EP1621811B1 - Procédé de fonctionnement pour un dispositif de combustion - Google Patents

Procédé de fonctionnement pour un dispositif de combustion Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1621811B1
EP1621811B1 EP05106361A EP05106361A EP1621811B1 EP 1621811 B1 EP1621811 B1 EP 1621811B1 EP 05106361 A EP05106361 A EP 05106361A EP 05106361 A EP05106361 A EP 05106361A EP 1621811 B1 EP1621811 B1 EP 1621811B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
burners
fuel
pressure pulsations
main
burner
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EP05106361A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1621811A1 (fr
Inventor
Mauricio Garay
Gianfranco Guidati
Douglas Anthony Pennell
Frank Reiss
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Ansaldo Energia IP UK Ltd
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Alstom Technology AG
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/28—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
    • F23R3/34—Feeding into different combustion zones
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/42—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the arrangement or form of the flame tubes or combustion chambers
    • F23R3/50—Combustion chambers comprising an annular flame tube within an annular casing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in air; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23C2900/06042—Annular arrangement of burners in a furnace, e.g. in a gas turbine, operated in alternate lean-rich mode
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2241/00—Applications
    • F23N2241/20—Gas turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/16—Systems for controlling combustion using noise-sensitive detectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for continuous combustion chambers; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23R2900/00013—Reducing thermo-acoustic vibrations by active means

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for operating a furnace with multi-burner system for hot gas production, in particular gas turbine, preferably a power plant, having the features of the preamble of claim 1.
  • a furnace e.g. a gas turbine
  • a combustion chamber with a plurality of burners.
  • a fuel supply system is provided on a regular basis, with the help of which the burners are supplied with fuel.
  • boundary conditions are, for example, the ambient temperature, the relative humidity, the current air mass flow, in particular the degree of contamination of a compressor upstream of the combustion chamber, the switching position ("on” or “off") of a fuel and / or air preheater, the composition of the fuel currently used, and so on.
  • Particularly complex is the control of the fuel supply system, if the considered boundary conditions vary. For example, the ambient temperature and / or the fuel composition will usually change over a gas turbine operating day. Since the individual boundary conditions have different effects on the stability of the combustion process, it is not always possible to find a setting for the fuel supply, which enables stable operation of the individual burners close to the lean extinction limit.
  • the firing system comprises a combustion chamber with a plurality of burners to which a fuel supply system feeds a single fuel stream, wherein all fuel individual streams together form a total fuel flow.
  • the fuel supply is controlled to at least one burner for a stationary operation of the furnace in response to pressure pulsations occurring in the combustion chamber.
  • the invention deals with the problem of providing for an operating method of the type mentioned in an improved embodiment, which in particular simplifies safe operation of the combustion chamber near the lean extinction limit or only possible.
  • a hitherto required safety distance to the lean extinction limit should be reduced.
  • the invention is based on the general idea of controlling the fuel supply to the burners of the combustion chamber as a function of pressure pulsations occurring in the combustion chamber.
  • the invention uses the knowledge that the pressure pulsations increase as the combustion process approaches the lean extinction limit.
  • the intensity or amplitude of the pressure pulsations at certain characteristic frequencies correlates with the distance between the combustion process and the associated lean extinction limit, essentially independently of the combustion process and / or the lean extinction limit Boundary conditions, such as ambient temperature, fuel composition and humidity. This means that a change in the boundary conditions, which leads, for example, to an increase in the distance of the currently running combustion process to the lean extinction limit, is accompanied by a decrease in the pressure pulsations that occur.
  • the pressure pulsations can be detected in a conventional manner, which allows a comparison between a measured actual value and a predetermined or adjustable setpoint value and, depending on this setpoint-actual comparison of the pressure pulsations, enables a corresponding adaptation of the fuel supply.
  • a closed control loop is provided for supplying the burner with fuel.
  • the operation of the gas turbine or the fuel supply of the burner is extremely simplified by the operating method according to the invention, since by taking into account the intensity or amplitude of the pressure pulsations already mentioned above several boundary conditions, which determine the distance between the combustion process and the lean extinction limit in the Be taken into account automatically, without them to be explicitly monitored and / or integrated into the scheme. It is obvious that the expense for operating the gas turbine is significantly reduced by the operating method according to the invention. Furthermore, the combustion chamber can be operated safely and yet very close to the lean extinction limit by a corresponding selection of setpoint values for the pressure pulsations.
  • the fuel supply to at least one burner of the combustion chamber is enriched by a predetermined value.
  • the maximum value of the pressure pulsations can be determined empirically, for example, and defines the smallest distance to the lean extinction limit, at which still a stable operation of the combustion chamber can be ensured.
  • the specification of a specific value by which the fuel supply to the respective burner possibly enriched is to be possible, thereby allowing a rapid response of the control and thus compliance with the smallest possible distance between pulsation and pulsation setpoint.
  • the burners of the furnace are subdivided into a main group with several main burners and a subgroup with several secondary burners.
  • the fuel supply to the main burners is enriched, while the fuel supply to the auxiliary burners is emaciated, whereby the total fuel flow remains constant.
  • a fuel supply can work constantly, which reduces the effort to realize the fuel supply.
  • the fuel supply to at least one burner may be reduced to a predetermined value.
  • a maximum distance between the combustion reaction and the lean extinction limit is defined for the operation of the combustion chamber, which should not be exceeded. This measure ensures that the lowest possible distance to the lean extinction limit is always maintained, which leads to low pollutant emissions.
  • a pulsation window is defined for the operation of the combustion chamber, in which the burners of the combustion chamber are operated and which ensures a sufficient, but very small distance from the lean extinction limit and at the same time compliance with low limit values for the pollutant emissions ,
  • a combustion chamber 1 of a firing system is equipped with a plurality of burners 2, whereby a multi-burner system is formed.
  • the burners 2 are arranged on an inlet side of, for example, an annular combustion chamber 3 of the combustion chamber 1.
  • a gas turbine in particular a power plant, designed firing system is located upstream of the combustion chamber 1 usually a compressor not shown here, while downstream of the combustion chamber 1, the actual, not shown here turbine is arranged.
  • the burners 2 are divided into two groups, namely a main group and a subgroup.
  • the burners 2 of the main group are symbolized here by full circles and are referred to below as the main burner 4.
  • the burners 2 of the subgroup are symbolized by empty circles and are also referred to below as secondary burners 5.
  • the main burners 4 are operated fatter than the auxiliary burners 5. Accordingly, the main burners 4 regularly have a greater distance to the lean quench limit of the combustion reaction than the auxiliary burners 5. Due to the given exponential relationship between NO x and firing temperature produce the main burner 4 significantly more NO x than the auxiliary burner 5.
  • the main burners 4 have a significantly greater influence on the combustion reaction in the combustion chamber 3 than the auxiliary burners 5.
  • An equal number of burners in both groups could therefore, for example, by a different dimensioning of the main burner. 4 and the auxiliary burner 5 are achieved with respect to different mass flow rates.
  • a fuel supply system 6 For supplying the burner 2 with fuel, a fuel supply system 6 is provided which supplies the burners 2 with a total fuel flow 7 via a corresponding overall line. This total fuel flow is thereby split by the fuel supply system 6 into a main fuel stream 8 assigned to the main burners of the main group and a secondary fuel stream 9 assigned to the auxiliary burners 5 of the subgroup. Corresponding distribution devices are not shown here.
  • the individual burners 2 are supplied with fuel from the fuel supply system 6 via corresponding individual lines with individual fuel streams 10. It can also be between here the main burners 4 associated Hauptbrennstoffeinzelströmen 11 and the secondary burners associated Maubrennscherinzelströmen 12 are distinguished.
  • a control device 13 is provided, which is coupled to the actuation of the fuel supply system 6 with this and which is also connected to at least one pulsation sensor 14 for measuring pressure pulsations in the combustion chamber 1 and in the combustion chamber 3. Furthermore, the control device 13 is connected to at least one emission sensor 15, with the aid of pollutant emissions in the exhaust gases of the combustion chamber 1 or downstream of the turbine can be detected.
  • the gas turbine is operated such that the fuel supply to the burners 2 is regulated at least for the maintenance of a stationary or quasi-stationary operation of the gas turbine as a function of pressure pulsations occurring in the combustion chamber 1.
  • FIG. 1 whose abscissa represents the mass ratio of fuel to oxidizer, which is generally designated ⁇ .
  • ⁇ the mass ratio of fuel to oxidizer
  • the diagram of FIG. 1 includes a solid line a pulsation curve P ( ⁇ ) and a dashed line an emission curve E ( ⁇ ) , each depending on the fuel / oxidizer mass ratio ⁇ .
  • the diagram according to FIG. 1 also contains a maximum value for pressure pulsations P max , which defines a limit value for maximum permissible pressure pulsations P, and a minimum value for pressure pulsations P min , which defines a limit value for minimum permissible pressure pulsations P.
  • a maximum value for pollutant emissions E max is also entered here, which defines a maximum permissible limit value for the pollutant emissions.
  • the diagram plots a lean extinction limit ⁇ L of the fuel / oxidizer ratio ⁇ , which represents such a lean fuel / oxidizer ratio ⁇ that the extinguishment of the combustion reaction must be expected.
  • a minimum value for pollutant emissions E min is entered.
  • the gas turbine or its combustion chamber 1 can now be operated very close to the lean extinguishing limit ⁇ L , ie at very low pollutant emissions E and yet comparatively safe, ie stable.
  • the intensity or the amplitude of the pressure pulsations occurring in the combustion chamber 1 is determined via the at least one pulsation sensor 14 and compared with at least one, in particular empirically determined, pulsation setpoint P soll .
  • the pressure pulsations P thus form the reference variable of the closed loop constructed here.
  • the fuel supply of the burner 2 is then adapted. Since the Oxidatorzuschreib, so from the compressor (not shown) coming airflow is generally constant, the change in the fuel supply to the fuel / oxidizer ratio ⁇ affects. On the basis of the dependence of the pressure pulsations P on the fuel / oxidizer ratio ⁇ explained with reference to FIG. 1, the change in the fuel supply also leads to a corresponding change in the pressure pulsations P. Here the control circuit closes.
  • the control of the fuel supply is performed so that adjusts a proportional control with respect to the pulsation setpoint P soll .
  • the control should be performed in the manner of a PI controller.
  • the pulsation setpoint P soll is expediently selected so that it is as close as possible to the pulsation maximum value P max .
  • the operating method according to the invention operates so that upon reaching the maximum value of the pressure pulsations P max or when exceeding the setpoint P soll of the pressure pulsation P, the fuel supply to one or more burners 2 is enriched, in particular by a predetermined value.
  • the current operating point then moves from the desired pulsation value P soll or from the point of intersection between the pressure pulsation curve P ( ⁇ ) and the pulsation axial value P max along the pulsation curve P ( ⁇ ) to the left, ie towards enrichment. Since the pressure pulsations P in the pulsation maximum value P max have a predetermined minimum distance to the lean extinction limit ⁇ L , enrichment of the fuel supply enriches the distance to the lean extinction limit ⁇ L (to the left).
  • the operating method can be designed such that when the minimum pulsation value P min is reached or when the pulsation setpoint P soll falls , the fuel supply to at least one of the burners 2 is reduced, in particular by a predetermined value.
  • This has the consequence that the current operating state then migrates from the pulsation setpoint P setpoint or from the intersection between the minimum pulsation value P min and the pulsation curve P ( ⁇ ) to the right, ie in the direction of leaning along the pulsation curve P ( ⁇ ) .
  • the Pulsationsminimalwerts P min while a maximum distance to the lean extinction limit ⁇ L is defined, which should not be exceeded to ensure low pollutant emissions E.
  • the Pulsationsminimalwert P min is suitably chosen so that in this area is about the emission maximum value E max .
  • an operating window F is thus defined for the operation of the combustion chamber 1 as a function of the pressure pulsations P.
  • the combustion chamber 1 can be operated safely, that is to say stably, wherein always the smallest possible, but sufficient, distance from the lean extinction limit ⁇ L can be ensured.
  • the pollutant emissions E always move between the maximum value of the pollutant emissions E max and the minimum value of the pollutant emissions E min .
  • monitoring of the pollutant emissions E can additionally be carried out for monitoring the pressure pulsations P.
  • the fuel supply to at least one of the burners 2 can then also be regulated as a function of the pollutant emissions E. It is intended in particular to a scheme in which the fuel supply is at least one burner 2 emaciated when the pollutant emissions E reach the emission maximum value E max . As a result of the emaciation, the operating state moves from the point of intersection between emission maximum value E max and emission curve E ( ⁇ ) to the right, that is to say in the direction of leaning along the course of emission E ( ⁇ ) .
  • the monitoring of the lower limit of the operating window F can be carried out optionally with reference to the emission maximum value E max or the minimum pulsation value P min .
  • the absolute value of the pulsation minimum value P min is comparatively small, measurement errors can occur, so that the monitoring of the pollutant emissions E under certain boundary conditions can lead to more accurate results.
  • the combination of the two control methods can also cover the case that the relationship between the pollutant emissions E and the pressure pulsations P changes during the course of the operation of the gas turbine.
  • the total fuel flow 7 can in principle be increased or decreased accordingly.
  • the fuel supply of all burners 2 is substantially evenly emaciated or enriched.
  • the power of the gas turbine changes, which is not desirable in every case. Rather, a gas turbine should be operated regularly with constant load. Therefore, an embodiment is preferred in which, in order to reduce the pressure pulsations, the fuel supply to the main burners 4 is enriched, while the fuel supply to the auxiliary burners 5 is emaciated. The enrichment of the main burner 4 and the emaciation of the auxiliary burner 5 is carried out so that the total fuel flow 7 remains constant.
  • At least one of the auxiliary burners 5 can also be switched off and the main burners 4 can at the same time be enriched so far that the total fuel flow 7 remains constant. This measure also leads to a reduction of the pressure pulsations.
  • the above-described alternatively or cumulatively applicable measures for reducing the pressure pulsations P can be used within the scope of the operating method according to the invention be used to increase the distance to the lean erase limit ⁇ L again on reaching the Pulsationsmaximalwerts P max .
  • the fuel supply to the main burners 4 is emaciated, while the fuel supply to the secondary burners 5 is enriched, with leaning and enrichment are coordinated so that the total fuel flow 7 remains constant.
  • at least one of the auxiliary burners 5 is switched off when the minimum pulsation value P min or upon reaching the maximum emission value E max, at least one of the auxiliary burners 5 can additionally or alternatively be connected to the measure described above, while at the same time the fuel supply to the main burners 4 is reduced is that in turn the total fuel flow 7 remains constant.
  • the fuel individual streams 10 can be supplied to the individual burners 2 via individual lines. It is also possible for the Hauptbrennscherinzelströme 11 and 12 for the Maubrunscherinszelströme separate common supply lines, in particular ring lines to provide, from which individual supply lines to the main burners 4 and Vietnamese Maubrennern 5 branch off.
  • the individual burners 2 that is to say the main burners 4 and the auxiliary burners 5, are assigned to the same burner stage. It is also possible to assign the main burner 4 and the secondary burner 5 different burner stages.
  • the main group of burners 2 then forms a main stage, while the subgroup of burners 2 forms a secondary stage.
  • the main stage may be a premix stage of a premix burner
  • the secondary stage is a pilot stage, which may be formed, for example, in the form of a lance in the premix burner.
  • FIG. 3 shows by way of example a premix burner whose premix stage forms the main burner 4 and whose pilot stage forms the auxiliary burner 5.
  • the combustion chamber 1 usually has several such Vormischbrenner, whereby a multi-burner system is present.
  • the auxiliary burner 5 of the pilot stage generates a pilot flame 16, which essentially serves to stabilize the flame front.
  • the main burner 4 produces the premix stage of a premix flame 17. While the premix flame 17 usually leads to relatively low pollutant emissions E and generates comparatively high pressure pulsations P, the pilot flame 16 causes higher pollutant emissions E with simultaneously lower pressure pulsations P.

Claims (6)

  1. Procédé pour faire fonctionner une installation de combustion avec un système à plusieurs brûleurs pour la production de gaz chaud, notamment une turbine à gaz, de préférence une centrale,
    - dans lequel l'installation de combustion présente une chambre de combustion (1),
    - la chambre de combustion (1) présentant plusieurs brûleurs (2) auxquels une installation d'alimentation en combustible (6) achemine à chaque fois un courant individuel de combustible (10), tous les courants individuels de combustible (10) formant conjointement un courant total de combustible (7),
    - l'alimentation en combustible à au moins un brûleur (2) étant régulée pour un fonctionnement stationnaire de l'installation de combustion en fonction des impulsions de pression (P) se produisant dans la chambre de combustion (1),
    - les brûleurs (2) étant divisés en un groupe principal avec plusieurs brûleurs principaux (4) et un groupe secondaire avec plusieurs brûleurs secondaires (5),
    caractérisé en ce que
    - à l'obtention d'une valeur maximale (Pmax) pour les impulsions de pression (P), l'alimentation en combustible aux brûleurs principaux (4) est enrichie et l'alimentation en combustible aux bruleurs secondaires (5) est appauvrie, de telle sorte que le courant total de combustible (7) reste constant.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'à l'obtention de la valeur maximale (Pmax) pour les impulsions de pression (P), au moins l'un des brûleurs secondaires (5) est déconnecté et l'alimentation en combustible aux brûleurs principaux (4) est enrichie de telle sorte que le courant total de combustible (7) reste constant.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce qu'à l'obtention d'une valeur minimale (Pmin) pour les impulsions de pression (P) et/ou à l'obtention d'une valeur maximale (Emax) pour les émissions toxiques (E), l'alimentation en combustible aux brûleurs principaux (4) est appauvrie et l'alimentation en combustible aux brûleurs secondaires (5) est enrichie de telle sorte que le courant total de combustible (7) reste constant.
  4. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce qu'à l'obtention d'une valeur minimale (Pmin) pour les impulsions de pression (P) et/ou à l'obtention d'une valeur maximale (Emax) pour les émissions toxiques (E), au moins l'un des brûleurs secondaires (5) est branché et l'alimentation en combustible aux brûleurs principaux (4) est appauvrie de telle sorte que le courant total de combustible (7) reste constant.
  5. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que
    - les brûleurs principaux (4) et les brûleurs secondaires (5) sont associés au même étage de combustion, ou
    - en ce que les brûleurs principaux (4) et les brûleurs secondaires (5) sont associés à différents étages de combustion, par exemple un étage de prémélange et un étage pilote.
  6. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que la régulation de l'apport en combustible s'effectue proportionnellement à une valeur de consigne (Psoll) des impulsions de pression (P) ajustable ou prédéfinie.
EP05106361A 2004-07-29 2005-07-12 Procédé de fonctionnement pour un dispositif de combustion Active EP1621811B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102004036911A DE102004036911A1 (de) 2004-07-29 2004-07-29 Betriebsverfahren für eine Feuerungsanlage

Publications (2)

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EP1621811A1 EP1621811A1 (fr) 2006-02-01
EP1621811B1 true EP1621811B1 (fr) 2007-09-12

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US (1) US7513117B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1621811B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE373206T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE102004036911A1 (fr)

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US20060040225A1 (en) 2006-02-23
ATE373206T1 (de) 2007-09-15
EP1621811A1 (fr) 2006-02-01
US7513117B2 (en) 2009-04-07
DE102004036911A1 (de) 2006-03-23

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