EP1647511B1 - Novel system for the gasket sealing of screwed connections in pipes for the conveyance of fluids - Google Patents

Novel system for the gasket sealing of screwed connections in pipes for the conveyance of fluids Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1647511B1
EP1647511B1 EP04742089A EP04742089A EP1647511B1 EP 1647511 B1 EP1647511 B1 EP 1647511B1 EP 04742089 A EP04742089 A EP 04742089A EP 04742089 A EP04742089 A EP 04742089A EP 1647511 B1 EP1647511 B1 EP 1647511B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
yarn
sealing
textile support
coated
sealing yarn
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP04742089A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1647511A1 (en
Inventor
José NIETO MOCHOLI
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Filflex Sl
Original Assignee
Filflex Sl
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Publication of EP1647511A1 publication Critical patent/EP1647511A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1647511B1 publication Critical patent/EP1647511B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D06M15/37—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06M15/643—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing silicon in the main chain
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H49/00—Unwinding or paying-out filamentary material; Supporting, storing or transporting packages from which filamentary material is to be withdrawn or paid-out
    • B65H49/02—Methods or apparatus in which packages do not rotate
    • B65H49/04—Package-supporting devices
    • B65H49/06—Package-supporting devices for a single operative package
    • B65H49/08—Package-supporting devices for a single operative package enclosing the package
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
    • C09K3/10—Materials in mouldable or extrudable form for sealing or packing joints or covers
    • C09K3/1025—Materials in mouldable or extrudable form for sealing or packing joints or covers characterised by non-chemical features of one or more of its constituents
    • C09K3/1028—Fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/693—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with natural or synthetic rubber, or derivatives thereof
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M7/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made of other substances with subsequent freeing of the treated goods from the treating medium, e.g. swelling, e.g. polyolefins
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L15/00—Screw-threaded joints; Forms of screw-threads for such joints
    • F16L15/001—Screw-threaded joints; Forms of screw-threads for such joints with conical threads
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L58/00—Protection of pipes or pipe fittings against corrosion or incrustation
    • F16L58/18—Protection of pipes or pipe fittings against corrosion or incrustation specially adapted for pipe fittings
    • F16L58/182—Protection of pipes or pipe fittings against corrosion or incrustation specially adapted for pipe fittings for screw-threaded joints
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M2200/00—Functionality of the treatment composition and/or properties imparted to the textile material
    • D06M2200/40—Reduced friction resistance, lubricant properties; Sizing compositions

Definitions

  • This invention belongs to the technical field of the sealing of screw joints of fluid pipes, mainly in the field of plumbing.
  • the object of this invention is to develop a system that is different and improves the existing systems and which furthermore adapts better to a larger number of applications.
  • the operating basis of any leak-tightness system for threaded connections is to caulk the allowance existing between the threads of the male yarn and the female yarn with a filler material.
  • the oldest system is the use of hemp fibers together with a non-drying paste made of oils.
  • the paste has the purpose of lubricating the thread, facilitating the tightening and preserving the hemp.
  • Hemp is a fiber with virtually no elasticity, therefore the connection requires a very strong tightening, making the system unviable for plastic threads, since these may break upon tightening them. Nor does it allow significant modifications in the final positioning of the thread.
  • hemp and the sealing paste are very widespread, it is not suitable for installations intended for carrying water for human consumption, since hemp does not meet the requirements set for materials in contact with potable water, since it promotes the growth of microorganisms.
  • hemp is replaced with a synthetic polyamide fiber and the filament itself is impregnated with a non-drying, non-curable oil-based paste.
  • a device commonly used in other fields such as dental floss, for example.
  • This system is useful in metal threads with small diameters, but it is not the most suitable for large threads with high tolerances. In these cases, it is necessary to turn it many times with this type of filament in order to achieve the desired leak-tightness. Furthermore, it only allows a very limited modification of the final positioning or repositioning, since the caulking that is obtained is not elastic, as neither the filament nor the paste are.
  • the elastic element of the invention is completely cured and chemically inert (since it is cross-linked silicone), it neither contaminates nor stains, it is suitable for plastic threads, does not require extreme tightening, it allows selecting the final positioning and has a good repositioning tolerance.
  • ES 2 171 293 ( WO98/47805 ) also discloses a sealing yarn coated with a curable composition.
  • the curable compositions used in this patent from the state of the art are of the oil with filler types, in which the oil can be selected from linseed oil, silicone oils or mineral oils, with the drawbacks already described for this type of sealing system, basically that they do not form an elastic seal.
  • other coating polymers disclosed in this patent from the state of the art are different from those used in this invention. They are compositions based on one or more mono- and poly-functional reactive monomers of acrylate and methacrylate esters.
  • the sealing system of this invention also has good mechanical resistance due to the coating of the textile support by means of the silicone rubber-based polymer, it has elasticity, thereby being applicable in more types of threads of different kinds of pipes, including the most common pipes in plumbing, and particularly in plastic pipes.
  • This elastic feature of the sealing system of the invention provides it with a series of advantages over the known sealing systems. It is easy to apply. It can be applied on threads, in a very versatile manner, of a wide variety of industrial and domestic pipes, including plastic pipes. Complying with the same conditions of leak-tightness as the sealing systems disclosed in the state of the art, it requires less tightening of the pipes, which is important, particularly in plastic pipes, for not breaking or deforming the thread or the nut due to excessive tightening.
  • Said elastic nature of the sealing system of the invention allows greater repositioning of the threaded connections, a strong tightening is not necessary and it further allows successive rectifications without losing leak-tightness.
  • the proposed system is the only known system based on the use of a coating which is cured in the manufacturing process, thus giving a completely inert coated filament, unlike the existing ones which are either uncured compositions or curable compositions once applied.
  • the system is suitable for its use in installations intended for conducting water for human consumption, though this is not an exclusive feature thereof.
  • the new system for sealing threaded connections in fluid conduction pipes by means of an elastic joint aims to constitute an actual elastic joint, unlike other systems simply acting similarly to the application of tow. It consists of two parts, which are described separately:
  • Polypropylene, polyethylene or polyamide-based strips, multifilaments, threads or fibers, or other natural or synthetic filaments are mentioned as preferred textiles in the invention.
  • the elastic polymer and the textile support do not alter the potable water features and are chemically inert to the materials carried by the pipes where they are used (water for consumption and sanitary sewage, gas, city gas, etc.).
  • the thermal stability of the cross-linked polymer - textile support is sufficient for being used in the applications carried out in the plumbing and heating field.
  • the elastic polymer is selected from at least one of the following: a silicone rubber, a polyurethane, a polyoxypropylene polymer, an acrylic polymer or any other type with elastic features, with or without added extenders (diluents), of one or more components, cross-linkable by heat, UV radiation, by moisture or by other systems.
  • Liquid silicone rubbers are preferably chosen which, with the intervention of a catalyst, preferably platinum, and by subjecting them to high temperatures, achieve cross-linking in a few minutes, thereby allowing a continuous product manufacturing system.
  • they can be Dow Corning liquid silicone rubbers, Silastic (Dow Corning) or Elastosil (Wacker Silicone). These rubbers are characterized by having a high break elongation, between 150% and 700%, maintaining an also high breaking stress, exceeding 4 MPa.
  • Polypropylene-based polymers are chosen as the preferred multifilament yarn since this material has features of elasticity and impregnability that exceed other synthetic fibers, such as polyamide.
  • This assembly also has elasticity in accordance with that of the coating polymer, which allows it to be compressed and to recover its dimension when repositioning occurs.
  • polypropylene threads with a dtex comprised between 300 and 3000, preferably between 900 and 2500.
  • a textile support having a certain elasticity such as the multifilament polypropylene yarn for example, which has the suitable resistance to temperature and to chemical agents and the use of which is suitable in fluid conduction systems, even for water intended for human consumption, is impregnated.
  • the proportion by weight between the textile base and the elastic coating may range between a 30% and 700% coating/textile ratio.
  • this coating is cured.
  • the curing for the mentioned rubbers is carried out in a high temperature tunnel at a range between 90°C and 150°C.
  • the multifilament yarn is introduced continuously through a silicone rubber bath, completely coating its surface on its entire contour, then the excess coating is eliminated by passing the coated yarn through a device, consisting of an elastic membrane with two perpendicular cuts, and as the yarn is passed through the opening at the intersection of both perpendicular lines, a suitable dosage of the coating product is obtained.
  • the dosage is achieved by varying the following parameters: viscosity of the liquid rubber, rate of passing the filament through the bucket and/or the strength of the membrane material.
  • the silicone rubber of the coating is cross-linked or cured, as previously indicated.
  • a machine is located at the outlet of the drying or curing tunnel which will wind the filament onto the cores for the suitable manufacture of the refills intended for sale, to be placed on the suitable application devices.
  • an elastic element consisting of a completely cross-linked, chemically inert polymer is thus obtained, having a textile support with certain elasticity as a base, which has neither aging nor expiry date problems since both the textile filament and the cross-linked polymer have a virtually unlimited lifetime under normal storage conditions, without needing to maintain the assembly in a closed container or system, unlike other systems made up of a fiber impregnated with a non-drying paste. Therefore, the textile support, fiber or multifilament yarn provides the sealing element with resistance, and the coating provides it with elasticity. The resistance allows the sealing element to be positioned in a stable and long-lasting manner. The elasticity allows achieving perfect leak-tightness without having to excessively tighten the screw joints, hence it is very suitable for pipes with plastic joints and for allowing the repositioning thereof.
  • the resulting elastic element is easy to apply in the area of the thread of the pipe and allows obtaining an elastic joint between the threads upon tightening said joint, having the basic advantages of this type of joints: it does not require extreme tightening, it allows selecting the final positioning and it has a significant tolerance to repositioning. Also, since an extreme tightening is not required, the system is suitable for plastic threads. Finally, since it is a cured and chemically inert element, it does not contaminate fluids or the pipes.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the invention consists of a coextrusion (2) of the silicone on the filament.
  • the mixture of the components in a catalytic mixer (3) which makes the two components circulate throughout a spiral, can thus be carried out, the mixing is carried out as the components advance through the screw forming the spiral and with no retention enter the coextrusion injector, so there is no risk that the mixture will cross-link before being deposited under pressure on the filament.
  • the dosage is essentially obtained by the calibration of the silicon feed nozzle and pressure, which may be of several types (A, B; Figure 6).
  • FIG. 6 Another preferred embodiment of the invention ( Figure 6) consists of depositing on the already cross-linked silicone a fine layer of lubricant (6).
  • the tests have been focused on oils with a high lubricating power which neither dry nor oxidize and which are furthermore suitable for being in contact with potable water.
  • a pure liquid paraffin oil or a synthetic oil such as food-grade Nevastene AW 22 are cited by way of example.
  • the elastic element object of the invention is wound with a crease onto a frusto-conical spindle for the purpose of facilitating the exit thereof from the applicator device.
  • reels Since these reels have a core, they can be marketed as "refills" for the reusable applicator device, unlike other single-use systems existing on the market.
  • the applicator device consists of an enveloping body or casing (1), having a suitable shape and size so that it fits in the user's hand.
  • a frustoconical reel (6) of the elastic element (4) Arranged inside the enveloping body is the frustoconical reel (6) of the elastic element (4) which is extracted through an opening (3) existing in the container application part.
  • a blade (5), located adjacent to the yarn outlet opening, is incorporated for cutting the elastic element.
  • the part opposite to the application part can be opened by means of an opening cover (2), which allows replacing the elastic element "refill" and reusing the applicator.
  • the final presentation of the product is preferably on reels with a cardboard or plastic core, which allows the sale thereof as independent elements of the dispenser, i.e. as refills, as seen in Figure 3. This marks a difference with the dental floss-type systems in which the dispenser and the product make up a whole, making the product unnecessarily more expensive.
  • the dispenser It is not necessary for the dispenser to be hermetically sealed before its use, since the elastic element is not perishable, has no expiration date, since it is a dry yarn. Nor is it necessary for it to have a top cover for the same reason, with the added advantage that, since it does not have a top cover that must be opened every time it is used, it is easier to handle, including with one hand, a situation which frequently occurs in plumbing jobs.
  • FIG. 4 Another possible embodiment for a smaller amount of meters is the one disclosed in Figure 4, which is very similar to the features of PTFE strips which installers usually use.
  • the reel (10) is provided with a small metal or plastic blade (11) facilitating cutting.
  • This presentation has the advantage of being very cost-effective and it especially has a use that is very similar to the one which installers are accustomed to.
  • the spool of sealing yarn which can be protected with a cover (12), is wound around the reel.
  • the testing method used to check the efficiency of the seal of threaded connections carried out with the sealing system described in this specification is the one described in European standard UNE EN 751-2:1997 "Sealing materials for metallic threaded joints in contact with 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd family gases and hot water. Part 2: Non-hardening jointing compounds”. This standard specifies the testing requirements and methods for non-hardening sealing compounds that are suitable for sealing metal threaded connections.
  • the sealing compounds object of the standard are intended for being used in contact with the 1 st family of gases (city gas), the 2 nd family of gases (natural gas) and the 3 rd family of gases (LPG, liquefied petroleum gases), as well as hot water for heating systems (Class A), in gas appliances and their auxiliary equipment (Class B), as well as for LPG storage (Class C).
  • 1 st family of gases city gas
  • 2 nd family of gases natural gas
  • LPG 3 rd family of gases
  • Class A hot water for heating systems
  • Class B gas appliances and their auxiliary equipment
  • Class C for LPG storage
  • Decitex or dtex represents the linear mass expression unit, being the weight in grams of 10,000 m of filament.
  • the yarns coated with cross-linked silicone were applied on the male threads of the assembly, filling in the gaps of three threads.
  • the female parts were screwed on these male threads with the usual means used by plumbing professionals.
  • the female thread was turned 45° in the direction opposite to the tightening direction (disassembly). They were checked in each case for leaks (observation 2).
  • the female part was screwed again, turning 180° in the tightening direction. They were checked in each case for leaks (observation 3). The absence of leaks in the observations is indicated as OK.
  • a Dow Corning 3605 silicone rubber coating was prepared in the part A and part B proportions indicated by the manufacturer (10:1).
  • Part A consists of dimethyl siloxane with a dimethyl-vinyl finish (CAS 68083-19-2), treated silica (CAS 68909-20-6) and platinum as a catalyst.
  • Part B consists of dimethyl siloxane with a dimethyl-vinyl finish (CAS 68083-19-2) and methyl siloxane (CAS 63158-57-2).
  • Two types of polypropylene yarn with dtex 1950 and 2000 were taken.
  • the coating was applied by means of the membrane application process explained above.
  • the silicone curing conditions were 140°C for 5 minutes.
  • the weight ratio between the coating and the yarns is described in the following table: Yarn dtex Coating coating weight/yarn weight (%) 1950 306 2000 606
  • a SILASTIC 9252/150P (Dow Corning) silicone rubber coating was prepared in the part A and part B proportions indicated by the manufacturer (10:1).
  • Part A consists of dimethyl siloxane with a dimethyl-vinyl finish (CAS 68083-19-2), treated silica (CAS 68909-20-6) and platinum as a catalyst.
  • Part B consists of dimethyl siloxane with a dimethyl-vinyl finish (CAS 68083-19-2) and methyl siloxane (CAS 63158-57-2).
  • the same polypropylene yarn of dtex 1950 and 2000 used in Example 1 were taken and the coating was applied by means of the membrane application process explained above.
  • the silicone curing conditions were 140°C for 210 seconds.
  • the weight ratio between the coating and the yarns is described in the following table: Yarn dtex Coating coating weight/yarn weight (%) 1950 195 2000 340

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Sealing Material Composition (AREA)
  • Gasket Seals (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Screw Conveyors (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
EP04742089A 2003-07-18 2004-07-16 Novel system for the gasket sealing of screwed connections in pipes for the conveyance of fluids Expired - Lifetime EP1647511B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES200301705A ES2224868B1 (es) 2003-07-18 2003-07-18 Nuevo sistema para el sellado mediante junta elastica de uniones roscadas en tuberias para conduccion de fluidos y dispositivo aplicador para el mismo.
PCT/ES2004/070051 WO2005007548A1 (es) 2003-07-18 2004-07-16 Nuevo sistema para el sellado mediante junta elástica de uniones roscadas en tuberías para conducción de fluidos y dispositivo aplicador para el mismo

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1647511A1 EP1647511A1 (en) 2006-04-19
EP1647511B1 true EP1647511B1 (en) 2007-09-26

Family

ID=34072917

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04742089A Expired - Lifetime EP1647511B1 (en) 2003-07-18 2004-07-16 Novel system for the gasket sealing of screwed connections in pipes for the conveyance of fluids

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1647511B1 (es)
CN (1) CN1826276A (es)
AT (1) ATE374158T1 (es)
BR (1) BRPI0412264A (es)
DE (1) DE602004009187D1 (es)
ES (1) ES2224868B1 (es)
WO (1) WO2005007548A1 (es)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102006023729B3 (de) * 2006-02-06 2007-04-26 Sprügel, Friedrich A. Gewindedichtfaden und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
GB2534199A (en) 2015-01-16 2016-07-20 Henkel IP & Holding GmbH Sealant material
GB2534198A (en) 2015-01-16 2016-07-20 Henkel IP & Holding GmbH Sealant material
GB201617938D0 (en) 2016-10-24 2016-12-07 Henkel IP & Holding GmbH Sealant material
US10815097B2 (en) * 2019-03-13 2020-10-27 Reelex Packaging Solutions, Inc. Payout tubes
CN112030565A (zh) * 2020-09-16 2020-12-04 四会市昊天密封材料有限公司 一种深度螺纹密封浆线及其制造方法和制造装置

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB415501A (en) * 1933-03-21 1934-08-30 Walter Robertson Improvements in or relating to holders for spools or cheeses of twine or the like
DE3929081A1 (de) * 1989-09-01 1991-03-07 Sonderhoff Ernst Fa Verfahren zum verschaeumen einer siliconmasse, insbesondere zur bildung von weich-elastischen siliconschaumstoffdichtungen u. dgl.
IE970291A1 (en) * 1997-04-18 1998-10-21 Loctite Ireland Ltd Material for sealing threaded pipe joints, and dispenser¹therefor
DE19800489A1 (de) * 1998-01-09 1999-07-15 Thomas Prof Dr Mang Polysaccharidhaltige Dichtungszusammensetzung

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE602004009187D1 (de) 2007-11-08
CN1826276A (zh) 2006-08-30
ES2224868B1 (es) 2007-12-16
ES2224868A1 (es) 2005-03-01
BRPI0412264A (pt) 2006-09-05
ATE374158T1 (de) 2007-10-15
EP1647511A1 (en) 2006-04-19
WO2005007548A1 (es) 2005-01-27

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