EP1685217A1 - Compositions de combustible comprenant un levulinate d'alkyle c4-c8 - Google Patents

Compositions de combustible comprenant un levulinate d'alkyle c4-c8

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Publication number
EP1685217A1
EP1685217A1 EP04818157A EP04818157A EP1685217A1 EP 1685217 A1 EP1685217 A1 EP 1685217A1 EP 04818157 A EP04818157 A EP 04818157A EP 04818157 A EP04818157 A EP 04818157A EP 1685217 A1 EP1685217 A1 EP 1685217A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
levulinate
alkyl
fuel
fuel composition
pentyl
Prior art date
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Granted
Application number
EP04818157A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1685217B1 (fr
Inventor
Adrian Philip Groves
Christopher Morley
Johanne Smith
Paul Anthony Stevenson
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Priority to EP04818157A priority Critical patent/EP1685217B1/fr
Publication of EP1685217A1 publication Critical patent/EP1685217A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1685217B1 publication Critical patent/EP1685217B1/fr
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to fuel compositions comprising a gas oil base fuel, particularly to such compositions containing a levulinate ester, more particularly a C4--8 alkyl levulinate, and to their preparation and use. It is known to blend together two different fuel components so as to modify the properties and/or the performance, e.g. engine performance, of the resultant composition.
  • Known diesel fuel components include the so-called
  • biofuels which derive from biological materials. Examples include levulinate esters. Levulinate esters (esters of levulinic acid) and their preparation by reaction of the appropriate alcohol with furfuryl acetate are described in Zh. Prikl. Khim. (Leningrad) (1969) 42(4), 958-9, and in particular the methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl esters.
  • O-A-94/21753 discloses fuels for internal combustion engines, including both gasoline and diesel fuel, containing proportions (e.g.
  • esters of C4-.5 keto-carbonic acids preferably levulinic acid
  • esters with C ⁇ -g alcohols are described as being particularly suitable for inclusion in gasolines
  • esters with Cg_22 alcohols are described as being particularly suitable for inclusion in diesel fuels.
  • the examples in WO-A-94/21753 are all of the inclusion of quantities of levulinate esters in gasolines, for improvement in octane numbers (RON and MON) .
  • O-A-03/002696 discloses a fuel composition incorporating levulinic acid, or a functional derivative thereof, with the object of providing more oxygen by volume than ethanol or traditional oxygenates such as MTBE or ETBE, giving little or no increase in fuel Reid vapour pressure and little or no effect on the flash point of the base fuel.
  • the functional derivative is preferably an alkyl derivative, more preferably a C]__ ⁇ o alkyl derivative.
  • Ethyl levulinate is said to be preferred, with methyl levulinate a preferred alternative.
  • the levulinic acid or functional derivative is preferably used to form 0.1 to 5%v of the fuel.
  • compositional and test result data consists of the following sentences :- "Specification gasoline blends containing up to 5.0% ethyl levulinate, 1.0% water and 2.0% non-ionic surfactant were found to have similar RVPs to the base gasoline.”, and "Specification diesel blends containing up to 5.0% ethyl levulinate, 1.0% water and 2.0% non-ionic surfactant were found to have similar flash points to the base diesel.”
  • Current commercially available compression ignition (diesel) engines tend to be optimised to run on fuels having a desired specification.
  • the conditions under which the engine is required to operate can affect the manner in which a fuel composition in the engine will behave.
  • the miscibility between components in the fuel composition will deteriorate.
  • Such a deterioration in miscibility manifests itself as an increase in the phase separation temperature, which is defined as the temperature at which, on cooling, the mixture separates into distinct immiscible layers.
  • the blending of a standard commercial diesel base fuel with other fuel components, to modify the overall fuel properties and/or performance, can therefore have an adverse impact on the performance of the blend in the engines for which it is intended.
  • a further complication can arise when an engine is run on a fuel blend instead of a standard base fuel.
  • the fuel comes into contact with a range of elastomeric materials, in particular fuel pump seals.
  • many of these elastomers swell on contact with diesel fuel to an extent which depends on the chemistry of the fuel, aromatic fuel components and oxygenates serving for instance to promote swelling.
  • New elastomers in a fuel injection system tend to equilibrate with a uniform fuel diet and can thus provide with reasonable consistency the required level of sealing. They become vulnerable, however, if a change in fuel diet causes any significant change in the degree of elastomer swell. In the worst cases a mixed fuel diet can stress the elastomeric components of an engine to such an extent that fuel leakage results .
  • any diesel fuel blend it is desirable for any diesel fuel blend to have an overall specification as close as possible to that of the standard commercially available diesel base fuels for which engines tend to be optimised. This can, however, be difficult to achieve because any additional fuel component is likely to alter the properties and performance of the base fuel. Moreover the properties of a blend, in particular its effect on elastomeric engine components and on low temperature performance, are not always straightforward to predict from the properties of the constituent fuels alone. It has now surprisingly been found that in fuel compositions comprising a gas oil base fuel and an alkyl levulinate, selection of said alkyl levulinate from 04-8 alkyl levulinates ensures that the phase separation temperature of the fuel composition is below a predetermined level.
  • said fuel compositions containing C .-8 alkyl levulinates are more compatible with certain elastomeric seal materials than such fuel compositions containing similar concentrations of ethyl levulinate, the compatibility being not significantly different from that of the base fuel.
  • the phase separation temperature is greatly reduced, i.e. improving the miscibility between the base fuel and the levulinate. This can of course be extremely advantageous when the fuel blend is for use in an engine operating in a low temperature environment.
  • a fuel composition comprising a gas oil base fuel and an alkyl levulinate, wherein said alkyl levulinate is a C4_8 alkyl levulinate.
  • said alkyl levulinate is selected from C --8 alkyl levulinates, such as n-butyl levulinate, n-pentyl levulinate, 2-hexyl levulinate and 2-ethyl hexyl levulinate, for the purpose of ensuring a phase separation temperature of said fuel composition below a predetermined level.
  • Said level preferably is -10°C, more preferably -20°C, and most preferably -30°C.
  • said alkyl levulinate is selected from q- ⁇ alkyl levulinates, more preferably n-butyl levulinate, n-pentyl levulinate and 2-hexyl levulinate, or said alkyl levulinate is a C5 alkyl levulinate.
  • said alkyl levulinate preferably is n-pentyl levulinate.
  • a fuel composition comprising a gas oil base fuel and an alkyl levulinate of a 04-3 alkyl levulinate as said alkyl levulinate, for the purpose of ensuring a phase separation temperature of said fuel composition below a predetermined level.
  • Said level preferably is -10°C, more preferably -20°C, and most preferably -30°C.
  • said alkyl levulinate is selected from 04-5 alkyl levulinates, more preferably n-butyl levulinate, n-pentyl levulinate and 2-hexyl levulinate, or said alkyl levulinate is a C5 alkyl levulinate.
  • said alkyl levulinate preferably is n-pentyl levulinate.
  • a method of reducing the phase separation temperature of a fuel composition comprising a gas oil base fuel and ethyl levulinate, which method comprises replacing at least partially said ethyl levulinate with a C4--8 alkyl levulinate.
  • Said method preferably comprises reducing the phase separation temperature below a predetermined level, said level preferably being -10°C, more preferably -20°C, and most preferably -30°C.
  • a method of operating a compression ignition engine and/or a vehicle which is powered by such an engine which method involves introducing into a combustion chamber of the engine a fuel composition according to the present invention.
  • a method of operating a heating appliance provided with a burner which method comprises supplying to said burner a fuel composition according to the present invention.
  • a process for the preparation of a fuel composition which process involves blending a gas oil base fuel and a C4--8 alkyl levulinate.
  • said alkyl levulinate is selected from C4--5 alkyl levulinates, more preferably n-butyl levulinate, n-pentyl levulinate and 2-hexyl levulinate, or said alkyl levulinate is a C5 alkyl levulinate.
  • said alkyl levulinate preferably is n-pentyl levulinate.
  • blends of two or more of the C4_8 alkyl levulinates may be included in the fuel composition, such as for example a blend n-butyl levulinate and n-pentyl levulinate .
  • selection of the particular components of said blends and their proportions is dependent upon one or more desired characteristics of the fuel composition.
  • the present invention may be used to formulate fuel blends which are expected to be of particular use in modern commercially available diesel engines as alternatives to the standard diesel base fuels, for instance as commercial and legislative pressures favour the use of increasing quantities of organically derived "biofuels" .
  • a fuel component in a fuel composition means incorporating the component into the composition, typically as a blend (i.e. a physical mixture) with one or more other fuel components, conveniently before the composition is introduced into an engine.
  • the fuel composition will typically contain a major proportion of the base fuel, such as from 50 to 99%v, preferably from 50 to 98%v, more preferably from 80 to 98%v, most preferably from 90 to 98%v.
  • the proportions of the C4_8 alkyl levulinates will be chosen to achieve the desired degree of miscibility, i.e. phase separation temperature, and elastomer swell and hardness effects, and may also be influenced by other properties required of the overall composition.
  • the effects on elastomeric engine components may include changes in the physical properties (e.g. volume, hardness and/or flexibility) of a given elastomeric material on contact with, suitably immersion in, the relevant fuel or fuel composition, for instance inside a diesel engine into which the relevant fuel is introduced.
  • Tyically such changes include an increase in volume and/or a reduction in hardness. They may be measured using standard test procedures such as BS903, ASTM D471, D2240 or ISO 1817:1998, for instance as described in Example 2 below. They may be assessed in particular for nitrile (including hydrogenated nitrile) elastomers, or for fluorocarbon elastomers .
  • the 04-8 alkyl levulinates are included in the fuel composition at proportions such as to cause a change in volume of any given elastomeric material (for example a fluorocarbon type such as R 6316 (ex. James Walker & Co. Ltd., UK)) which is not significantly different from that caused by the base fuel when tested under the same conditions .
  • the C --8 alkyl levulinates are included in the fuel composition at proportions such as to cause a change in hardness of any given elastomeric material (for example a fluorocarbon type such as LR 6316) which is not significantly different from that caused by the base fuel when tested under the same conditions.
  • the proportions are such as to achieve a change in elastomer hardness which is no higher than that of the base fuel alone, ideally 95 % or 90 % or 85 % or less of that caused by the base fuel.
  • the fuel compositions to which the present invention relates include diesel fuels for use in automotive compression ignition engines, as well as in other types of engine such as for example marine, railroad and stationary engines, and industrial gas oils for use in heating applications (e.g. boilers).
  • the base fuel may itself comprise a mixture of two or more different diesel fuel components, and/or be additivated as described below.
  • Such diesel fuels will contain a base fuel which may typically comprise liquid hydrocarbon middle distillate gas oil(s), for instance petroleum derived gas oils.
  • Such fuels will typically have boiling points with the usual diesel range of 150 to 400°C, depending on grade and use. They will typically have a density from 750 to
  • Such industrial gas oils will contain a base fuel which may comprise fuel fractions such as the kerosene or gas oil fractions obtained in traditional refinery processes, which upgrade crude petroleum feedstock to useful products.
  • such fractions contain components having carbon numbers in the range 5-40, more preferably 5-31, yet more preferably 6-25, most preferably 9-25, and such fractions have a density at 15°C of 650-950 kg/m 3 , a kinematic viscosity at 20°C of
  • non-mineral oil based fuels such as bio-fuels or Fischer-Tropsch derived fuels
  • non-mineral oil based fuels such as bio-fuels or Fischer-Tropsch derived fuels
  • the amount of Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel used in a diesel fuel composition may be from 0.5 to 100%v of the overall diesel fuel composition, preferably from 5 to 75%v. It may be desirable for the composition to contain 10%v or greater, more preferably 20%v or greater, still more preferably 30%v or greater, of the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel . It is particularly preferred for the composition to contain 30 to 75%v, and particularly 30 or 70%v, of the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel.
  • the balance of the fuel composition is made up of one or more other fuels .
  • An industrial gas oil composition will preferably comprise more than 50 wt%, more preferably more than 70 wt%, of a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel component.
  • a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel component is any fraction of the middle distillate fuel range, which can be isolated from the (hydrocracked) Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product. Typical fractions will boil in the naphtha, kerosene or gas oil range.
  • a Fischer-Tropsch product boiling in the kerosene or gas oil range is used because these products are easier to handle in for example domestic environments .
  • Such products will suitably comprise a fraction larger than 90 wt% which boils between 160 and 400 °C, preferably to about 370°C.
  • Fischer-Tropsch derived kerosene and gas oils are described in EP-A-0583836, WO-A-97/14768, WO-A-97/14769, WO-A-00/11116, WO-A-00/11117, WO-A-01/83406, WO-A-01/83648, WO-A-01/83647, WO-A-01/83641, WO-A-00/20535, WO-A-00/20534, EP-A-1101813, US-A-5766274, US-A-5378348 , US-A-5888376 and US-A-6204426.
  • the Fischer-Tropsch product will suitably contain more than 80 wt% and more suitably more than 95 wt% iso and normal paraffins and less than 1 wt% aromatics, the balance being naphthenics compounds.
  • the content of sulphur and nitrogen will be very low and normally below the detection limits for such compounds. For this reason the sulphur content of a fuel composition containing a Fischer-Tropsch product may be very low.
  • the fuel composition preferably contains no more than 5000ppmw sulphur, more preferably no more than 500ppmw, or no more than 350ppmw, or no more than 150ppmw, or no more than lOOppmw, or no more than 50ppmw, or most preferably no more than lOppmw sulphur.
  • the fuel composition of the present invention may, if required, contain one or more additives as described below.
  • the base fuel may itself be additivated (additive- containing) or unadditivated (additive-free) . If additivated, e.g.
  • additives selected for example from anti-static agents, pipeline drag reducers, flow improvers (e.g. ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers or acrylate/maleic anhydride copolymers) and wax anti- settling agents (e.g. those commercially available under the Trade Marks "PARAFLOW” (e.g. PARAFLOWTM 450, ex Infineum) , "OCTEL” (e.g. OCTELTM W 5000, ex Octel) and "DODIFLOW” (e.g. DODIFLOW ⁇ v 3958, ex Hoechst) .
  • PARAFLOW e.g. PARAFLOWTM 450, ex Infineum
  • OCTEL e.g. OCTELTM W 5000, ex Octel
  • DODIFLOW e.g. DODIFLOW ⁇ v 3958, ex Hoechst
  • Detergent-containing diesel fuel additives are known and commercially available, for instance from Infineum (e.g. F7661 and F7685) and Octel (e.g. OMA 4130D) . Such additives may be added to diesel fuels at relatively low levels (their "standard” treat rates providing typically less than 100 ppmw active matter detergent in the overall additivated fuel composition) intended merely to reduce or slow the build up of engine deposits.
  • detergents suitable for use in fuel additives for the present purpose include polyolefin substituted succinimides or succinamides of polyamines, for instance polyisobutylene succinimides or polyisobutylene amine succinamides, aliphatic amines, Mannich bases or amines and polyolefin (e.g. polyisobutylene) maleic anhydrides.
  • Succinimide dispersant additives are described for example in GB-A-960493, EP-A-0147240, EP-A-0482253, EP-A-0613938, EP-A-0557516 and WO-A-98/42808.
  • polyolefin substituted succinimides such as polyisobutylene succinimides .
  • the additive may contain other components in addition to the detergent. Examples are lubricity enhancers; dehazers, e.g. alkoxylated phenol formaldehyde polymers such as those commercially available as NALCOTM EC5462A (formerly 7D07) (ex Nalco) and TOLADTM 2683 (ex Petrolite) ; anti-foaming agents (e.g.
  • TEGOPRENTM 5851 and Q 25907 (ex Dow Corning) , SAGTM TP-325 (ex OSi) and RHODORSILTM (ex Rhone Poulenc) )
  • ignition improvers cetane improvers
  • cetane improvers e.g. 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) , cyclohexyl nitrate, di-tert-butyl peroxide and those disclosed in US-A-4208190 at column 2, line 27 to column 3, line 21
  • anti-rust agents e.g.
  • RC 4801 a propane-1, 2-diol semi-ester of tetrapropenyl succinic acid, or polyhydric alcohol esters of a succinic acid derivative, the succinic acid derivative having on at least one of its alpha-carbon atoms an unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing from 20 to 500 carbon atoms, e.g. the pentaerythritol diester of polyisobutylene-substituted succinic acid) ; corrosion inhibitors; reodorants; anti-wear additives; anti-oxidants (e.g.
  • the additive include a lubricity enhancer, especially when the fuel composition has a low (e.g. 500 ppmw or less) sulphur content.
  • the lubricity enhancer is conveniently present at a concentration between 50 and 1000 ppmw, preferably between 100 and 1000 ppmw.
  • Suitable commercially available lubricity enhancers include EC 832 and PARADYNETM 655 (ex Infineum), HITECTM E580 (ex Ethyl
  • VEKTRONTM 6010 Ex Infineum
  • amide-based additives such as those available from the Lubrizol Chemical Company, for instance LZ 539 C.
  • Other lubricity enhancers are described in the patent literature, in particular in connection with their use in low sulphur content diesel fuels, for example in: - the paper by Danping Wei and H.A.
  • the additive contain an anti-foaming agent, more preferably in combination with an anti-rust agent and/or a corrosion inhibitor and/or a lubricity additive.
  • the (active matter) concentration of each such additional component in the additivated fuel composition is preferably up to
  • the (active matter) concentration of any dehazer in the fuel composition will preferably be in the range from 1 to 20 ppmw, more preferably from 1 to 15 ppmw, still more preferably from 1 to 10 ppmw, advantageously from 1 to 5 ppmw.
  • the (active matter) concentration of any ignition improver present will preferably be 600 ppmw or less, more preferably 500 ppmw or less, conveniently from 300 to 500 ppmw.
  • the additive components may be co-mixed, preferably together with suitable diluent (s), in an additive concentrate, and the additive concentrate may be dispersed into the fuel, in suitable quantity to result in a composition of the present invention.
  • suitable diluent s
  • the additive will typically contain a detergent, optionally together with other components as described above, and a diesel fuel-compatible diluent, which may be a carrier oil (e.g. a mineral oil), a polyether, which may be capped or uncapped, a non-polar solvent such as toluene, xylene, white spirits and those sold by member companies of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group under the trade mark
  • SHELLSOL and/or a polar solvent such as an ester and, in particular, an alcohol, e.g. hexanol, 2-ethylhexanol, decanol, isotridecanol and alcohol mixtures such as those sold by member companies of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group under the trade mark "LINEVOL”, especially LINEVOLTM 79 alcohol which is a mixture of C7.-9 primary alcohols, or the ]_2-i4 alcohol mixture commercially available from Sidobre Sinnova, France under the trade mark “SIPOL”.
  • the total content of the additives may be suitably between 0 and 10000 ppmw and preferably below 5000 ppmw.
  • the C4--8 alkyl levulinate concentration in the fuel composition accords with one or more of the following parameters :- (i) at least l%v; (ii) at least 2%v; (iii) at least 3%v; (iv) at least 4%v; (v) up to 6%v; (vi) up to 8%v; (vii) up to 10%v, (viii) up to 12%v, with ranges having features (i) and (viii) , (ii) and (vii) , (iii) and (vi) , and (iv) and (v) respectively being progressively more preferred.
  • amounts (concentrations, %v, ppmw, wt%) of components are of active matter, i.e. exclusive of volatile solvents/diluent materials.
  • the present invention is particularly applicable where the fuel composition is used or intended to be used in a direct injection diesel engine, for example of the rotary pump, in-line pump, unit pump, electronic unit injector or common rail type, or in an indirect injection diesel engine. It may be of particular value for rotary pump engines, and in other diesel engines which rely on mechanical actuation of the fuel injectors and/or a low pressure pilot injection system.
  • the fuel composition may be suitable for use in heavy and/or light duty diesel engines .
  • the present invention may lead to any of a number of advantageous effects, including good engine low temperature performance .
  • Fuels were blended with additives by adding additive to base fuel at ambient temperature (20°C) and homogenising.
  • the following additives were used:- ethyl levulinate (available ex. avocado) ; n-butyl levulinate (available ex. Aldrich); n-pentyl levulinate (available ex. City Chemical or by the reaction of 1-pentanol (available ex.
  • Fuel A was an ultra low sulphur diesel (ULSD) , which is typical of a 2005 specification European diesel fuel, with a cloud point of -8°C and an aromatics content of 25%m;
  • Fuel B was a Dreyfuss ULSD, which is a hydrotreated AGO having a lower cloud point (-27°C) and a similar aromatics content to Fuel A (22%m) , which complied with European specification EN590; and
  • Fuel C was a Swedish Class 1 AGO, which is a low density, low aromatics (4%m) diesel fuel with the lowest cloud point of the three base fuels (-38 °C).
  • Table 1 The properties of Fuels A, B and C are given in Table 1.
  • the elastomer material was chosen to be representative of the seals (O-rings, etc.) used in modern diesel fuel systems: LR 6316 (a fluorocarbon tetrapolymer also known as Viton (trade mark) (ex. James Walker & Co. Ltd., UK). It was chosen as an elastomer which is typical of those used in modern diesel fuel systems and which, although less susceptible to seal swell than some other elastomer materials, is able to highlight significant changes in swell properties.
  • the effect of the various levulinate blends on the volume and hardness of LR 6316 fluorocarbon elastomer samples is summarised in Table 6. Table 6
  • n-butyl levulinate, n-pentyl levulinate and 2-hexyl levulinate produced substantially less seal swell (i.e. % volume change) than ethyl levulinate, and that the change in hardness with n-butyl levulinate, n-pentyl levulinate and 2-hexyl levulinate was substantially less than with ethyl levulinate and not significantly different from conventional Fuel D.
  • the ISO 1817 standard explicitly states that "no direct correlation with service behaviour is implied", so no "pass/fail" threshold can be defined without reference to the final application.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une composition de combustible qui comprend un combustible à base de gazole et un lévulinate d'alkyle, dans laquelle ledit lévulinate d'alkyle est un lévulinate d'alkyle C4-C8. Ce lévulinate d'alkyle est sélectionné à partir de lévulinates d'alkyle C4-C8 afin d'assurer que la température de séparation de phase de ladite composition de combustible soit inférieure à un niveau prédéterminé.
EP04818157A 2003-11-10 2004-11-08 Compositions de combustible comprenant un levulinate d'alkyle c4-c8 Not-in-force EP1685217B1 (fr)

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EP04818157A EP1685217B1 (fr) 2003-11-10 2004-11-08 Compositions de combustible comprenant un levulinate d'alkyle c4-c8

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EP03257073 2003-11-10
PCT/EP2004/052845 WO2005044960A1 (fr) 2003-11-10 2004-11-08 Compositions de combustible comprenant un levulinate d'alkyle c4-c8
EP04818157A EP1685217B1 (fr) 2003-11-10 2004-11-08 Compositions de combustible comprenant un levulinate d'alkyle c4-c8

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CN (1) CN1886488A (fr)
BR (1) BRPI0416356A (fr)
CA (1) CA2545170C (fr)
NO (1) NO20062725L (fr)
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2007510787A (ja) 2007-04-26
CN1886488A (zh) 2006-12-27
WO2005044960A1 (fr) 2005-05-19
ZA200603455B (en) 2007-08-29
JP5132937B2 (ja) 2013-01-30
NO20062725L (no) 2006-06-12
CA2545170C (fr) 2013-10-22
US20050144835A1 (en) 2005-07-07
BRPI0416356A (pt) 2007-03-13
EP1685217B1 (fr) 2012-12-12
CA2545170A1 (fr) 2005-05-19
AU2004287631A1 (en) 2005-05-19

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