EP1665328A2 - Partikel-massen-spektrometer zur detektion von nanopartikeln und verfahren - Google Patents
Partikel-massen-spektrometer zur detektion von nanopartikeln und verfahrenInfo
- Publication number
- EP1665328A2 EP1665328A2 EP04740731A EP04740731A EP1665328A2 EP 1665328 A2 EP1665328 A2 EP 1665328A2 EP 04740731 A EP04740731 A EP 04740731A EP 04740731 A EP04740731 A EP 04740731A EP 1665328 A2 EP1665328 A2 EP 1665328A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- particle
- deflection
- detector
- mass
- mass spectrometer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/26—Mass spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/34—Dynamic spectrometers
- H01J49/40—Time-of-flight spectrometers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/0027—Methods for using particle spectrometers
- H01J49/0031—Step by step routines describing the use of the apparatus
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/02—Details
- H01J49/06—Electron- or ion-optical arrangements
- H01J49/061—Ion deflecting means, e.g. ion gates
Definitions
- the invention relates to a particle mass spectrometer, PMS, for the detection of at least simply ionized particles from a size range between 0.1 and 100 nm diameter and a method for simultaneous measurement of the speed, mass and number of nanoparticles with the particle mass Spectrometer.
- PMS particle mass spectrometer
- Common mass spectrometers for chemical analysis go up to about 35000 a u (atomic mass unit).
- Such a particle mass spectrometer consists of a multi-stage, evacuable chamber, which is composed of a molecular beam generating device and a spectrometer chamber, the high vacuum part. Both areas are connected by a round or rectangular skimmer as an inlet nozzle to the high vacuum part.
- an electrical beam deflection device connected to a voltage supply, which consists of a symmetrical to the
- the deflection capacitor consists of electrically conductive material; a detection device for electrically charged nanoparticles to be detected in the introduced particle beam and a control, regulating and amplifier device connected via vacuum feedthroughs as well as a controlling, linking and evaluating data processing unit.
- a control, regulating and amplifier device connected via vacuum feedthroughs as well as a controlling, linking and evaluating data processing unit.
- PMS particle mass spectrometers
- Time-of-flight mass spectrometers are known from the literature, with which the particle speed and mass can be measured in a relatively simple manner, regardless of the shape.
- the disadvantage of these spectrometers is the sampling method that does not work in situ. For this, either only electrically charged particles can be measured or the particles must be charged before the measurement (Ziemann, P.J., Liu, P., Kittelson, D.B. and P.H. McMurry,
- a "Particle Beam Mass Spectrometer” developed at the University of Minnesota is described by Ziemann, PJ et al., 1995, "Particel beam mass spectrometry of submicron particles charged to Saturation in an electron beam", in J. Aerosol Sei. 26, 745-756. This device does not measure particle velocity.
- the particle mass spectrometer, PMS is used to determine the size distribution of nanoparticles.
- the three measurement variables, signal intensity, which corresponds to the number or number of particles, the beam deflection angle and particle speed, which determine the particle mass or size, are required for calculating the particle size distribution. Simultaneous online measurement of these three variables is advantageous.
- the particle speed cannot be determined simultaneously. This measurement takes place before or after a series of measurements.
- the solution with a rebound grating in the beam path is limited with regard to accurate measurement, since the high-voltage circuit is complex and clean edges of the switching process are difficult to achieve.
- the invention has for its object to provide a particle mass spectrometer with which a simultaneous online measurement of the speed, mass and number of nanoparticles can be carried out and to offer a method with which the PMS is operated and the measured values obtained with the aid of electronic data processing for determining the mass or size and number of nanoparticles in the atmosphere to be examined.
- the task is solved by the simultaneous online measurement of the transit time of the nanoparticles contained in a modulated molecular beam, while simultaneously determining the signal intensity.
- the PMS according to the characterizing features of claim 1 and the method according to claim 8 for operating the PMS and for computer-aided evaluation of the measured values obtained with the PMS accomplishes this task.
- the beam deflection device In the high-vacuum part of the PMS, the beam deflection device consists of a plate pair, the deflection capacitor, which is arranged symmetrically in parallel with the starting beam axis.
- the beam modulation can be achieved mechanically, namely by a chopper, chopper in English, optionally before or after the beam deflection device.
- the chopper frequency and phase is fed to the data processing unit.
- the originally uninterrupted particle stream is thus converted or chopped into a regularly interrupted particle stream provided with a pulse pause with a known pulse frequency.
- the pulse frequency and pulse phase are measured.
- the beam modulation can also be carried out electrically, namely a second beam deflection device is attached, which, for no valid technical reason, is preferably identical in construction to the first beam deflection device - i.e. also a deflection capacitor, the modulation capacitor - and is also set up around the particle beam axis, but not parallel to the beam deflection device.
- This second plate capacitor is preferably rotated by 90 ° relative to the particle beam deflection unit.
- the plates can also be acted upon separately with an electrical potential. At least one of the two plates is supplied with an electrical pulse potential of known frequency and predeterminable amplitude, the other with an equal potential of adjustable strength and sign or zero potential. The frequency and phase of this pulse potential are recorded and used for data processing.
- An electrically pulsating field can thus be set between the two plates.
- the simplest case is a zero or equal potential and a rectangular pulse potential.
- the uninterrupted particle beam is actually periodically interrupted and converted into a discontinuous one.
- the modulation capacitor With the electric beam modulator, the modulation capacitor, the particle beam remains uninterrupted.
- the total beam is spread into three partial particle beams, into the electrically neutral partial particle beam and two electrically charged partial beam, ie the positively charged and the negatively charged.
- the two electrically charged partial beams are additionally periodically deflected from the deflection plane at an angle between the two plate capacitors, the strength corresponding to the potential strengths applied to the two plates of the modulation capacitor. Only the beam or movement direction is modulated, i.e. the two particle beams are not interrupted.
- the detection device consists of at least one detector that is electrically sensitive to charge or sensitive to mass or sensitive to light. If it is only a detector, it is located in the deflection plane, but not on the beam axis of the electrically neutral partial beam. If there are several detectors, they are all located in the deflection plane along a half line starting from the neutral particle beam axis if there is only one charge sign. To detect different charge signs, several detectors sit on such a straight line, i.e. to the left and right of the neutral particle beam axis. A detector on this neutral particle beam axis does not need to be sensitive to charge when electrically deflected / deflected.
- the detectors have a rectangular shape or otherwise an aperture with a rectangular aperture in the plane of incidence of the detector. Even in the rectangular design there is a diaphragm with a rectangular aperture in the plane of incidence if the aperture can / must be able to be moved / positioned over the detector plane of incidence or not just over a detector but even over the entire detector arrangement, so that only a selected detector or sector is illuminated.
- the width of the rectangular detectors or apertures in front correlates with the first beam deflection unit and defines the resolution of the PMS. The smaller the width, the more precise the size or mass resolution and the higher the requirements for the detection electronics.
- the height of the slot correlates with the second beam deflection device and defines the minimum amplitude of the electrical pulse potential to be used. This results in a condition for the ratio of the amplitude of the pulse potential of the second beam deflection unit to the direct potential of the first beam deflection unit.
- first and second electrical beam deflection units are not rotated by 90 ° relative to one another, a diamond-shaped detector cross-section or such an aperture in front of the associated detector could be optimal, for example, instead of the rectangular one.
- the particle mass spectrometer in particular in its detection device, is an electrically highly sensitive device, i.e. the detectors must each be connected to a high-gain, low-noise amplifier.
- the ionized particles of the injected jet are deflected in the high vacuum section for analysis from their straight flight direction defined by the inlet nozzle when passing through the beam deflection device which is charged with equal potential and fanned out according to the ratio of kinetic energy to electrical charge. whereby a certain one, defined by the chosen equal potential
- Particle class arrives at the intended detector or at a precisely defined location on a large-area detector.
- certain size classes can be replaced by an aperture immediately after
- Beam deflection can be excluded.
- the particle stream is modulated either mechanically or electrically, before or after the beam deflection with a frequency f> 0 Hz from the range up to 10 kHz. Mechanically through periodic, sometimes complete interruption of the entire jet. Electrically through a second beam deflection device, which is not parallel to the beam deflection device and which is subjected to a pulsating potential and which periodically deflects the ionized particles of the particle beam from the deflection plane in such a way that they reach the detection device in a pulsating manner in the rhythm of the modulation frequency. In the electrical case, the direction is modulated, obviously perpendicular to the main deflection.
- the angle of the deflection modulation is basically determined by the angle of rotation of the two capacitors, the deflection capacitor and the modulation capacitor, relative to one another.
- the electrically charged and frequency-modulated particle fraction that arrives at the detection device is tapped as an electrical or quantity signal as a current or voltage signal as a current or voltage signal, which measures the frequency of the frequency, as an electrical charge or as a mass or as light intensity at the detector (Faraday cup, quartz crystal, SEV)
- Beam modulation has, however, due to the flight time between the modulation and detection device, it is shifted in time from the modulation location and thus out of phase.
- the amplitude and phase of the frequency-modulated detection signal are measured simultaneously or not simultaneously either by an analog measuring device, such as a lock-in amplifier, or by a digital measuring method, the cross-correlation. The following is then determined using the connected data processing: 1.
- the phase shift of the measurement signal compared to the beam modulation and from this the flight time or speed of the particles.
- the amplitude is proportional to the number of particles flowing into the PMS times their number of charges and also proportional to the class width. Finally, the number concentration at the sampling location is calculated from the amplitude by integrating the number density over all particle sizes or particle size classes.
- the signal processing after the preamplifier for false signal suppression is carried out optionally with a downstream, fixed or tunable signal filter to increase the signal-to-noise ratio.
- the two devices for beam deflection and electrical modulation are encapsulated with sheet metal and each have a slit-shaped diaphragm on the beam entry and / or exit side for the free beam path (claim 2).
- the electrical charge sensor in the form of the Faraday cup or the channel plate amplifier also referred to as SEV
- the mass sensor in the form of the quartz crystal detector or the photon sensor or the scintillation counter as SEV.
- a device for particle ionization can be attached before or after the particles enter the high vacuum part or is even necessary for better resolution.
- the injected particles for example, not loaded at all by the development process, must be carried out additionally by such a measure.
- At least of the electrically charged particle beam fragment at least one ion-optical lens, which focuses on the detection unit, is set up in the beam path in the high vacuum part.
- at least one aerosol-physical lens is set up in the beam path in the high vacuum part. Interference can be suppressed if, as described in claim 7, the electrical and beam-focusing components located in the high vacuum part, the amplifiers located outside the high vacuum part for the detection device and the electrical feedthroughs are installed / installed without vibrations.
- the PMS is an easy-to-use, easy-to-transport device that is suitable for online process monitoring.
- the design corresponds to a two-stage molecular beam sampling from the vacuum range (5 - 50 mbar) with a relatively small pump system (750 1 / sec).
- the measuring method is particularly low-noise because the uninterrupted particle flow is periodically interrupted at a predetermined frequency or deflected from its direction, so that a corresponding AC or AC voltage signal can be tapped at the detector, and the frequency, amplitude and phase can be analyzed with the aid of a computer.
- the amplitude of the measurement signal contains the information about the number density of the particles.
- the phase of the measurement signal contains the information about the speed of the particles.
- the mass resolution of the PMS is 1% or worse, whereas a resolution of 0.2% or better is required with conventional mass spectrometers.
- the mass resolution depends on the flight path, on the deflection, or the deflection angle, and on the detector geometry, or on the geometry of the aperture in front of the detector.
- the mass resolution is closely linked to the device dimensioning.
- the measuring range with regard to the running time is 75 ⁇ sec - 40 msec with an accuracy of ⁇ 5%. For flight paths of 0.1 - 1 m, these transit times correspond to particle speeds in the range 2.5 - 13000 m / sec.
- the beam modulation takes place in the low frequency range, preferably in the range 1 Hz - 10 kHz.
- the beam modulation is carried out mechanically or electrostatically.
- the particle beam is frequency, not amplitude modulated.
- the necessary modulation voltage depends on the dimensioning of the detector. A fixed ratio of modulation voltage to deflection voltage can be specified for a given dimensioning.
- the simultaneous measurement of the amplitude and phase of the detector signal corresponds to the simultaneous measurement of the number density and transit time.
- the previous detection limit for number concentrations of approx. 10 9 cm -3 is 10 mbar. When used in the 1013 mbar range, the detection limit increases to approx. 10 10 cm -3 . It is possible to improve detection sensitivity by a factor of 1000.
- the PMS is an online measurement system for high concentrations of electrically charged nanoparticles in flames and plasmas.
- the PMS characterizes the particle size distribution in concentration ranges that go beyond the current state of the art. According to its design, the PMS is a mobile device that can be quickly docked on research and industrial particle reactors.
- the PMS is suitable for measurements in nanotechnology and combustion research.
- the built PMS prototype detects in the following areas:
- Particle diameter range: 0.1 - 100 nm
- Detection limit 1 femto-Ampere (fA) or 6 500 charges / sec;
- the modulation technology and the use of low-noise amplifiers make it possible to measure currents in the lower fA range safely.
- FIG. 1 shows the axial section through the particle mass spectrometer
- FIG. 2 shows the electronic linkage with the lock-in amplifier
- FIG. 3 shows the electronic link via the cross correlation
- FIG. 4 speed measurement
- FIG. 5 measurement of the intensity over the deflection voltage at Si0 2 -
- the PMS is used in production processes that have very high number concentrations. Sampling is therefore used to prevent the particles from moving out of the Change the rehearsal room through particle interaction such as coagulation or agglomeration.
- the components of the PMS construction are: the molecular beam shaping nozzle arrangement for a microwave plasma reactor, which operates at 10 mbar, or for a low-pressure flame reactor; the two-stage vacuum system of 10 "3 and 10 ⁇ 5 mbar including two turbomolecular pumps, a rotary vane vacuum pump and a pressure measuring system; the two-range deflection system with the high-voltage supply +/- 300 V for modulation and + / - 3,000 V for the deflection; the detection device consists of Faraday beakers; current amplifier with ultra-low noise; the control and regulating device; the data processing system via a PC.
- the measuring principle of the particle mass spectrometer, PMS is based on the mass or size-dependent deflection of gas-borne, charged particles in the electrical field.
- the structure of the PMS consists of the groups: molecular beam sampling, deflection, speed measurement and detection.
- the first group, molecular beam sampling is as such a well-known fluidic device, the remaining three groups are known in principle, but new in terms of structure and interaction. Therefore, only this part is shown in Figure 1, which consists of the expansion chamber and the measuring chamber, the latter also described as a high vacuum part. With the two-stage molecular beam arrangement, the sample is transferred to the PMS measuring chamber in a frozen state.
- the sample chamber docks to the expansion chamber in FIG. 1 on the left, but is not outlined.
- the aerosol to be examined is located in this chamber, for example, under a pressure of approximately 10 mbar with a particle density of c N > 10 8 / cm 3 .
- the connection to the expansion chamber is from the sample chamber (not shown) through the quartz nozzle through which the aerosol due to the
- the beam modulator is a plate capacitor that is housed in an open-front, electrically conductive housing so that the modulation field remains as limited as possible to this volume.
- the pulse potential of a predetermined frequency is applied to at least one of the two capacitor plates and periodically deflects the charged particles of the beam in accordance with the temporal profile of the pulse potential.
- the periodic deflection is only so strong that the entire particle beam still flies as a whole through the beam deflection that follows in the beam path.
- the controllable electric field between the plates of the deflection capacitor is responsible for the particle deflection.
- This capacitor is rotated by 90 ° to the modulation capacitor and is also electrically shielded by a housing that is open on the front.
- the particle speed is determined online, in parallel with the measurement of the signal intensity. This means that both quantities can be correlated directly. This is possible by modulating the particle beam, which here is modulated rectangular or sinusoidally in the low-frequency range in such a way that it emerges from the detector range when the modulation is deflected.
- Detection is carried out using the detector arrangement consisting of three Faraday beakers, which is arranged linearly and symmetrically on the end face.
- the impinging charges are immediately discharged to the outside of the cups and thereby generate a current proportional to the number of charges. For particles smaller than 100 nm in diameter, this can often be assumed that all carry a maximum of one or no electrical charge.
- the current that occurs is thus directly proportional to the number of particles that have hit. This current is extremely low and is therefore amplified by an amplifier per Faraday beaker with an amplification factor of, for example, 10 12 or 10 9 V / A for signal processing.
- the skimmer adjustment protrudes into the expansion chamber with which the skimmer sleeve is finely positioned.
- the high voltage supply for the two deflection units, beam modulation and beam deflection takes place via vacuum bushings, as does the current tapping on the Faraday cups of the detector device.
- FIGS 2 and 3 show how the PMS is tapped, controlled, regulated and evaluated.
- the entire PMS is represented in both figures below by the block row particle source, nozzle, modulation capacitor, deflection capacitor, deflection path and detection.
- the frequency and phase of the modulation signal are fed to the lock-in amplifier, as is the highly amplified signal from the detector.
- the phase of the modulation signal is usually defined as zero.
- the lock-in amplifier measures selectively only at the frequency of the modulation signal and suppresses signals with other frequencies. As Output results in the amplitude of the detector signal at the modulation frequency and the phase difference between the modulation signal and the detector signal.
- phase difference between the modulation signal and the detector signal results from the finite running time of the particles and the chosen modulation frequency: the longer the running time and the higher the modulation frequency, the higher the resulting phase difference.
- the measured value of the phase difference also contains a device constant (offset), which can also be frequency-dependent and can be determined separately.
- offset device constant
- the particle speed results from the path length between the modulation capacitor, detector and the transit time.
- the amplitude of the detector signal is obtained as a further measured variable. It should be noted here that lock-in amplifiers perform a rectification, which halves the original amplitude. The lock-in amplifier also averages over time and outputs rms values. This must be taken into account in the evaluation.
- the measurement signal applied to the detector relates to particles with the mass m P which are deflected by the predetermined electric field from their originally straight flight direction so that they reach the detector.
- the deflection by the angle for a z-charged particle in the electric field E U / D becomes z * e * U.
- L tan ⁇ -, - D * m P * v P calculated.
- e is the elementary charge
- U a the deflection voltage
- m P the particle mass
- v P the particle velocity
- L length of the deflection plates of the deflection capacitor
- D distance between them and z the number of charges of the particle.
- FIG. 4 shows an example of the time-of-flight measurement for both charged partial beams as the basis for determining the particle speed.
- the phase shift ep was measured and plotted for the positive partial beam as a function of the modulation frequency in Hz.
- ⁇ ⁇ , black dots.
- FIG. 5 shows, for example, the measurement of Si0 2 particles and FIG. 6 shows the result determined using the computer.
- the PMS was used to detect the two electrically charged beam parts, (-) and (+), and the deflection voltage (FIG. 5) was assigned to the diameter (FIG. 6) and the signal intensity to the number density using the signal processing described above.
- the Si0 2 particles are obtained from 140 ppm SiH 4 in an Ar / 0 2 atmosphere in a microwave plasma at 10 mbar.
- a particle power of P MW 800 W was used for particle production.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Other Investigation Or Analysis Of Materials By Electrical Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2003144462 DE10344462B4 (de) | 2003-09-25 | 2003-09-25 | Partikel-Massen-Spektrometer zur Detektion von Nanopartikeln und Verfahren |
| PCT/EP2004/007415 WO2005041244A2 (de) | 2003-09-25 | 2004-07-07 | Partikel-massen-spektrometer zur detektion von nanopartikeln und verfahren |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1665328A2 true EP1665328A2 (de) | 2006-06-07 |
| EP1665328B1 EP1665328B1 (de) | 2012-06-27 |
Family
ID=34441786
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP04740731A Expired - Lifetime EP1665328B1 (de) | 2003-09-25 | 2004-07-07 | Partikel-massen-spektrometer zur detektion von nanopartikeln und verfahren |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1665328B1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE10344462B4 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2005041244A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108328566B (zh) * | 2018-01-29 | 2024-01-19 | 华南师范大学 | 一种纳米质谱仪 |
| GB201802917D0 (en) | 2018-02-22 | 2018-04-11 | Micromass Ltd | Charge detection mass spectrometry |
| WO2021207494A1 (en) | 2020-04-09 | 2021-10-14 | Waters Technologies Corporation | Ion detector |
| CN118402037A (zh) | 2021-12-15 | 2024-07-26 | 水技术公司 | 具有集成放大器的感应式检测器 |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB8929029D0 (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1990-02-28 | Vg Instr Group | Selectable-resolution charged-particle beam analyzers |
| US5998215A (en) * | 1995-05-01 | 1999-12-07 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Portable analyzer for determining size and chemical composition of an aerosol |
-
2003
- 2003-09-25 DE DE2003144462 patent/DE10344462B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-07-07 WO PCT/EP2004/007415 patent/WO2005041244A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2004-07-07 EP EP04740731A patent/EP1665328B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2005041244A2 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2005041244A3 (de) | 2005-09-29 |
| DE10344462B4 (de) | 2008-01-24 |
| WO2005041244A2 (de) | 2005-05-06 |
| EP1665328B1 (de) | 2012-06-27 |
| DE10344462A1 (de) | 2005-05-19 |
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