EP1670908A2 - Usage medical de tbk-1 ou d'inhibiteurs de celui-ci - Google Patents

Usage medical de tbk-1 ou d'inhibiteurs de celui-ci

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Publication number
EP1670908A2
EP1670908A2 EP04765755A EP04765755A EP1670908A2 EP 1670908 A2 EP1670908 A2 EP 1670908A2 EP 04765755 A EP04765755 A EP 04765755A EP 04765755 A EP04765755 A EP 04765755A EP 1670908 A2 EP1670908 A2 EP 1670908A2
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tbk
cancer
vegf
cells
expression
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EP04765755A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Christian Korherr
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Xantos Biomedicine AG
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Xantos Biomedicine AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/12—Transferases (2.) transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7)
    • C12N9/1205—Phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor (2.7.1), e.g. protein kinases
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the medical use of TBK-1 or of inhibitors thereof. Especially, the present invention relates to the use of these molecule in promoting or inhibiting angiogenesis.
  • Angiogenesis the growth of new capillaries from pre-existing ones, is critical for normal physiological functions in adults [Ca ⁇ neliet, P. , Mechanisms of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Nat Med, 2000 6 (4) 389-95]. Abnormal angiogenesis can lead to impaired wound healing, poor tissue regeneration in ischemic conditions, cyclical growth of the female reproductive system, and tumor development [Carmeliet, P. and R. K. Jain, Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases].
  • angiogenesis is desirable in situations where vascularization is to be established or extended, for example after tissue or organ transplantation, or to stimulate establishment of collateral circulation in tissue infarction or arterial stenosis.
  • the angiogenic process is highly complex and involves the maintenance of the endothelial cells in the cell cycle, degradation of the extracellular matrix, migration and invasion of the surrounding tissue and finally, tube fonnation. Because of the crucial role of angiogenesis in so many physiological processes, there is a need to identify and characterize factors which will promote angiogenesis.
  • VEGF-A and FGF-2 have been considered as a possible approach for the therapeutic treatment of ischemic disorders.
  • VEGF is an endothelial cell-specific mitogen and an angiogenesis inducer that is released by a variety of tumor cells and expressed in human tumor cells in situ.
  • VEGF-A stimulated microvessels are disorganized, sinusoidal and dilated, much like those found in tumors [Lee et al., Circulation 2000 102 898-901; and Springer et al., Mol. Cell 1998 2 549-559]. Moreover, these vessels are usually leaky, poorly perfused, torturous and likely to rupture and regress. Thus, these vessels have limited ability to improve the ischemic conditions. In addition, the leakage of blood vessels induced by VEGF-A (also known as Vascular Permeability Factor) could cause cardiac oedema that leads to heart failure.
  • VEGF-A also known as Vascular Permeability Factor
  • VEGF not only stimulates vascular endothelial cell proliferation, but also induces vascular permeability and angiogenesis.
  • Angiogenesis which involves the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting endothelium, is an important component of a variety of diseases and disorders including tumor growth and metastasis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, retinopathy, hemangiomas, immune rejection of transplanted tissues, and chronic inflammation.
  • angiogenesis appears to be crucial for the transition from hyperplasia to neoplasia, and for providing nourishment to the growing solid tumor. [Folkman, et al., Nature 339:58 (1989)]. Angiogenesis also allows tumors to be in contact with the vascular bed of the host, which may provide a route for metastasis of the tumor cells. Evidence for the role of angiogenesis in tumor metastasis is provided, for example, by studies showing a correlation between the number and density of microvessels in histologic sections of invasive human breast carcinoma and actual presence of distant metastases. [Weidner, et al., New Engl. J. Med. 324:1 (1991)].
  • TBK-1 expression in human and animal cells induces the production of a proangiogenic factor. Furthermore, it has been found that TBK-1 exhibits a proliferation inducing activity which is specific for endothelial cells. Finally, it has been surprisingly shown that TBK-1 inhibitors, especially siRNA, are able to inhibit VEGF expression (see Example 5).
  • TBK-1 (tank binding kinase 1) is a homologue of IKK- 1 and IKK-2 (Kishore, N. et al, J. Biol. Che . 277:13840, WO 00/73469, US 2003/0143540) and is known to be involved in inflammatory and immimologic processes. Furthermore, it is known that TBK-1 plays a role in NF- ⁇ B-activation, a transcription factor which is involved in many physiological processes like immunologic and inflammatory responses (Matsuda, A. et al., Oncogene 22:3307). It is activated e.g. by TNFalpha, IL-1, LPS and various growth factors.
  • the protein sequence of human TBK-1 and the corresponding nucleic acid sequence are given in SEQ ID NO: 1 and 2, respectively.
  • a role of TBK-1 in angiogenic processes has not been suggested in the art.
  • the problem is solved by the use of a nucleic acid encoding TBK-1 or a functional active derivative thereof for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of diseases with disturbed angiogenesis, especially ischemic or dental diseases, smoker's leg and diabetic ulcers or for the stimulation of wound healing.
  • the term "TBK-1" relates first to a protein with a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. In a further aspect this term further relates to functional active derivatives of the protein as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the term "functional active derivative” of a polypeptide within the meaning of the present invention refers to polypeptides which have a sequence homology, in particular a sequence identity, of about at least 25 %, preferably about 40 %, in particular about 60 %, especially about 70 %, even more preferred about 80 %, in particular about 90 % and most preferred of 98 % with the polypeptide.
  • Such derivatives are e.g.
  • polypeptide homologous to TBK-1 which originate from organisms other than the TBK-1 according to SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • derivatives are polypeptides which are encoded by different alleles of the gene, of different individuals, in different organs of an organism or in different developmental phases.
  • Functional active derivatives preferably also include naturally occurring mutations, particularly mutations that quantitatively alter the activity of the peptides encoded by these sequences. Further, such variants may preferably arise from differential splicing of the encoding genes.
  • Sequence identity refers to the degree of identity (% identity) of two sequences, that in the case of polypeptides can be determined by means of for example BLASTP 2.2.5 and in the case of nucleic acids by means of for example BLASTN 2.2.6, wherein the low complexity filter is set on and BLOSUM is 62 (Altschul et al., 1997, Nucleic Acids Res., 25:3389-3402).
  • Sequence homology refers to the similarity (% positives) of two polypeptide sequences determined by means of for example BLASTP 2.0.1 wherein the Filter is set on and BLOSUM is 62 (Altschul et al., 1997, Nucleic Acids Res., 25:3389-3402).
  • Nucleic acids encoding functional active derivatives can be isolated by using human TBK- 1 gene sequences in order to identify homologues with methods known to a person skilled in the art, e.g. through PCR amplification or hybridization under stringent conditions (e.g. 60 °C in 2.5 x SSC buffer followed by several washing steps at room temperature concentration) with suitable probes derived from e.g. the human TBK-1 sequences according to standard laboratory methods (Current Protocols, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (2003)).
  • stringent conditions e.g. 60 °C in 2.5 x SSC buffer followed by several washing steps at room temperature concentration
  • “Functional active derivative” refers to a polypeptide that has essentially the biological function(s) as the corresponding protein. In the case of TBK-1, this may be the expression of a specific angiogenic activity as demonstrated in Example 1. Therefore, the term “functional active derivative” may also refer to a polypeptide which is responsible for the specific induction of endothelial cell proliferation. A test for the determination of the angiogenic activity induced by a putative TBK-1 derivative is also demonstrated in Example 1.
  • Frunctional active derivative may refer to the ability to induce the expression of VEGF as shown in Example 2.
  • a preferred embodiment for a nucleic acid encoding TBK-1 is given in SEQ ID NO: 1. As demonstrated for the first time in the context of the present invention, TBK-1 is an important angiogenic factor. This enables the use of a nucleic acid encoding TBK-1 in therapy.
  • the administration of the nucleic acid encoding TBK-1 may be effected either as recombinant protein or by gene transfer either as naked DNA or in a vector [Kornowski R, Fuchs S, Leon MB, Epstein SE, Delivery strategies to achieve therapeutic myocardial angiogenesis, Circulation, 2000 101 (4) 454-8; Simons M, Bonow RO, Chronos NA, Cohen DJ, Giordano FJ, Hammond HK, et al., Clinical trials in coronary angiogenesis: issues, problems, consensus: An expert panel summary, Circulation, 2000 102 (11) E73- 86; and Isner JM, Asahara T, Angiogenesis and vasculogenesis as therapeutic strategies for postnatal neovascularization, J Clin Invest, 1999 103 (9) 1231-36].
  • regulatable vectors may be used as described in Ozawa et al, Annu Rev Pharmacol. & Toxicol, 2000 40295-317.
  • Administration may be parenterally, intravenously, dermally, intradermally, intracutaneously, percutaneously, subcutaneously, topically or transdermally.
  • the nucleic acid can be administered by catheterbased myocardial gene transfer.
  • a steerable, deflectable 8F catheter incorporating a 27guage needle is advanced percutaneously to the left ventricular myocardium.
  • a total dose of 200 ug/kg is administered as 6 injections into the ischemic myocardium (total, 6. 0 n L).
  • Injections are guided by NOGA left ventricular electromechanical mapping. See Vale, P. R., et al., Randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of catheter-based myocardial gene transfer for therapeutic angiogenesis using left ventricular electromechanical mapping in patients with chronic myocardial ischemia, Circulation, 2001 103 (17) 2138-43.
  • Another possibility is the injection of a TBK-1 plasmid in the muscles of an ischemic limb in accordance with procedures described in Simovic, D., et al., Improvement in chronic ischemic neuropathy after intramuscular phVEGF165 gene transfer in patients with critical limb ischemia, ArchNeurol, 2001 58 (5) 76168.
  • Still another technique for effective administration is by infra-arterial gene transfer of the gene using adenovirus and replication defective retroviruses as described for VEGF in Baumgartner I and Isner JM, Somatic gene therapy in the cardiovascular system, Annu. Rev Physiol, 2001 63 427-50.
  • An additional possibility for administering the nucleic acid is by intracoronary and intravenous administration (see Post, M. J., et al., Therapeutic angiogenesis in cardiology using protein formulations, Cardiovasc Res, 2001 49 522-31).
  • EPCs ex vivo expanded endothelial progenitor cells
  • Yet another technique which may be used to administer the nucleic acid is percutaneous adenovirus-mediated gene delivery to the arterial wall in injured atheromatous stented arteries.
  • percutaneous adenovirus-mediated gene delivery to the arterial wall in injured atheromatous stented arteries. See, for example, Maillard, L., et al., Effect of percutaneous adenovirus-mediated Gax gene delivery to the arterial wall in double-injured atheromatous stented rabbit iliac arteries, Gene Ther, 2000 7 (16) 1353-61 ; and Laham RJ, Simons M, and Sellke F, Gene transfer for angiogenesis in coronary artery disease,Annu Rev Med, 2001 52485-502.
  • a therapeutically effective dose of the nucleic acid is administered by bolus injection of the active substance into ischemic tissue, e. g. heart or peripheral muscle tissue.
  • the effective dose will vary depending on the weight and condition of the ischemic subject and the nature of the ischemic condition to be treated. It is considered to be within the skill of the art to determine the appropriate dosage for a given subject and condition.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be administered in further conventional manners, e.g. by means of the mucous membranes, for example the nose or the oral cavity, in the form of dispositories implanted under the skin, by means of injections, infusions or gels which contain the medicaments according to the invention.
  • the treatment can be carried out by means of a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS), which makes possible a temporally controlled release of the medicaments.
  • TTS transdermal therapeutic system
  • EP 0 944 398 Al EP 0 916 336 Al
  • EP 0 889 723 Al EP 0 852493 Al.
  • the nucleic acid is administered by continuous delivery, e. g., using an osmotic minipump, until the patient is able to selfinaintain a functional vascular network.
  • the nucleic acid is effectively admimstered to an ischemic subject by contacting ischemic tissue with a viral vector, e. g. an adenovirus vector, containing a polynucleotide sequence encoding the protein operatively linked to a promoter sequence.
  • a viral vector e. g. an adenovirus vector
  • the nucleic acid may also be effectively admimstered by implantation of a micropellet impregnated with active substance in the direct vicinity of ischemic tissue.
  • the molecules of the present invention are usually formulated with suitable additives or auxiliary substances, such as physiological buffer solution, e.g. sodium chloride solution, demineralized water, stabilizers, such as protease or nuclease inhibitors, preferably aprotinin, ⁇ -aminocaproic acid or pepstatin A or sequestering agents such as EDTA, gel formulations, such as white vaseline, low-viscosity paraffin and/or yellow wax, etc. depending on the kind of administration.
  • physiological buffer solution e.g. sodium chloride solution
  • demineralized water demineralized water
  • stabilizers such as protease or nuclease inhibitors, preferably aprotinin, ⁇ -aminocaproic acid or pepstatin A or sequestering agents such as EDTA
  • gel formulations such as white vaseline, low-viscosity paraffin and/or yellow wax, etc. depending on the kind of administration.
  • Suitable further additives are, for example, detergents, such as, for example, Triton X-100 or sodium deoxycholate, but also polyols, such as, for example, polyethylene glycol or glycerol, sugars, such as, for example, sucrose or glucose, zwitterionic compounds, such as, for example, amino acids such as glycine or in particular taurine or betaine and/or a protein, such as, for example, bovine or human serum albumin. Detergents, polyols and/or zwitterionic compounds are preferred.
  • the physiological buffer solution preferably has a pH of approx. 6.0-8.0, expecially a pH of approx. 6.8-7.8, in particular a pH of approx. 7.4, and or an osmolarity of approx. 200-400 milliosmol liter, preferably of approx. 290-310 milliosmol/liter.
  • the pH of the medicament is in general adjusted using a suitable organic or inorganic buffer, such as, for example, preferably using a phosphate buffer, tris buffer (tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane), HEPES buffer ([4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazino]ethanesulphonic acid) or MOPS buffer (3-mo holino- 1-propanesulphonic acid).
  • a suitable organic or inorganic buffer such as, for example, preferably using a phosphate buffer, tris buffer (tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane), HEPES buffer ([4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin
  • Injection solutions are in general used if only relatively small amounts of a solution or suspension, for example about 1 to about 20 ml, are to be administered to the body.
  • Infusion solutions are in general used if a larger amount of a solution or suspension, for example one or more litres, are to be administered. Since, in contrast to the infusion solution, only a few millilifres are administered in the case of injection solutions, small differences from the pH and from the osmotic pressure of the blood or the tissue fluid in the injection do not make themselves noticeable or only make themselves noticeable to an insignificant extent with respect to pain sensation. Dilution of the formulation according to the invention before use is therefore in general not necessary.
  • the formulation according to the invention should be diluted briefly before administration to such an extent that an at least approximately isotonic solution is obtained.
  • An example of an isotonic solution is a 0.9% strength sodium chloride solution.
  • the dilution can be carried out, for example, using sterile water while the administration can be carried out, for example, via a so-called bypass.
  • subjects which may be treated or diagnosed include animals, preferably mammals and humans, dead or alive. These patients suffer from the diseases as mentioned above.
  • the diseases mentioned above are all characterised by a disturbed angiogenesis and therefore a nucleic acid encoding TBK-1 leads to a significant improvement in these diseases.
  • the nucleic acid immobilised to a matrix can be admimstered directly into the site of fracture to promote the angiogenesis and wound healing.
  • matrices can be used ceramic matrices or bonemeal on which the protein is immobilised.
  • Slow release formulations to have the factor locally enriched can be used as well.
  • TBK-1 is a strong angiogenic factor. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid encoding TBK-1 induces the formation of vascular vessels.
  • a nucleic acid encoding TBK-1 is able to induce the production of VEGF. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of the use of the present invention, the nucleic acid induces the production of VEGF.
  • the invention further includes a method for the treatment of a patient in need of such treatment, wherein an effective amount of a nucleic acid encoding TBK-1 is administered to the patient.
  • Example 4 the expression of TBK-1 is coregulated with VEGF. Consequently, TBK-1 or a nucleic acid encoding it can be used as diagnostic agents. Furthermore, TBK-1 detection is more specific than that of VEGF, since TBK-1 is located in the cell and therefore its expression can be exactly correlated with the production cell. In contrast, VEGF is a serum factor which means that it is more difficult to correlate its expression with its production cell.
  • the invention therefore relates to the use of a) TBK-1, b) a functional active derivative thereof, c) a nucleic acid encoding TBK- 1 , and /or d) means for the detection of the molecules of sections a), b) , c) or d) for the preparation of a diagnostic agent for the diagnosis of ischemic or dental diseases, smoker's leg and diabetic ulcers, wound healing disorders, cancer, hyperplasia, tumor progression, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, artherosclerosis, retinopathy, osteoarthritis, endometriosis and/or chronic inflammation.
  • This diagnostic agent may be appropriately combined with additional carriers or diluents or other additives which are suitable in this context. With respect to these agents, the same apply as defined above for the pharmaceutical composition of the invention.
  • the proteins or nucleic acids maybe prepared as defined above.
  • means of detecting TBK-1 or a function derivative thereof include antibodies which can e.g. applied in Westen Blotting, Immunohistochemisfry, ELISA or functional assays for the proteins (Current Protocols, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2003)).
  • Means for detecting the nucleic acids as defined above include other nucleic acids being capable of hybridizing with the nucleic acids e.g. in Southern Blots or Northern Blots as well as during In Situ Hybridization (Current Protocols, John Wiley & Sons, hie. (2003)).
  • Angiogenesis is generally a phenomenon which occurs in later tumor stages. Since TBK-1 is an angiogenic factor, it represents therefore a marker for later tumor stages, i.e. for tumors which have already achieved a malignant state. Furthermore, since TBK-1 is an important angiogenic factor, its lack is indicative for the diseases disclosed above.
  • TBK-1 or functional active derivatives thereof may be detected in the tumor tissue via immunohistochemisfry.
  • Nucleic acids encoding these molecules, e.g. mRNA, maybe detected using quantitative PCR.
  • an aberrant angiogenesis contributes the clinical symptoms or is even the reason for these symptoms.
  • the present invention relates to TBK- 1, which is an important inducer of angiogenesis, e.g. in tumors. Therefore, the inhibition of TBK-1 results in inhibition of angiogenesis which will result in the treatment of these diseases.
  • the present invention therefore relates to the use of a TBK-1 inhibitor for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease or diseases with increased angiogenesis, especially cancer, hyperplasia, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, artherosclerosis, retinopathy, osteoarthritis, endometriosis and / or chronic inflammation.
  • the term "inhibitor” refers to a biochemical or chemical compound which preferably inhibits or reduces the angiogenic activity of TBK-1. This can e.g. occur via suppression of the expression of the corresponding gene.
  • the expression of the gene can be measured by RT-PCR or Western blot analysis.
  • TBK-1 inhibitors are binding proteins or binding peptides directed against TBK-1, in particular against the active site of TBK-1, and nucleic acids directed against the TBK-1 gene.
  • the inhibitor binds to the ATP-binding site of the kinase domain of TBK-1
  • the inhibitor of the invention is selected from the group consisting of antisense oligonucleotides, antisense RNA, siRNA, and low molecular weight molecules (LMWs).
  • LMWs low molecular weight molecules
  • LMWs are molecules which are not proteins, peptides antibodies or nucleic acids, and which exhibit a molecular weight of less than 5000 Da, preferably less than 2000 Da, more preferably less than 2000 Da, most preferably less than 500 Da. Such LMWs may be identified in High-Through-Put procedures starting from libraries. Such methods are known in the art. They preferably bind to the ATP-binding site of the kinase domain of TBK-1.
  • Nucleic acids which may inhibit TBK-1 activity may be double-stranded or single stranded DNA or RNA which, for example, inhibit the expression of the TBK-1 gene or the activity of TBK-1 and include, without limitation, antisense nucleic acids, aptamers, siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) and ribozymes.
  • nucleic acids e.g. the antisense nucleic acids or siRNAs
  • Aptamers are nucleic acids which bind with high affinity to a polypeptide, here TBK-1 or derivatives thereof.
  • Aptamers can be isolated by selection methods such as SELEX (see e.g. Jayasena (1999) Clin. Chem., 45, 1628-50; Klug and Famulok (1994) M. Mol. Biol.
  • RNA molecules from a large pool of different single-stranded RNA molecules.
  • Aptamers. can also be synthesized and selected in their mirror-image form, for example as the L- ribonucleotide (Nolte et al. (1996) Nat. BiotechnoL, 14, 1116-9; Klussmann et al. (1996) Nat. BiotechnoL, 14, 1112-5).
  • L- ribonucleotide Nolte et al. (1996) Nat. BiotechnoL, 14, 1116-9; Klussmann et al. (1996) Nat. BiotechnoL, 14, 1112-5.
  • Nucleic acids may be degraded by endonucleases or exonucleases, in particular by DNases and RNases which can be found in the cell. It is, therefore, advantageous to modify the nucleic acids in order to stabilize them against degradation, thereby ensuring that a high concentration of the nucleic acid is maintained in the cell over a long period of time (Beigelman et al. (1995) Nucleic Acids Res. 23:3989-94; WO 95/11910; WO 98/37240; WO 97/29116). Typically, such a stabilization can be obtained by introducing one or more intemucleotide phosphorus groups or by introducing one or more non-phosphoras internucleotides.
  • Suitable modified internucleotides are compiled in Uhlmann and Peyman (1990), supra (see also Beigelman et al. (1995) Nucleic Acids Res. 23:3989-94; WO 95/11910; WO 98/37240; WO 97/29116).
  • Modified intemucleotide phosphate radicals and/or non- phosphorus bridges in a nucleic acid which can be employed in one of the uses according to the invention contain, for example, methyl phosphonate, phosphorothioate, phosphoramidate, phosphorodithioate and/or phosphate esters, whereas non-phosphorus intemucleotide analogues contain, for example, siloxane bridges, carbonate bridges, carboxymethyl esters, acetamidate bridges and/or thioether bridges. It is also the intention that this modification should improve the durability of a pharmaceutical composition which can be employed in one of the uses according to the invention.
  • RNA interference as tools for RNA interference in the process to down regulate or to switch off gene expression, here TBK-1 gene expression, is e.g. described in Elbashir, S. M. et al. (2001) Genes Dev., 15, 188 or Elbasbir, S. M.
  • siRNAs exhibit a length of less than 30 nucleotides, wherein the identity stretch of the sense sfrang of the siRNA is preferably at least 19 nucleotides.
  • Ribozymes are also suitable tools to inhibit the translation of nucleic acids, here the TBK-1 gene, because they are able to specifically bind and cut the mRNAs. They are e.g. described in Amarzguioui et al. (1998) Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 54, 1175-202; Vaish et al. (1998) Nucleic Acids Res., 26, 5237-42; Persidis (1997) Nat. BiotechnoL, 15, 921-2 or Couture and Stinchcomb (1996) Trends Genet., 12, 510-5.
  • nucleic acids described can be used to inhibit or reduce the expression of the TBK-1 genes in the cells both in vivo and in vitro and consequently act as a TBK-1 inhibitor in the sense of the present invention.
  • a single-stranded DNA or RNA is preferred for the use as an antisense oligonucleotide or ribozyme, respectively.
  • TBK-1 inhibition aims at preventing the formation of vascular vessels which support the diseased tissue. This, in turn, will reduce the amount of diseased or malignant cells (e.g. cancer cells).
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be prepared and administered as discussed above.
  • the inhibitor of the invention may act through the inhibition of the production of VEGF. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of this use of the present invention, the inhibitor inhibits the production of VEGF.
  • TBK-1 expression is upregulated under hypoxic conditions. It is known in the art that during the growth of solid tumors, often hypoxic conditions are found, which in turn result in the induction of new vascular vessels. TBK-1 may be an important factor in this physiological process. In turn, inhibition of TBK-1 function may result in maintaining the hypoxic conditions in the tumor, resulting in a suppression of tumor growth or even in a regression of tumor size.
  • the inhibitor prevents the formation of vascular vessels in the tumor tissue.
  • the disease is cancer, preferably selected from the group consisting of brain cancer, pancreas carcinoma, stomach cancer, colon carcinoma, skin cancer, especially melanoma, bone cancer, kidney carcinoma, liver cancer, lung carcinoma, ovary cancer, mamma carcinoma, uterus carcinoma, prostate cancer and testis carcinoma.
  • the invention further includes a method for the treatment of a patient in need of such treatment, wherein an effective amount of an inhibitor of TBK-1 or of a functional active derivative thereof is administered to the patient.
  • the invention further relates to a method for the identification of an anti-cancer drag, wherein a) a potential TBK-1 interactor is brought into contact with TBK-1 or a functional derivative thereof, and b) binding of the potential interactor to TBK-1 or the functional derivative thereof is determined, and c) the anti-angiogenic capacity of the potential interactor is determined.
  • TBK-1 or the corresponding gene are provided e.g. in an assay system and brought directly or indirectly into contact with a test compound, in particular a biochemical or chemical test compound. Then, the influence of the test compound on TBK-1 or the corresponding gene is measured or detected by measuring whether the TBK-1 phenotype is reversed by addition of the potential inhibitor. Thereafter, suitable inhibitors can be analyzed and/or isolated. For the screening of compound libraries, the use of high-throughput assays are preferred which are known to the skilled person or which are commercially available.
  • Suitable assays may be based on the gene expression of TBK-1 or on the physiological activity of TBK-1, i.e. the angiogenic properties.
  • the following assay may be used for the identification of an inhibitor of the invention:
  • the anti-angiogenic capacity is measured by measuring the inhibition of VEGF production.
  • the potential interactor is provided in the form of a chemical compound library.
  • chemical compound library refers to a plurality of chemical compounds that have been assembled from any of multiple sources, including chemically synthesized molecules and natural products, or that have been generated by combinatorial chemistry techniques.
  • the chemical compound library consists of a group of molecules or substances that bind to the ATP binding site of the kinase domain of TBK-1.
  • the method of the invention is carried out on an array.
  • Methods for preparing such arrays using solid phase chemistry and photolabile protecting groups are disclosed, for example, in US 5,744,305. These arrays can also be brought into contact with test compound or compound libraries and tested for interaction, for example binding or changing conformation.
  • the method is carried out in form of a high-through put screening system.
  • the screening method is automated and miniaturized, in particular it uses miniaturized wells and microfluidics controlled by a robot.
  • Figure 1 indicates proliferation of HUVEC following transfer of supernatants from transfected HEK 293 cells.
  • the relative fluorescence units (RFU) are given as mean value from six independent experiments.
  • Vector represents the negative control resulting from fransfection of the cloning vector pCMV6-XL into HEK 293 cells and measurement of Alamar Blue to determine background proliferative effect of the supernatant derived from HEK 293 cells.
  • VEGF was derived from the same clone collection to ensure compatibility and comparibility of expression systems.
  • Figure 2 indicates proliferation of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) following transfer of supernatants from transfected HEK 293 cells.
  • the relative fluorescence units (RFU) are given as mean value from three independent experiments.
  • Vector represents the negative control resulting from transfection of the cloning vector pCMV6-XL into HEK 293 cells and measurement of Alamar Blue to determine background proliferative effect of the supernatant derived from HEK 293 cells.
  • FGF-2 was derived from the same clone collection to ensure compatibility of expression systems. The figure demonstrates that TBK-1 was unable to stimulate NHDF proliferation to levels above empty vector controls.
  • Figure 3 indicates proliferation of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) following transfer of supernatants from transfected HEK 293 cells.
  • the relative fluorescence units (RFU) are given as mean value from three independent experiments.
  • Vector represents the negative control resulting from fransfection of the cloning vector pCMV6-XL into HEK 293 cells and measurement of Alamar Blue to determine background proliferative effect of the supernatant derived from HEK 293 cells.
  • VEGF was derived from the same clone collection to ensure compatibility of expression systems.
  • the figure demonstrates that TBK-1 was able to stimulate HMVEC proliferation to levels above empty vector controls
  • Figure 4 describes that HEK 293 cells transfected with TBK-1 produce VEGF.
  • the OD values at 492nm are given as mean value from three independent VEGF-ELISA experiments.
  • Figure 5 indicates induced expression of TBK-1 in HEK 293 cells under hypoxic conditions simulated by incubation with CoCl 2 .
  • TBK-1 levels are presented relative to expression levels of G6PDH.
  • Figure 6 shows the correlation between TBK-1 and VEGF expression in normal colon tissue compared to colon cancer tissue.
  • Total RNA from colon tissue was transcribed into cDNA and relative expression of TBK-1 and VEGF versus G6PDH was calculated after quantitative real-time PCR.
  • a correlation between TBK-1 and VEGF expression in normal colon tissue can be shown. Correlation is also seen in colon cancer tissue, however less pronounced.
  • Figure 7a shows the effect of TBK-1 RNAi on the expression of TBK-1 mRNA.
  • the RNAi molecule reduces the expression of TBK-1 by more that 85%.
  • TBK-1 knock down was verified by analysing relative expression levels of TBK-1 by quantitative RT-PCR compared to expression levels of G6PDH.
  • Figure 7b shows the effect of RNAi-mediated TBK-1 inhibition on hypoxia-induced expression of VEGF in HEK293 cells.
  • VEGF-expression levels were determined by analysing relative expression by quantitative RT-PCR compared to expression levels of G6PDH..
  • FIG. 8 Expression of TBK-1 in breast cancer vs. normal breast tissue Staining for TBK-1 protein was strongly positive in the breast cancer tissue sample compared to normal tissue were staining was basically negative. Staining was performed as described above. The expression in tumor tissue was observed predominantly in the malignant cells.
  • glandular cells In the normal tissue, glandular cells just display the (blue) conterstain, while the cancerous cells are detected by the specific antibody stain (left).
  • Figure 9 Expression of TBK-1 in tumor vs normal tissue by quantitative RT-PCR Total RNA from colon, lung, prostate and breast tissue was transcribed into cDNA and relative expression of TBK-1 versus 18SrRNA was calculated after quantitative real-time
  • Absolute expression levels have been analysed by quantitative real-time PCR for a panel of cDNAs from mammary gland and ovary tissue. Overexpression of TBK-1 was observed in most colon, lung, prostate and breast cancer compared to normal tissue.
  • Figure 10 Induction of Rantes by TBK-1
  • Total RNA from HEK293 cells fransfected with TBK-1 or vector control was transcribed into cDNA and relative expression of Rantes versus G6PDH was calculated after quantitative real-time PCR. Indicated is the relative induction of Rantes by TBK-1 compared to empty vector. Induction of Rantes was observed by overexpression of TBK-1 in HEK293 cells.
  • Figure 11 Specific inhibition of TBK-1 induced activity by low molecular compounds
  • Figure 11 shows inhibition of TBK-1 (assay 1) and TICAM (assay 2) induced proliferative activity of supernatants on HUVEC cells by indicated compounds.
  • VEGF served as non-target control.
  • Figure 12 shows the dose dependent inhibition of TBK-1 with the compound PLX002- Al 0.
  • PLX002-A10 showed a dose dependent inhibition of TBK- 1 and TICAM induced activity.
  • Plasmid DNAs were prepared on Xantos' proprietary high-throughput robot assembly according to standard Xantos protocols (see WO 03/014346).
  • 2.2xl0 4 293 HEK cells were seeded in 96- well tissue culture plates (Costar) in lOO ⁇ l DMEM medium containing 5% FCS (Invifrogen).
  • Transfection of ca. 10000 cDNAs from a clone collection (Human Full-Length Clone Collection", OriGene Technologies hie, Rockville, MD, U.S.A.) on 293 cells was performed 24hrs post seeding using calcium phosphate co- precipitation.
  • Precipitates were removed after 4 hours and cells were switched to nutrient deficient DMEM (DMEM, 1.5%FCS, 1% Na-pyruvate, 1% Glutamine, lOO ⁇ g/ml gentamycin, 0.5 ⁇ g/ml amphotericin B).
  • DMEM fetal calf serum
  • Glutamine lOO ⁇ g/ml gentamycin
  • 0.5 ⁇ g/ml amphotericin B Human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured in ECGM with supplements (Promocell Heidelberg, single quots) containing 1 % serum, 50 ⁇ g/ml gentamycin, 0.4 ⁇ g/ml amphotericin B and 50U/ml nystatin.
  • HUVECS were plated at 2.5 x 10 3 cells /well on day 3.
  • HUVECS nutrient deficient medium
  • ECBM nutrient deficient medium
  • 50 ⁇ g/ml gentamycin 50 ⁇ g/ml gentamycin
  • 0.4 ⁇ g/ml amphotericin B and 50U/ml nystatin was added following 25 ⁇ l of supernatants from the fransfected 293 cells.
  • Supernatants were incubated for 4 days on HUVEC cells. Read-out was performed using Alamar Blue (Biosource, California USA).
  • Alamar Blue reagent For each well of a 96well plate, 1 l ⁇ l of Alamar Blue reagent were mixed with 9 ⁇ l of ECBM and the resulting 20 ⁇ l were added directly to the HUVEC cells without removal of medium. Incubation was performed at 37°C for 4 hours. Alamar Blue fluorescence was measured at 530nm excitation and 590nm emission.
  • TANK-binding kinase 1 TK-1
  • TBK-1 and controls were transfected into HEK293 cells and supernatants were transferred onto HUVEC as described for the screen above except that all manipulations were carried out manually.
  • Figure 1 shows the proliferation-inducing activity of TBK-1 in comparison to VEGF.
  • NHDF normal human dermal fibroblasts
  • Figure 2 demonstrates that TBK- 1 was unable to stimulate NHDF proliferation to levels above empty vector controls. However, the cells were clearly responsive to supernatants containing FGF-2. These results demonstrate that TBK-1 acts specifically on endothelial, but not fibroblast cells.
  • HMVECS human microvascular endothelial cells
  • Katharinen containing, 2% FBS, l ⁇ g/ml hydrocortisol, 50 ⁇ g/ml gentamycin and 0.4 ⁇ g/ml amphotericin B was added following 25 ⁇ l of supernatants from the transfected 293 cells. Supernatants were incubated for 5 days on HMVEC cells. Read-out was performed using Alamar Blue (Biosource, California USA). For each well of a 96well plate, ll ⁇ l of Alamar Blue reagent were mixed with 9 ⁇ l of EBM and the resulting 20 ⁇ l were added directly to the HMVEC cells without removal of medium. Incubation was performed at 37°C for 4 hours. Alamar Blue fluorescence was measured at 530nm excitation and 590nm emission. Figure 3 demonstrates that TBK-1 was able to stimulate HMVEC proliferation to levels above empty vector controls.
  • TBK-1 proliferation-inducing activity of TBK-1 is specific on endothelial cells (HUVEC and HMVEC) and not on fibroblast cells (NHDF).
  • VEGF was measured in an ELISA specific for detection of hVEGF. 2xl0 4 HEK 293 cells were fransfected in parallel with 0.28 ⁇ g of the indicated cDNAs (see Fig. 1) and grown in serum reduced culture medium (1.5% FCS). Concentration of hVEGF in the supernatant was determined 48h after fransfection according to the manufacturers protocol (PromoKine - Human VEGF ELISA Kit, PromoCell GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). The empty vector pCMVSport ⁇ was used as negative control. As positive control cells were transfected with an expression plasmid for hVEGF. Shown in figure 4 are means of 3 independent experiments which revealed that TBK-1 expression leads to the expression of VEGF.
  • the induction of hVEGF by TBK-1 is significantly higher compared to the vector confrol ( ⁇ 3 fold).
  • concentration of hVEGF in supernatants of TBK-1 transfected cells is similar to cells transfected with the expression plasmid for hVEGF.
  • Example 3 Increased expression of TBK-1 in HEK 293 cells under hypoxic conditions
  • VEGF expression takes place under hypoxic conditions.
  • hypoxia we measured the expression levels of TBK-1 in RNAs and cDNAs from HEK 293 cells either untreated or incubated with medium containing 50mM CoCl 2 for 24 hours. Expression levels were analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. Incubation with CoCl 2 is an accepted model for chemical induction of hypoxic conditions in cells.
  • cDNA was synthesized from 1 ⁇ g of total RNA in a volume of 20 ⁇ l using random hexamers as primer and AMV ReverseTranscriptase (Roche Diagnostics).
  • Real-time PCR was carried out using a LightCycler (Roche Diagnostics). Reactions were set up in microcapillary tubes using the following final concentrations: 0.5 ⁇ M each of TBK-1 sense (TTG AAG AGG AGA CAA CAA CAA GA) and TBK-1 antisense (CAT TCC ACC CAC CAC ATC T) primers, 3 mM MgCl 2 , lx SYBR Greenmaster mix and 2 ⁇ l ofcDNA.
  • TBK-1 sense TTG AAG AGG AGA CAA CAA CAA GA
  • TBK-1 antisense CAT TCC ACC CAC CAC ATC T
  • Cycling conditions for TBK-1 were as follows: denaturation (95° C for 10 min), amplification and quantitation (95°C for 10 s, 58°C for 10 s and 72°C for 13 s, with a single fluorescence measurement at the end of the 72°C for 13 s segment) repeated 45 times.
  • a melting curve program 55-95°C with a heating rate of 0.1 ° C/s and continuous fluorescence measurement
  • a cooling step to 40°C followed.
  • Example 4 Expression of TBK-1 in colon cancer versus normal tissues compared to VEGF.
  • RNAs and cDNAs from human colon were analysed by quantitative real-time PCR.
  • cDNA was synthesized from 1 ⁇ g of total RNA in a volume of 20 ⁇ l using oligo (dT) 12 as primer and AMV ReverseTranscriptase (Roche Diagnostics).
  • Real-time PCR was carried out using a LightCycler (Roche Diagnostics).
  • Reactions were set up in microcapillary tubes using the following final concentrations: 0.5 ⁇ M each of VEGF sense (CTT GCC TTG CTG CTC TAG CT) and VEGF antisense (GAT TCT GCC CTC CTC CTT CT) primers, 3 mM MgCl 2 , lx SYBR Greenmaster mix and 2 ⁇ l of cDNA.
  • CCT GCC TTG CTG CTC TAG CT VEGF sense
  • GAT TCT GCC CTC CTC CTT CT VEGF antisense
  • Cycling conditions for VEGF were as follows: denaturation (95° C for 10 min), amplification and quantitation(95°C for 10 s, 58°C for 10 s and 72°C for 13 s, with a single fluorescence measurement at the end of the 72°C for 13 s segment) repeated 45 times.
  • a melting curve program 55-95°C with a heating rate of 0.1 ° C/s and continuous fluorescence measurement
  • a cooling step to 40°C followed. Cycling conditions for TBK-1 were identical.
  • Example 5 Inhibition of VEGF expression under hypoxic conditions by RNAi against TBK-1
  • RNAi to inhibit gene expression and function is a principle that is well known to experts in the field (Elbashir, S. M. et al. (2001) Genes Dev.,15, 188 or Elbashir, S. M. et al. (2001) Nature, 411, 494).
  • HEK 293 cells were transfected with double stranded RNAi oligos specific for TBK-1 using siPORT Amine according to the manufacture's protocol (Ambion Europe LTD, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom). Reactions were set up using the following final concentration: lOOnM each of pre-annealed siTBK-1 sense (GGA GAC AAC AAC AAG ACA Utt) (Seq ID No 3) and siTBK-1 antisense (AUG UCU UGU UGU UGU CUC Ctc) (Seq ID No 4) primers. 24 hours after transfection cells were incubated with culture medium containing 50mM CoCl 2 as described in example 3. Under these conditions, increased expression of VEGF is observed and can be detected via VEGF ELISA (as shown in example 3).
  • RNAi molecule Regarding inhibition of TBK-1 expression, relative expression levels of TBK-1 mRNAs were analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. Conditions for QPCR were identical to those described in example 3. Expression levels for VEGF mRNA were analyzed as described in example 4 with the exception that cDNA was synthesized using random hexamers as primers. The result of this experiment, shown in fig 7a, shows that the TBK-1 specific RNAi molecule inhibits the expression of TBK-1 by more that 85%.
  • RNAi molecule The effect of application of this RNAi molecule was then analyzed in HEK 293 cells which were set under CoCl 2 induced hypoxia, as described in example 3. Without TBK-1 RNAi inhibition these cells express significantly increased amounts of VEGF mRNA under CoCl 2 exposure. Application of TBK-1 RNAi under identical conditions significantly reduces the induction of VEGF mRNA under hypoxia. These data are presented in fig 7b. Thus, inhibition of TBK-1 can be utilized to reduce the expression levels of VEGF and to counteract hypoxia induced expression of VEGF.
  • Example 6 Increased expression of TBK-1 in tumor tissue
  • tissue samples of patients normal and tumor tissue
  • IHC immunohistochemisfry
  • QPCR quantitative real-time PCR
  • Table 1 shows expression of TBK-1 in different solid tumors and corresponding normal tissues.
  • Figure 8 shows increased expression of TBK-1 in breast tumor compared to adjent normal tissue analysed by IHC as an example.
  • Figure 9 shows increased expression of TBK-1 in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue analysed by QPCR.
  • Table 1 Expression of TBK-1 in different normal and tumor tissue
  • Indicated tissue samples were either stained for TBK-1 protein by immunohistochemisfry using anti-TBK-1 antibody (Calbiochem) or were analysed for TBK-1 RNA expression by QPCR.
  • QPCR was performed as described in example 3. Immunostaining (Applied Phenomics, Estonia) was performed on whole body tissue arrays (core diameter 0.6 and 1.5 mm, paraformaldehyde fixed and paraffin-embedded material). Manual immunostaining using DAKO secondary reagents (DAKO Duet HRP kit) was performed using standard citrate / microwave pre-freatment. Unspecific binding of secondary reagents was prevented by biotin blocking. The results were be evaluated by experts in immunohistochemisfry and a pathologist.
  • Normal tissue tested by IHC showed some positivity for adrenal gland, pancreas, testis, thyroid, bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, salivary gland, liver, stomach, small intestine, kidney, oviduct, prostate, skin and lymph node and negative for brain, peripheral nerve, lung, myocard, aorta, vena cava, esophagus, colon, bladder, uteras, cervix, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
  • Figure 9 shows the results of TBK-1 expression level in normal tissue and cancer samples via QPCR.
  • expression levels of TBK-1 in RNAs and cDNAs from human colon (normal and cancer), lung (normal and cancer), prostate (normal and cancer) and breast (normal and cancer) were analysed by quantitative real-time PCR.
  • cDNA was synthesized from 1 ⁇ g of total RNA in a volume of 20 ⁇ l using random hexamers as primer and AMV ReverseTranscriptase (Roche Diagnostics).
  • Real-time PCR was carried out using a LightCycler (Roche Diagnostics) as described in example 3. For relative quantification the procedure was repeated for 18S rRNA as reference gene. Data were analyzed using LightCycler analysis software.
  • Example 7 TBK-1 expression induces pro-angiogenic factors
  • HEK 293 cells fransfected with TBK-1 in comparison to cells fransfected with vector as control were performed to analyse whether additional pro- angiogenic factors are induced by TBK-1. Therefore total RNA from transfected cells was analysed using Affymefrix Chip analysis. Besides several small inducible cytokines the known proliferative protein Rantes was induced by TBK-1. To verify this observation expression of Rantes was analysed in HEK293 cells transfected with TBK-1 using quantitative real-time PCR. For these experiments cDNA was synthesized from 1 ⁇ g of total RNA in a volume of 20 ⁇ l using-random hexamers as primer and AMV ReverseTranscriptase (Roche Diagnostics).
  • Real-time PCR was carried out using a LightCycler (Roche Diagnostics).
  • a LightCycler Roche Diagnostics
  • For analysis of Rantes reactions were set up in microcapillary tubes using the following final concentrations: 1 ⁇ M each of Rantes sense (CGC TGT CAT CCT CAT TGC TA) and Rantes antisense (GCA CTT GCC ACT GGT GTA GA) primers, 2.5 ⁇ M MgCl 2 , lx SYBR Greenmaster mix and 0,2 ⁇ l of cDNA.
  • Cycling conditions were as follows: denaturation (95° C for 10 min), amplification and quantitation(95°C for 10 s, 55°C for 10 s and 72°C for 13 s, with a single fluorescence measurement at the end of the 72°C for 13 s segment) repeated 45 times.
  • a melting curve program 55-95°C with a heating rate of 0.1 ° C/s and continuous fluorescence measurement
  • a cooling step to 40° C followed.
  • Example 8 Inhibition of TBK-1 activity by chemical compounds
  • the screen for low molecular compounds inhibiting TBK-1 induced active was perfomied with the screening assay described in example 1 supplemented by addition of individual compounds to the transfected producer cells HEK293 (see figure 11).
  • HEK293 cells were transfected with an expression plasmid for TBK-1, Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain (TIR)-containing adaptor molecule- 1 (TICAM- 1, an upstream activator of TBK-1) or VEGF as control. 4 hours after transfection compounds were added at a final concentration of 25 ⁇ M. 48 hours after transfection supernatants were transferred to HUVEC cells. Proliferation of HUVEC cells was measured after 5 days using the Alamar Blue Assay as read out.
  • TIR Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain
  • FIG. 11 Examples of the results of these analyses are shown in figure 11: inhibition of TBK-1 (assay 1) and TICAM- 1 (assay 2) induced proliferative activity of supernatants on HUVEC cells by indicated compounds. VEGF served as non-target control.
  • Figure 12 shows the dose dependent inhibition of TBK-1 with the compound PLX002-A10 as an example. As expected for a compound which acts specifically a dose dependent reduction of the signals was observed.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un nouveau facteur angiogénique, TBK-1, ainsi que des inhibiteurs de celui-ci. L'invention concerne également l'usage de ce facteur et de ces inhibiteurs dans des compositions pharmaceutiques ou diagnostiques.
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US6605456B1 (en) * 1998-08-04 2003-08-12 Immunex Corporation Nucleic acids encoding IKR-2, a protein kinase related to the I kappa B kinases
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