Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
  • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
  • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
  • G09G3/3433—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices
  • G09G3/344—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on particles moving in a fluid or in a gas, e.g. electrophoretic devices
  • G09G3/3446—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on particles moving in a fluid or in a gas, e.g. electrophoretic devices with more than two electrodes controlling the modulating element
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
  • G09G2300/04—Structural and physical details of display devices
  • G09G2300/0439—Pixel structures
  • G09G2300/0452—Details of colour pixel setup, e.g. pixel composed of a red, a blue and two green components
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
  • G09G2310/06—Details of flat display driving waveforms
  • G09G2310/061—Details of flat display driving waveforms for resetting or blanking
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
  • G09G2320/02—Improving the quality of display appearance
  • G09G2320/0233—Improving the luminance or brightness uniformity across the screen

Definitions

• the invention relates to an electrophoretic display panel for displaying a picture.
• the invention also relates to a display device comprising such a display panel.
• the invention also relates to a method of driving such a display panel.
• the invention also relates to drive means for driving such a display panel.
• Electrophoretic display panels for displaying a picture is disclosed in WO99/53373.
• Electrophoretic display panels in general are based on the motion of charged, usually colored particles under the influence of an electric field between electrodes. With these display panels, dark or colored characters can be imaged on a light or colored background, and vice versa. Electrophoretic display panels are therefore notably used in display devices taking over the function of paper, referred to as "paper white” applications, e.g. electronic newspapers and electronic diaries.
• the disclosed electrophoretic display panel is a color display panel.
• the pixel has a top electrode at the side facing the viewer, and two bottom electrodes at the side facing away from the viewer, negatively charged white particles and positively charged red particles in a clear, dispersing fluid between the electrodes. A gap exists between the two bottom electrodes.
• the clear top electrode allows light to pass into the pixel and to strike the white particles, the red particles, or a colored substrate at the side facing away from the viewer.
• the top electrode is set at a positive potential relative to the bottom electrodes, the white particles move to the top and the red particles to the bottom and thus white is displayed. By reversing the polarity of the electrodes, red is displayed. In both cases the particles obscure the substrate. If one of the bottom electrodes is at a negative potential relative to the other bottom electrode, while the top electrode is at a potential between the potentials of the bottom electrodes, the red particles move toward the bottom electrode having the lowest potential and the white particles move toward the bottom electrode having the highest potential and both the red and white particles move away from the gap. This reveals the substrate, permitting a third color, e.g. cyan to be imaged.
• a third color e.g. cyan
• This system can image three different colors and the pixel has three different attainable optical states. However, the pixel has a relative small number of different attainable optical states. It is an object of the invention to provide an elcctrophoretic display panel which has a pixel which is able to have a relative large number of different attainable optical states, even if the pixel has three electrodes.
• the invention provides an elcctrophoretic display panel for displaying a picture comprising - a pixel having
• an electrophoretic medium comprising first and second charged particles, the first and the second particles having opposite polarity and dissimilar optical properties and being able to occupy positions in the pixel, • a first, a second and a reset electrode for receiving potentials,
• - drive means for controlling a sequence of the potentials received by the electrodes for enabling the first and the second particles to occupy their positions for displaying the picture, the sequence comprising
• the first and the second particles can independently be moved to their respective position for displaying the picture. Therefore, optical states determined by mixtures of the first and the second particles are attainable, the mixtures being adjustable, resulting in a relative large number of different attainable optical states. Furthermore, due to the second particles reset potentials the history dependency of the position of the second particles is reduced, thereby improving the accuracy of the picture.
• the first particles positioning potentials comprise first particles fill potentials for enabling the first particles to occupy a position near the first electrode based on the position for displaying the picture, and subsequently reversal potentials for enabling the first particles to occupy a position near the second electrode for displaying the picture.
• the reversal potentials further enable the second particles to occupy a position near the first electrode. This enhances the speed of the image update sequence. If, furthermore, the sequence comprises first particles reset potentials for enabling the first particles to occupy a position near the reset electrode prior to the first particles positioning potentials, the accuracy of the picture is further improved.
• the pixel has a viewing surface for being viewed by a viewer, and the first, the second and the reset electrodes have substantially flat surfaces facing the particles, and the surfaces of the first and the second electrodes are substantially parallel to the viewing surface. Then the first and the second electrode can relatively simply be manufactured.
• the clectrophoretic medium is present between the first and the second electrode, one of the first and the second electrode being at the viewer side and the other of the first and the second electrode being at the opposite side. This can improve the aperture of the pixel.
• the manufacturing process of the two electrodes in the substantially flat plane is further simplified.
• the surfaces of the reset electrode and the first electrode are present in the substantially flat plane and a perpendicular projection of the surface of the second electrode substantially covers the surfaces of the first electrode and the reset electrode. This improves the accuracy of the reversal operation.
• the pixel comprises a reservoir portion substantially non-contributing to the optical state of the pixel and an optical active portion substantially contributing to the optical state of pixel. Then the particles in the reservoir are hidden from the viewer.
• the reservoir portion comprises the reset electrode. Then the contrast of the picture is improved.
• the reservoir portion comprises a part of the second electrode. Then the accuracy of the picture is further improved.
• the reset electrodes and second electrodes may be common electrodes for a plurality of pixels or even for the entire display. In this case, the group of pixels which is associated with the interconnected reset electrodes and the second electrodes, respectively, only require, per pixel, individual driving of the first electrode. Thus only a single drive transistor, usually a TFT (Thin Film Transistor), which is coupled to the first electrode, is required for each pixel.
• TFT Thin Film Transistor
• a further cell stacked on the cell comprising a further electrophoretic medium comprising third charged particles, the third particles having dissimilar optical properties with respect to the first and the second particles and being able to occupy positions in the further cell,
• the drive means are able to control a sequence of the potentials received by the electrodes and the further electrodes for enabling the first, the second and the third particles to occupy their positions for displaying the picture. Then color combinations in the cell and the further cell of the pixel enable to pixel to have a relative large number of different attainable optical states, which can be advantageously used in a color display panel. If, furthermore, the drive means are able to control the sequence of the potentials received by the further electrodes for enabling the third particles to occupy their positions for displaying the picture, then the driving of the cell is independent from the driving of the further cell. In another embodiment
• a further cell stacked on the cell comprising a further electrophoretic medium comprising third and fourth charged particles, the third and the fourth particles having opposite polarity and dissimilar optical properties and dissimilar optical properties with respect to the first and the second particles and being able to occupy positions in the further cell,
• the drive means are able to control a sequence of the potentials received by the electrodes and the further electrodes for enabling the first, the second, the third and the fourth particles to occupy their positions for displaying the picture. Then color combinations in the cell and the further cell of the pixel enable the pixel to have an even larger number of different attainable optical states, which can be advantageously used in a color display panel. If, furthermore, the drive means are able to control the sequence of the potentials received by the further electrodes for enabling the third and the fourth particles to occupy their positions for displaying the picture, then the driving of the cell is independent from the driving of the further cell.
• the display panel is an active matrix display panel.
• Another aspect of the invention provides a display device as claimed in claim 17.
• Yet another aspect of the invention provides a method of driving an electrophoretic display panel as claimed in claim 18.
• Yet another aspect of the invention provides drive means for driving an electrophoretic display panel as claimed in claim 19.
• Electrophoretic systems can form the basis of a variety of applications where information may be displayed, for example in the form of information signs, public transport signs, advertising posters, pricing labels, billboards etc. In addition, they may be used where a changing non-information surface is required, such as wallpaper with a changing pattern or color, especially if the surface requires a paper like appearance.
• Figure 1 shows diagrammatically a front view of an embodiment of the display panel
• Figure 2 shows diagrammatically a cross-sectional view along II-II in Figure l;
• Figure 3 shows diagrammatically a cross-sectional view along II-II in Figure 1 of another embodiment of the display panel
• Figure 4 shows diagrammatically a cross-sectional view along II-II in Figure 1 of another embodiment of the display panel
• Figure 5 shows diagrammatically a cross-sectional view along IT-TT in Figure 1 of another embodiment of the display panel
• Figure 6 shows diagrammatically a cross-sectional view along II-II in Figure 1 of another embodiment of the display panel
• Figure 7 shows diagrammatically a cross-sectional view along II-II in Figure 1 of another embodiment of the display panel
• Figure 8 shows diagrammatically a cross-sectional view along II-II in Figure 1 of another embodiment of the display panel.
• Figure 9 shows diagrammatically a cross-sectional view along II-II in Figure 1 of another embodiment of the display panel.
• Figures 1 and 2 show an example of the display panel 1 having a first substrate
• the pixels i 2 are arranged along substantially straight lines in a two-dimensional structure. Other arrangements of the pixels 2 are alternatively possible, e.g. a honeycomb arrangement.
• the pixels 2 may further comprise switching electronics, for example, thin film transistors (TFTs), diodes, MIM devices or the like.
• the pixel 2 has a cell 3, having an electrophoretic medium 5.
• the first and the second particles 6,7 have opposite polarity and dissimilar optical properties and are able to occupy positions in the cell 3.
• the first charged particles 6 have a first optical property.
• the second charged particles 7 have a second optical property different from the first optical property.
• the first particles 6 may have any color, whereas the second particles 7 may have any color different from the color of the first particles 6.
• the first and second particles 6,7 may have subtractive primary colors, e.g.
• the first particles 6 being cyan and the second particles 7 being magenta.
• Other examples of the color of the first particles 6 are for instance red, green, blue, yellow, cyan, magenta, white or black.
• the particles may be large enough to scatter light, or small enough to substantially not scatter light. In the examples the latter is the case.
• the pixel 2 has a viewing surface 91 for being viewed by a viewer.
• the barrier 514 forming a pixel wall separates a pixel 2 from its environment.
• the optical state of the pixel 2 depends on the positions of the first and the second particles 6,7 in the cell 3.
• the pixel 2 has three electrodes, which are able to receive potentials from the drive means 100. Each one of the three electrodes can be addressed as the first electrode 1 1 , the second electrode 12 and the reset electrode 13. This depends on the potentials applied by the drive means 100. Furthermore, the drive means 100 are able to control a sequence of the potentials received by the electrodes 11,12,13 for enabling the first and the second particles 6,7 to occupy their positions for displaying the picture.
• the sequence comprises first particles positioning potentials for enabling the first particles 6 to occupy a position for displaying the picture, subsequently second particles reset potentials for enabling the second particles 7 to occupy a position near the reset electrode 13 and for preventing the first particles 6 from substantially changing their position, subsequently second particles positioning potentials for enabling the second particles 7 to occupy a position for displaying the picture and for preventing the first particles 6 from substantially changing their position.
• each one of the electrodes 11,12,13 has a substantially flat surface 111, 112, 113 facing the particles 6,7. Furthermore, in this layout the electrodes 11,12,13 are arranged to enable the particles 6,7 to move in a plane parallel to the viewing surface 91.
• the surfaces 111,112 substantially cover the surface of the first substrate 8 in the cell 3 and the reset electrode 13 is substantially not contributing to the optical state.
• the surfaces 111,112 each relate 50% to the optical state of the pixel 2. Therefore, the positions of the particles 6,7 in the cell 3 and the surfaces 111,1 12 of the first and the second electrode 11,12 substantially determine the optical state of the pixel 2.
• the display panel 1 is used in light reflective mode.
• the optical state of the pixel 2 is determined by the portion of the visible spectrum incident on the pixel 2 at the viewing surface 91 of the second substrate 9 that survives the cumulative effect of traversing through the second substrate 9, the clcctrophoretic medium 5, subsequently interacting with surfaces 111,112 of the first and the second electrode 1 1 ,12 and subsequently traversing back through electrophoretic medium 5 and the second substrate 9.
• the red particles 6 are brought in their collected state near the surfaces 111,112 of the first and the second electrode 11,12, by appropriately changing the potentials received by the electrodes 11,12,13, e.g. the electrodes 11,12,13 receive first particles positioning potentials of -10 Volts, -10 Volts and 0 Volts, respectively.
• the movement of the second particles 7 has a component in the plane parallel to the viewing surface 91 and the second particles 7 are brought in their collected state near the surface 113 of the reset electrode 13 substantially outside the light path.
• the optical state of the pixel 2 is red.
• the red particles 6 are brought in their collected state near the surface 112 of the second electrode 12, by appropriately changing the potentials received by the electrodes 11,12,13, e.g. the electrodes 11,12,13 receive first particles positioning potentials of 0 Volts, -10 Volts and 0 Volts, respectively.
• the green particles 7 are brought in their collected state near the surface 113 of the reset electrode 13, by appropriately changing the potentials received by the electrodes 11,12,13, e.g.
• the electrodes 11,12,13 receive second particles reset potentials of 0 Volts, -10 Volts and 10 Volts, respectively.
• the reset potentials prevent the first particles 6 from substantially changing their position near the surface 112 of the second electrode 12.
• the green particles 7 are brought in their collected state near the surface 111 of the first electrode 11, by appropriately changing the potentials received by the electrodes 11,12,13, e.g. the electrodes 11,12,13 receive second particles positioning potentials of 10 Volts, -10 Volts and 0 Volts, respectively.
• the second particles positioning potentials prevent the first particles 6 from substantially changing their position near the surface 1 12 of the second electrode 12.
• the optical state of the pixel 2 is Vi R Vi G.
• the red particles 6 are brought in their collected state near half of the surface 112 of the second electrodcl2, by appropriately changing the potentials received by the electrodes 11,12,13, e.g. the electrodes 11,12,13 receive first particles positioning potentials of 20Volts, -10 Volts and 0 Volts, respectively.
• the relatively large positive potential of the first electrode 11 compared to the potential of the second electrode 12 pushes the first particles 6 away from the portion of the surface 112 of the second electrode 12 that is near the first electrode 11.
• first particles 6 are covered by first particles 6.
• the green particles 7 arc brought in their collected state near the surface 1 13 of the reset electrode 13, by appropriately changing the potentials received by the electrodes 1 1,12,13, e.g. the electrodes 1 1,12,13 receive second particles reset potentials of 20 Volts, - 10 Volts and 30 Volts, respectively.
• the reset potentials prevent the first particles 6 from substantially changing their position near the surface 1 12 of the second electrode 12.
• the green particles 7 arc brought in their collected state near the surface 1 1 1 of the first electrode 11, by appropriately changing the potentials received by the electrodes 1 1,12,13, e.g. the electrodes 11,12,13 receive second particles positioning potentials of 20 Volts, -10 Volts and 0 Volts, respectively.
• the relatively large negative potential of the second electrode 12 compared to the potential of the first electrode 1 1 pushes the second particles 7 away from the portion of the surface 1 11 of the first electrode 11 that is near the second electrode 12.
• the second particles positioning potentials prevent the first particles 6 from substantially changing their position near the surface 112 of the second electrode 12.
• the optical state of the pixel 2 is 1 A R
• the red particles 6 are brought in their collected state near the surface 112 of the second electrode 12, by appropriately changing the potentials received by the electrodes 11,12,13, e.g. the electrodes 11,12,13 receive first particles positioning potentials of 0 Volts, -10 Volts and 0 Volts, respectively.
• the green particles 7 are brought in their collected state near the surface 1 13 of the reset electrode 13, by appropriately changing the potentials received by the electrodes 11 ,12,13, e.g. the electrodes 11,12,13 receive second particles reset potentials of 0 Volts, -10 Volts and 10 Volts, respectively.
• the reset potentials prevent the first particles 6 from substantially changing their position near the surface 1 12 of the second electrode 12. Subsequently, the green particles 7 arc moved towards their collected state near the surface 111 of the first electrode 11 , by appropriately changing the potentials received by the electrodes 1 1,12,13, e.g. the electrodes 11,12,13 receive second particles positioning potentials of 10 Volts, -10 Volts and 0 Volts, respectively. If the potentials arc removed from the electrodes before the green particles are completely brought into their collected state near the surface 111 of the first electrode 1 1 , a portion of the particles will remain state near the surface 113 of the reset electrode 13 and the surface 11 1 of the first electrode 11 will not be fully covered by green particles 7.
• FIG 3 the layout of the electrodes 1 1,12,13 in another embodiment of the pixel 2 is shown.
• the electrophoretic medium 5 is present between the first and the second electrode 11,12, and the second electrode is at the viewer side.
• Figure 4 the layout of the electrodes 11,12,13 in another embodiment of the pixel 2 is shown.
• the surface 113 of the reset electrode 13 is parallel to the viewing surface and the surfaces 111,113 of the first electrode 1 1 and the reset electrode 13 are present in a substantially flat plane.
• FIG. 5 the layout of the electrodes 11,12,13 in another embodiment of the pixel 2 is shown.
• the surfaces 111,113 of the first electrode 11 and the reset electrode 13 are present in the substantially flat plane and a perpendicular projection of the surface 112 of the second electrode 12 substantially covers the surfaces 1 11,113 of the first electrode 11 and the reset electrode 13.
• the reset electrode 13 is shielded from the viewer by a light absorbing layer like a black matrix layer 513 between electrode 13 and the viewer.
• the region between the black matrix layer 513 and the reset electrode 13 provides a reservoir for the first and the second particles 6,7 and is substantially non-contributing to the optical state of the pixel 2.
• the reset electrode 13 and part of the second electrode 12 are part of the reservoir.
• the other part of the cell is the optical active portion.
• the positions of the particles 6,7 in the optical active portion determine the optical state of the pixel 2.
• the display panel 1 may be used in light transmissive mode.
• transmissive mode the optical state of the pixel 2 is determined by the portion of the visible spectrum incident on the pixel 2 at the side 92 of the first substrate 8 that survives the cumulative effect of traversing through the first substrate 8, first electrode 11, medium 5, second electrode 12, and the second substrate 9.
• the pixel 2 is being addressed as follows: 1. Reset of the positively charged first particles 6 (first particles reset potentials): the positively charged first particles 6 are collected near the surface 113 of the reset electrode 13 at a negative potential e.g. -10 Volts compared to the potentials of e.g. 0 Volts of both the first and the second electrode 11,12, subsequently 2. Fill the positively charged first particles 6 (first particles fill potentials): a relatively high negative potential is applied to the first electrode 11, e.g. -15 Volts. The potential difference between the first electrode 11 and the reset electrode 13, at e.g. — 10 Volts, moves the first particles 6 from the reservoir volume into the optical active volume.
• the second electrode 12 is e.g. at 0 Volts.
• the height and duration of the potential pulse can be used for gray level control; subsequently 3.
• Second particles reset potentials the negatively charged second particles 7 are collected near the surface 113 of the reset electrode 13 at a positive potential e.g. 15 Volts compared to the potentials of e.g. 5 Volts of the first electrode 11 and 0 Volts of the second electrode 12.
• the first particles 6 are prevented from substantially changing their position, subsequently 5.
• the second electrode 12 is e.g.
• FIG. 6 shows another embodiment of the display panel 1.
• the pixel 2 has a cell 3 having the electrophorctic medium 5, the first and the second particles 6,7 being able to occupy positions in the cell 3.
• the pixel 2 has a further cell 30 stacked on the cell 3, the further cell 30 having a further electrophoretic medium 50 having third and fourth charged particles 60,70, the third and the fourth particles 60,70 having opposite polarity and dissimilar optical properties and dissimilar optical properties with respect to the first and the second particles 6,7 and being able to occupy positions in the further cell 30.
• the pixel 2 has further electrodes 110,120,130 for receiving potentials, and an optical state depending on the position of the third and the fourth particles 60,70 in the pixel 2.
• the drive means 100 are able to control a sequence of the potentials received by the electrodes and the further electrodes 11,12,13,110,120,130 for enabling the first, the second, the third and the fourth particles 6,7,60,70 to occupy their positions for displaying the picture.
• a transparent middle substrate 10 is present between the cell 3 and the further cell 30.
• Electrode 110 may be considered to be the first electrode of the further cell 30
• electrode 120 may be considered to be the second electrode of the further cell 30
• electrode 130 may be considered to be the reset electrode of the further cell 30.
• the reset electrodes 13,130 are shielded from the viewer by a light absorbing layer like a black matrix layer 513 between electrodes 13,130 and the viewer.
• the region between the black matrix layer 513 and the reset electrode 13 in the cell 3 provides a reservoir for the first and the second particles 6,7 and is substantially non-contributing to the optical state of the pixel 2.
• the reset electrode 13 and part of the second electrode 12 are part of the reservoir.
• the other part of the cell 3 is the optical active portion.
• the region between the black matrix layer 513 and the reset electrode 130 in the further cell 30 provides a reservoir for the third and the fourth particles 60,70 and is substantially non-contributing to the optical state of the pixel 2.
• the reset electrode 130 and part of the second electrode 120 arc part of the reservoir.
• the other part of the further cell 30 is the optical active portion.
• the position of the particles 6,7,60,70 in the optical active portions determine the optical state of the pixel 2.
• the pixel 2 can achieve at least the following favorable optical states: anyone of the three subtractive primary colors (yellow, cyan, magenta), anyone of the three primary colors (the optical state of the pixel is green when only the cyan and yellow particles arc in the optical active portion; the optical state of the pixel is blue when only the magenta and cyan particles are in the optical active portion; the optical state of the pixel is red when only the magenta and yellow particles are in the optical active portion), black and white.
• anyone of the three subtractive primary colors yellow, cyan, magenta
• the optical state of the pixel is green when only the cyan and yellow particles arc in the optical active portion
• the optical state of the pixel is blue when only the magenta and cyan particles are in the optical active portion
• the optical state of the pixel is red when only the magenta and yellow particles are in the optical active portion
• electrode 12 also "functions as the second electrode” for the further cell 30.
• a 4 particle electrophoretic pixel 2 is envisaged with an electric sorting mechanism using only 5 electrodes.
• Figure 9 the layout of the electrodes 11,12,13 and the further electrodes 140,150,160,170 in another embodiment of the pixel 2 are shown.
• the further cell 30 has one reservoir having electrodes 140,150 for the third particles 60 and another reservoir having electrodes 160,170 for the fourth particles 70.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
• Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
• Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)

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• 2005
  • 2005-07-25 EP EP05772197A patent/EP1779368A2/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2005-07-25 US US11/573,279 patent/US20080042928A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2005-07-25 CN CNA2005800269888A patent/CN101002247A/zh active Pending
  • 2005-07-25 KR KR1020077003020A patent/KR20070050437A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2005-07-25 JP JP2007525395A patent/JP2008510176A/ja not_active Withdrawn
  • 2005-07-25 WO PCT/IB2005/052489 patent/WO2006016302A2/en active Application Filing
  • 2005-08-08 TW TW094126866A patent/TW200620217A/zh unknown

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