EP1636326A2 - Combustible emulsionne eau / hydrocarbures, sa preparation et ses utilisations - Google Patents
Combustible emulsionne eau / hydrocarbures, sa preparation et ses utilisationsInfo
- Publication number
- EP1636326A2 EP1636326A2 EP04767218A EP04767218A EP1636326A2 EP 1636326 A2 EP1636326 A2 EP 1636326A2 EP 04767218 A EP04767218 A EP 04767218A EP 04767218 A EP04767218 A EP 04767218A EP 1636326 A2 EP1636326 A2 EP 1636326A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- fuel according
- ester
- fuel
- alcohol
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 154
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 title claims description 33
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 3
- -1 fatty acid ester Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 108
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 79
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 150000001298 alcohols Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- FALRKNHUBBKYCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(chloromethyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile Chemical compound ClCC1=NC=CC=C1C#N FALRKNHUBBKYCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229940014800 succinic anhydride Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 claims description 54
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 22
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluorocyclohexane Chemical compound FC1(F)CCCCC1 ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001593 sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229940035049 sorbitan monooleate Drugs 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000011069 sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002551 biofuel Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000005429 oxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000005691 triesters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 102100023055 Neurofilament medium polypeptide Human genes 0.000 claims description 5
- 101710109612 Neurofilament medium polypeptide Proteins 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010775 animal oil Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000020551 Helianthus annuus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000003222 Helianthus annuus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N Sorbitan monooleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000020661 alpha-linolenic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 3
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005481 linolenic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid group Chemical group C(CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)(=O)O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N palmitic acid group Chemical group C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(=O)O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229950004959 sorbitan oleate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- NKSOSPOXQKNIKJ-CLFAGFIQSA-N Polyoxyethylene dioleate Polymers CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCCOC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC NKSOSPOXQKNIKJ-CLFAGFIQSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001959 inorganic nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000002314 glycerols Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 10
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 8
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 8
- UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triformin Chemical compound O=COCC(OC=O)COC=O UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CO YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 7
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 6
- NMRPBPVERJPACX-UHFFFAOYSA-N octan-3-ol Chemical class CCCCCC(O)CC NMRPBPVERJPACX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 4
- CUNWUEBNSZSNRX-RKGWDQTMSA-N (2r,3r,4r,5s)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol;(z)-octadec-9-enoic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O CUNWUEBNSZSNRX-RKGWDQTMSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NKRVGWFEFKCZAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexyl nitrate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CO[N+]([O-])=O NKRVGWFEFKCZAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007798 antifreeze agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229960005078 sorbitan sesquioleate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- XUJLWPFSUCHPQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 11-methyldodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCCCCO XUJLWPFSUCHPQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004147 Sorbitan trioleate Substances 0.000 description 2
- PRXRUNOAOLTIEF-ADSICKODSA-N Sorbitan trioleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC PRXRUNOAOLTIEF-ADSICKODSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007866 anti-wear additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- JPNZKPRONVOMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;octadecanoic acid Chemical class [NH4+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O JPNZKPRONVOMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- UPCIBFUJJLCOQG-UHFFFAOYSA-L ethyl-[2-[2-[ethyl(dimethyl)azaniumyl]ethyl-methylamino]ethyl]-dimethylazanium;dibromide Chemical compound [Br-].[Br-].CC[N+](C)(C)CCN(C)CC[N+](C)(C)CC UPCIBFUJJLCOQG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010413 mother solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940082615 organic nitrates used in cardiac disease Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000019337 sorbitan trioleate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229960000391 sorbitan trioleate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 2
- GVTLFGJNTIRUEG-ZHACJKMWSA-N (e)-n-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-enamide Chemical class COC1=CC=CC(NC(=O)\C=C\C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 GVTLFGJNTIRUEG-ZHACJKMWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKIRBHVFJGXOIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-di(propan-2-yl)benzene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1C(C)C OKIRBHVFJGXOIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLHMJWHSBYZWJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-thiazole 1-oxide Chemical class O=S1C=CC=N1 JLHMJWHSBYZWJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEORSVTYLWZQJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-nonylphenoxy)ethanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1OCCO IEORSVTYLWZQJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QISOBCMNUJQOJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-bromo-1h-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=1NN=CC=1Br QISOBCMNUJQOJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Natural products OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Maleimide Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C=C1 PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 240000007817 Olea europaea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004443 Ricinus communis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- TTZKGYULRVDFJJ-GIVMLJSASA-N [(2r)-2-[(2s,3r,4s)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-2-[(z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxyethyl] (z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O TTZKGYULRVDFJJ-GIVMLJSASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940053200 antiepileptics fatty acid derivative Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003849 aromatic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003899 bactericide agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical class [Cl-].C[NH+](C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N di-tert-butyl peroxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005690 diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000686 essence Substances 0.000 description 1
- UIWXSTHGICQLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl propanoate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC=C UIWXSTHGICQLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002828 fuel tank Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000855 fungicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- UHUSDOQQWJGJQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerol 1,2-dioctadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(CO)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC UHUSDOQQWJGJQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001033 granulometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoamylol Chemical compound CC(C)CCO PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002540 isothiocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002689 maleic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002950 monocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920000847 nonoxynol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonylphenol Chemical class CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006384 oligomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002917 oxazolidines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005504 petroleum refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000005575 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940068918 polyethylene glycol 400 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinimide Chemical class O=C1CCC(=O)N1 KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FAGUFWYHJQFNRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylenepentamine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCNCCN FAGUFWYHJQFNRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003567 thiocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003738 xylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
- C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fuel comprising an emulsion of water and liquid hydrocarbons, intended for use in engines and thermal machines. More specifically, the present invention relates to a water / hydrocarbon emulsified fuel which exhibits improved stability at high temperature.
- patent EP 630,398 describes an emulsified fuel based on hydrocarbon fuel and water, the emulsifying system of which consists of a combination of three additives: sorbitan oleate (preferably sorbitan sesquioleate), polyalkylene - glycol (preferably polyethylene glycol) and alkylphenol ethoxylate (preferably nonyl phenol ethoxylate).
- sorbitan oleate preferably sorbitan sesquioleate
- polyalkylene - glycol preferably polyethylene glycol
- alkylphenol ethoxylate preferably nonyl phenol ethoxylate
- Patent EP 888,421 describes a fuel based on an emulsion of water in at least one hydrocarbon, and comprising an emulsifying system comprising at least one sorbitol ester (preferably chosen from sorbitan oleates), at least one ester of fatty acid preferably chosen from oleates and / or stearates and / or ricinoleates of polyethylene glycol, and at least one alkylphenol-polyalkoxylated preferably chosen from nonylphenols and / or polyethoxylated octylphenols.
- an emulsifying system comprising at least one sorbitol ester (preferably chosen from sorbitan oleates), at least one ester of fatty acid preferably chosen from oleates and / or stearates and / or ricinoleates of polyethylene glycol, and at least one alkylphenol-polyalkoxylated preferably chosen from nonylphenols and / or
- Application WO 01/48123 proposes to improve the thermal stability of such emulsified fuels, in order to allow the storage and the use of the fuel over a wide temperature range, going from -10 ° C. to 70 ° C.
- This improvement is obtained by the use of an emulsifying system comprising at least one sorbitol ester (preferably sorbitan sesquioleate), at least one polyalkoxylated fatty acid ester (preferably chosen from oleates, stearates and polyethylene glycol ricinoleates), and at least one compound polyalkoxylated branched hydrocarbon preferably chosen from iso, di and trialkylated alcohols, preferably isotridecyclic alcohols comprising from 3 to 10 ethoxylated groups.
- sorbitol ester preferably sorbitan sesquioleate
- polyalkoxylated fatty acid ester preferably chosen from oleates, stearates and polyethylene glycol ricinoleates
- lipid vesicles containing water consist for example of 4% by weight of polyoxyethylene-10-alcohol stearate, 7.2% by weight of glycerol distearate, 5% by weight of soy methyl ester, 5% by weight of sesquioleate sorbitan and 78.8% by weight of water.
- patent application WO 01/51593 recommends, to improve the thermal stability over a wide temperature range (-20 to +50 ° C) of a fuel based on an emulsion of water and liquid hydrocarbons, to employ a polymeric emulsifier capable of being obtained by reaction between an oligomer of functionalized polyolefin and a polyoxyalkylene.
- This application also describes, by way of comparison, emulsifying systems consisting of 87% by weight of sorbitan monooleate, 3% by weight of sorbitan trioleate, and 10% by weight of castor oil ethoxylated with 10 moles of oxide d 'ethylene.
- the emulsified fuels described in the prior art prove to have insufficient stability at high temperature.
- the aqueous and hydrocarbon phases tend to separate quickly when the fuel is kept for several hours at high temperatures, above 60 ° C.
- the fuel is subjected to temperatures generally higher than 70 ° C. and, when the engine is stopped, the emulsion which remains stored in the supply system tends to phase out, in particular at level of the injector pump.
- This phenomenon generates many problems, including significant difficulties in restarting the vehicle.
- the present invention aims to provide an emulsified fuel based on hydrocarbons and water, which has improved high temperature stability compared to the emulsified fuels known in the prior art, without degradation of the other properties.
- the present invention relates to an emulsified fuel containing a major proportion (typically at least 80%, advantageously at least 90%, more particularly at least 95% by weight) of an emulsion of water and liquid hydrocarbons with a water / hydrocarbon weight ratio ranging from 5/95 to 35 / 65.
- a major proportion typically at least 80%, advantageously at least 90%, more particularly at least 95% by weight
- This fuel is characterized in that it contains an emulsifying system comprising at least 15% by weight of a fatty acid ester of polyol (poly ) oxyalkylated, and at least one constituent from the group formed by fatty acid esters of sorbitan and the condensation products of an acid or of a succinic anhydride with at least one amino, a polyamine, a fatty acid, a (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acid, an alcohol, a (poly) oxyalkylated alcohol and mixtures of these compounds.
- an emulsifying system comprising at least 15% by weight of a fatty acid ester of polyol (poly ) oxyalkylated, and at least one constituent from the group formed by fatty acid esters of sorbitan and the condensation products of an acid or of a succinic anhydride with at least one amino, a polyamine, a fatty acid, a (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acid, an alcohol,
- the fuel according to the present invention has excellent thermal stability, allowing its storage and use both at cold or ambient temperature and at high temperatures, of the order of
- the emulsified fuel according to the invention is stable over time, including at high temperature (that is to say so that the water droplets remain thinly and homogeneously dispersed in the hydrocarbon phase, and avoid their coalescence eventually leading to the separation of the aqueous phase and the organic phase), it contains an emulsifying system comprising at least two compounds, either at least the two types of esters, or a fatty acid and polyol ester (poly ) alkoxylated and a condensation product of a succinic acid or anhydride with at least one amine, a polyamine, a fatty acid, a (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acid, an alcohol, a (poly) oxyalkylated alcohol.
- an emulsifying system comprising at least two compounds, either at least the two types of esters, or a fatty acid and polyol ester (poly ) alkoxylated and a condensation product of a succinic acid or anhydride with at least one
- the fatty acid ester of sorbitan hereinafter called the sorbitan ester, consists of a fatty acid ester of sorbitan or a mixture of such esters.
- sorbitan well known to those skilled in the art, designates a cyclic tetraol which is an anhydride of sorbitol and can be obtained by dehydration of the latter.
- tetraol is meant a polyol comprising 4 hydroxyl groups.
- Sorbitan is generally present in chemical equilibrium with Sorbitol.
- Said sorbitan ester may comprise one or more monoesters, one or more polyesters, or a mixture of monoesters and polyesters. It can be obtained for example by esterification of one or more fatty acids and sorbitan.
- the fatty acids involved in the composition of the sorbitan ester which can be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, advantageously comprise from 6 to 22 carbon atoms, and preferably from 12 to 18 carbon atoms.
- said fatty acids can be chosen from lauric, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids, and their mixtures.
- said sorbitan ester comprises at least one sorbitan oleate.
- sorbitan oleates examples include sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan dioleate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan tetraoleate, sorbitan sesquioletate.
- said sorbitan ester comprises at least one ester chosen from sorbitan monooleate and sorbitan sesquioletate.
- the fatty acid ester of (poly) alkoxylated polyol hereinafter designated polyol ester, can comprise monoesters, polyesters or a mixture of monoesters and polyesters.
- polyesters the fatty acids entering into the composition of each of the ester molecules can be identical or different. Likewise, they can be different from one ester molecule to another so that we are in the case of the mixture of polyesters.
- polyol By polyol is meant the alcohols comprising from 2 to 5 hydroxyl groups, preferably the alkylene glycols, glycerol, pentaerythritol, their alkyl derivatives and their mixtures.
- the fatty acids involved in the composition of said polyol ester can be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, and advantageously comprise from 6 to 22 carbon atoms, and preferably from 12 to 18 carbon atoms.
- they are chosen from the fatty acids naturally present, in free or esterified form, in vegetable and or animal oils, such as, for example, and without limitation, lauric, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids , and mixtures thereof.
- the polyoxyalkylated groups present in the polyol ester are a chain of identical or different oxyalkyl units, each oxyalkyl unit advantageously comprising from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the polyoxyalkylated groups comprise ethoxy units.
- the polyoxyalkylated groups comprise at least one polyethoxy group.
- the average number of moles of oxyalkyl units per mole of ester is advantageously between 3 and 50, and preferably between 10 and 35, in particular when the polyol is glycerol.
- the polyol ester consists in whole or in part of a triester of fatty acid (s) and of polyoxylakylated glycerol or of a mixture of such triester. More preferably, it consists in whole or in part of a triester of fatty acid (s) and of polyethoxylated glycerol or of a mixture of such triesters.
- Said polyol ester can be obtained for example by polyoxyalkylation of an ester or of a mixture of fatty acid esters and of the polyol or alternatively by esterification of one or more fatty acids and of one or more polyoxyalkylated derivatives of polyol.
- Said polyol ester is advantageously obtained by oxyakylation of vegetable and / or animal oil.
- the polyol ester consists in whole or in part of vegetable oil and / or animal oxyalkylated.
- a product comprises triesters of fatty acids and polyoxyalkylated polyol (preferably glycerol), generally in admixture with monoesters and / or diesters of fatty acids and polyol (preferably glycerol) (poly) oxyalkylated.
- Said oil may if necessary have undergone a purification treatment, before and / or after its oxyalkylation.
- suitable vegetable oils are rapeseed, soybean, castor, sunflower, palm, oils extracted from resinous trees and mixtures of such oils.
- As suitable animal oil let us mention purified fats ("yellow grease”), tallow, poultry fats.
- the polyol ester consists in whole or in part of ethoxylated vegetable oil.
- the polyol ester is a polyalkoxylated alkylene glycol diester and more particularly the polyethoxylated ethylene glycol dioleate, in particular of molecular weight between 200 and 1000.
- Said polyol ester is advantageously present in the emulsified fuel according to the invention at a content ranging from 0.5 and 5% by weight, preferably from 0.5 to 2% by weight.
- the emulsifying system comprises from 15 to 100% by weight of at least one polyol ester, and at least one constituent of the group formed by the sorbitan ester and the condensation products d 'a succinic acid or anhydride with at least one amino, a polyamine, a fatty acid, a (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acid, an alcohol, a (poly) oxyalkylated alcohol and mixtures of these compounds.
- the emulsifying system according to the invention contains from 15 to 100% by weight of at least one sorbitan ester in combination with at least one polyol ester. according to a sorbitan ester / polyol ester weight ratio which varies from 20/80 to 80/20 inclusive, preferably from 40/60 to 60/40 inclusive. Even more preferably, the quantities by weight of each of the two types of esters are substantially equal (45/55 to 55/45).
- the sorbitan ester is advantageously present in the emulsified fuel according to the invention at a content ranging from 0.5 and 5% by weight, preferably from 0.5 to 2% by weight.
- the emulsifying system used in the composition of the emulsified fuel according to the invention also comprises, in addition to the two types of esters, at least one alcohol comprising from 3 to 22 carbon atoms, and preferably from 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
- This alcohol which is advantageously a monoalcohol, can be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated. It preferably comprises at least one branched saturated alcohol.
- particularly suitable alcohols include ethyl hexanols (e.g. 2-ethyl hexanol), isopropanol, tert-butanol, isopentanol, isotridecanol, fatty alcohols ( ie comprising from 12 to 22 carbon atoms).
- the emulsified fuel according to the invention then advantageously comprises from 0.1 to 5% by weight of said alcohol, preferably from 0.3 to 2%, even more preferably from 0.5 to 1% by weight.
- this alcohol plays the role of co-surfactant with respect to said first and second esters, that is to say that it facilitates and reinforces the emulsifying power of these.
- it makes it possible to improve the homogeneity in size of the water droplets: the latter are of a more uniform size (more monodisperse distribution) and smaller.
- the emulsifying system used in the composition of the emulsified fuel according to the invention also comprises from 0 to 85% by weight of at least one compound which is the condensation product of an acid or a succinic anhydride with at least one amino, a polyamine, a fatty acid, a (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acid, an alcohol, a (poly) oxyalkylated alcohol and mixtures of these compounds, hereinafter called condensation product.
- the condensation product of at least one succinic anhydride is used with at least one polyamine.
- the succinic acid or anhydride is advantageously substituted by a hydrocarbon radical which is preferably a polymeric radical, for example a polyisobutyl radical.
- the emulsifier system contains from 15 to
- the preferred emulsifier system in this form of the invention contains 20 to 50% by weight of at least one polyol ester and 50 to 80% of at least one condensation product.
- At least one alcohol of the type described above, that is to say a monoalcohol, to this emulsifying system could be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated , comprising from 3 to 22 carbon atoms, and preferably from 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the emulsified fuel according to the invention can comprise many other emulsifying agents.
- Those skilled in the art will perfectly know how to perfect the formula of the emulsifier system according to the invention by adding other known emulsifiers, ionic or nonionic, synthetic or of natural origin such as, for example, but not limited to compounds chosen from acids. fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives, fatty alcohols, ethoxylated fatty amines, polyol esters, functionalized polymers and their mixtures.
- the hydrocarbon phase of the emulsified fuel according to the invention can consist of any mixture of hydrocarbons.
- the hydrocarbon phase advantageously comprises one or more hydrocarbon fractions entering into the composition of traditional fuels, and which can in particular be chosen from petrol fractions (distillation interval generally included in the range 25 to 200 ° C), middle distillates such as for example kerosene cuts (distillation range generally included in the range 160 to 240 ° C) and diesel cuts (distillation range generally included in the range 160 to 400 ° C), biofuels, and mixtures of such cuts. These cuts can come from petroleum refining, agriculture (case of biofuels), or be synthetic hydrocarbons (for example obtained by oligomerization of light olefins, or by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis from light hydrocarbons).
- biofuel is meant light alcohols (such as, for example, ethanol), oils of plant and / or animal origin and esters of such oils.
- the hydrocarbon phase of the fuel according to the invention can thus advantageously contain from 0.1 to 60% by weight, and preferably from 0.5 to 50% by weight of biofuel.
- the preferred biofuels are esters of alcohols containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and fatty acids or mixtures of fatty acids containing from 16 to 22 carbon atoms.
- the particularly preferred biofuels are the methyl esters of vegetable oils such as, for example, but not limited to, soybean, rapeseed, sunflower, olive and palm oils.
- the hydrocarbon phase may include one or more of the cuts mentioned above for fuels, and / or possibly other cuts chosen from distillates under intermediate vacuum
- distillation range generally included in the range 350 to 450 ° C
- heavy vacuum distillates distillation range generally included in the range 400 to 550 ° C
- distillation residues and generally among all cuts traditionally used in fuels such as for example FOD (Fuel Oil)
- distillation intervals are cited with reference to standard ASTM D 86 (distillation of petroleum products).
- the fuel according to the invention is in the form of an emulsion of fine droplets of aqueous phase regularly dispersed in the hydrocarbon phase.
- the average diameter of the droplets of aqueous phase is less than or equal to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 3 ⁇ m, even more preferably 1 ⁇ m.
- the particle size profile of the drop sizes is of the monodisperse type around a value of approximately 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the above values of average droplet size correspond to measurements carried out by the technique of laser granulometry.
- the emulsified fuel according to the present invention can advantageously contain one or more biocidal agents, preferably in its aqueous phase. This biocidal agent is preferably a bactericide and / or a fungicide.
- biocidal agents mention may be made of isothiazolones and their chlorinated derivatives, benzalkonium chlorides, organic peroxides, isothiocyanates, thiocyanates, ammonium salts, amine salts, oxazolidines.
- the emulsified fuel can also include at least one anti-freeze agent.
- anti-freeze agents it is possible to use, for example, alcohols, glycols, glycol or alcohol derivatives, saline solutions.
- It can also contain at least one anti-soot agent.
- anti-soot agent As an example of such agents, let us cite the additives constituted by one or more metallic or alkaline-earth catalysts capable of promoting the post-combustion reactions of the soot.
- the preferred catalysts are based on magnesium, calcium, barium, cerium, copper, iron or their mixtures. These catalytic soot destruction promoters are all the easier to introduce into the emulsion as they are generally compounds whose salts are soluble in water, therefore in the aqueous phase of the emulsions according to the invention.
- its sulfur content determined according to standard NF M 07-100, is preferably less than or equal to 350 ppm, preferably less than or equal to 50 ppm, and again more preferably less than or equal to 10 ppm.
- its sulfur content, determined according to standard NF M 07-100 is preferably less than or equal to 1% by weight, preferably less than or equal to 0.2 % by weight, and even more preferably less than or equal to 0.1% by weight.
- the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the fuel according to the invention is preferably less than or equal to 11% by weight, more preferably less than or equal to 6% by weight.
- the emulsified fuel according to the invention preferably contains one or more other additives, which can be any additive usually used in fuels, including for example, but not limited to: - one or more procetane additives , such as for example inorganic or organic nitrates, for example ammonium nitrate, alkyl nitrates in which the alkyl radical, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated (preferably branched and saturated) contains from 3 to 20 and preferably from 5 to 15 carbon atoms (in particular 2-ethylhexyl nitrate), organic peroxides and in particular aryl peroxides in which the aryl group is a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group (for example benzoyl peroxide), or the alkyl peroxides in which the alkyl radical, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated (preferably branched and saturated) contains from 2 to 20 and preferably from 2 to 15
- procetane additives
- one or more filterability additives such as, for example, ethylene / vinyl acetate (EN A), ethylene / vinyl propionate (ENP), ethylene / vinyl ethanoate (EVE), ethylene / methyl methacrylate (EMMA) copolymers, ethylene / alkyl fumarate;
- anti-foam additives such as for example polysiloxanes, oxyalkylated polysiloxabes, fatty acid amides;
- detergent and / or anti-corrosion additives such as, for example, amines, succinimides, alkenyl succinimides, polyalkylamines, polyalkyl polyamines and polyetheramines;
- lubricating or anti-wear additives such as for example fatty acids and their ester or amide derivatives, mono- and polycyclic carboxylic acids and their ester or amide derivatives;
- one or more cloud point additives such as for example long chain olefin terpolymers / (meth) acrylic ester / maleimide, esters of fumaric or maleic acid esters.
- one or more anti-sedimentation additives such as, for example, (meth) acrylic acid / alkyl (meth) acrylate copolymers amidified with a polyamine, polyamine alkenyl succinimides, derivatives of phthalamic acid and fatty amine to double chain;
- one or more polyfunctional additives for cold operability such as for example polymers based on olefin and alkenyl nitrate.
- the invention also relates to a process for preparing an emulsified fuel as described above, by emulsifying hydrocarbons and water, in the presence of the emulsifying system and all or part of any other additives.
- the emulsified fuel according to the present invention can be used in various applications. It can in particular be used as fuel for thermal engines
- diesel notably petrol or diesel
- fuel cells for fuel cells. Its use as a fuel for diesel engines is particularly advantageous, in particular for new diesel engines fitted with direct injection systems.
- the fuel according to the invention can also be used as fuel for thermal machines such as for example industrial or domestic boilers, ovens, turbines, generators.
- thermal machines such as for example industrial or domestic boilers, ovens, turbines, generators.
- FOD domestic Fuel Oil
- a particularly advantageous use is that as FOD (or Domestic Fuel Oil), that is to say as fuel for domestic boilers.
- the invention also relates to an emulsifying additive composition which can be used, for example, in water / hydrocarbon emulsified fuels in order to improve its stability at high temperature.
- This additive composition comprises 15% by weight of at least one fatty acid ester of (poly) oxyalkylated polyol, and at least one constituent of the group formed by the fatty acid esters of sorbitan and the condensation products a succinic acid or anhydride with at least one amino, a polyamine, a fatty acid, a (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acid, an alcohol, a (poly) oxyalkylated alcohol,
- This additive composition preferably contains from 15 to 100% by weight of at least one glycerol ester, and at least one constituent of the group formed by the sorbitan ester and the condensation products of an acid or of a succinic anhydride with at least one amino, a polyamine, a fatty acid, a (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acid, an alcohol, an alcohol
- it contains from 15 to 100% by weight of at least one sorbitan ester in combination with at least the polyol ester as described above, in a weight ratio of sorbitan ester / polyol ester varying from 20/80 to 80/20
- the weight ratio of sorbitan ester to polyol ester varies from 40/60 to 60/40 inclusive. Even more preferably, the quantities by weight of each of the two types of esters are substantially equal (45/55 to 55/45).
- composition of emulsifying additives according to the invention also comprises at least one alcohol comprising from 3 to 22 carbon atoms, and preferably from 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
- This alcohol which is preferably a monoalcohol, can be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated. It preferably comprises at least one branched saturated alcohol.
- the alcohol / polyol ester and alcohol / sorbitan ester weight ratios are identical or different, and advantageously both less than or equal to 1. Preferably, each of these ratios is between 0.2 and 1.
- composition of emulsifying additives according to the invention can moreover comprise from 0 to 85% by weight of at least one compound which is the product of condensation of a succinic acid or anhydride with at least one amine, a polyamine, a fatty acid, a (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acid, an alcohol, a (poly) oxyalkylated alcohol and mixtures of these compounds.
- the condensation product of at least one succinic anhydride is used with at least one polyamine.
- the succinic acid or anhydride is advantageously substituted by a hydrocarbon radical which is preferably a polymeric radical, for example a polyisobutyl radical.
- this additive composition will comprise from 15 to 85% by weight of at least one polyol ester and from 85 to 15% of at least one condensation product. More preferably, it will comprise from 20 to 50% by weight of at least one polyol ester and from 50 to 80% of at least one condensation product.
- This additive composition can also comprise an alcohol as described above.
- composition of additives according to the invention may also comprise one or more of the additives or agents as described above as capable of being incorporated into the emulsified fuel according to the invention, such as for example, but not limited to, one or more several other emulsifying agents, one or more biocidal agents, one or more anti-freeze agents, one or more anti-soot agents, one or more procetane additives, one or more filterability additives, one or more anti-foam additives, one or more several detergent and / or anti-corrosion additives, one or several lubricity or anti-wear additives, one or several cloud point additives, one or several anti-sedimentation additives, one or several polyfunctional cold operability additives .
- the additive composition comprises at least one procetane additive chosen from inorganic or organic nitrates (for example alkyl nitrates), organic peroxides and mixtures of these two types of compounds.
- a particularly preferred additive composition comprises at least four types of additives: at least a first ester, at least a second ester, at least one alcohol and / or a condensation product and at least one procetane additive, each of these additives being as described above.
- the additive composition is in the form of a mixture of the additives described above.
- the composition of additives is in the form of a "mother solution", that is to say a concentrated solution of said additives in a suitable solvent. This solution is prepared by dissolving the emulsifying additives and any other additives and / or agents in the solvent.
- This solvent can be chosen from aromatic solvents (and in particular solvents based on aromatic or naphtheno-aromatic hydrocarbons, such as for example but not limited to toluene, xylenes, diisopropylbenzene or an oil cut rich in aromatic hydrocarbons), petroleum cuts (in particular naphthas, essences, kerosene, distillates), mineral and / or synthetic oils.
- aromatic solvents and in particular solvents based on aromatic or naphtheno-aromatic hydrocarbons, such as for example but not limited to toluene, xylenes, diisopropylbenzene or an oil cut rich in aromatic hydrocarbons
- petroleum cuts in particular naphthas, essences, kerosene, distillates
- mineral and / or synthetic oils mineral and / or synthetic oils.
- the "mother solutions” can contain, for example, from 20 to 80% by weight and preferably from 40 to 70% by weight of additives and agents.
- the invention relates to a method of improving the thermal stability of a water / liquid hydrocarbon emulsified fuel, by using a composition of emulsifying additives as described above. Unless otherwise stated, the ppm are expressed by weight.
- Example 1 is intended to illustrate the invention, without limiting its scope.
- a conventional diesel fuel G is used, conforming to standard EN 590.
- This diesel fuel has the following characteristics: Distillation interval (ASTM standard D86): initial point: 177.5 ° C point 10% vol: 209.5 ° C point 50% vol: 270.5 ° C point 90% vol: 330.5 ° C end point: 351.7 ° C
- the respective emulsified fuels El and E2 are prepared, by emulsifying 87.64% by weight of the said diesel with 10% by weight of water, in the presence of 1.86% by weight of an emulsifying system S and 0.5% by weight of a procetane additive (2, ethylhexyl nitrate).
- the emulsified fuel El conforms to the prior art, and its emulsifier system SI consists of:
- the fuel E2 is in accordance with the invention, and its emulsifier system S2 consists of: 1 part by weight of a first ester which is sorbitan monooleate; 1 part by weight of a second ester consisting of rapeseed oil ethoxylated with 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of triglyceride.
- Test 1 The stability of the emulsified fuels El and E2 was determined at room temperature, in accordance with the stability test by centrifugation described in standard NF M 07-101. The graph presented in Figure 1 below illustrates the results obtained, in fuel sedimentation rate term (ie phase shift of the emulsion) as a function of the centrifugation time.
- the results presented in FIG. 1 clearly illustrate the beneficial effect, in terms of stability of the emulsion at room temperature, of the emulsifier system S2 according to the invention: the fuel E2 has a stability very clearly superior to that of the fuel El of reference.
- Test 2 The fuels El and E2 were also subjected to a storage stability test at high temperature (75 ° C). This test was carried out as follows: 450 ml of emulsion are placed in an airtight bottle of 500 ml. This bottle is placed in an oven at 75 ° C. We then study the progressive phase shift by measuring the phase heights per 24 hour time interval. The phase shift time is reached when the phase heights no longer change over time (stationary situation).
- Table 1 below indicates the results obtained, in terms of phase shift time (that is to say the time after which the aqueous and organic phases of the emulsified fuel are completely separated).
- the emulsified fuels were prepared by emulsifying 87.64% by weight of the gas oil G of Example 1 with 10% by weight of water, in the presence of 1.86% by weight of the emulsifying system S and of 0.5% by weight of a procetane additive (2 nitrate, ethylhexyl).
- Test 2 of Example 1 (thermal stability at 75 ° C.) was repeated, using emulsifying systems in accordance with the invention, containing the following two esters: ester A ': sorbitan sesquioleate; ester B ': rapeseed oil ethoxylated with 10 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of triglyceride.
- the emulsified fuels were prepared by emulsifying 86% by weight of the gas oil G of Example 1 with 11.70% by weight of osmosis water, in the presence of 2% by weight of the emulsifying system S and 0.3% by weight. weight of a procetane additive (2 nitrate, ethylhexyl).
- Example 4 shows that it is possible, within the framework of the present invention, to vary both the chemical nature and the respective contents of the two esters, according to the results which it is desired to obtain and taking into account the products available, their costs and their compatibility with other additives which may be incorporated into the emulsified fuel.
- Example 4 shows that it is possible, within the framework of the present invention, to vary both the chemical nature and the respective contents of the two esters, according to the results which it is desired to obtain and taking into account the products available, their costs and their compatibility with other additives which may be incorporated into the emulsified fuel.
- Example 4 shows that it is possible, within the framework of the present invention, to vary both the chemical nature and the respective contents of the two esters, according to the results which it is desired to obtain and taking into account the products available, their costs and their compatibility with other additives which may be incorporated into the emulsified fuel.
- Emulsified fuels in accordance with the invention were prepared from these additive compositions by emulsifying 85.4 to 86% by weight (according to the tests) of the gas oil G of Example 1 with 11.7% by weight of water, 2 to 2.6% by weight (according to the tests) of emulsifier system S and 0.3% by weight of a procetane additive (2, ethylhexyl nitrate).
- the precise diesel content G of the emulsified fuel is adapted, for each test, taking into account the quantity of emulsifying system S.
- the stability of these fuels was determined at room temperature (25 ° C), by means of a test carried out as follows: 100 ml of emulsion are placed in a finely graduated frustoconical flask. After 24 hours of storage of the emulsion at 25 ° C., the volume content of the emulsion in the sedimented phase is determined (by direct reading on the graduated flask) (the sedimented phase consisting of large drops of aqueous phase which are are separated from the emulsion and agglomerated at the bottom of the container).
- the emulsifying additive compositions used in the respective fuels E8 and E9 which comprise, in addition to said first and second esters, 2, ethyl-hexanol, have better resistance to sedimentation: by adding 0.4 % by weight of alcohol, the sedimentation at 25 ° C of the emulsified fuel is reduced by 25%, and by adding 0.6% by weight of alcohol, this phenomenon of sedimentation is completely eliminated.
- Example 5
- Test 2 of Example 1 (thermal stability at 75 ° C.) was repeated, using emulsifying systems in accordance with the invention, containing the following two surfactants: ester B: rapeseed oil ethoxylated with 30 moles of oxide ethylene per mole of triglyceride.
- Surfactant C condensation product of a polyisobutene succinic anhydride with a tretraethylene pentamine in an amine to anhydride / amine mass ratio of 1.2.
- the emulsified fuels were prepared by emulsifying 86.75% by weight of the gas oil G of Example 1 with 11.70% by weight of osmosed water, in the presence of 1.25% by weight of the emulsifying system S and of 0.3 % by weight of a procetane additive (2 nitrate, ethyl-hexyl).
- Test 2 of Example 1 (thermal stability at 75 ° C.) was repeated, using emulsifying systems in accordance with the invention, containing the following three tesnsioactive agents: ester A: sorbitan mono oleate; ester B: rapeseed oil ethoxylated with 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of triglyceride.
- Surfactant C condensation product of a polyisobutene succinic anhydride with a tretraethylene pentamine in an amine to anhydride / amine mass ratio of 1.2.
- the emulsified fuels were prepared by emulsifying 86.75% by weight of the gas oil G of Example 1 with 11.70% by weight of osmosed water, in the presence of 1.25% by weight of the emulsifying system S and of 0.3 % by weight of a procetane additive (2 nitrate, ethyl-hexyl). Table 6 below presents the results obtained.
- ester A sorbitan monooleate
- ester B rapeseed oil ethoxylated with 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of triglyceride
- surfactant C condensation product of a polyisobutene succinic anhydride with a tetraethylenepentamine in an amine to anhydride mass ratio of 1.2.) as a mixture with a branched saturated alcohol which is 2, ethyl-hexanol.
- Emulsified fuels in accordance with the invention were prepared from these additive compositions by emulsifying 85.4 to 86% by weight (according to the tests) of the gas oil G of Example 1 with 11.7% by weight of water, 2.5% by weight (according to the tests) of emulsifier system S and 0.3% by weight of a procetane additive (2 nitrate, ethyl-hexyl).
- the precise diesel content G of the emulsified fuel is adapted, for each test, taking into account the quantity of emulsifying system S.
- the stability of these fuels was determined at room temperature (25 ° C), by means of a test carried out as follows: 100 ml of emulsion are placed in a finely graduated frustoconical flask. After 24 hours of storage of the emulsion at 25 ° C., the volume content of the emulsion in the sedimented phase is determined (by direct reading on the graduated flask) (the sedimented phase consisting of large drops of aqueous phase which are are separated from the emulsion and agglomerated at the bottom of the container). Table 7 below summarizes the results obtained:
- the respective emulsifying systems S 12 and S13 comprise, in addition to said prime; second esters and third surfactant, 2, ethyl-hexanol, have better resistance to sedimentation: by adding 28.5% by weight of alcohol, the phenomenon of sedimentation is completely eliminated.
- second esters and third surfactant, 2, ethyl-hexanol have better resistance to sedimentation: by adding 28.5% by weight of alcohol, the phenomenon of sedimentation is completely eliminated.
- Test 2 of Example 1 (thermal stability at 75 ° C.) was repeated, using emulsifying systems in accordance with the invention, containing the following two surfactants: ester B ": polyethylene glycol 400 dioleate or polyalkoxylated ethylene glycol 400.
- Surfactant C condensation product of a succinic acid or anhydride with a polyamine Surfactant C condensation product of a succinic acid or anhydride with a polyamine.
- the emulsified fuels were prepared by emulsifying 86.75% by weight of the gas oil G of Example 1 with 11.70% by weight of osmosed water, in the presence of 1.25% by weight of the emulsifying system S and of 0.3 % by weight of a procetane additive (2 nitrate, ethyl-hexyl).
- this example shows that it is possible, within the framework of the present invention, to vary both the chemical nature and the respective contents of the two surfactants, as a function of the results which it is desired to obtain and taking into account the products available, their costs and their compatibility with other additives which may be incorporated into the emulsified fuel.
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- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0306614A FR2855525B1 (fr) | 2003-06-02 | 2003-06-02 | Combustible emulsionne eau/hydrocarbures, sa preparation et ses utilisations |
PCT/FR2004/001343 WO2004108864A2 (fr) | 2003-06-02 | 2004-06-01 | Combustible emulsionne eau / hydrocarbures, sa preparation et ses utilisations |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP1636326A2 true EP1636326A2 (fr) | 2006-03-22 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP04767218A Withdrawn EP1636326A2 (fr) | 2003-06-02 | 2004-06-01 | Combustible emulsionne eau / hydrocarbures, sa preparation et ses utilisations |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20060075680A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1636326A2 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2006526680A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1798825A (fr) |
BR (1) | BRPI0410865A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2527324A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2855525B1 (fr) |
OA (1) | OA13176A (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2004108864A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (14)
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US9212332B2 (en) * | 2005-03-29 | 2015-12-15 | Arizona Chemical Company, Llc | Compositions containing fatty acids and/or derivatives thereof and a low temperature stabilizer |
RU2008146727A (ru) * | 2006-04-27 | 2010-06-10 | Нью Дженерейшн Байофьюэлз, Инк. (Us) | Композиция биологического топлива и способ получения биологического топлива |
FR2925909B1 (fr) * | 2007-12-26 | 2010-09-17 | Total France | Additifs bifonctionnels pour hydrocarbures liquides obtenus par greffage a partir de copolymeres d'ethylene et/ou de propylene et d'esters vinyliques |
SG169258A1 (en) * | 2009-09-04 | 2011-03-30 | Singapore Emulsion Fuel Pte Ltd | Fuel additive compositions and methods for making the same and emulsion fuel comprising the fuel additive compositions |
PL2865735T3 (pl) * | 2011-03-29 | 2018-08-31 | Fuelina Technologies, Llc | Sposób i urządzenie do wytwarzania hybrydowego paliwa |
GB201111029D0 (en) * | 2011-06-29 | 2011-08-10 | Danisco | Composition |
US9109179B2 (en) | 2012-04-20 | 2015-08-18 | Broadleaf Energy, LLC | Renewable biofuel |
CN103923714A (zh) * | 2013-01-10 | 2014-07-16 | 冯崇谦 | 纳米乳化清洁柴油 |
CN103074128A (zh) * | 2013-01-24 | 2013-05-01 | 九峰能源科技(上海)有限公司 | 一种水/烃乳化燃料 |
CN103468330B (zh) * | 2013-09-22 | 2016-01-13 | 清华大学 | 一种内燃机用全馏分燃料及其应用 |
US9398864B2 (en) * | 2014-03-12 | 2016-07-26 | The Nielsen Company (Us), Llc | Methods and apparatus to gather and analyze electroencephalographic data |
US10308885B2 (en) | 2014-12-03 | 2019-06-04 | Drexel University | Direct incorporation of natural gas into hydrocarbon liquid fuels |
GB201721960D0 (en) * | 2017-12-27 | 2018-02-07 | Bp Oil Int | Methods for preparing fuel additives |
CN110105991B (zh) * | 2019-06-18 | 2021-07-30 | 天津中安信业集团有限公司 | 一种用于汽油车辆减排节油的太赫兹水基燃油添加剂及其制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (7)
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LU81921A1 (fr) * | 1979-11-22 | 1981-06-04 | Labofina Sa | Compositions de carburant pour moteur diesel et procede pour les preparer |
FR2746106B1 (fr) * | 1996-03-15 | 1998-08-28 | Combustible emulsionne et l'un de ses procedes d'obtention | |
US6652607B2 (en) * | 1999-07-07 | 2003-11-25 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Concentrated emulsion for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel |
MXPA02006803A (es) * | 2000-01-12 | 2004-04-05 | Cam Tecnologie S P A | Combustible que comprende una emulsion entre agua y un hidrocarburo liquido. |
ITMI20011002A1 (it) * | 2001-05-16 | 2002-11-16 | Ind Generali S P A | Composizioni per carburanti ecologici procedimenti di preparazione e l'impego delle stesse |
TW589369B (en) * | 2001-07-11 | 2004-06-01 | Kune-Muh Tsai | Emulsion fuel oil additive |
GB0124117D0 (en) * | 2001-10-08 | 2001-11-28 | Ici Plc | Fuel emulsion |
-
2003
- 2003-06-02 FR FR0306614A patent/FR2855525B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-06-01 WO PCT/FR2004/001343 patent/WO2004108864A2/fr active Application Filing
- 2004-06-01 CN CNA2004800152988A patent/CN1798825A/zh active Pending
- 2004-06-01 CA CA002527324A patent/CA2527324A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2004-06-01 EP EP04767218A patent/EP1636326A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-06-01 OA OA1200500344A patent/OA13176A/en unknown
- 2004-06-01 JP JP2006508347A patent/JP2006526680A/ja active Pending
- 2004-06-01 US US10/525,328 patent/US20060075680A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-06-01 BR BRPI0410865-5A patent/BRPI0410865A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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OA13176A (en) | 2006-12-13 |
JP2006526680A (ja) | 2006-11-24 |
US20060075680A1 (en) | 2006-04-13 |
BRPI0410865A (pt) | 2006-07-04 |
CA2527324A1 (fr) | 2004-12-16 |
FR2855525A1 (fr) | 2004-12-03 |
WO2004108864A3 (fr) | 2005-02-10 |
CN1798825A (zh) | 2006-07-05 |
WO2004108864A2 (fr) | 2004-12-16 |
FR2855525B1 (fr) | 2005-07-08 |
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