EP1592495B1 - Mischer - Google Patents

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Publication number
EP1592495B1
EP1592495B1 EP04707535A EP04707535A EP1592495B1 EP 1592495 B1 EP1592495 B1 EP 1592495B1 EP 04707535 A EP04707535 A EP 04707535A EP 04707535 A EP04707535 A EP 04707535A EP 1592495 B1 EP1592495 B1 EP 1592495B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mixer
fluid
stream
passageway
axis
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP04707535A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1592495A1 (de
Inventor
Richard Carroni
Timothy Griffin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
General Electric Technology GmbH
Original Assignee
Alstom Technology AG
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Publication date
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Publication of EP1592495A1 publication Critical patent/EP1592495A1/de
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/10—Mixing by creating a vortex flow, e.g. by tangential introduction of flow components
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/30—Injector mixers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46—Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/62—Mixing devices; Mixing tubes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for burners using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in a carrier gas
    • F23D2900/14—Special features of gas burners
    • F23D2900/14021—Premixing burners with swirling or vortices creating means for fuel or air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for burners using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in a carrier gas
    • F23D2900/14—Special features of gas burners
    • F23D2900/14701—Swirling means inside the mixing tube or chamber to improve premixing

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a mixer and a method for mixing first and second fluids.
  • the two fluids may be gases, e.g. air and a combustible gas, or a gas and a liquid, e.g. air and a liquid fuel, or liquids.
  • the mixer may, in particular, form part of a combustion device.
  • Venturi injectors are relatively simple devices for attaining reasonable mixing; however, the quality falls short of that achieved by the swirl-based concepts. Venturi units rely upon low local pressures to draw additive fluid into a carrier fluid; mixing is attained by virtue of the shear layer across the longitudinal jet of fluid, whose principal velocity component is axial.
  • US 4,123, 800 describes a mixer in which a certain degree of twisting motion is imparted to the flow downstream of the Venturi constriction, to further aid in mixing, by means of skewed grooves machined into the walls of the divergent section downstream of a throat section into which the additive fluid is injected. However, this twisting motion is only imparted near the walls, without significantly affecting the bulk of the flow, and does not meaningfully assist the mixing process.
  • Venturi arrangements for the mixing of fluids are disclosed in the US-A-4,267,131, the DE-A1-40 34 313 and especially the GB-A-2 316 162.
  • none of these documents discloses the role of imparting a swirl to the axially flowing carrier fluid flow prior to the converging section of the Venturi arrangement.
  • the present invention provides a a mixer according to claim 1.
  • the invention also provides a method of mixing fluids according to claim 22.
  • the mixer illustrated in Figure 1 comprises a passageway 1 having an axis 2 along which a stream of air (the carrier fluid or first fluid) flows in the direction of the arrow 3.
  • the passageway 1 has an upstream end portion or inlet section 4 which is cylindrical, a convergent section 6 which is conical and which converges at an angle ⁇ with respect to the axis 2, a divergent section 7 which is conical and diverges at an angle ⁇ with respect to the axis 2, and a downstream end portion or outlet section 8 which is cylindrical.
  • the passageway has a throat 9 between the convergent and divergent sections 6, 7; in the embodiment illustrated, the throat 9 is of negligible axial length.
  • the convergent section 6, throat 9, and divergent section 7 together constitute a Venturi section.
  • An injector comprising a plurality of injection ports 11 in the peripheral wall 12 of the passageway 1 introduces fuel (the additive fluid or second fluid) into the stream in the convergent section 6 at multiple locations along and around the axis 2.
  • fuel the additive fluid or second fluid
  • the additive fluid is a liquid, it can be injected as sprays, and droplet atomisation and penetration can be enhanced by using high-pressure injectors.
  • a swirl generator 13 is provided in the inlet section 4 of the passageway 1. This imparts swirl to the bulk flow of the carrier fluid prior to the convergent section 6 and prior to the injection of the fuel. Conservation of angular momentum results in increased angular velocities of the swirling stream at the throat 9. Such a configuration enhances mixing between the carrier fluid and additive fluid by virtue of the circumferential shear layers which are formed. These shear layers promote cross-stream diffusion. Mixing begins earlier than in a conventional Venturi injector and results in a longer time being available for mixing and a more uniform concentration profile.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph of the angular velocity, ⁇ , in the circumferential direction against radial distance, r, from the axis 2, illustrating a radical form of such an angular velocity profile.
  • a swirling velocity field resulting from the application of inlet angular velocities similar to those of Figure 2 is depicted in Figure 3.
  • a swirl generator 13 In order to generate such an angular velocity profile, a swirl generator 13 is used in which the swirl angle varies in the radial direction, typically increasing with distance from the axis.
  • ⁇ should lie between 15° and 25°, whereas in a configuration where the swirl angle changes from 15° to 30°, 0 may be reduced to less than 15°.
  • the nature of the divergence downstream of the throat 9 can be selected for various needs. If recirculation zones are not desired, expansion must not be sudden, so a more gradual increase in the cross-section of the divergent section 7 is needed. Such a configuration may be applicable to cases where no negative axial velocities are desired, for example in catalytic combustion.
  • the mixer may be used for premixed combustion, in which case sudden expansion serves to aerodynamically anchor the homogeneous flame.
  • the mixer does not require the large inlet to throat diameter ratio (typically 2) normally necessary for strongly accelerating a carrier fluid, because of the high degree of mixing resulting from tangential shear in the carrier fluid, for which the axial velocities need no longer be so high.
  • ⁇ 5°
  • the peripheral wall 12 of the passageway particularly the Venturi section constituted by the convergent and divergent sections 6, 7, may be coated with a catalytic material for the purpose of quenching radicals, which are precursors of homogeneous ignition and combustion. This assists in preventing flashback and flame anchoring, these two phenomena being encouraged by the lower velocities encountered in the boundary layer near the peripheral wall.
  • the injection ports 11 may simply be holes which each face the axis 2. However, introducing the additive fluid in a direction which is skewed to the axis 2 results in increased turbulence and better mixing of the additive fluid with the carrier fluid.
  • Figures 4a and 4b show possible orientations of the injection ports 11. In Figure 4a the ports 11 are symmetrically arranged with respect to planes containing the axis of the passageway. In Figure 4b the ports 11 are angled so as to assist the swirling motion of the carrier fluid. However, the injection ports may instead be angled in the opposite sense with respect to the swirl direction of the carrier fluid.
  • Injection ports 11 of different sizes may be provided in order to achieve different depths of penetration of the additive fluid into the stream.
  • Fuels which are particularly prone to causing flashback due to their high flames speeds and diffusivity for example hydrogen-containing gases such as synthesis gas, can be used in the mixer because of the very high velocities achievable and the possibility of avoiding recirculation zones.
  • the swirl generator 13 may surround a central member or mandrel, which may be in the form of a central injection tube for providing a central air jet hindering the formation of recirculating regions at the exit.
  • the swirl generator 13 may circumferentially surround a central fuel injection lance, which could additionally inject air, in order to further enhance mixing.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates such an embodiment.
  • the circular cross-section of the divergent section 7 gradually changes into a sector of an annulus ( Figure 7) in which a number of burners 14 are located (three burners being shown by way of example).
  • the burners 14 may be very simple (e.g. utilising sudden expansion without swirl) because complete fuel/air mixing has already been achieved prior to entry into the burners.
  • a flow straightener 16 which has also has the function of flashback prevention is placed near the exit of the divergent section 7, upstream of the burners 14.
  • the flow straightener 16 has a similar construction to the swirl generator 13, except that it has straight channels. Flow straightening ensures that the flow distribution into each burner is identical. Small channels (hydraulic diameter typically less than 5mm) act as flame arrestors. The channels may be coated with a catalyst for quenching radicals, further hindering flashback. In order to minimise pressures losses, the flow straightener has a very small axial length, typically less than 15mm.
  • the embodiment of Figure 5 can be used for liquid fuels if the geometry ensures very high velocities such that the mixer residence time (i.e. the time taken for the fuel to move from the injection point to the burners) is very short, typically less than 3 ms at 3 bar.
  • the mixer could be used for mixing any two (or more) different fluids.
  • the second fluid may be introduced into the passageway at any convenient location upstream of the divergent section 7.
  • the throat 9 may be of substantial length and the second fluid may be introduced into the throat.
  • the second fluid may be introduced into the inlet section 4 (upstream or, preferably, downstream of the swirl generator 13).
  • the second fluid may be introduced through a tube extending along the axis 2. It is also possible to introduce at least one further fluid into the passageway upstream of the divergent section 7.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Confectionery (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
  • Input Circuits Of Receivers And Coupling Of Receivers And Audio Equipment (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)

Claims (34)

  1. Mischer zum Mischen eines ersten und zweiten Fluids, umfassend: einen Durchgang (1), entlang dessen ein Strom, der das erste Fluid umfaßt, entlang einer Achse (2) des Durchgangs (1) fließt, wobei der Durchgang (1) stromabwärts nacheinander eine konvergierende Sektion (6), einen Hals (9) und eine divergierende Sektion (7) aufweist; eine Düse (11) zum Einleiten des zweiten Fluids in den Strom in dem Durchgang (1) vor der divergierenden Sektion (7) und einen Verwirbelungsgenerator (13), dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Durchgang (1) einen zylindrischen vorgeschalteten Endabschnitt oder Einlaßsektion (4) vor der konvergierenden Sektion (6) aufweist, und der Verwirbelungsgenerator (13) in der Einlaßsektion (4) angeordnet ist.
  2. Mischer nach Anspruch 1, bei dem die Düse (11) das zweite Fluid in die Strömung in der konvergierenden Sektion (6) des Durchgangs (1) einleitet.
  3. Mischer nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, bei dem die Düse mindestens eine Injektionsöffnung (11) in einer peripheren Wand (12) des Durchgangs (1) enthält.
  4. Mischer nach Anspruch 3, bei dem es mindestens zwei Injektionsöffnungen (11) unterschiedlicher Größen gibt.
  5. Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-4, bei dem die Öffnung (11) das zweite Fluid an mehreren Stellen entlang des Durchgangs (1) einleitet.
  6. Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-5, bei dem die Öffnung (11) das zweite Fluid in mindestens einer Richtung einleitet, die zu der Achse (2) des Durchgangs (1) verschoben ist.
  7. Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-6, bei dem der Verwirbelungsgenerator (13) einen Verwirbelungswinkel aufweist, der als Funktion des Abstands von der Achse (2) variiert.
  8. Mischer nach Anspruch 7, bei dem der Verwirbelungswinkel derart variiert, daß es mindestens eine abrupte Änderung bei der Umfangsgeschwindigkeit der Strömung um ihre Achse (2) zwischen einer radialen Position und einer anderen gibt.
  9. Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-8, mit einem zentralen Injektionsrohr, das sich vor der divergierenden Sektion (7) in den Durchgang (1) öffnet.
  10. Mischer nach Anspruch 9, bei dem der Verwirbelungsgenerator (13) das zentrale Injektionsrohr umfangsmäßig umgibt.
  11. Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-10, bei dem das vorgelagerte und das nachgelagerte Ende der konvergierenden Sektion (7) ein Durchmesserverhältnis von unter 2 aufweisen.
  12. Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-11, bei dem die konvergierende Sektion (7) unter einem Winkel von höchstens 25° bezüglich der Achse des Durchgangs konvergiert.
  13. Mischer nach Anspruch 12, bei dem der Winkel mindestens 10°, bevorzugt mindestens 15°, beträgt.
  14. Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-13, bei dem eine periphere Wand (12) des Durchgangs (1) eine Beschichtung aus einem Katalysator zum Löschen von Radikalen aufweist, was dem Zünden des Gemischs förderlich ist.
  15. Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-14, weiterhin umfassend einen Strömungsgleichrichter (16) in dem Durchgang (1) hinter dem Hals (9).
  16. Mischer nach Anspruch 15, bei dem der Strömungsgleichrichter (16) Kanäle mit einem hydraulischen Durchmesser von höchstens 5 mm aufweist.
  17. Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 15-16, bei dem der Strömungsgleichrichter (16) einen Katalysator zum Abfangen von Radikalen trägt.
  18. Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 15-17, bei dem die Länge des Strömungsgleichrichters (16) in der axialen Richtung höchstens 15 mm beträgt.
  19. Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-18, bei dem der Durchgang (1) Teil einer verbrennungseinrichtung bildet.
  20. Mischer nach Anspruch 19, bei dem die Verbrennungseinrichtung mehrere Brenner (14) umfaßt, denen eine Mischung der Fluide durch den Durchgang (1) zugeführt wird.
  21. Mischer nach Anspruch 20, bei dem die Brenner (14) einen Brennersektor bilden, wobei der nachgeschaltete Endabschnitt des Durchgangs allmählich in einen Ringquerschnitt übergeht.
  22. verfahren zum Mischen von Fluiden, umfassend die folgenden sequentiellen Schritte:
    (a) Bereitstellen eines Stroms, der ein erstes Fluid umfaßt und eine Achse (2) aufweist, entlang derer die Strömung fließt,
    (b) Induzieren einer Verwirbelung in den Strom um seine Achse (2),
    (c) Bewirken, daß der Strom in Richtung seiner Achse (2) konvergiert, und
    (d) Bewirken, daß der Strom von seiner Achse (2) divergiert, wobei das Verfahren das Einleiten eines zweiten Fluids in den Strom vor Schritt (d) beinhaltet,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    (e) die verwirbelung in einem zylindrischen vorgelagerten Endabschnitt oder Einlaßsektion (4) induziert wird, bevor bewirkt wird, daß der Strom in Richtung seiner Achse (2) konvergiert.
  23. Verfahren nach Anspruch 22, bei dem das zweite Fluid während Schritt (c) in den Strom eingeleitet wird.
  24. Verfahren nach Anspruch 22 oder 23, bei dem das zweite Fluid in den Strom in einer Richtung eingeleitet wird, die schräg zu der Achse (2) des Stroms verläuft.
  25. verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 22 bis 24, bei dem der Verwirbelungswinkel der in Schritt (b) induzierten Verwirbelung als eine Funktion des Abstands von der Achse variiert.
  26. verfahren nach Anspruch 22 oder 25, bei dem die in Schritt (b) induzierte Verwirbelung derart ist, daß es mindestens eine abrupte Änderung bei der Umfangsgeschwindigkeit des Stroms um seine Achse zwischen einer radialen Position und einer anderen gibt.
  27. verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 22 bis 26, mit dem Einleiten eines Fluids in ein zentrales Gebiet des Stroms nach Schritt (b) und vor Schritt (d).
  28. Verfahren nach Anspruch 27, bei dem dieses Fluid das erste Fluid ist.
  29. Verfahren nach Anspruch 27, bei dem dieses Fluid das zweite Fluid ist.
  30. Verfahren nach Anspruch 20, mit dem zusätzlichen Einleiten des ersten Fluids in das zentrale Gebiet des Stroms zusammen mit dem in das zentrale Gebiet eingeleiteten zweiten Fluid.
  31. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 22 bis 30, bei dem die Strömung nach Schritt (d) geglättet wird.
  32. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 22 bis 31, bei dem mindestens eines des ersten und zweiten Fluids ein Gas ist.
  33. Verfahren nach Anspruch 32, bei dem das erste Fluid ein Gas ist und das zweite Fluid eine Flüssigkeit ist.
  34. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 32 oder 33, bei dem das erste Fluid Luft ist und das zweite Fluid ein brennbares Fluid ist.
EP04707535A 2003-02-14 2004-02-03 Mischer Expired - Lifetime EP1592495B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0303495A GB2398375A (en) 2003-02-14 2003-02-14 A mixer for two fluids having a venturi shape
GB0303495 2003-02-14
PCT/EP2004/050074 WO2004071637A1 (en) 2003-02-14 2004-02-03 Mixer

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1592495A1 EP1592495A1 (de) 2005-11-09
EP1592495B1 true EP1592495B1 (de) 2007-03-28

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EP04707535A Expired - Lifetime EP1592495B1 (de) 2003-02-14 2004-02-03 Mischer

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US20060035183A1 (de)
EP (1) EP1592495B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE357965T1 (de)
DE (1) DE602004005572T2 (de)
GB (1) GB2398375A (de)
WO (1) WO2004071637A1 (de)

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FR2752917B1 (fr) * 1996-09-05 1998-10-02 Snecma Systeme d'injection a degre d'homogeneisation avancee
US6141967A (en) * 1998-01-09 2000-11-07 General Electric Company Air fuel mixer for gas turbine combustor
US6286302B1 (en) * 1999-04-01 2001-09-11 General Electric Company Venturi for use in the swirl cup package of a gas turbine combustor having water injected therein
US6367262B1 (en) * 2000-09-29 2002-04-09 General Electric Company Multiple annular swirler

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1592495A1 (de) 2005-11-09
DE602004005572T2 (de) 2007-12-06
GB2398375A (en) 2004-08-18
DE602004005572D1 (en) 2007-05-10
WO2004071637A1 (en) 2004-08-26
ATE357965T1 (de) 2007-04-15
US20060035183A1 (en) 2006-02-16
GB0303495D0 (en) 2003-03-19

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