit dem Netz von Balken (14) verbunden sind.
  11. Gestell für eine Konstruktion nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das bzw. die einen Kanal (62) aufweisenden Module (64) jeweils aus zwei Halbmodulen (64.1, 64.2) gefertigt sind, die zu einer mittleren Vertikalebene (68) symmetrisch sind, wobei die Verstärkungsmittel (66) aus zwei Teilen bestehen, einem Teil für jedes Halbmodul (64.1, 64.2), wobei die Verstärkungsmittel (66) Einlagen bilden.
  12. Modul für ein Gestell nach einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jedes Modul (32) im Bereich seiner Oberseite einerseits zwei Nuten (34, 36) zur Bildung einer Schalung für die Balken (14) umfasst, wobei die Nuten (34, 36) vorzugsweise im Wesentlichen im rechten Winkel zueinander stehen und bei einem vier- oder rechteckigen Modul die Position einer Mittelsenkrechten einnehmen, und andererseits einen Schacht (38) zur Bildung einer Schalung für eine Säule (16) umfasst, der vorzugsweise an der Kreuzung der Nuten (34, 36) angeordnet ist.
  13. Modul für ein Gestell nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es eine Oberseite umfasst, welche Formen aufweist, die mit den Formen der Unterseite zusammenwirken können.
  14. Modul für ein Gestell nach einem der Ansprüche 12 und 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es mindestens eine, vorzugsweise vier Ausnehmungen (44) umfasst, die im Bereich der Unterseite münden, um die Druckfestigkeit des Moduls zu verstärken.
  15. Modul für ein Gestell nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zur Erhöhung der Druckfestigkeit des Moduls die Seitenwände des Moduls Ausnehmungen (45) aufweisen.
  16. Modul für ein Gestell nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Modul im Bereich der Seitenwände des Moduls Absätze (54, 56) umfasst, die sich auf der gesamten Höhe des Moduls erstrecken und das Hindurchführen von Verbindungsmitteln ermöglichen.
EP05847803A 2004-12-21 2005-12-20 Verfahren zum erlangen eines kastenrahmens zur konstruktion und daraus resultierender kastenrahmen Not-in-force EP1827958B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0453141A FR2879559B1 (fr) 2004-12-21 2004-12-21 Procede de realisation d'un chassis pour construction et chassis ainsi obtenu
PCT/FR2005/051120 WO2006067358A1 (fr) 2004-12-21 2005-12-20 Procede de realisation d'un chassis pour construction et chassis ainsi obtenu

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1827958A1 EP1827958A1 (de) 2007-09-05
EP1827958B1 true EP1827958B1 (de) 2008-07-09

Family

ID=34954937

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP05847803A Not-in-force EP1827958B1 (de) 2004-12-21 2005-12-20 Verfahren zum erlangen eines kastenrahmens zur konstruktion und daraus resultierender kastenrahmen

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US7895960B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1827958B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2008524474A (de)
CN (1) CN101137537A (de)
AT (1) ATE400494T1 (de)
CA (1) CA2590215A1 (de)
DE (1) DE602005008104D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2879559B1 (de)
WO (1) WO2006067358A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT1399632B1 (it) * 2010-04-21 2013-04-26 Auto Nautica Service S R L Metodo per la realizzazione di un'opera galleggiante e opera galleggiante cosi' realizzata
US20150121778A1 (en) * 2013-09-06 2015-05-07 F. Jeffrey Rawding Method and system of raising an existing house in a flood or storm surge
CN104759593A (zh) * 2015-04-16 2015-07-08 中船黄埔文冲船舶有限公司 一种分段制造模具及应用其制备船体分段的方法
WO2021043778A1 (en) 2019-09-02 2021-03-11 Glavloc Build Systems Limited A building raft foundation system

Family Cites Families (15)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US319984A (en) * 1885-06-16 Thomas ist
US3490407A (en) * 1968-10-23 1970-01-20 Harry E Dempster Concrete floating structure
US3951085A (en) * 1973-08-06 1976-04-20 Johnson Don E Floating structure arrangement
USRE31984E (en) * 1979-07-16 1985-09-17 Builders Concrete, Inc. Concrete marine float and method of fabricating
US4715307A (en) * 1982-11-08 1987-12-29 Rock Dock, Inc. Concrete marine float and method of fabricating same
US4554883A (en) * 1983-06-10 1985-11-26 Lane Wallace W Modular floating structure
US5050524A (en) * 1988-05-09 1991-09-24 Kyhl John P Floating concrete dock sections and method of construction
US5215027A (en) * 1990-12-07 1993-06-01 Baxter Hal T Floating dock/breakwater and method for making same
US5199370A (en) * 1991-07-18 1993-04-06 Berquist Dewayne D Float and deck system for floating docks
US5421282A (en) * 1993-12-16 1995-06-06 Morris; Richard D. Artificial floating island
US5524549A (en) * 1993-12-16 1996-06-11 Morris; Richard D. Artificial floating island
US6145463A (en) * 1998-02-27 2000-11-14 Playstar, Inc. Float apparatus for a floating dock
US6199502B1 (en) * 1999-08-27 2001-03-13 Jerry L. Mattson Concrete module for floating structures and method of construction
US6138600A (en) * 1999-12-07 2000-10-31 Aggressive Industries, Inc. Deck or dock float
FR2830834B1 (fr) * 2001-10-11 2004-01-30 Frederic Cherance Construction a geometrie variable pour habitation et locaux d'activites en zones inondables

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1827958A1 (de) 2007-09-05
JP2008524474A (ja) 2008-07-10
WO2006067358A1 (fr) 2006-06-29
ATE400494T1 (de) 2008-07-15
DE602005008104D1 (de) 2008-08-21
FR2879559A1 (fr) 2006-06-23
US20090123230A1 (en) 2009-05-14
FR2879559B1 (fr) 2007-03-23
CA2590215A1 (fr) 2006-06-29
CN101137537A (zh) 2008-03-05
US7895960B2 (en) 2011-03-01

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