EP1597002B1 - Kokille zum abschrecken von metallen und so erhaltene blöcke - Google Patents

Kokille zum abschrecken von metallen und so erhaltene blöcke Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1597002B1
EP1597002B1 EP04711629A EP04711629A EP1597002B1 EP 1597002 B1 EP1597002 B1 EP 1597002B1 EP 04711629 A EP04711629 A EP 04711629A EP 04711629 A EP04711629 A EP 04711629A EP 1597002 B1 EP1597002 B1 EP 1597002B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ingot
elements
metal
cooling
point
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP04711629A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1597002A2 (de
Inventor
Thomas Spadone
Robert Rey-Flandrin
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Rio Tinto France SAS
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Aluminium Pechiney SA
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Publication of EP1597002A2 publication Critical patent/EP1597002A2/de
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Publication of EP1597002B1 publication Critical patent/EP1597002B1/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D5/00—Machines or plants for pig or like casting
    • B22D5/005—Devices for stacking pigs; Pigforms to be stacked
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D7/00—Casting ingots, e.g. from ferrous metals
    • B22D7/005—Casting ingots, e.g. from ferrous metals from non-ferrous metals

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the foundry of non-ferrous metals, in particular aluminum and its alloys. It particularly concerns metal ingots, including stackable ingots, and ingot molds that make it possible.
  • the metal ingots are produced by pouring liquid metal into a shaped mold.
  • the liquid metal cools, solidifies and gives an ingot having the shape of the inner volume of the mold.
  • the ingots have, for the most part, a form that allows their storage by stacking and the handling of the stacks obtained.
  • the stacks can be stabilized by one or more straps.
  • the ingots are also provided with means for limiting the volume of the stacks and for self-stabilizing them. These means are typically locking elements ("interlocking means" in English), such as protruding elements (pins, bosses, studs, ...) and recessed elements (notches, grooves, etc.), which cooperate to allow each ingot to be retained by neighboring ingots.
  • locking means such as protruding elements (pins, bosses, studs, ...) and recessed elements (notches, grooves, etc.
  • the speed of the ingot manufacturing process by cooling and solidifying the ingots is a determining factor in the productivity of a foundry.
  • a cooling fluid typically water
  • ingot manufacturing can become a limiting step in the production of a plant. There is therefore a permanent search for solutions to accelerate the manufacture of ingots, while preserving the quality of ingots obtained and the ability to stack them stably.
  • the subject of the invention is a metal ingot mold, intended for the manufacture of ingots by cooling and solidifying a mass of liquid metal of initial volume Vo, comprising an internal cooling surface S intended for the evacuation of all or part of the thermal energy released by the mass of liquid metal during its cooling and solidification, and characterized in that the cooling surface S has a shape such that, during the contraction of the volume Vo of metal caused by its cooling and its solidification, the metal remains in contact with at least 10% of the surface S.
  • the metal remains in contact with at least 15% of the area S, and more preferably at least 20% of the surface area S.
  • the Applicant has found that, unexpectedly, the effective cooling time of the ingots, since the pouring of the liquid metal into the mold until the extraction of the solidified ingot, was in fact much longer than estimated from thermal calculations and the importance of this phenomenon depended strongly on the form itself of the mold. She then had the idea that the lengthening of the cooling was in fact largely due to a problem of thermal contact between the metal and the mold and noted that, contrary to all expectations, the contraction of the metal during its solidification produces, in many places, a slight separation between the ingot and the inner surface of the mold. Although weak, this separation creates an air gap which substantially reduces the heat exchange between the ingot and the mold wall. The heat exchange is then practically done only on very restricted surfaces at the interface between the ingot and the mold.
  • the metal mold is characterized in that the cooling surface comprises at least one plane surface element Si, preferably forming all or part of the bottom of the mold, in that there is at least one point C on a plane Pi tangent to the element, or to each element, of surface Si such that all the straight line segments D connecting any point R of the cooling surface S to the point C pass only to the interior of the mold, and in that the total area of the element, or elements, of area Si is at least equal to 10% of the cooling surface S.
  • the cooling surface comprises at least one plane surface element Si, preferably forming all or part of the bottom of the mold, in that there is at least one point C on a plane Pi tangent to the element, or to each element, of surface Si such that all the straight line segments D connecting any point R of the cooling surface S to the point C pass only to the interior of the mold, and in that the total area of the element, or elements, of area Si is at least equal to 10% of the cooling surface S.
  • the total area of the element, or elements, of area Si is at least equal to 15% of the cooling surface S, and more preferably at least equal to 20% of the cooling surface S.
  • the invention also relates to a metal ingot, obtainable with an ingot mold according to the invention, comprising a molded surface Sm and a rough surface Sb, and characterized in that the molded surface Sm comprises at least one element of planar surface Si, in that there exists at least one point C on a plane Pi tangent to the element, or each element, of surface Si such that all straight line segments D connecting any point R of the molded surface Sm at point C pass only within the ingot, and in that the total area of the element, or elements, of Si surface is at least equal to 10% of the molded surface Sm.
  • the molded surface Sm corresponds to the part of the total surface of the ingot which has been shaped by the mold, namely the initial surface So.
  • the total area of the element, or elements, of area Si is at least equal to 15% of the molded surface Sm, and more preferably at least equal to 20% of the molded surface Sm.
  • the invention also relates to the use of an ingot mold according to the invention for the manufacture of metal ingots.
  • the invention also relates to a method of manufacturing ingots of metal using an ingot mold according to the invention.
  • the invention is particularly suitable for the manufacture of non-ferrous metal ingots, in particular aluminum, aluminum alloy, magnesium, magnesium alloy, zinc or zinc alloy.
  • Figures 1 and 2 illustrate, in longitudinal section, two ingot molds typical of the prior art and the effect of contraction of the metal during its cooling and solidification.
  • FIG. 3 represents an ingot mold according to the invention.
  • Figure 4 illustrates, in longitudinal section, an ingot mold according to the invention and the effect of the contraction of the metal during its cooling and solidification.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates ingot mold profiles according to variants of the invention.
  • an ingot mold (1) typically comprises a wall (2), generally made of metal and / or refractory material, and an opening (3) adapted to allow the admission of liquid metal into the mold.
  • the wall (2) defines a bottom (4), side walls (2 ') and end walls (2 "), the wall (2) having an inner surface (5) and shaped elements (6, 7, 8) intended to give a specific shape to the ingot
  • form elements make it possible to obtain, in particular, ingot locking or handling elements.
  • the liquid metal (10) initially fills a volume Vo and comes into contact with the wall (2) on a part So of the inner cooling surface S.
  • the ratio between the area Ao of the surface So and the volume Vo of the metal liquid is then high, typically of the order of 0.5 cm -1 .
  • the metal contracts (occupying a smaller volume Vo 'than Vo) and is detached from the wall in several places, thereby forming air knives (9).
  • the area Ar of the residual contact surface Sr is significantly lower than the initial area Ao.
  • the applicant estimates that the area of the residual surface obtained with the molds of the prior art is significantly less than 10% of the initial area (typically of the order of 5%). Therefore, a small reduction in Vo volume leads to a considerable increase in thermal resistance.
  • the shape is such that during the contraction of the volume Vo of metal caused by its cooling and solidification, the metal remains in contact with at least 10% of the cooling surface S.
  • the metal mold (1) which is intended for the manufacture of an ingot (11) by cooling and solidifying a mass of liquid metal (10), comprises a wall (2) and an opening (3), said wall (2) defining a bottom (4) and an inner surface (5) of which part S, said cooling surface, is able to evacuate all or part of the thermal energy released by the mass of metal (10) during its cooling and solidification, said wall (2) having at least one shaped element (6, 7, 8) for forming at least one locking element, an element stack or handling element on the ingot (11), and is characterized in that the cooling surface S comprises at least one plane surface element Si forming all or part of the bottom (4) of the mold (1) , in that there is at least one point C on a plane Pi tangent to the element, or c each element, surface If such that all line segments D connecting any point R of the cooling surface S to point C pass only inside the mold (1), and in that the total area of the element, or elements, of Si surface is at least equal to 10% of the cooling surface S.
  • the line segments D do not touch any other point of the surface S, except those of the surface elements Si.
  • the total area of the element, or elements, of surface area Si is at least equal to 15% of area S, and more preferably at least equal to 20% of surface area S.
  • the homothetic contraction maintains the contracted surface So 'in contact with the surface element (s) Si by sliding in their plane Pi.
  • the point C is at the intersection of respective planes P 1 , P 2 , ..., as shown in Figure 3.
  • the point C is preferably such that the center of mass of the contracted volume Vo ', corresponding to the contracted surface S0', is at the lowest point possible with respect to the normal use direction of the mold, c ' that is, it is not possible to move the contracted surface So 'vertically downwards without producing an intersection between So' and the inner surface (5) of the mold.
  • the homothetic contraction leaves the contracted surface So 'at the lowest gravitational level with respect to the direction of use of the mold.
  • the ingot molds according to the invention thus make it possible to maintain a much larger residual contact surface than the ingot molds of the prior art.
  • the exact value of the quantity K is not critical for the operation of the invention, as long as it is representative of the thermal contraction values obtained with the metals. It is sufficient to use a K-homothetic ratio of less than about 1% to determine the appropriate cooling surface shapes.
  • the volume contractions of the metal, from Vo to Vo ', represented in the appended figures have been deliberately exaggerated in order to better illustrate the principle of the invention.
  • the surface elements Si are advantageously inclined at an angle ⁇ i with respect to the initial normal level N of the liquid metal (10). Said level N is typically parallel to the outer edge (16) of the opening (3) of the mold (1).
  • the angle ⁇ i is preferably less than 30 °, and preferably less than 20 °, to optimize the volume of the ingot while freeing a space under it that allows to pass a strap during the stacking of the ingots obtained.
  • the cooling surface S normally has more than 5 distinct surface elements, namely at least two side walls (2 '), two walls of end (2 ") and a bottom (4)
  • the mold illustrated in Figure 3 comprises at least 10 distinct surface elements (including the side walls (2 ')).
  • the mold according to the invention typically comprises an even number of Si surface elements.
  • the number of Si surface elements is preferably equal to 2 (as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4) in order to simplify its production and to to obtain more easily a very large residual contact surface.
  • the Si surface elements are preferably joined (as shown in FIG. 3) in order to maximize the residual contact area.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the invention, which is particularly advantageous, in which there are two surface elements Si, denoted S 1 and S 2 , which are not in the same plane and which intersect at point C.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates variants of the invention in which the bottom (4) has additional form elements (14, 15).
  • the surface elements Si may have different areas Ai and be inclined at a different angle ⁇ i .
  • it advantageously has a main axis A and a plane of symmetry B perpendicular to its main axis A, and the point C lies in the plane of symmetry. B.
  • the angle ⁇ i is the same for the symmetrically disposed Si surface elements.
  • the outer edge (16) of the opening (3) of the mold (1) is preferably substantially straight and perpendicular to the plane B and the initial normal level N of the liquid metal (10) is substantially parallel to said edge outside (16).
  • none of the angles between the elements of the inner surface of the mold is less than 90 ° in order to avoid forming ingot blocking zones in the ingot mold which would hinder its extraction.
  • the locking elements typically comprise projecting elements (pins, bosses, studs, etc.) and recessed elements (notches, grooves, etc.) which cooperate to allow each ingot to be retained by the ingots. neighbors.
  • the stacking elements typically include protruding or recessed elements (such as recesses) which optimally stack the ingots and / or allow placement of stack stabilizing means, such as straps.
  • the handling elements typically include protruding and / or recessed members that form gripping means, such as "ears" or handles.
  • the invention also relates to a metal ingot (11) comprising a molded surface Sm and a rough surface Sb, comprising at least one element chosen from the locking elements, the stacking elements and the handling elements, and characterized in that the molded surface Sm comprises at least one plane surface element Si, in that there exists at least one point C on a plane Pi tangent to the element, or to each element, of surface Si such that all line segments D connecting any point R of the molded surface Sm to the point C pass only inside the ingot (11), and in that the total area of the element, or elements, of surface Si is at less than 10% of the molded surface Sm.
  • the total area of the element, or elements, of area Si is at least equal to 15% of the molded surface Sm, and more preferably at least equal to 20% of the molded surface Sm.
  • Each surface element Si is advantageously inclined by an angle ⁇ i relative to the Sb raw surface of the ingot, which enables to optimize the volume of the ingot while releasing a space under it which allows to pass a strap during stacking ingots.
  • the angle ⁇ i is preferably less than 30 °, and more preferably less than 20 °.
  • the Applicant has noted that the free space thus obtained was particularly advantageous because it makes it possible to use a strap made of a flexible material, such as polyester, which ensures a good hold of the stack, when the ingots are stacked, without risking that it wears when handling the stack. Indeed, in the absence of this free space, the strap can rub on the ground and wear abrasion. It is generally sufficient that the depth H of the free space under the ingot obtained is between 6 and 12 mm for an ingot with a total length of about 70 cm.
  • the ingot according to the invention typically comprises an even number of surface elements Si, and preferably two Si surface elements in order to simplify its manufacture. In the latter case, the two surface elements Si are typically joined.
  • the ingot has a main axis A and a plane of symmetry B perpendicular to its main axis A, and the point C lies in the plane of symmetry B.
  • the angle ⁇ i is the same for the surface elements Si disposed symmetrically.
  • the number of surface elements Si is preferably equal to 2 (as illustrated in FIGS. 3 to 5).
  • the Si surface elements are preferably joined (as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4).
  • handling elements typically two end elements, called “ears”, as illustrated in FIG. 4.
  • the ingot according to the invention which is typically a stackable ingot, can be obtained with the mold according to the invention.
  • the subject of the invention is also a process for manufacturing metal ingots in which a volume Vo of liquid metal is poured into an ingot mold according to the invention, the mold is subjected to a flow of cooling fluid (typically water ) and the ingot is extracted after cooling and solidification of the metal.
  • a flow of cooling fluid typically water
  • the metal is typically aluminum, an aluminum alloy, magnesium, a magnesium alloy, zinc or a zinc alloy.
  • the invention makes it possible to obtain ingots that are free of bubbles and cracks originating from the shrinkage of the metal during its cooling.
  • the solidification times were respectively greater than 350 s for the ingot molds of the prior art and of the order of 335 s for the ingot molds according to the invention.
  • the solidification times obtained with ingot molds of the prior art were very dispersed (standard deviation greater than 30 s), whereas they were little dispersed with ingot molds according to the invention (standard deviation less than 3 sec).
  • the ingots obtained with the ingot molds according to the invention were generally free of sinkholes and cracks.
  • the total inside surface of the molds (including the side walls (2 ')) of the prior art and according to the invention was about 2300 cm 2 .
  • the Applicant estimates that the value of the residual contact surface was about 5% of the total surface area for the molds of the prior art and about 20% of the total surface area with the ingot molds according to the invention.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
  • Silicon Compounds (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Artificial Fish Reefs (AREA)
  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
  • Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)

Claims (24)

  1. Metallkokille (1) zur Herstellung eines Blocks (11) durch Abkühlung und Erstarrung einer flüssigen Metallmasse (10) mit einer Wand (2) und einer Öffnung (3), welche Wand (2) einen Boden (4) und eine Innenfläche (5) definiert, von der ein Teil S, die sog. Kühlfläche, geeignet ist, die ganze oder einen Teil der von der Metallmasse (10) während ihrer Abkühlung und Erstarrung abgegebenen Wärmeenergie abzuführen, wobei die Wand (2) mindestens ein Formelement (6, 7, 8) aufweist, das dazu bestimmt ist, mindestens ein Verriegelungselement, Stapelelement oder Handhabungselement an den Block (11) anzuformen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Kühlfläche S mindestens ein ebenes Oberflächenelement Si aufweist, welches den ganzen oder einen Teil des Bodens (4) der Kokille (1) bildet, dass mindestens ein Punkt C auf einer tangentialen Ebene Pi zu dem oder jedem Oberflächenelement Si vorhanden ist, so dass alle jeden Punkt R der Kühlfläche S mit dem Punkt C verbindenden Geradenabschnitte D nur innerhalb der Kokille (1) verlaufen, und dass die Gesamtfläche des oder der Oberflächenelemente Si mindestens 10 % der Kühlfläche S entspricht.
  2. Kokille nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Gesamtfläche des oder der Oberflächenelemente Si mindestens 15 % der Kühlfläche S entspricht.
  3. Kokille nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Gesamtfläche des oder der Oberflächenelemente Si mindestens 20 % der Kühlfläche S entspricht.
  4. Kokille nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jedes Oberflächenelement Si um einen Winkel αi in Bezug auf die initiale Normalhöhe N des flüssigen Metalls (10) geneigt ist.
  5. Kokille nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Winkel αi kleiner als 30° und vorzugsweise kleiner als 20° ist.
  6. Kokille nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie eine gerade Zahl von Oberflächenelementen Si aufweist.
  7. Kokille nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie zwei Oberflächenelemente Si aufweist.
  8. Kokille nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die beiden Oberflächenelemente Si aneinander grenzen.
  9. Kokille nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie eine Hauptachse A und eine Symmetrieebene B senkrecht zu ihrer Hauptachse A besitzt und dass der Punkt C in der Symmetrieebene B liegt.
  10. Block (11) aus Metall mit einer Gussoberfläche Sm und einer Rohoberfläche Sb, mit mindestens einem Element gewählt unter den Verriegelungselementen, Stapelelementen und Handhabungselementen und dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Gussoberfläche Sm mindestens ein ebenes Oberflächenelement Si aufweist, dass mindestens ein Punkt C auf einer tangentialen Ebene Pi zu dem oder jedem Oberflächenelement Si vorhanden ist, so dass alle jeden Punkt R der Gussoberfläche Sm mit dem Punkt C verbindenden Strecken D nur innerhalb des Blocks (11) verlaufen, und dass die Gesamtfläche des oder der Oberflächenelemente Si mindestens 10 % der Gussoberfläche Sm entspricht.
  11. Block nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Gesamtfläche des oder der Oberflächenelemente Si mindestens 15 % der Gussoberfläche Sm entspricht.
  12. Block nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Gesamtfläche des oder der Oberflächenelemente Si mindestens 20 % der Gussoberfläche Sm entspricht.
  13. Block nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 10 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jedes Oberflächenelement Si um einen Winkel αi in Bezug auf die Rohoberfläche Sb des Blocks geneigt ist.
  14. Block nach Anspruch 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Winkel αi kleiner als 30° und vorzugsweise kleiner als 20° ist.
  15. Block nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 10 bis 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass er eine gerade Zahl von Oberflächenelementen Si aufweist.
  16. Block nach Anspruch 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass er zwei Oberflächenelemente Si aufweist.
  17. Block nach Anspruch 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die beiden Oberflächenelemente Si aneinander grenzen.
  18. Block nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 10 bis 17, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass er eine Hauptachse A und eine Symmetrieebene B senkrecht zu seiner Hauptachse A besitzt und dass der Punkt C in der Symmetrieebene B liegt.
  19. Verwendung der Kokille nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9 für die Herstellung von Blöcken aus Metall.
  20. Verwendung nach Anspruch 19, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Metall ein Nichteisenmetall ist.
  21. Verwendung nach Anspruch 20, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Nichteisenmetall unter Aluminium, Aluminiumlegierungen, Magnesium, Magnesiumlegierungen, Zink und Zinklegierungen gewählt ist.
  22. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Blöcken aus Metall, bei dem ein Volumen Vo von flüssigem Metall in eine Kokille nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9 gegossen wird, die Kokille einem Kühlmittelfluss aussetzt wird und der Block nach Abkühlung und Erstarrung des Metalls herausgenommen wird.
  23. Herstellungsverfahren nach Anspruch 22, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Metall ein Nichteisenmetall ist.
  24. Herstellungsverfahren nach Anspruch 23, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Nichteisenmetall unter Aluminium, Aluminiumlegierungen, Magnesium, Magnesiumlegierungen, Zink und Zinklegierungen gewählt wird.
EP04711629A 2003-02-18 2004-02-17 Kokille zum abschrecken von metallen und so erhaltene blöcke Expired - Lifetime EP1597002B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0301912 2003-02-18
FR0301912A FR2851183B1 (fr) 2003-02-18 2003-02-18 Lingotiere a metaux a refroidissement rapide et lingots susceptibles d'etre obtenus avec celle-ci
PCT/FR2004/000357 WO2004073904A2 (fr) 2003-02-18 2004-02-17 Lingotiere a metaux a refroidissement rapide et lingots susceptibles d'etre obtenus avec celle-ci

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1597002A2 EP1597002A2 (de) 2005-11-23
EP1597002B1 true EP1597002B1 (de) 2006-05-31

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EP04711629A Expired - Lifetime EP1597002B1 (de) 2003-02-18 2004-02-17 Kokille zum abschrecken von metallen und so erhaltene blöcke

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US (1) US7258155B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1597002B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE327845T1 (de)
AU (1) AU2004213205B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2515668A1 (de)
DE (1) DE602004001042T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2851183B1 (de)
IS (1) IS2328B (de)
NO (1) NO20053841L (de)
PL (1) PL378337A1 (de)
RU (1) RU2335375C2 (de)
UA (1) UA80470C2 (de)
WO (1) WO2004073904A2 (de)

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1410417A (en) * 1921-08-27 1922-03-21 John W Simon Pig mold
US1745475A (en) * 1927-02-10 1930-02-04 E And G Brooke Iron Company Pig mold
DE809948C (de) * 1948-10-02 1951-08-06 Ver Leichtmetallwerke Gmbh Masselgiessmaschine
US5019455A (en) * 1989-10-30 1991-05-28 Reynolds Metal Company Sow mold and sow ingot
FR2678185B1 (fr) * 1991-06-27 1993-10-29 Sollac Lingotiere perfectionnee et procede pour l'obtention de lingots gerbables notamment en zinc.
JP2002508496A (ja) * 1997-12-18 2002-03-19 ロックヒード マーティン アドバンスド エンバイロメンタル システムズ， インコーポレイテッド 特殊金属の溶融および鋳込み
US6179042B1 (en) * 1999-05-21 2001-01-30 Alcoa Inc. Non-hot crack bottom block for casting aluminum ingot
US20020170700A1 (en) * 2000-09-01 2002-11-21 Shigeru Yanagimoto Metal-casting method and apparatus, casting system and cast-forging system

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WO2004073904A2 (fr) 2004-09-02
UA80470C2 (en) 2007-09-25
RU2335375C2 (ru) 2008-10-10
FR2851183A1 (fr) 2004-08-20
NO20053841D0 (no) 2005-08-16
AU2004213205A1 (en) 2004-09-02
IS8025A (is) 2005-09-14
CA2515668A1 (fr) 2004-09-02
DE602004001042T2 (de) 2006-12-21
RU2005129119A (ru) 2006-02-10
US7258155B2 (en) 2007-08-21
NO20053841L (no) 2005-11-18
US20060137847A1 (en) 2006-06-29
FR2851183B1 (fr) 2006-07-28
AU2004213205B2 (en) 2008-08-07
ATE327845T1 (de) 2006-06-15
EP1597002A2 (de) 2005-11-23
IS2328B (is) 2008-01-15
PL378337A1 (pl) 2006-03-20
DE602004001042D1 (de) 2006-07-06
WO2004073904A3 (fr) 2005-03-17

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