EP1680969A1 - Schuhe - Google Patents

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Publication number
EP1680969A1
EP1680969A1 EP04747119A EP04747119A EP1680969A1 EP 1680969 A1 EP1680969 A1 EP 1680969A1 EP 04747119 A EP04747119 A EP 04747119A EP 04747119 A EP04747119 A EP 04747119A EP 1680969 A1 EP1680969 A1 EP 1680969A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
toe
shock absorber
foot
sole
insole
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP04747119A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Ken'ichi c/o NEWMAX SEIKA CO. Ltd. TAKADA
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Newmax Seika Co Ltd
Shin-Ei Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Newmax Seika Co Ltd
Shin-Ei Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Newmax Seika Co Ltd, Shin-Ei Co Ltd filed Critical Newmax Seika Co Ltd
Publication of EP1680969A1 publication Critical patent/EP1680969A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B17/00—Insoles for insertion, e.g. footbeds or inlays, for attachment to the shoe after the upper has been joined
    • A43B17/02—Insoles for insertion, e.g. footbeds or inlays, for attachment to the shoe after the upper has been joined wedge-like or resilient
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B17/00—Insoles for insertion, e.g. footbeds or inlays, for attachment to the shoe after the upper has been joined
    • A43B17/02—Insoles for insertion, e.g. footbeds or inlays, for attachment to the shoe after the upper has been joined wedge-like or resilient
    • A43B17/026—Insoles for insertion, e.g. footbeds or inlays, for attachment to the shoe after the upper has been joined wedge-like or resilient filled with a non-compressible fluid, e.g. gel, water
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/14—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/14—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form
    • A43B13/16—Pieced soles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/14—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form
    • A43B13/18—Resilient soles
    • A43B13/189—Resilient soles filled with a non-compressible fluid, e.g. gel, water

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to footwear that absorbs impacts on a foot during walking.
  • An exemplary conventional shoe includes a leather upper portion 501 and a shoe sole 502 that is separate from the leather upper portion 501.
  • a shock absorber 503 such as a sponge is provided, as shown in Fig. 6, (see Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-85108, and Japanese Utility-Model Laid-Open Publications Nos. Hei 6-7506 and Hei 6-77506).
  • the shock absorber 503 within the shoe sole absorbs an impact on a foot when the foot comes into contact with the ground during walking, thereby reducing fatigue of the foot.
  • the shoe includes two parts, i.e., the shoe sole 502 including an outer sole, a midsole, and the like, and the leather upper portion 501 bonded to the shoe sole 502 to enclose the instep of the foot, the shoe sole 502 cannot easily conform to the movement of the foot during walking. Therefore, it is difficult for the aforementioned structure to efficiently absorb an impact on the foot.
  • the shoe changes shape because of the movement of the foot.
  • the shoe sole 502 cannot easily conform to the movement of the foot while fitting the sole of the foot. Therefore, the shock absorber 503 provided within the shoe sole 502 cannot sufficiently absorb an impact on the foot.
  • the present invention was made in view of the aforementioned problems. It is an object of the present invention to provide footwear that easily conforms to movement of a toe during walking and that sufficiently absorbs an impact on the toe.
  • the shock absorber is stably located at the toe during walking.
  • the shock absorber is stably located at the toe during walking.
  • the fit (sense of unity) when a wearer wears the footwear for the first time is permanently maintained, and it is possible to absorb an impact on the toe permanently.
  • the fit between the toe and the footwear is outstanding, and an impact on the toe is sufficiently absorbed.
  • the fifth aspect of the invention in addition to the aforementioned effects, it is possible to firmly support the entire toe. Moreover, it is possible to softly support the protruding portions of the toe, such as fingers, by changing the shape of the shock absorber in accordance with the protruding portions of the toe. Therefore, the fit is further improved and an impact on the protruding portions of the toe, such as fingers, is sufficiently absorbed.
  • the shock absorber is more stably located at the toe during walking. Therefore, it is possible to absorb an impact on the front portion of the sole of the foot and greatly reduce fatigue, pains, or the stresses of the foot.
  • a shoe according to an embodiment of the present invention includes an upper leather member 1 shaped to enclose the instep of a foot and a shoe sole 2 bonded at an upper portion thereof to the upper leather member 1.
  • the shoe sole 2 includes a plate-like outer sole 21 having an outer shape that closely resembles the outer shape of the sole of the foot, a heel 22 in the form of a block provided at the heel portion of the rear portion of the outer sole 21, and a half midsole 23 in the form of a sheet bonded to the rear portion of the upper surface of the outer sole 21.
  • the heel 22 is provided separately from the outer sole 21 and is bonded to the outer sole 21 with glue, nails, and other suitable bonding material. However, the heel 22 may be formed integrally with the outer sole 21.
  • the outer sole 21 and the heel 22 are made of a synthetic resin, wood, or other suitable material.
  • the half midsole 23 extends from the heel of the foot to the front end of the arch, and is bonded to the upper surface of the outer sole 21 by adhesion or sewing with a bottom opening rim 12 of the upper leather member 1 disposed between the half midsole 23 and the upper surface of the outer sole 21.
  • the half midsole 23 is made of cloth, leather, or other suitable material.
  • the upper leather member 1 is formed by shaping natural leather or synthetic leather to conform to the shape of the instep of a foot.
  • the upper leather member 1 includes an upper opening rim 11 to permit a foot to be inserted into the shoe in its upper portion and a bottom opening rim 12 that closely resembles the outer shape of the sole of the foot in its lower portion (see Fig. 2).
  • an insole 3 in the form of a sheet is stitched by French seam.
  • the front portion of the upper leather member 1 is configured in the shape of a bag so as to enclose a toe. More specifically, as shown in Fig. 3, the upper leather member 1 includes an outer material portion 13 and a lining portion 14.
  • the aforementioned insole 3 is stitched at its outer peripheral edge to the outer peripheral edge of the lining portion 14.
  • the insole 3 is in contact with a region of the sole of the foot from the toe to the front end of the arch.
  • the upper leather member 1 having the above structure is bonded to the upper portion of the outer sole 21 with the bottom opening rim 12 folded inward. More specifically, the rear portion of the bottom opening rim 12 of the upper leather member 1 is glued or sewed to the outer sole 21 with an inwardly folded bonding margin being sandwiched between the outer peripheral edge of the outer sole 21 and the outer peripheral edge of the half midsole 23.
  • the front portion of the upper leather member 1 is glued or sewed to the outer sole 21 via bonding margin formed by folding the front portion inwardly, together with the lower surface of the insole 3.
  • the insole is provided on the front portion of the surface of the outer sole of the footwear, the surface being in contact with the sole of the foot.
  • the insole 3 stitched to the front portion of the upper leather member 1 by French seam is formed by sandwiching a gel 31 between two fabric members 32 and 33 made of a non-woven fabric or other suitable material, applying adhesive or other bonding material to the peripheral portions of the two fabric members 32 and 33, and bonding them to each other.
  • the two fabric members 32 and 33 have a size with the region of the sole of the foot from the tip of the toe to the front end of the arch.
  • the gel 31 also has a length and width corresponding to at least those of the region of the sole of the foot from the tip of the toe to the front end of the arch.
  • the two non-woven fabric members 32 and 33 and the gel 31 have similar shapes, and the two non-woven fabric members 32 and 33 are larger than the gel 31 to provide an adhesion margin or sewing margin in order to sandwich the gel 31 therebetween.
  • the insole 3 is provided with a shock absorber 30 defined by the gel 31 and is formed to have a thickness of approximately 5 mm.
  • the gel 31 include a member formed by a gel material sandwiched between two films (for example, one known as "U-NBC-45" manufactured by IIDA Industry Co., Ltd.).
  • a non-woven fabric used for the fabric members 32 and 33 is fabricated by a spunbond method, a needle punch method, a melt-blow method, and other suitable method. From a viewpoint of the strength of the fabric, it is preferable to use a non-woven fabric fabricated by the melt-blow method.
  • the non-woven fabric member 32 be formed from a fabric that does not weaken the effect of the gel 31 and maintains contact with the sole of the foot provided by that effect.
  • shock absorber 30 in the insole 3 various materials having shock-absorbing properties, other than the gel 31, such as a sponge and an elastomer can be used.
  • the insole 3 includes stretchable films 34 that sandwich the gel 31 therebetween.
  • the film 34 has a planar shape and a size that is approximately the same as that of the gel 31.
  • the film 34 preferably maintains contact with the sole of the foot provided by the effect of the gel 31, and for example, is made of polyester urethane.
  • the shock absorber 30 may be deteriorated and may not recover from a compressed state.
  • the insole 3 is similarly deteriorated.
  • the width of the toe width of the footwear
  • deterioration of the insole 3 substantially degrades its shock-absorbing properties. Therefore, once the insole 3 is deteriorated, the fit (sense of unity) on the toe is deteriorated, and thus, the shock-absorbing properties are dramatically degraded.
  • the shock absorber 30 made of the gel 31 is preferable to a sponge or an elastomer.
  • the gel 31 for the shock absorber 30 deterioration in which the shock absorber 30 cannot recover from a compressed state because of long-term compression is greatly reduced, unlike a shock absorber defined by a sponge. Therefore, the gel 31 is superior to a sponge in terms of recoverability (restoration property) against compression.
  • the use of the gel 31 prevents deterioration of the insole 3 caused by deterioration of the shock absorber 30 due to long-term use.
  • the width of the footwear does not substantially change.
  • the gel 31 is preferable because it does not suffer hydrolysis caused by absorbed moisture such as sweat, and therefore, degradation of the shock-absorbing properties caused by hydrolysis of the gel 31 does not occur much. As a result, the fit on the toe when the wearer wears the shoe for the first time is permanently maintained, and the shock-absorbing properties are ensured.
  • the gel 31 defining the above shock absorber 30 preferably has an Asker F hardness (hardness measured when being pressed by an area approximately the same as a palm) in the range of 30 to 90, and an Asker C hardness in the range of 10 to 25.
  • the Asker F hardness is a hardness measured when an object is compressed over a wide area approximately the same size as a palm.
  • the Asker C hardness is a hardness measured when the object is compressed over a narrow area approximately the same size as a finger. Both of the Asker F hardness and the Asker C harness are used as a standard of hardness for a rubber elastic material and other similar materials.
  • the gel 31 feels relatively hard when being compressed over an area approximately the size as a palm.
  • the gel 31 feels relatively soft when being compressed over a small area approximately the size as a finger. Therefore, the gel 31 firmly supports the entire toe, and softly supports protruding portions of the toe such as fingers by changing its shape in accordance with the shapes of those protruding portions.
  • the gel 31 maintains an outstanding fit and sufficiently provides shock absorbing properties, especially for the projecting portions of the toe such as fingers.
  • the Asker F hardness is within the aforementioned range, an outstanding fit between the toe and the shoe maintained and an impact on the toe is sufficiently absorbed.
  • the shock absorber 30 is too soft and degrades the shape-maintaining property of the insole 3. This allows easy movement of the toe in the shoe and degrades the fit.
  • the Asker F hardness is greater than the aforementioned range, the shock absorber 30 is hard and prevents sufficient shock absorption by the insole 3.
  • the shock absorber 30 changes its shape appropriately in accordance with the protruding portions of the toe such as fingers. Therefore, the fit and the shock-absorbing property are further improved.
  • the Asker C hardness is less than the aforementioned range, the shock absorber 30 is too soft and may cause the protruding portions to excessively compress the insole. This may lead to a deteriorated fit.
  • the Asker C hardness is greater than the aforementioned range, while an impact is sufficiently absorbed, the change of the shape of the gel 31 in accordance with the protruding portions of the toe is not sufficient. This prevents further improvements in the fit.
  • Examples of the material for the gel 31 include silicon resins, polyurethane resins, acrylamide gels, thermoplastic elastomers (such as styrene block copolymer; SBS, styreneisoprene-styrene block copolymer; SIS), epoxy resins (containing plasticizer), starch-based gels (copolymer of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid). Considering abrasion resistance, tear strength, elongation, balance between viscosity and elasticity, and cost, polyurethane resins are preferable.
  • a polyurethane resin is formed from polyol, isocyanate, and other suitable resin.
  • polystyrene-type polyols polyoxypropylene glycol
  • PPG polyethylene glycol
  • PEG polytetramethylene ether glycol
  • PTMEG polytetramethylene ether glycol
  • polyester-type polyols adipate-type polyols, polycaprolactone, aromatic-type polyols, and polycarbonate-type polyols
  • polyolefin-type polyols acryl-type polyols.
  • polyether-type polyols are preferable.
  • isocyanate examples include TDI (tolylene diisocyanate), MDI (diphenylmethane diisocyanate), HDI (hexamethylene diisocyanate), NDI (naphthalene diisocyanate), IPDI (isophorone diisocyanate), and denatured isocyanate of those materials. Considering the cost, ease of handling, and reaction stability, the use of tolylene diisocyanate is preferable.
  • a ratio of the polyol and the isocyanate determines the Asker F hardness.
  • PPG polyoxypropylene glycol
  • tolylene diisocyanate based denatured isocyanate is used as the isocyanate, the following blending amounts are used.
  • the polyol contains polyoxypropylene glycol (PPG) having a molecular weight of 2000 and PPG having a molecular weight of 10000 that are blended at a weight ratio of 1:1.
  • PPG polyoxypropylene glycol
  • the amount of each of PPG having a molecular weight of 2000 and PPG having a molecular weight of 10000 is 10 to 20 parts by weight, and more preferably in the range of 12.5 parts by weight to 15 parts by weight.
  • the polyol contains PPG having a molecular weight of 1000 in an amount of 20 parts by weight or less, the Asker F hardness exceeds 90 and sufficient shock absorption cannot be achieved.
  • the polyol contains that PPG in an amount of 40 parts by weight or more, the Asker F hardness is less than 30. Thus, the shock absorber is too soft and the shape-maintaining property of the insole is degraded.
  • the blending ratio thereof is in a range of 35 to 50 parts by weight, and more preferably, in the range of 40 parts by weight to 45 parts by weight.
  • the blending ratio of the isocyanate is 50 parts by weight or more, the Asker F hardness exceeds 90 and sufficient shock absorption cannot be achieved.
  • the blending ratio is 35 parts by weight or less, the Asker F hardness is less than 30.
  • the shock absorber is too soft and the shape-keeping property of the insole is degraded.
  • Polyurethane can be obtained by reacting polyol with isocyanate in the presence of a catalyst.
  • a catalyst include amine type compounds and metal (nickel, tin, zinc, cadmium, magnesium, and mercury) compounds.
  • metal compounds e.g., a tin compound
  • a tin compound is preferable.
  • the amount of the catalyst used be 0.1 to 1 parts by weight, provided that the amount of polyurethane (polyol + isocyanate) is 100. This provides a hardening ability and durability within appropriate ranges.
  • the polyurethane resin may contain a plasticizer.
  • the plasticizer include aliphatic compounds, alicyclic compounds, and aromatic compounds (dibutyl phthalate, diheptyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, ditridecyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate, and butylphthalyl butylglycolate).
  • aromatic compounds is preferable.
  • dibutyl phthalate is more preferable.
  • a polyurethane resin containing no plasticizer is the most preferable. This is because the plasticizer migrates to the non-woven fabric members 32 and 33 of the insole 3 and degrades the function of the insole 3.
  • the insole 3 is covered with a stretchable film that prevents permeation of the plasticizer.
  • the used amount of the plasticizer is preferably 0 to 50 parts by weight, with respect to the amount of polyurethane (polyol + isocyanate) as 100. This makes it possible to set the Asker hardness within an appropriate range.
  • Polyurethane resin may contain colorants, age resistors (antioxidants, ultraviolet absorber, light stabilizer, hydrolysis inhibitor), antifoamers, flame retardants, and other suitable additives.
  • the shoe having the aforementioned structure can be fabricated in a similar manner to the conventional shoemaking method, and therefore, only a brief description is made.
  • the upper leather member 1 is fabricated as follows. Leather as the material for the upper leather member 1 is cut out in accordance with a predetermined pattern paper. The cut leather is shaped to fit on a wooden pattern having a shape of a foot. Then, the insole 3 provided with a shock absorber 30, which has been prepared in advance, is stitched to the lining portion 14 in the front portion of the bottom opening rim 12 by French seam in such a manner that the front portion of the bottom opening rim 12 forms a bag. Thus, fabrication of the upper leather member 1 is finished.
  • a bonding margin is formed by folding the bottom opening rim 12 of the upper leather member 1 inward.
  • the upper leather member 1 is placed on the upper portion of the outer sole 21 including the heel 22, which has been fabricated in advance by molding.
  • the rear portion of the upper leather member 1 is glued, sewed, or otherwise connected to the outer sole 21 with the bonding margin interposed between the outer peripheral edge of the outer sole 21 and the outer peripheral edge of the half midsole 23.
  • the front portion of the upper leather member 1 is glued or sewed to the outer sole 21 at its bonding margin formed by folding the outer material portion 13 of the upper leather member 1, together with the lower surface of the insole 3. In this manner, the aforementioned shoe is completed
  • the insole 3 is bonded to the front portion of the bottom opening rim 12 of the upper leather member 1, and the front portion of the upper leather member 1 is configured in the shape of a bag so as to enclose a toe.
  • the shock absorber 30 having a length and width corresponding to those of the region of the sole of the foot from the tip of the toe to the front end of the arch is provided in the insole 3.
  • the shock absorber 30 is stably located with respect to the toe, for example, the region from the tip of the toe of the sole of the wearer's foot to the front end of the arch. Therefore, it is possible to absorb a large impact on the toe and greatly reduce fatigue or pains of the foot.
  • the shock absorber 30 by forming the shock absorber 30 using the gel 31, deterioration of the shock absorber 30, in which the shock absorber 30 cannot recover from a compressed state because of long-term compression, does not occur, unlike a shock absorber defined by a sponge.
  • deterioration of the insole 3 caused by the deterioration of the shock absorber 30 due to long-term use is prevented, such that the width of the footwear is not substantially changed.
  • the gel 31 does not suffer hydrolysis caused by absorbed moisture such as sweat, and therefore, degradation of a shock-absorbing property caused by hydrolysis does not occur much. Therefore, the fit when a wearer wears the shoes for the first time is maintained permanently, and an impact on the wearer's toe is absorbed permanently.
  • the gel 31 does not come into direct contact with a sole of a foot. Moreover, by sandwiching a film 34 between the gel 31 and the non-woven fabric member 32, permeation of the gel 31 through the fabric member 32 is prevented. Thus, where the gel 31 is permeated, it is possible to prevent a wearer from feeling discomfort, for example, feeling that the sole of the foot is sticky because of the gel 31.
  • the gel 31 firmly supports the entire toe, and softly support the protruding portions of the toe, such as fingers, by changing its shape in accordance with those protruding portions.
  • the fit is improved, and shock absorption is sufficiently provided, especially for the protruding portions of the toe, such as fingers.
  • compression 5 hours and release (1 hour) were repeated eight times. Then, after each sample was left as it was for 30 minutes, 24 hours, and 36 hours, a ratio of thickness distortion (compression set (%)) was measured (see Table 1). The compression was performed to reduce the thickness of the sample to 1 ⁇ 4 (25%) of the original thickness.
  • Hardness of the gel (“U-NBC-45” manufactured by IIDA Industry) and the sponge (“H-32” manufactured by Rogers Inoac Corporation) that have a thickness of 20 mm and were used in the above samples are as follows (see Table 2).
  • the values of hardness in Table 2 were measured by an Asker F hardness tester and an Asker C hardness tester. [Table 2] Asker F hardness Asker C hardness Gel 85 17 Sponge 78 40
  • both the above gel and the above sponge satisfy the condition in which the Asker F hardness is in a range of 30 to 90. Therefore, both the above gel and the above sponge maintain the fit between a wearer's toe and a shoe and sufficiently absorb an impact on the toe.
  • the above gel also satisfies the condition in which the Asker C hardness is in a range of 10 to 25. Therefore, the gel firmly supports the entire toe, and softly supports protruding portions of the toe, such as fingers, by changing its shape in accordance with the protruding portions. Thus, the gel better maintains the fit and sufficiently absorbs an impact especially on the protruding portions of the toe, such as fingers.
  • a pair of pumps provided with heels is described as an example.
  • the present invention may be applied to a pair of boots or shoes with no heels.
  • the present invention may be applied to any ladies' shoe and any men's shoe.
  • the present invention may be applied not only to formal shoes but also to various sports shoes, such as jogging shoes.
  • the present invention may be applied to footwear such as sandals or slippers.
  • the materials for the upper leather member 1 and the outer sole 2 are not limited to the materials described above. Various materials can be used.

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  • Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
EP04747119A 2003-11-05 2004-07-07 Schuhe Withdrawn EP1680969A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2003375619 2003-11-05
PCT/JP2004/009650 WO2005044037A1 (ja) 2003-11-05 2004-07-07 履物

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1680969A1 true EP1680969A1 (de) 2006-07-19

Family

ID=34567085

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04747119A Withdrawn EP1680969A1 (de) 2003-11-05 2004-07-07 Schuhe

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20060048414A1 (de)
EP (1) EP1680969A1 (de)
KR (1) KR20070024454A (de)
CN (1) CN1722963A (de)
WO (1) WO2005044037A1 (de)

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KR100706610B1 (ko) * 2006-10-12 2007-04-13 이태성 시이소 신발 밑창
EP2218349B1 (de) 2009-02-13 2011-06-22 Spannrit Schuhkomponenten GmbH Schuheinlage mit Gel
US8393092B2 (en) * 2009-04-24 2013-03-12 Nine West Development Corporation Footbed system and footwear construction
US8881428B2 (en) * 2010-09-02 2014-11-11 Nike, Inc. Sole assembly for article of footwear with plural cushioning members
CN103734990A (zh) * 2014-01-14 2014-04-23 姜德谦 一种鞋垫及该鞋垫与鞋子的装配方法
US10603865B2 (en) * 2014-12-25 2020-03-31 AGC Inc. Insulating member and its attaching method
US10426217B1 (en) * 2015-12-09 2019-10-01 Domenick Mainolfi Footwear with interchangeable sections
CN105919224A (zh) * 2016-07-21 2016-09-07 张云飞 一种凝胶鞋

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN1722963A (zh) 2006-01-18
WO2005044037A1 (ja) 2005-05-19
KR20070024454A (ko) 2007-03-02
US20060048414A1 (en) 2006-03-09

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