EP1667798A1 - Assembly of an electrodynamic fractionating unit - Google Patents

Assembly of an electrodynamic fractionating unit

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Publication number
EP1667798A1
EP1667798A1 EP04764185A EP04764185A EP1667798A1 EP 1667798 A1 EP1667798 A1 EP 1667798A1 EP 04764185 A EP04764185 A EP 04764185A EP 04764185 A EP04764185 A EP 04764185A EP 1667798 A1 EP1667798 A1 EP 1667798A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
energy store
electrode
reaction vessel
structure according
encapsulation
Prior art date
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Granted
Application number
EP04764185A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1667798B1 (en
Inventor
Peter HOPPÉ
Harald Giese
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Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie KIT
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Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH
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Publication of EP1667798A1 publication Critical patent/EP1667798A1/en
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C19/00—Other disintegrating devices or methods
    • B02C19/18—Use of auxiliary physical effects, e.g. ultrasonics, irradiation, for disintegrating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C19/00—Other disintegrating devices or methods
    • B02C19/18—Use of auxiliary physical effects, e.g. ultrasonics, irradiation, for disintegrating
    • B02C2019/183—Crushing by discharge of high electrical energy

Definitions

  • FRANKA electrodynamic fractionation system
  • the energy store i.e. the unit for generating an HV pulse, often or mostly the Marx generator known from high-voltage pulse technology, and the application-specific reaction / process vessel filled with a process liquid, into which the bare end area of a high-voltage electrode connected to the energy store is completely immersed. Opposite it is the electrode at reference potential, usually the bottom of the reaction vessel, which functions as a ground electrode, in a suitable embodiment. If the amplitude of the high-voltage pulse at the high-voltage electrode reaches a sufficiently high value, an electrical flashover takes place from the high-voltage to the earth electrode.
  • the flashover occurs due to the material to be fragmented, which is positioned between the electrodes, and is therefore highly effective. Flashes only through the process liquid create shock waves in it, which are not very effective.
  • the electrical circuit consists of the energy store C of the high-voltage electrode connected to it, the space between the high-voltage electrode and the bottom of the reaction vessel and the return line from the bottom of the vessel to the energy store.
  • This circuit includes the capacitive, ohmic and inductive components C, R and L, which influence the shape of the high-voltage pulse (see FIG. 6), that is to say both the rate of increase and the further temporal course of the discharge current and thus the pulse power coupled into the load and, consequently, the efficiency of the discharge with regard to the material fragmentation.
  • the ohmic resistance R of this temporarily existing circuit the amount of electrical energy Ri 2 is converted into heat during the time of the discharge current pulse. This amount of energy is therefore no longer available for the actual fractionation.
  • This circuit represents a conductor loop through which very large currents, approximately 2 - 5 kA, flow through over a very short period of time.
  • Such a structure generates intensive electromagnetic radiation, ie it represents a radio transmitter with high radiation power, and must be shielded with technical effort to avoid interference in the technical environment.
  • such a system must be shielded by protective devices in such a way that it is not possible to touch the live components during operation. This quickly leads to an extensive protective structure beyond the actual useful structure.
  • the invention is based on the object of constructing a FRANKA system in its circuit during the high-voltage pulse in such a way that both the inductance and the ohmic resistance of the discharge circuit are kept to a minimum and at the same time the technical outlay for shielding against electromagnetic radiation and for Ensuring touch security remains limited to a minimum of effort.
  • the object is achieved by designing the fractionation system in accordance with the characterizing features of claim 1.
  • the energy storage device and its output switch usually usually a spark gap operated or triggered in self-breakthrough
  • the electrodes together with the supply line and the reaction vessel are completely in a volume with an electrically conductive wall, the encapsulation, while maintaining the electrical insulation distance from areas with different electrical potentials.
  • the volume between the encapsulation and the assemblies built into it is kept to a minimum, thus reducing the inductance of the system to the inevitable minimum.
  • the wall thickness is at least equal to the penetration depth of the lowest component of the Fourier spectrum of the pulsed electromagnetic field, and is therefore largely determined by it.
  • the mechanical strength requires a minimum wall thickness. The necessary larger wall thickness from one or the other of the two conditions is taken into account during construction.
  • the electrode is connected to the ground side of the energy store at the reference potential via the capsule wall.
  • the rest of the electricity through the energy The energy storage and the components that are temporarily at high voltage potential are central to the encapsulation.
  • This encapsulated structure allows an electrophysical and operationally advantageous structure, the features of which are further specified in subclaims 2 to 9.
  • the capsule wall has a removable area for stacking (baking) operation or an access for continuous introduction (claim 3).
  • the capsule should be opened in sections anyway for repair work.
  • At least one outwardly directed tubular connector made of conductive material for the loading and at least one other for the removal are attached. Because of the electrical shielding to the outside, these are dimensioned in the long and clear width in such a way that at least the powerful high-frequency components in the spectrum of the electromagnetic field generated by the high-voltage pulse do not escape through these nozzles or in these nozzles up to the opening m the environment at least to that to be weakened by law.
  • the energy store and the reaction vessel are spatially separated from one another in the encapsulation. According to claim 4 sits in one inner end wall region of the energy store and in the other end wall region the reaction vessel or is formed therefrom.
  • the encapsulation is a closed tubular structure and has a polygonal or round cross section according to claim 5.
  • the encapsulation can be both stretched or angled at least once.
  • the shape is structurally determined by the installation project.
  • the simplest form is the straight one. Consequently, the electrode located at reference potential is centered in the end wall of the reaction vessel and the high-voltage electrode is centered at a distance from one another (claim 6).
  • the high voltage electrode is connected directly to the output switch of the energy store. In the case of a Marx generator as an energy store, this output switch is the output spark gap. In this way, the form of the encapsulation results in the electrically inexpensive and insulation technology-appropriate coaxial structure, with which the requirement of the encapsulation and thus the smallest inductance typical of the system is met.
  • the electrical energy store including the output switch is located in relation to the reaction vessel in the encapsulation spatially above or at the same height or spatially below.
  • the electrode is at reference potential, usually ground electrode, central part of the front or sieve bottom or ring or rod electrode.
  • the energy store is separated from the reaction vessel by a protective wall, so that the reaction space is separated from the area of the energy store in a liquid-tight manner.
  • the high-voltage pulse between the high-voltage electrode and the bottom of the reaction vessel, or the current from one electrode to the other, converts the electrical energy introduced into different energy components of a different type, including simply also in mechanical energy, ultimately mechanical waves / shock waves.
  • the high-voltage electrode is encased in an electrically insulated manner in its jacket area up to the end area, with this end area protruding completely into the process fluid.
  • the completely shielded structure of the energy storage or pulse generator and process reactor in a common electrical rically conductive housing has several advantages over the conventional, open way of construction:
  • the inductance of the discharge circuit is or can be reduced to the inevitable minimum
  • the depth of penetration into the inner wall is less than 1 mm.
  • the wall thickness of the encapsulation on the one hand necessarily takes into account the lowest frequency of the Fourier spectrum from the electrical discharge due to the depth of penetration (skin effect) and the necessary mechanical strength due to the shape retention of the system. The higher minimum requirement of the wall thickness dominates for one of the two reasons. This means that no electrical voltages can occur on the outer surface of the encapsulation, which eliminates the need for contact protection, or its structure can be kept to a minimum. Electromagnetic radiation to the outside cannot occur either.
  • the coaxial system is compact, manageable and accessible for measurement and control purposes.
  • the electrical charger for the energy storage does not have to be shielded. Its feed line can be routed through the bushing to the energy store in the upper interior of the housing without problems, possibly through a coaxial cable whose outer conductor contacts the housing.
  • FIG. 1 shows the coaxially constructed FRANKA system
  • FIG. 2 sketch of the FRANKA system with partition
  • FIG. 3 sketch of the FRANKA system for continuous operation
  • FIG. 4 sketch of the FRANKA system with U-shaped encapsulation
  • Figure 5 Sketch of the FRANKA system with reaction vessel at the top
  • Figure 6 shows the conventional FRANKA system.
  • the coaxially constructed FRANKA system is shown schematically in axial section.
  • the continuous or discontinuous mode of operation is not respected here, here the electrical structure is in the foreground.
  • the electrical charger for charging the electrical energy store 3 is also not indicated. From an electrical point of view, the coaxial structure is the most advantageous. A deviation from this would only be made due to design constraints.
  • the high-voltage pulse generator consists of the electrical memory C, schematized as a capacitor, and the inductance L and the ohmic resistor R in series.
  • the high-voltage electrode 5 follows. From its electrical connection to the resistor R, it is electrically isolated from the end region to the surroundings by a dielectric jacket. It bends with its bare end region 4 in the process / reaction volume indicated by a lightning symbol and has a predetermined, adjustable distance from the bottom of the process / reaction vessel 3, which forms the lower part of the coaxial, hollow cylindrical housing 6.
  • the current flow during the high-voltage discharge takes place in the components along the axis of the hollow cylindrical housing 6, flows in at least one discharge channel in the process volume to the bottom of the reaction vessel 3 and then via the housing wall 6 back into the energy store / capacitor 1.
  • the housing 6 is at the reference potential "Earth" connected.
  • the inductance L and the resistance R represent the system inductance and the system resistance
  • C indicates the electrical capacitance and thus the available storage energy via the charging voltage
  • FIG. 6 shows a FRANKA system schematically in a conventional design, as it is and is simply constructed for many laboratory work. Coaxial variants of a FRANKA system are outlined in FIGS. 2 to 5:
  • FIG. 2 shows how the energy store 1 is separated from the reactor area 3 by a partition in the area of the high-voltage electrode 5. This should be installed in particular if there is splashing liquid due to the discharge process.
  • Figure 3 shows two openings in the encapsulation 6, one in the jacket area for filling in the reaction vessel 3, the second from the reaction vessel 3, for example through the bottom. This constructional measure enables continuous operation with loading and unloading.
  • FIG. 4 shows the U-shaped encapsulation 3. This type of construction could be preferred in the case of large systems due to the weights and manageability.
  • FIG. 5 outlines a design turned upside down, the reaction vessel 3 sits above the energy store 1.
  • Such a design could offer itself in the case of gaseous or very light, whirled up process substances.
  • FIG. 6 shows the structure of conventional FRANKA systems, which as a fully functioning system are additionally encapsulated by a wall for shielding and as protection against contact.
  • the large electrical loop is not minimized.
  • a pulse it acts as a strong transmitting antenna. For this reason, shielding is regulated by law in industrial use. LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

Abstract

The fractionation plant has an electrical energy store coupled on the output side to 2 electrodes, respectively held at a reference potential and supplied with a pulsed HV under control of an output switch, the electrode ends held at a given relative within a reaction vessel containing a process fluid in which the process material is immersed, so that a reaction zone is provided between them. The electrical energy store, the electrodes and the electrode leads and the reaction vessel are fully enclosed by an electrically-conductive housing connected to earth, the wall thickness of the housing matched to the penetration depth corresponding to lowest component of the Fourier spectrum of the pulsed electromagnetic field.

Description

Aufbau einer elektrodynamischen FraktionieranlageConstruction of an electrodynamic fractionation system
Die Erfindung betrifft den Aufbau einer elektrodynamischen Fraktionieranlage (FRANKA = Fraktionieranlage Karlsruhe) zum Fragmentieren, Mahlen oder Suspendieren eines spröden, mineralischen Prozessguts.The invention relates to the construction of an electrodynamic fractionation system (FRANKA = fractionation system Karlsruhe) for fragmenting, grinding or suspending a brittle, mineral process material.
Alle bisher bekannten gewordenen Anlagen, die mittels leistungsstarker Hochspannungsentladungen, insbesondere dem elektrodynamischen Verfahren, zur Fragmentierung, zum Abtragen, zum Bohren oder zu ahnlichen Zwecken für die Bearbeitung von mineralischen Materialien entwickelt wurden, bestehen aus den folgenden beiden Hauptkomponenten :All systems that have become known so far and that were developed by means of powerful high-voltage discharges, in particular the electrodynamic process, for fragmentation, removal, drilling or for similar purposes for the processing of mineral materials, consist of the following two main components:
Dem Energiespeicher, also der Einheit zur Erzeugung eines HV- Impulses, häufig oder meist der aus der Hochspannungsimpulstechnik bekannte Marx-Generator, und dem anwendungsspezifischen, mit einer Prozessflussigkeit angefüllten Reaktions-/Prozessgefaß, in das der blank liegende Endbereich einer mit dem Energiespeicher verbundenen Hochspannungselektrode völlig eingetaucht ist. Ihr gegenüber befindet sich die Elektrode auf Bezugspotential, meist der als Erdelektrode fungierende Boden des Reaktionsgefaßes in zweckmäßiger Ausgestaltung. Erreicht die Amplitude des Hochspannungspulses an der Hochspannungselektrode einen ausreichend hohen Wert, so erfolgt ein elektrischer Überschlag von der Hochspannungs- zur Erdelektrode. Abhangig von den geometrischen Gegebenheiten und der Form, insbesondere der Anstiegszeit des Hochspannungsimpulses, erfolgt der Überschlag durch das zwischen den Elektroden positionierte, zu fragmentierende Material und ist damit hoch wirksam. Überschläge nur durch die Prozessflüssigkeit erzeugen allenfalls Schockwellen darin, die wenig wirksam sind.The energy store, i.e. the unit for generating an HV pulse, often or mostly the Marx generator known from high-voltage pulse technology, and the application-specific reaction / process vessel filled with a process liquid, into which the bare end area of a high-voltage electrode connected to the energy store is completely immersed. Opposite it is the electrode at reference potential, usually the bottom of the reaction vessel, which functions as a ground electrode, in a suitable embodiment. If the amplitude of the high-voltage pulse at the high-voltage electrode reaches a sufficiently high value, an electrical flashover takes place from the high-voltage to the earth electrode. Depending on the geometric conditions and the shape, in particular the rise time of the high-voltage pulse, the flashover occurs due to the material to be fragmented, which is positioned between the electrodes, and is therefore highly effective. Flashes only through the process liquid create shock waves in it, which are not very effective.
Der elektrische Stromkreis besteht wahrend des Hochspannungsimpulses aus dem Energiespeicher C der daran angeschlossenen Hochspannungselektrode, dem Zwischenraum zwischen Hochspannungselektrode und Boden des Reaktionsgefaßes und der Rückleitung vom Gefäßboden zum Energiespeicher. Dieser Stromkreis beinhaltet die kapazitive, ohmsche und induktive Komponenten C, R und L, welche die Form des Hochspannungsimpulses beeinflussen (siehe Figur 6), d.h. sowohl die Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit als auch den weiteren zeitlichen Verlauf des Entladungsstroms und damit die in die Last eingekoppelte Pulsleistung und daraus in Folge die Effizienz der Entladung hinsichtlich der Materialfragmentierung. In dem ohmschen Widerstand R dieses vorübergehend existierenden Stromkreises wird wahrend der Zeit des Entladestromimpulses die elektrische Energiemenge Ri2 in Warme umgesetzt. Diese Energiemenge steht damit für die eigentliche Fraktionierung nicht mehr zur Verfugung.During the high-voltage pulse, the electrical circuit consists of the energy store C of the high-voltage electrode connected to it, the space between the high-voltage electrode and the bottom of the reaction vessel and the return line from the bottom of the vessel to the energy store. This circuit includes the capacitive, ohmic and inductive components C, R and L, which influence the shape of the high-voltage pulse (see FIG. 6), that is to say both the rate of increase and the further temporal course of the discharge current and thus the pulse power coupled into the load and, consequently, the efficiency of the discharge with regard to the material fragmentation. In the ohmic resistance R of this temporarily existing circuit, the amount of electrical energy Ri 2 is converted into heat during the time of the discharge current pulse. This amount of energy is therefore no longer available for the actual fractionation.
Dieser Stromkreis repräsentiert eine Leiterschleife, die über einen sehr kurzen Zeitraum von sehr großen Strömen, etwa 2 - 5 kA, durchflössen wird. Ein solches Gebilde erzeugt intensive elektromagnetische Strahlung, stellt also einen Radiosender hoher Abstrahlungsleis- tung dar, und muss zur Vermeidung von Störungen in der technischen Umgebung mit technischem Aufwand abgeschirmt werden. Überhaupt muss eine solche Anlage durch Schutzvorrichtungen derart abgeschirmt werden, dass ein Beruhren der stromführenden Komponenten wahrend des Betriebs nicht möglich ist. Das fuhrt schnell zu einem umfangreichen Schutzaufbau über den eigentlichen Nutzaufbau hinaus.This circuit represents a conductor loop through which very large currents, approximately 2 - 5 kA, flow through over a very short period of time. Such a structure generates intensive electromagnetic radiation, ie it represents a radio transmitter with high radiation power, and must be shielded with technical effort to avoid interference in the technical environment. In general, such a system must be shielded by protective devices in such a way that it is not possible to touch the live components during operation. This quickly leads to an extensive protective structure beyond the actual useful structure.
Alle bis heute bekannten Anlagen, bei denen das elektrodynamische Verfahren eingesetzt wird, haben einen offenen Aufbau, d.h. die Baugruppen einer solchen Anlage sind durch elektrische Leitungen miteinander verbunden (siehe Figur 6) .All systems known to date in which the electrodynamic method is used have an open structure, i.e. the assemblies of such a system are connected to one another by electrical lines (see FIG. 6).
Bei der Fragmentierung von steinigem Gut, wie beispielsweise in der WO 96/26 010 beschrieben, sind Verbindungsleitungen zwischen dem e- lektrischen Energiespeicher und der Funkenstrecke zu sehen, die wahrend des HV-Pulses stromdurchflossene Schleifen bilden. Anlagen zum Abtragen von Material (DE 197 36 027 C2) , zum Bohren in felsigem Gestein (US 6, 164 , 388 ) oder zum Inertisieren (DE 199 02 010 C2) zeigen jeweils einfache elektrische Leitungen zur Hochspannungselektrode . Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine FRANKA-Anlage in ihrem Stromkreis wahrend des Hochspannungsimpulses so aufzubauen, dass sowohl die Induktivität als auch der ohmsche Widerstand des Entladungsstromkreises auf ein Minimalmaß beschrankt bleibt und gleichzeitig der technische Aufwand zur Abschirmung gegen elektromagnetische Ab- strahlung und zur Sicherstellung der Beruhrungssicherheit auf einen minimalen Aufwand beschrankt bleibt.When fragmenting stony material, as described for example in WO 96/26 010, connecting lines between the electrical energy store and the spark gap can be seen, which form loops through which current flows during the HV pulse. Plants for removing material (DE 197 36 027 C2), for drilling in rocky rock (US 6, 164, 388) or for inerting (DE 199 02 010 C2) each show simple electrical lines to the high-voltage electrode. The invention is based on the object of constructing a FRANKA system in its circuit during the high-voltage pulse in such a way that both the inductance and the ohmic resistance of the discharge circuit are kept to a minimum and at the same time the technical outlay for shielding against electromagnetic radiation and for Ensuring touch security remains limited to a minimum of effort.
Die Aufgabe wird durch einen Aufbau der Fraktionieranlage gemäß den kennzeichnenden Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 gelost.The object is achieved by designing the fractionation system in accordance with the characterizing features of claim 1.
Der Energiespeicher samt seinem Ausgangsschalter, letzterer üblicherweise meist eine im Selbstdurchbruch betriebene oder getriggerte Funkenstrecke, die Elektroden samt Zuleitung und das Reaktionsgefaß befinden sich unter Einhaltung des elektrischen Isolationsabstandes zu Bereichen unterschiedlichen elektrischen Potentials vollständig in einem Volumen mit elektrisch leitender Wand, der Kapselung. Das zwischen der Kapselung und den darin eingebauten Baugruppen bestehende Volumen ist minimal gehalten und damit die Induktivität der Anlage auf das unvermeidliche Minimum beschrankt. Diese Beachtung der Elekt- rophysik ermöglicht die anlagentypisch kürzeste Anstiegszeit für den Entladepuls .The energy storage device and its output switch, the latter usually usually a spark gap operated or triggered in self-breakthrough, the electrodes together with the supply line and the reaction vessel are completely in a volume with an electrically conductive wall, the encapsulation, while maintaining the electrical insulation distance from areas with different electrical potentials. The volume between the encapsulation and the assemblies built into it is kept to a minimum, thus reducing the inductance of the system to the inevitable minimum. This attention to electrical physics enables the shortest possible rise time for the discharge pulse, which is typical for the system.
Die Wandstarke ist einerseits mindestens gleich der Eindringtiefe der niedrigsten Komponente des Fourier-Spektrums des gepulsten elektromagnetischen Feldes, wird also davon maßgeblich mitbestimmt. Andrerseits erfordert die mechanische Festigkeit eine Mindestwandstarke . Die notwendig größere Wandstarke aus der einen oder andern der beiden Bedingungen wird beim Bau beachtet.On the one hand, the wall thickness is at least equal to the penetration depth of the lowest component of the Fourier spectrum of the pulsed electromagnetic field, and is therefore largely determined by it. On the other hand, the mechanical strength requires a minimum wall thickness. The necessary larger wall thickness from one or the other of the two conditions is taken into account during construction.
Bei dieser vollständigen Kapselung ist die Elektrode auf Bezugspotential über die Kapselwand mit der Masseseite des Energiespeichers verbunden. Die übrige Stromfuhrung über den Ener- giespeicher und die vorübergehend auf Hochspannungspotential zu liegen kommenden Bauteile ist zur Kapselung zentral.In this complete encapsulation, the electrode is connected to the ground side of the energy store at the reference potential via the capsule wall. The rest of the electricity through the energy The energy storage and the components that are temporarily at high voltage potential are central to the encapsulation.
Dieser gekapselte Aufbau lasst einen elektrophysikalisch und bedienungstechnisch vorteilhaften Aufbau zu, dessen Merkmale in den Unter- anspruchen 2 bis 9 weiter spezifiziert werden.This encapsulated structure allows an electrophysical and operationally advantageous structure, the features of which are further specified in subclaims 2 to 9.
Je nach Betriebsart hat nach Anspruch 2 die Kapselwand einen abnehmbaren Bereich für den Stapel- (Baten-) Betrieb oder einen Zugang für das kontinuierliche Einbringen (Anspruch 3). Für Reparaturarbeiten ist die Kapsel ohnehin abschnittsweise zu offnen.Depending on the operating mode, the capsule wall has a removable area for stacking (baking) operation or an access for continuous introduction (claim 3). The capsule should be opened in sections anyway for repair work.
Nach Anspruch 3 sind für die kontinuierliche Verarbeitung von Fragmentiergut an der Kapselwand mindestens ein nach außen gerichteter rohrartiger Stutzen aus leitendem Material für die Beschickung und mindestens ein weiterer für die Entnahme angebracht. Wegen der elektrischen Abschirmung nach außen sind diese in der Lange und lichten Weite derart dimensioniert, dass zumindest die leistungsstarken hochfrequenten Anteile im Spektrum des durch den Hochspannungsimpuls erzeugten elektromagnetischen Feldes durch diese Stutzen nicht austreten oder in diesen Stutzen bis zur Öffnung m die Umgebung mindestens auf das gesetzlich vorgeschrieben Maß abgeschwächt werden.According to claim 3, for the continuous processing of fragments on the capsule wall at least one outwardly directed tubular connector made of conductive material for the loading and at least one other for the removal are attached. Because of the electrical shielding to the outside, these are dimensioned in the long and clear width in such a way that at least the powerful high-frequency components in the spectrum of the electromagnetic field generated by the high-voltage pulse do not escape through these nozzles or in these nozzles up to the opening m the environment at least to that to be weakened by law.
Der Energiespeicher und das Reaktionsgefaß sind in der Kapselung räumlich voneinander getrennt. Nach Anspruch 4 sitzt in dessen einem inneren Stirnwandbereich der Energiespeicher und in dessen anderen Stirnwandbereich das Reaktionsgefaßes oder wird davon gebildet.The energy store and the reaction vessel are spatially separated from one another in the encapsulation. According to claim 4 sits in one inner end wall region of the energy store and in the other end wall region the reaction vessel or is formed therefrom.
Die Kapselung ist ein abgeschlossenes rohrformiges Gebilde und hat nach Anspruch 5 einen polygonalen oder runden Querschnitt hat. Dabei kann die Kapselung sowohl gestreckt sein aber auch mindestens einmal abgewinkelt. Die Form wird konstruktiv vom Einbauvorhaben bestimmt. Die einfachste Form ist die gestreckte. Konsequenterweise sitzt die auf Bezugspotential liegende Elektrode zentriert in der Stirnwand des Reaktionsgefaßes und die Hochspannungselektrode auf Abstand zentriert gegenüber (Anspruch 6) . Die Hochspannungselektrode ist unmittelbar an den Ausgangsschalter des Energiespeichers angeschlossen. Dieser Ausgangsschalter ist im Falle eines Marx-Generators als Energiespeicher die Ausgangsfunkenstrecke. Damit ergibt sich m jeder Form der Kapselung der elektrisch gunstige und isolationstechnisch zweckmäßige koaxiale Aufbau, mit dem die Forderung der Kapselung und damit der anlagentypisch kleinsten Induktivität erfüllt wird.The encapsulation is a closed tubular structure and has a polygonal or round cross section according to claim 5. The encapsulation can be both stretched or angled at least once. The shape is structurally determined by the installation project. The simplest form is the straight one. Consequently, the electrode located at reference potential is centered in the end wall of the reaction vessel and the high-voltage electrode is centered at a distance from one another (claim 6). The high voltage electrode is connected directly to the output switch of the energy store. In the case of a Marx generator as an energy store, this output switch is the output spark gap. In this way, the form of the encapsulation results in the electrically inexpensive and insulation technology-appropriate coaxial structure, with which the requirement of the encapsulation and thus the smallest inductance typical of the system is met.
In der Aufstellung der Anlage ist man nach Anspruch 7 nicht beschrankt. Der elektrische Energiespeicher samt Ausgangsschalter sitzt m Bezug auf das Reaktionsgefaß in der Kapselung räumlich oberhalb oder auf gleicher Hohe oder räumlich unterhalb.In the installation of the system one is not limited according to claim 7. The electrical energy store including the output switch is located in relation to the reaction vessel in the encapsulation spatially above or at the same height or spatially below.
Je nach Art des zu fragmentierenden Guts ist nach Anspruch 8 die E- lektrode auf Bezugspotential, meist Erdelektrode, zentrischer Teil der Stirn oder Siebboden oder Ring- oder Stabelektrode.Depending on the type of material to be fragmented, the electrode is at reference potential, usually ground electrode, central part of the front or sieve bottom or ring or rod electrode.
Nach Anspruch 9 ist der Energiespeicher vom Reaktionsgefaß durch eine Schutzwand getrennt ist, so dass der Reaktionsraum vom Bereich des Energiespeichers flussigkeitsdicht getrennt ist.According to claim 9, the energy store is separated from the reaction vessel by a protective wall, so that the reaction space is separated from the area of the energy store in a liquid-tight manner.
Der Hochspannungsimpuls zwischen der Hochspannungselektrode und dem Boden des Reaktionsgefaßes, bzw. der Strom von der einen zur andern Elektrode wandelt die eingebrachte elektrische Energie in unterschiedliche Energieanteile anderer Art um, u.a. einfach auch in mechanische Energie, letzten Endes mechanische Wellen/Schockwellen. Die Hochspannungs-elektrode ist in ihrem Mantelbereich bis vor zum Endbereich elektrisch isoliert ummantelt, ragt mit diesem Endbereich in die Prozessflussigkeit völlig hinein.The high-voltage pulse between the high-voltage electrode and the bottom of the reaction vessel, or the current from one electrode to the other, converts the electrical energy introduced into different energy components of a different type, including simply also in mechanical energy, ultimately mechanical waves / shock waves. The high-voltage electrode is encased in an electrically insulated manner in its jacket area up to the end area, with this end area protruding completely into the process fluid.
Der nach außen vollständig abgeschirmte Aufbau von Energiespeicher bzw. Impulsgenerator und Prozessreaktor in einem gemeinsamen elekt- risch leitenden Gehäuse hat mehrere Vorteile gegenüber der herkömmlichen, offenen Weise des Aufbaus:The completely shielded structure of the energy storage or pulse generator and process reactor in a common electrical rically conductive housing has several advantages over the conventional, open way of construction:
die Induktivität des Entladekreises wird bzw. kann auf das unvermeidbare Minimum reduziert;the inductance of the discharge circuit is or can be reduced to the inevitable minimum;
die ohmschen Verluste im Hochspannungsimpulsstromkreis bleiben ebenfalls auf ein unvermeidbares Minimum beschrankt;the ohmic losses in the high-voltage pulse circuit are also kept to an unavoidable minimum;
minimale Induktivität und minimaler ohmscher Widerstand des Impulsstromkreises fuhren zu einer effizienteren Entladung in der Last, d.h. zu einem größeren Energieeintrag in diese. Hinsichtlich der e- lektromagnetischen Abstrahlung sowie der Beruhrungssicherheit hat der gewissermaßen geschlossenen Aufbau der Anlage entscheidende Vorteile. Wahrend der gesamten Zeit des HV-Impulses fließt der Entladestrom ausschließlich im Innenbereich der Anlage. Dies ist für den vom Energiespeicher, umfassender Impulsgenerator, über die Hochspannungs- elektrode und die Last, Reaktionsflussigkeit mit Fraktioniergut, zum Boden des Reaktionsgefaßes fließenden Hinstrom aufgrund der abschirmenden Funktion der elektrisch leitenden Kapselung ohnehin evident.minimal inductance and minimal ohmic resistance of the pulse circuit lead to a more efficient discharge in the load, i.e. to a greater energy input into this. The somewhat closed structure of the system has decisive advantages with regard to electromagnetic radiation and protection against contact. During the entire time of the HV pulse, the discharge current flows exclusively inside the system. This is evident in any case for the outgoing current flowing from the energy store, comprising the pulse generator, via the high-voltage electrode and the load, reaction fluid with fractionation material, to the bottom of the reaction vessel, owing to the shielding function of the electrically conductive encapsulation.
Der Ruckstrom vom Boden des Reaktionsgefaßes zum Energiespeicher fließt auf der Innenwand der hohlzylmdrischen Kapselung, da das durch den kurzzeitig in der Anlage fließenden Entladungsstrom aufgebaute Magnetfeld die Eigenschaft besitzt, die von der Leiterschleife eingeschlossene Flache zu minimieren. Dieser kurzzeitig auf der Innenseite der Anlagenwand fließende Ruckstrom dringt aufgrund des Skineffektes nur bis zu geringer Tiefe, der frequenzabhangigen Eindringtiefe, in das Wandmaterial ein. Die Eindringtiefe ist bekanntermaßen abhangig von der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit des Wandmaterials und von dem im Entladungsstrom auftretenden Frequenzspektrum. Bei den üblichen Anstiegszeiten der Hochspannungspulse von ca. 500 ns, einer charakteristischen Eigenschwingungsdauer des Entladungskreises von ca. 0,5 μs und bei Verwendung von einfachen Stahlen wie Baustahl für die Anlagenwand betragt die Eindringtiefe in die Innenwandung weniger als 1 mm. Die Wandstarke der Kapselung berücksichtigt einerseits zwingend die niedrigste Frequenz des Fourierspektrums aus der elektrischen Entladung wegen der Eindringtiefe (Skineffekt) und die notwendige mechanische Festigkeit wegen der Formerhaltung der Anlage. Die höhere Minimalforderung der Wandstarke aus einem der beiden Grunde dominiert. So können auf der äußeren Oberflache der Kapselung keine elektrischen Spannungen auftreten, dadurch erübrigt sich der Be- ruhrungsschutz, bzw. kann dieser in seinem Aufbau auf ein Minimum beschrankt bleiben. Eine elektromagnetische Abstrahlung nach außen kann ebenfalls nicht auftreten.The reverse current from the bottom of the reaction vessel to the energy store flows on the inner wall of the hollow cylindrical encapsulation, since the magnetic field built up by the discharge current flowing briefly in the system has the property of minimizing the area enclosed by the conductor loop. Due to the skin effect, this briefly flowing backflow flowing on the inside of the system wall only penetrates to a small depth, the frequency-dependent penetration depth, into the wall material. The penetration depth is known to depend on the electrical conductivity of the wall material and on the frequency spectrum occurring in the discharge current. With the usual rise times of the high-voltage pulses of approx. 500 ns, a characteristic natural oscillation period of the discharge circuit of approx. 0.5 μs and when using simple steels such as structural steel for the system wall, the depth of penetration into the inner wall is less than 1 mm. The wall thickness of the encapsulation on the one hand necessarily takes into account the lowest frequency of the Fourier spectrum from the electrical discharge due to the depth of penetration (skin effect) and the necessary mechanical strength due to the shape retention of the system. The higher minimum requirement of the wall thickness dominates for one of the two reasons. This means that no electrical voltages can occur on the outer surface of the encapsulation, which eliminates the need for contact protection, or its structure can be kept to a minimum. Electromagnetic radiation to the outside cannot occur either.
Die koaxial aufgebaute Anlage ist kompakt, handhabbar und mess- und steuerungstechnisch zuganglich. Das elektrische Ladegerat für den E- nergiespeicher muss nicht extra abgeschirmt werden. Seine Zuleitung kann durch Durchfuhrungen unproblematisch an den Energiespeicher im oberen Innern des Gehäuse gefuhrt werden, eventuell durch ein Koaxialkabel, dessen Außenleiter das Gehäuse kontaktiert.The coaxial system is compact, manageable and accessible for measurement and control purposes. The electrical charger for the energy storage does not have to be shielded. Its feed line can be routed through the bushing to the energy store in the upper interior of the housing without problems, possibly through a coaxial cable whose outer conductor contacts the housing.
Die vollständig, metallisch gekapselte Fragmentieranlage wird im folgenden anhand der Zeichnung naher erläutert. Es zeigen: Figur 1 die koaxial aufgebaute FRANKA-Anlage, Figur 2 Skizze der FRANKA-Anlage mit Trennwand, Figur 3 Skizze der FRANKA-Anlage für kontinuierlichen Betrieb, Figur 4 Skizze der FRANKA-Anlage mit u-formiger Kapselung, . Figur 5 Skizze der FRANKA-Anlage mit Reaktionsgefaß oben, Figur 6 die herkömmliche FRANKA-Anlage.The complete, metallic encapsulated fragmentation system is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing. 1 shows the coaxially constructed FRANKA system, FIG. 2 sketch of the FRANKA system with partition, FIG. 3 sketch of the FRANKA system for continuous operation, FIG. 4 sketch of the FRANKA system with U-shaped encapsulation, Figure 5 Sketch of the FRANKA system with reaction vessel at the top, Figure 6 shows the conventional FRANKA system.
In Figur 1 ist die koaxial aufgebaute FRANKA-Anlage im axialen Schnitt schematisch dargestellt. Die kontinuierliche oder diskontinuierliche Betriebsweise ist hier nicht respektiert, hier steht der elektrische Aufbau im Vordergrund. Auch ist das elektrische Ladegerat zum Aufladen des elektrischen Energiespeichers 3 nicht angedeutet. Der koaxiale Aufbau ist, elektrisch gesehen, der vorteilhafteste. Eine Abweichung davon würde nur aus konstruktiven Zwangen vorgenommen werden. Der Hochspannungsimpulsgenerator besteht aus dem elektrischen Speicher C, als Kondensator schematisiert, und der Induktivität L und dem ohmschen Widerstand R in Reihe.In Figure 1, the coaxially constructed FRANKA system is shown schematically in axial section. The continuous or discontinuous mode of operation is not respected here, here the electrical structure is in the foreground. The electrical charger for charging the electrical energy store 3 is also not indicated. From an electrical point of view, the coaxial structure is the most advantageous. A deviation from this would only be made due to design constraints. The high-voltage pulse generator consists of the electrical memory C, schematized as a capacitor, and the inductance L and the ohmic resistor R in series.
Die Hochspannungselektrode 5 schließt sich an. Sie ist von ihrem e- lektrischen Anschluss am Widerstand R her bis in den Endbereich e- lektrisch durch einen dielektrischen Mantel zur Umgebung hin isoliert. Sie mundet mit ihren blanken Endbereich 4 in dem mit einem Blitzsymbol angedeuteten Prozess-/Reaktionsvolumen und hat dort einen vorgegebenen, einstellbaren Abstand zum Boden des Prozess- /Reaktionsgefaß 3, das den unteren Teil des koaxialen, hohlzylindri- schen Gehäuses 6 bildet.The high-voltage electrode 5 follows. From its electrical connection to the resistor R, it is electrically isolated from the end region to the surroundings by a dielectric jacket. It bends with its bare end region 4 in the process / reaction volume indicated by a lightning symbol and has a predetermined, adjustable distance from the bottom of the process / reaction vessel 3, which forms the lower part of the coaxial, hollow cylindrical housing 6.
Der Stromfluss wahrend der Hochspannungsentladung erfolgt in den Baukomponenten entlang der Achse des hohlzylindrischen Gehäuses 6, fließt in mindestens einem Entladungskanal im Prozessvolumen zum Boden des Reaktionsgefaßes 3 und dann über die Gehausewand 6 zurück in den Energiespeicher/Kondensator 1. Das Gehäuse 6 ist an das Bezugspotential „Erde" angeschlossen.The current flow during the high-voltage discharge takes place in the components along the axis of the hollow cylindrical housing 6, flows in at least one discharge channel in the process volume to the bottom of the reaction vessel 3 and then via the housing wall 6 back into the energy store / capacitor 1. The housing 6 is at the reference potential "Earth" connected.
Die Induktivität L und der Widerstand R stehen repräsentativ für die Anlageninduktivitat und den Anlagenwiderstand, C deutet die elektrische Kapazität und damit über die Ladespannung die zur Verfugung stehende Speicherenergie,The inductance L and the resistance R represent the system inductance and the system resistance, C indicates the electrical capacitance and thus the available storage energy via the charging voltage,
1/2 C (nU)2, an, die zu einem möglichst großen Teil im Prozessvolumen umgesetzt werden soll. Im Falle eines Marx-Generators als HV- Impulsgenerator ist dessen mindestens Zweistufigkeit (n = 2), die Einzelkapazität C und die Stufenladespannung U als auch die Stufenanzahl n für die Speicherenergie maßgebend.1/2 C (nU) 2 , which should be implemented as much as possible in the process volume. In the case of a Marx generator as an HV pulse generator, its at least two-stage (n = 2), the individual capacitance C and the step charging voltage U as well as the number of steps n are decisive for the storage energy.
Figur 6 zeigt eine FRANKA-Anlage schematisiert in herkömmlicher Bauweise, wie sie für viele Laborarbeiten einfach aufgebaut ist und wird. In den Figuren 2 bis 5 sind koaxiale Varianten einer FRANKA-Anlage skizziert :FIG. 6 shows a FRANKA system schematically in a conventional design, as it is and is simply constructed for many laboratory work. Coaxial variants of a FRANKA system are outlined in FIGS. 2 to 5:
Figur 2 zeigt, wie der Energiespeicher 1 durch eine Trennwand im Bereich der Hochspannungselektrode 5 vom Reaktorbereich 3 getrennt ist. Das ist insbesondere bei Auftreten von Spritzflussigkeit durch den Entladungsvorgang einzubauen.FIG. 2 shows how the energy store 1 is separated from the reactor area 3 by a partition in the area of the high-voltage electrode 5. This should be installed in particular if there is splashing liquid due to the discharge process.
Figur 3 zeigt zwei Offnungen in der Kapselung 6, eine im Mantelbereich zum Einfüllen in das Reaktionsgefaß 3, die zweite aus dem Reaktionsgefaß 3 heraus beispielsweise durch den Boden. Durch diese bauliche Maßnahme kann ein kontinuierlicher Betrieb mit Beladung und Entnahme gefahren werden.Figure 3 shows two openings in the encapsulation 6, one in the jacket area for filling in the reaction vessel 3, the second from the reaction vessel 3, for example through the bottom. This constructional measure enables continuous operation with loading and unloading.
Figur 4 zeigt die u-formige Kapselung 3. Diese Bauform durfte bei großen Anlage aufgrund der Gewichte und Handhabbarkeit Vorzug haben.FIG. 4 shows the U-shaped encapsulation 3. This type of construction could be preferred in the case of large systems due to the weights and manageability.
Figur 5 skizziert eine auf den Kopf gestellte Bauform, das Reaktionsgefaß 3 sitzt über dem Energiespeicher 1. Bei gasformigen oder sehr leichten, aufgewirbelten Prozesssubstanzen konnte sich eine solche Bauform anbieten.FIG. 5 outlines a design turned upside down, the reaction vessel 3 sits above the energy store 1. Such a design could offer itself in the case of gaseous or very light, whirled up process substances.
Figur 6 zeigt den Aufbau herkömmlicher FRANKA-Anlagen, die als voll funktionierende Anlage noch extra durch eine Wand zur Abschirmung und als Schutz gegen Berührung gekapselt ist. Die große elektrische Schleife ist nicht minimiert. Im Falle eines Pulses wirkt sie als starke Sendeantenne. Im industriellen Einsatz ist die Abschirmung aus diesem Grunde gesetzlich geregelt. BezugszeichenlisteFIG. 6 shows the structure of conventional FRANKA systems, which as a fully functioning system are additionally encapsulated by a wall for shielding and as protection against contact. The large electrical loop is not minimized. In the case of a pulse, it acts as a strong transmitting antenna. For this reason, shielding is regulated by law in industrial use. LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
1. Energiespeicher 2. Ausgangsschalter/-funkenstrecke 3. Reaktionsgefaß 4. Stirn der Hochspannungselektrode 5. Hochspannungselektrode mit Isolator 6. Kapselung 7. Verbindung Prozessgefaß - Kapselung 8. Verbindung Ladegerät - Kapselung 9. Einfüllstutzen 10. Abführstutzen 1. Energy storage device 2. Output switch / spark gap 3. Reaction vessel 4. Forehead of the high-voltage electrode 5. High-voltage electrode with insulator 6. Encapsulation 7. Connection process vessel - encapsulation 8. Connection charger - encapsulation 9. Filler neck 10. Discharge neck

Claims

Patentansprüche : Claims:
1. Aufbau einer elektrodynamischen Fraktionieranlage zum Fragmentieren, Mahlen oder Suspendieren eines spröden Prozessgutes, bestehend aus: einem aufladbaren elektrischen Energiespeicher (1), an dessen Ausgang zwei Elektroden angeschlossen s nd, wovon eine auf einem Bezugspotential liegt und die andere über einen Ausgangsschalter (2) am Energiespeicher pulsartig mit Hochspannung beaufschlagbar einem Reaktionsgefaß (3), das mit einer Prozessflussigkeit gefüllt ist, in welche das Prozessgut eingetaucht ist und in welcher sich die beiden blankliegenden Elektrodenenden mit einem einstellbaren Abstand, die Reaktionszone, gegenüberstehen, wobei die mit Hochspannung beaufschlagbare Elektrode (4) mit einem isolierenden Mantel (5) bis zum freien Endbereich umgeben ist und dieser isolierende Mantel im Endbereich in die Prozessflussigkeit mit eingetaucht ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass: sich der Energiespeicher samt seines Ausgangsschalters, die E- lektroden samt Zuleitung und das Reaktionsgefaß vollständig m einem Volumen mit elektrisch leitender Wand, der Kapselung (6), befinden und dieses von der Kapselung umschlossenen Volumen minidie Wandstarke der Kapselung mindestens gleich der von der niedrigsten Komponente des Fourier-Spektrums des gepulsten elektromagnetischen Feldes entsprechenden Eindringtiefe ist und mindestens die für die mechanische Festigkeit notwendige Starke hat, die Elektrode auf Bezugspotential (4) über die Kapselwand mit der Masseseite (8) des Energiespeichers verbunden ist, die mit Hochspannung beaufschlagte Elektrode auf dem kürzesten Wege mit dem Ausgangsschalter am Energiespeicher verbunden ist.1.Construction of an electrodynamic fractionation system for fragmenting, grinding or suspending a brittle process material, consisting of: a rechargeable electrical energy store (1), to the output of which two electrodes are connected, one of which is at a reference potential and the other via an output switch (2 ) on the energy storage device can be pulsed with high voltage in a reaction vessel (3), which is filled with a process liquid, in which the process material is immersed and in which the two bare electrode ends face each other with an adjustable distance, the reaction zone, the electrode which can be charged with high voltage (4) is surrounded by an insulating jacket (5) up to the free end area and this insulating jacket is also immersed in the process liquid in the end area, characterized in that: the energy store together with its output switch, the electrodes including the supply line and the reaction sgefaß completely in a volume with an electrically conductive wall, the encapsulation (6), and this volume enclosed by the encapsulation minidie wall thickness of the encapsulation is at least equal to the penetration depth corresponding to the lowest component of the Fourier spectrum of the pulsed electromagnetic field and at least that for has the necessary mechanical strength, the electrode is connected at reference potential (4) via the capsule wall to the ground side (8) of the energy store, the electrode which is subjected to high voltage is connected in the shortest possible way to the output switch on the energy store.
2. Aufbau nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass für die schubweise Verarbeitung von Fragmentiergut die Kapselwand teil- weise abnehmbar oder in der Kapselwand mindestens ein Zugang ist.2. Structure according to claim 1, characterized in that for the batchwise processing of fragmented material, the capsule wall partially as removable or at least one access in the capsule wall.
3. Aufbau nach 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass für die kontinuierliche Verarbeitung von Fragmentiergut an der Kapselwand mindestens ein nach außen gerichteter rohrartiger Stutzen (9) aus leitendem Material für die Beschickung und mindestens ein weiterer (10) für die Entnahme ansetzen, die in der Lange und lichten Weite derart dimensioniert sind, dass zumindest die leistungsstarken hochfrequenten Anteile im Spektrum des durch den Hochspannungspuls erzeugten elektromagnetischen Feldes durch diese Stutzen nicht austreten oder in diesen Stutzen bis zur Öffnung in die Umgebung mindestens auf das gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Maß abgeschwächt werden.3. Structure according to 1, characterized in that for the continuous processing of fragmented material on the capsule wall at least one outwardly directed tubular connector (9) made of conductive material for the loading and at least one further (10) for the removal, which in the Long and clear width are dimensioned in such a way that at least the powerful, high-frequency components in the spectrum of the electromagnetic field generated by the high-voltage pulse do not escape through these nozzles or are weakened in these nozzles at least to the extent prescribed by law until they open into the environment.
4. Aufbau nach den Ansprüchen 2 und 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass, die Kapselwand ein Hohlkörper ist, in dessen einem inneren Stirn- wandbereich der Energiespeicher sitzt und dessen anderer Stirn- wandbereich das Reaktionsgefaßes bildet.4. Structure according to claims 2 and 3, characterized in that the capsule wall is a hollow body, in one inner end wall area of which the energy store is located and the other end wall area of which forms the reaction vessel.
5. Aufbau nach 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Kapselung polygonalen oder runden Querschnitt hat und gestreckte Form oder mindestens einmal abgewinkelte Form hat.5. Structure according to 4, characterized in that the encapsulation has a polygonal or round cross-section and has an elongated shape or angled shape at least once.
6. Aufbau nach 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die auf Bezugspotential liegende Elektrode zentriert m der Stirnwand des Reaktionsgefaßes sitzt, die Hochspannungselektrode zentriert gegenübersteht und letztere auf zur Kapselung koaxialem Wege mit dem Ausgangsschalter des Energiespeichers verounden ist.6. Structure according to 5, characterized in that the electrode lying at reference potential is centered m the end wall of the reaction vessel, the high-voltage electrode is centered opposite and the latter is encapsulated in a coaxial way with the output switch of the energy store.
7. Aufbau nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der elektrische Energiespeicher samt Ausgangsschalter in Bezug auf das Reak- tionsgefaß in der Kapselung räumlich oberhalb oder auf gleicher Hohe oder raumlich unterhalb sitzt. 7. Structure according to claim 6, characterized in that the electrical energy store together with the output switch with respect to the reaction vessel in the encapsulation sits spatially above or at the same height or spatially below.
8. Aufbau nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Elektrode auf Bezugspotential als zentrischer Teil der Stirn oder als Siebboden oder als Ring- oder Stabelektrode ausgebildet ist.8. Structure according to claim 7, characterized in that the electrode is formed at reference potential as a central part of the forehead or as a sieve plate or as a ring or rod electrode.
9. Aufbau nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Energiespeicher vom Reaktionsgef ß durch eine Schutzwand getrennt ist. 9. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the energy store is separated from the reaction vessel by a protective wall.
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DE10346055B3 (en) 2005-01-05
CA2540939A1 (en) 2005-04-14
NO20061991L (en) 2006-06-27
EP1667798B1 (en) 2010-12-29
DK1667798T3 (en) 2011-03-21
US7677486B2 (en) 2010-03-16
CN1863601B (en) 2013-02-06
DE502004012070D1 (en) 2011-02-10
DE10346055B8 (en) 2005-04-14
JP4388959B2 (en) 2009-12-24
NO330975B1 (en) 2011-08-29
AU2004277317B2 (en) 2009-10-08
ZA200602737B (en) 2007-06-27
WO2005032722A1 (en) 2005-04-14
CN1863601A (en) 2006-11-15
RU2311961C1 (en) 2007-12-10
AU2004277317A1 (en) 2005-04-14
ES2358741T3 (en) 2011-05-13
JP2007507332A (en) 2007-03-29
US20070187539A1 (en) 2007-08-16
CA2540939C (en) 2011-05-03
ATE493204T1 (en) 2011-01-15

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