EP1576577A2 - Procede de simulation et de synthese numerique d'un phenomene oscillant - Google Patents
Procede de simulation et de synthese numerique d'un phenomene oscillantInfo
- Publication number
- EP1576577A2 EP1576577A2 EP03767878A EP03767878A EP1576577A2 EP 1576577 A2 EP1576577 A2 EP 1576577A2 EP 03767878 A EP03767878 A EP 03767878A EP 03767878 A EP03767878 A EP 03767878A EP 1576577 A2 EP1576577 A2 EP 1576577A2
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- resonator
- impedance
- linear
- model
- admittance
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
- G10H5/00—Instruments in which the tones are generated by means of electronic generators
- G10H5/007—Real-time simulation of G10B, G10C, G10D-type instruments using recursive or non-linear techniques, e.g. waveguide networks, recursive algorithms
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
- G10H1/00—Details of electrophonic musical instruments
- G10H1/02—Means for controlling the tone frequencies, e.g. attack or decay; Means for producing special musical effects, e.g. vibratos or glissandos
- G10H1/06—Circuits for establishing the harmonic content of tones, or other arrangements for changing the tone colour
- G10H1/16—Circuits for establishing the harmonic content of tones, or other arrangements for changing the tone colour by non-linear elements
Definitions
- the subject of the invention is a method of numerical simulation of a nonlinear interaction between an excitation source and a wave in a resonator and can be applied, in particular, to the digital synthesis, in real time, of an oscillating phenomenon.
- an oscillating phenomenon such as the sound emitted by a musical instrument operating in particular in sustained oscillations, such as a wind or bowed string instrument.
- the phenomena of wave propagation and the formation of sounds emitted, in particular, by a musical instrument have been studied scientifically for a very long time.
- a musical instrument comprises, at least, an exciter, characterized by a non-linear characteristic, possibly coupled with certain linear elements (the reed, the lips, the bow , the hammer, etc.) and resonator elements, in general linear, where there is propagation of waves as well as, generally, localized elements (for example lateral holes or simple elements of the mass or spring type) , also generally linear.
- an exciter characterized by a non-linear characteristic, possibly coupled with certain linear elements (the reed, the lips, the bow , the hammer, etc.) and resonator elements, in general linear, where there is propagation of waves as well as, generally, localized elements (for example lateral holes or simple elements of the mass or spring type) , also generally linear.
- a digital instrument capable of synthesizing the sounds emitted by a musical instrument generally consists of three main elements, respectively a first element whose role is to capture the gestures of a musician and transform them into signals / control parameters, a second element performing the calculation of the signal in real time, a third element converting this sequence of numbers calculated into an audible signal, by means of digital / analog converters, amplifier, speakers.
- the present invention essentially relates to the second element for calculating the signal in real time.
- the simulation then generally consists in calculating as quickly as possible the solution of the acoustic / mechanical model describing the functioning of the instrument or, at least, approximations preserving its most important characteristics.
- the acoustic pressure at any point of the resonator of a wind instrument can decompose into a sum of two acoustic pressure waves, one propagating from the instrumentalist to the pavilion, and the other from the pavilion to the instrumentalist, which are called wave-go and wave-return.
- this propagation is expressed by a convolution equation (a linear filtering), which gives the go (or return) wave at a point of the resonator at each instant according to the go (or return) wave in one another point at every moment.
- a convolution equation a linear filtering
- Green's kernel this linear filter, called Green's kernel, is a pure delay, depending on the speed propagation in the middle and its length.
- these waves are represented by two signals corresponding respectively to the two propagative solutions of the differential equation.
- a linear part simulating the resonator, which receives a signal denoted q 0 , representative of the outgoing wave, emitted by the non-linear part and which emits towards it a signal denoted q ,, representative of the return wave,
- the change of section causes the appearance of a transmitted wave and a reflected wave at each interface.
- the presence of interfaces was taken into account in 1962 by J.L. Kelly and C.C. Lochbaum as part of the modeling of the vocal tract.
- This type of modeling which is identical, in its approach, to the classical theory of geometric optics, is also used, for example, in seismic-reflection, in order to describe the propagation of elastic waves in a multilayer soil.
- the "waveguide” method when there are localized elements other than interfaces in the instrument to be stimulated, the "waveguide” method must be supplemented by a method of the "wave filter” type describing these localized elements. (such as mass, spring, shock absorber) to correctly connect the various subsystems.
- the waves moving from the instrumentalist to the pavilion (go) and from the pavilion to the instrumentalist (return) are different, which requires either model them differently, by means of two linear filters corresponding to the Green nuclei describing the propagation in each direction, that is to approximate the cone by a succession of cylinders of short length and different diameters.
- the sound produced by a musical instrument does not come solely from the propagation of a wave in a resonator, whatever the complexity of its geometry, but is the result of the non-linear coupling between this resonator and a exciting source.
- This non-linear coupling is physically expressed between the physical quantities representing a cause (pressure in the acoustic case, force in the mechanical case) and an effect (flow in the acoustic case, speed in the mechanical case), called Kirchhoff variables.
- the object of the invention is to avoid such drawbacks and to overcome these limitations by means of a new method of simulation and synthesis in real time of an oscillating phenomenon, applicable especially but not limited to self-oscillating wind instruments.
- the subject of the invention is a simulation method making it possible to take into account the physical processes governing the operation of a real instrument and the digital implementation of which can be particularly simple.
- the invention can be adapted to the simulation of other types of wind or string instruments.
- the invention is not limited to the simulation of musical instruments but can be applied, in general, to digital synthesis, in real time of oscillating phenomena of all kinds.
- the invention therefore relates to the simulation of a nonlinear interaction between an excitation source and a wave in a resonator, by means of tools for calculating digital signals, from equations of which the solution corresponds to the physical manifestation of a phenomenon to be simulated.
- the phenomenon to be simulated translating, at each instant and at a given point of the resonator, by a linear relationship between two variables representative of the effect and the cause of said phenomenon, we transcribe directly the equation of impedance or admittance in the form of a numerical model making it possible to carry out a nonlinear interaction between the two variables of the relation of impedance or admittance.
- the model comprises, on the one hand, at least one linear part directly representing the impedance or the admittance called input of the resonator, that is to say at the point where the interaction does not occur. linear and, on the other hand, a non-linear part modeling the role of the excitation source of the phenomenon to be simulated.
- the invention makes it possible, from a system of equations between at least two variables representative of the behavior of the resonator, to establish an expression of l impedance or input admittance of the resonator in the form of a linear filter comprising delays, without decomposition in return waves, so as to produce at least one linear part of the model which can be coupled to a non-loop linear involving the evolution of non-linearity as it is expressed between the two variables of the impedance or admittance relation of the resonator.
- this linear part of the model consists of the sum of two elementary waveguides performing a transfer function between the two variables of the impedance or admittance relationship.
- the model is driven by at least two parameters representative of the non-linear physical interaction between the source and the resonator, by means of a loop connecting the output to the input of the linear part and comprising a nonlinear function playing the role of excitation source for the resonator.
- the method according to the invention does not use to the return waves, but expresses directly and numerically the linear relation, called relation of impedance, between the variables cause and effect, ie pressure and flow in the acoustic case, force and speed in the mechanical case.
- relation of impedance the linear relation between the variables cause and effect, ie pressure and flow in the acoustic case, force and speed in the mechanical case.
- the present invention therefore essentially relates to the modeling element of a digital instrument which, from parameters developed by a control means, such as a gesture sensor controlled by the musician, calculates in real time a signal capable of being transformed into a sound signal by a conversion element.
- a control means such as a gesture sensor controlled by the musician
- the invention makes it possible to solve the representative system of equations of the phenomenon to be simulated by directly and numerically expressing the linear relationship of impedance or admittance between the cause and effect variables and by associating this linear relationship in digital form with the nonlinear relationship between the same variables.
- a resonator of complex geometry it can be broken down into successive elements, so as to combine the elementary linear relations corresponding respectively to each element of the resonator, in order to obtain an impedance or admittance corresponding to the geometry of the instrument.
- the invention applies, in particular, to the synthesis in real time of the sounds produced by a wind instrument.
- the two variables of the relationship impedance are the acoustic pressure and flow at the input of the resonator.
- - Ze ( ⁇ ) is the input impedance of the resonator
- - Pe ( ⁇ ) and Ue ( ⁇ ) are the Fourier transforms of the dimensionless values of pressure and flow at the input of the resonator
- - k ( ⁇ ) is a function of the pulsation of the wave which depends on the phenomenon to be simulated, - L is the length of the resonator.
- each of the two waveguides involves a filter having the transfer function:
- each waveguide corresponding to a term in the equation of impedance.
- a model can advantageously be controlled by the length of the resonator and at least two parameters representative of the non-linear physical interaction between the pressure and the flow rate at the input of the resonator, by means of a loop connecting the output to the input of the linear part and 04/042696
- the invention covers other essential characteristics mentioned in the claims and relating, in particular, to the equations used by the digital signal calculation tool and which lead to waveguide models depending on the phenomenon to be simulated.
- the method proposed for the simulation of a simple phenomenon such as the propagation of a wave in a cylindrical resonator
- a simple phenomenon such as the propagation of a wave in a cylindrical resonator
- FIG. 1 schematically represents the assembly of a digital instrument for the simulation of a wind instrument, by the method according to the invention.
- Figure 2 gives two diagrams representing respectively, on the left the transfer function, in Hertz, of a reed model with a mode and on the right, the impulse response according to the samples, with a sampling frequency of 44 100 Hertz.
- Figure 3 is a calculation diagram by combination of waveguides, representing the input impedance of a cylindrical resonator. 04/042696
- FIG. 4 gives two diagrams representing respectively, for a cylindrical resonator, at the top the input impedance as a function of the frequency indicated in
- FIG. 5 is a calculation diagram of a simulation model of a reed instrument with a cylindrical resonator.
- FIG. 6 gives two diagrams analogous to FIG. 3, representing respectively, for a resonator model calculated according to the invention, at the top the approximate input impedance and at the bottom the approximate impulse response.
- FIG. 7 gives two diagrams similar to FIG. 2, representing respectively, for a reed model calculated according to the invention, on the left the transfer function and on the right the impulse response.
- FIG. 8a shows the variations, as a function of the time indicated in seconds, of the internal acoustic pressure at the level of the mouth of a cylindrical resonator.
- 8b and 8c are enlargements of the attack and extinction transients.
- FIG. 9 gives two diagrams representing respectively, on the left the transfer function and on the right the impulse response, for a multimode reed model calculated according to the invention.
- FIG. 10 gives two diagrams representing the spectrum of the external sound pressure, respectively at the top for a reed with a single mode and at the bottom for a reed with multiple modes.
- FIG. 11 is a calculation diagram representing the impedance of a cylindrical resonator with terminal impedance.
- FIG. 12 is a calculation diagram representing the impedance of a conical resonator.
- FIG. 13 is a calculation diagram representing the impedance of a resonator for wind instruments.
- FIG. 14 is a general calculation diagram representing the impedance of a parallel combination of cylindrical resonators.
- FIG. 15 gives two diagrams representing respectively, in the case of a string, at the top the exact admittance and at the bottom the approximate admittance, as a function of the frequency indicated in Hertz.
- Figure 16 is a digital instrument model simulating a string instrument.
- Figure 1 7 shows, for a struck string, the variations over time, above the speed of the rope at the point of contact and, below, the force exerted by the hammer on the rope.
- FIG. 18 represents, for a struck string, the trajectory of the force over time, as a function of the relative displacement of the hammer relative to the string.
- FIG. 19 is a general simulation diagram of an instrument operating by non-linear coupling between an excitation source and a resonator. The invention will first be described in its application to a wind instrument of the clarinet type.
- FIG. 1 schematically represents the assembly of a digital instrument for implementing the invention comprising, in general, a control element I comprising a gesture sensor 1 controlled by an operator 10 and transforming its actions into control parameters ⁇ r , ⁇ , ⁇ , L, a modeling element II on which the control parameters act, comprising a non-linear part 2, associated with a linear part 3, and an element III for creating the sound, comprising a means 4 for generating, from the signals calculated by the modeling element II, a signal which is transformed into sound synthesized by a digital-analog converter 5.
- a control element I comprising a gesture sensor 1 controlled by an operator 10 and transforming its actions into control parameters ⁇ r , ⁇ , ⁇ , L
- a modeling element II on which the control parameters act comprising a non-linear part 2, associated with a linear part 3
- an element III for creating the sound comprising a means 4 for generating, from the signals calculated by the modeling element II, a signal which is transformed into sound synthesized by
- a sound simulation model therefore comprises a linear part of the model corresponding to the resonator of the instrument which, in the case of the clarinet consists of a cylindrical tube.
- the sound pressure inside the tube is governed by an equation of the form:
- R being the radius of the tube, that is to say 7mm in the case of the clarinet.
- waveguide will be reserved for the so-called Green formulation representing the propagation of a wave in a medium, and including dissipation and dispersion.
- transfer function of a pipe of length L representing the propagation, dissipation and dispersion is:
- the dissipation represented by the modulus of F ( ⁇ ) and the dispersion represented by the phase of F ( ⁇ ) are therefore proportional to V ⁇ , while the propagation delay is given by -.
- the length of the pipe will therefore be the parameter of c height control and its radius the parameter of loss control.
- ⁇ r 2 ⁇ / r corresponds to the resonance frequency / r, for example 2500 Hz and q r is the quality factor of the reed, for example 0.2.
- the acoustic pressure pe (t) and the acoustic flow rate ue (t) (dimensioned) at the input of the resonator are connected in a manner non-linear by the equation:
- the parameter ⁇ is characteristic of the mouthpiece and takes into account the position of the lips and the section ratio between the spout and the resonator. This parameter ⁇ is proportional to the square root of the opening of the reed at rest and is usually between 0.2 and 0.6.
- the parameter ⁇ is the ratio between the pressure inside the mouth of an instrumentalist and the static tackle pressure from Tanche. For a hose without loss, it goes from - for the vibration to - for the position of beating reed.
- the parameters ⁇ and ⁇ are therefore two important playing parameters insofar as they represent, respectively, the way in which the instrumentalist pinches Tanche and the pressure of the breath in the instrument.
- u e (t) 1 (1 - sign ( ⁇ - x (t) - 1)) sign ( ⁇ - p e (t)) ⁇ (1 - ⁇ + x ⁇ y - p e (t)
- the aim of the invention is therefore to find a formulation in the time domain of the impedance relation making it possible to solve this system of three equations, by modeling the impedance relation in terms of elementary waveguides.
- FIG. 3 represents a calculation model by combination of waveguides, directly derived from this last equation and whose transfer function is the input impedance of the resonator. It consists of a sum of two elementary waveguides. The upper element corresponds to the first term of equation (12) while the lower element corresponds to the second.
- (1 1) makes it possible to introduce the non-linearity in the form of a loop connecting the output pe of the resonator to the input eu.
- FIG. 5 gives an equivalent calculation diagram making it possible, for the simulation of an instrument with reed or mouthpiece, to non-linearly couple the displacement of the mouthpiece or the lips and the acoustic pressure with the acoustic flow at the input of the resonator, in calculating, at each sampled instant, the internal sound pressure at the mouth.
- the model is entirely driven by the length L of the resonator and at least two parameters ⁇ and ⁇ representative of the non-linear physical interaction between the source and the resonator, by means of a loop connecting the input to the output of the part linear and comprising a non-linear function playing the role of excitation source for the resonator.
- the linear part uses the diagram of Figure 2 and the non-linear function f is controlled by the two parameters ⁇ and ⁇ allowing to simulate the playing of an instrumentalist, and has as input parameters , in the case of a clarinet, the pressure at the mouthpiece and the displacement x (t) of Tanche relative to its equilibrium point, calculated as a function of the pressure at the mouthpiece, by a reed model (m) which constitutes the exciter.
- the model requires a digital sampling and, for this, we carry out a formulation, in the time domain, of the impulse response of the resonator, corresponding to the inverse Fourier transform of l 'impedance.
- This formulation in the time domain makes it possible to calculate the pressure pe (t) at the mouth as a function of the flow rate eu (t) but it is necessary, for this, to approximate the losses represented by the filter F ( ⁇ ) by means of an approximate digital filter.
- F ( ⁇ ) 2 F (ro) j physical parameters such that for two given values of ⁇ .
- the first value ⁇ 1 retained is that of the fundamental playing frequency. This ensures a decay time of the fundamental frequency of the impulse response of the waveguide model using the approximate filter, identical to that of the guide model using the exact filter.
- the second value ⁇ 2 adopted is that of a harmonic chosen so as to obtain an identical overall decrease in the impulse responses of the waveguides, respectively, exact and approximate.
- this second value ⁇ 2 is therefore more free. It corresponds, for example, to the second resonance peak in the case of the clarinet but, in certain cases, as will be seen later in the case of the trumpet, it may be preferable to choose a harmonic of higher rank.
- c 1 cos (î ⁇ 1 ) )
- c 2 cos (ro 2 )
- F 1 F ( ⁇ 1 ) 2 2 "2
- F c2 F E7 ( ⁇ profession 2 ) ⁇ 2 2 ⁇
- a 1 F 1 c 1
- a 2 F 2 c 2 'the coefficients ai and bO are given by:
- x (n) b 1a p e (n-1) + a 1a x (n-1) + a 2a x (n-2) (18)
- pe (n) U e (n) -a 1 u e (n-1) -boUe (n-2D) + a 1 p e (n-1) -boP e (n-2D) (19)
- equations 19 and 20 above which do not depend on the time sample n, can, in fact, be grouped in the expressions:
- V -a 1 u e (n-1) -boU e (n-2D) + a ⁇ p e (n-1) -b 0 p e (n-2D)
- u ⁇ (n) sign ( ⁇ - V) (- bc 0 W 2 + W ⁇ '(bc 0 W) 2 + 4
- V -a 1 u e (n-1) -b 0 u e (n-2D) + a 1 pe (n-1) -b 0 p e (n-2D) (22)
- u e (n) sign ( ⁇ - V) (- bc 0 W 2 + ⁇ N ⁇ (bc 0 ⁇ N) 2 + 4
- the invention makes it possible to solve in the time domain the system of equations governing the physical modeling of the instrument, from an equivalent sampled formulation of the impulse response of the Tanche displacement, of the impedance relation and of the nonlinear characteristic, which results in the system of equations 18, 19, 20, in which:
- the method according to the invention makes it possible, in fact, to determine the flow rate and the pressure at the input of the resonator by a sequential calculation of equations 21 to 25, and to solve, in the time domain, the system of equations 9, 10, 1 1 governing the physical modeling of a reed-type instrument of the clarinet type, in order to synthesize the sounds produced by such an instrument.
- FIG. 1 the system of equations 9, 10, 1 1 governing the physical modeling of a reed-type instrument of the clarinet type, in order to synthesize the sounds produced by such an instrument.
- the digital implementation of such a non-linear waveguide model can be done by using commercially available elements for the gesture sensor.
- This controller measures the pressure of the lips on Tench, which controls the parameter ⁇ , and the pressure of the breath, which controls the parameter ⁇ .
- This information received in MIDI format (therefore between 0 and 127) is renormalized to correspond to the scale of the physical parameters.
- the waveguide is tuned using MIDI pitch information controlled from the fingering which determines the length L of the pipe.
- FIG. 1 which schematically represents the assembly of a digital instrument for the implementation of the invention in the case of a wind instrument
- the signals p e (t) and u e (t) allowing the calculation of the external pressure p ex t (t) are developed by Telecommunicationment de modeling II from control parameters ⁇ r , ⁇ , ⁇ , L.
- this modeling element II is of the type shown in FIG. 5 and allows the coupling of the three equations (9), (10), (1 1).
- the linear part 3 comprises a calculation block 31 of the type shown in FIG. 3, whose transfer function Ze ( ⁇ ) is the input impedance of the resonator.
- the model is driven by the length L of the resonator r and the nonlinear part 2 implements a nonlinear function 21 controlled by the two parameters ⁇ and ⁇ and having as input parameters the pressure p e (t) calculated by the linear part 3 and the displacement x (t) of the exciter 22 calculated, in the case of the clarinet by a reed model (m) as a function of the same pressure p e (t) at the mouth.
- block 4 calculates the sound signal p ex t (t) emitted by the digital instrument using the converter 5.
- the third condition is an imposed value of - for the module of the transmittance at the frequency ⁇ r, in order to preserve the height of the peak of the single mode reed model.
- the coefficient B is replaced by a filter such as
- exp - 1 - is replaced by its sampled equivalent v ⁇ : with the delay D defined by wherein E indicates the integer part.
- x (n) baiPe (n-1) + b a 2Pe (n-2) + b a DiPe (nD a -1) + a a ⁇ x (n-1) + aa2x (n-2) + aaDx (nD a ) + a a Dix (n-Da-1) (29)
- the transfer function and the impulse response of the single reed model as shown in FIG. 7 are superimposed in dashed lines.
- the clarinet sound model it is also possible to improve the clarinet sound model so as to make it more natural by incorporating a certain noise into it, the system thus being more realistic. Since the noise is created by turbulence at the Tanche level before the start of the pipe, the noise is added to x (t). It also appears that, in practice, the noise level depends on the pressure of the breath while its "color” depends on the pressure of the lips on Tanche. Indeed, from a physical point of view, the more Tanche is pressed, the smaller the opening between Tanche and the pipe and the greater the turbulence. We will therefore use a simple noise model whose level is controlled by ⁇ and the brightness controlled by ⁇ .
- the laws of variation of bb and aa can be determined so that the sound simulated by the model is as realistic as possible.
- the two diagrams in FIG. 10 show by way of example, the variation of the module of the spectrum of the external acoustic pressure corresponding to the sound produced by the model, respectively on the top diagram for a reed with single mode and on the diagram of the low for a multiple mode reed with additional noise, the simulation parameters being as follows:
- the method according to the invention relates to the simulation of sounds produced by a musical instrument with reed and cylindrical resonator, of the clarinet type.
- the invention is not limited to such an application and can, on the contrary, be the subject of numerous developments.
- FIGS. 1 1 to 14 represent equivalent calculation diagrams using waveguides and corresponding to resonators. having various geometries.
- the operator C ( ⁇ ) represents the input impedance and C "1 ( ⁇ ) the input admittance of a cylindrical resonator, the numerical model corresponding to C " 1 ( ⁇ ) being obtained by simply changing the sign of the coefficient bo.
- a first refinement of the basic model which has just been described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 5, will make it possible, by making use, in an analogous manner, of waveguides, of producing a physical model for a cylindrical resonator with terminal impedance.
- Such an element will allow, for example, to connect between them portions of cylindrical resonators having different lengths and sections, so as to simulate the input impedance of a conduit of variable section, or else to take into account 'radiation impedance.
- P e ( ⁇ ), U e ( ⁇ ) we consider the formalism of the transmission line linking the acoustic pressure and flow, respectively at the input of the resonator (P e ( ⁇ ), U e ( ⁇ )) and at its open end (P s ( ⁇ ), U s ( ⁇ )).
- Equation 31 therefore shows that the impedance of a cylindrical resonator with terminal impedance can be obtained from the impedance of a cylindrical resonator without terminal impedance , replacing: exp (-2ik ( ⁇ ) L) with R ( ⁇ ) exp (-2ik ( ⁇ ) L).
- Figure 1 1 gives an equivalent calculation diagram using waveguides, for the implementation of Equation 30, for calculating the impedance of a cylindrical resonator with terminal impedance.
- Such a model makes it possible to generate in cascade the input impedance of a conduit having any geometry and which can be defined by a succession of elementary cylindrical conduits. Therefore, the invention can be applied to the simulation of the vocal tract.
- FIG. 1 allows in particular, from the basic physical model for resonator cylindrical schematized in Figure 5, to build specific models for the simulation of various musical instruments.
- p e (n) bc 0 u 8 (n) + bc ⁇ U e (n-1) + bc 2 U e (n-2) + bc D Ue (n-2D) + bc D ⁇ U e (n-2D- 1) + ac ⁇ Pe (n-1) + ac 2 p e (n-2) + ac D P e (n-2D) + ac D ⁇ P e (n-2D-1) (33)
- the invention can be applied to the case of short resonators which appear, for example, in Mouth of a copper or in the beak of a reed instrument, or of a register hole or lateral hole.
- the invention also makes it possible to simulate a more complex resonator, by assembling elementary impedances representing, on the one hand the conduit and, on the other hand, the beak of a reed instrument or mouthpiece of a copper.
- a Helmhoitz resonator comprising a hemispherical cavity coupled with a short cylindrical pipe and a main resonator with conical pipe.
- the input impedance of the entire resonator can be expressed by:
- L1 is the length of the short pipe
- L2 is the length of the conical pipe
- Z1 and Z2 are the characteristic impedances of the two pipes which depend on their radii
- k1 ( ⁇ ) and k2 ( ⁇ ) take into account losses and Ray
- d 2f e . z + 1
- the coefficients result from a direct calculation from Equation (35).
- the invention can also be applied to the modeling of a cylindrical resonator with register holes.
- elements using waveguides and corresponding respectively to a physical model of cylindrical pipe with terminal impedance representing a pipe of length L 1 between the mouth and the register hole a short pipe model will be used. which represents the register hole of length ht and the basic model for cylindrical pipe representing a pipe of length L2 between the register hole and the open end.
- the terminal impedance of the first part of the pipe can be written:
- the total pipe input impedance can then be expressed by: P ”(C 2 ( ⁇ ) + C 1 ( ⁇ )) Z t C t ( ⁇ ) + Z c C 1 ( ⁇ ) C 2 ( ⁇ )
- the simulation model of the cylindrical resonator of the clarinet type obtained by direct transposition of the simplified equations of the physical behavior of the instrument, can be adapted to the simulation of instruments with non-cylindrical resonator, such as the saxophone, the trumpet or other wind instruments.
- the invention is not limited to such an embodiment and to the adaptations which have just been described because, without departing from the protective framework defined by the claims, it can be applied to the simulation of other types. of instruments, for example with a bowed string like the violin or struck like the piano.
- V ⁇ ( ⁇ >) • - sin (k ( ⁇ ).) F h () + ca & (k (>). JV b (j) in which F and V respectively represent the forces and speeds at each point.
- the wave number k ( ⁇ ) is conventionally expressed from the differential equation of the movement of a bending cord and includes, as in the acoustic case, propagation (delay), dissipation, dispersion parts (see for example: C. Valette, C. Cuesta "Mechanics of the vibrating rope", Hermès, treatise on new technologies, Mechanical series. 1993).
- V b ( ⁇ ) G 1 ' tan (fc ( ⁇ ))
- This relation constitutes the input admittance of a portion of embedded-free string at the point where it is free, and is identical, except for a multiplicative constant, to the acoustic impedance of a cylindrical resonator. It can therefore be represented by a diagram similar to that of FIG. 3.
- FIG. 15 represents, as a function of the frequency, at the top the exact admittance of a string to the eighth of its length, calculated with an expression of k ( ⁇ ) from a conventional model, and below the approximate admittance using an approximation of losses with a digital filter of order 1 whose coefficients are calculated with the same method as in the acoustic case.
- the admittance described in this basic model comprising a cord with two fixed ends, can be refined so as to take into account additional physical phenomena.
- the method again consists in associating the admittances of different elements.
- the total admittance is expressed by a combination of two identical string admittances, each of these admittances being made up of two portions of strings, one portion of which is expressed identically at the input impedance of a cylindrical pipe. with terminal impedance.
- the terminal admittance corresponding to that of the soundboard can be expressed by combinations of localized elements similar to those used to describe the mouthpiece or the spout (i.e. masses, springs, dampers) , allowing to take into account one or more vibration modes of the soundboard.
- the formulation of the resonator in terms of mechanical admittance can be used, for example in an instrument with struck string such as the piano.
- the speed of a string struck by a hammer such as that of a piano, can be expressed from the system of three coupled equations:
- the nonlinear impact characteristic used here is known as Hunt-Crossley.
- the exponent (p) is conventionally between 2 and 3, and is not an integer.
- yh (n) indicates the movement of the hammer, ys (n) that of the rope. It should be noted that this is a new writing of the problem. Indeed, conventionally, the impedance relation used here is replaced by the differential equation of the movement of the string.
- FIG. 16 is analogous to the general diagram in FIG. 1 and in which:
- MA is, in the case of a stringed instrument, a hammer model, expressing its speed from the force f (t);
- Vs (t) is the speed of the rope and Vh (t) that of the hammer;
- MV is a model for calculating the speed at the bridge, which is then radiated by the soundboard, from the force and speed of the string at the point of hammer-string contact;
- G is the nonlinear characteristic, and gathers the nonlinear function and the means of computation of displacements Yh (t) and Ys (t) starting from Vh (t) and Vs (t);
- Vh (0) is the control parameter acting on the block
- MA setting the initial speed of the hammer at the time of impact
- L is the control parameter of the note played.
- G is the nonlinear friction characteristic, of which there are many models in the literature and whose parameters of control are the pressure of the bow on the string and its speed of movement.
- the MA block can be deleted.
- the discrete time model uses, as for certain elements of the acoustic models, the bilinear transform to approach the operators of derivation with respect to time.
- W noted V in the acoustic case
- the model is checked, for the note played, by acting on the resonator (length, diameter, tension of the string).
- FIG. 17 represents, as a function of time, the speed of the rope at the point of contact (the eighth of its length) at the top, the force exerted by the hammer on the rope at the bottom, solutions of the previous system of equations, solved by the fixed point method.
- FIG. 18 represents the trajectory over time of the force as a function of the relative displacement of the hammer relative to the rope.
- the invention makes it possible to avoid resorting to the go-wave and wave-return quantities.
- simulation model of a string instrument illustrated in Figure 16 is very similar to the wind instrument model illustrated in Figure 1. Indeed, in both cases, they use linear filters comprising delays, to achieve a non-linear interaction between two physical variables, called variables of
- FIG. 19 represents the general diagram of the model of such a digital instrument comprising, as usual, a control element I, a modeling element II and a sound creation element III.
- Teltic de modeling II comprises a linear part 3 with a calculation block (31) whose transfer function is, depending on the instrument to be simulated, either the input impedance of the resonator Ze ( ⁇ ), or Tadmittance Ye ( ⁇ ) and a nonlinear part 2 which implements a nonlinear function 21.
- Block 1 can be a gesture sensor providing control parameters CL acting on the linear part 3 of the model, and control parameters CNL acting on the non-linear part 2.
- the linear part 3 receives from the non-linear part 2, from left to right, when the transfer function of the calculation block 31 is the impedance, a signal d effect E to produce a cause signal C which is transmitted to the non-linear part 2, the latter producing, from this cause signal C, a new effect signal E intended for the linear part 3.
- the transfer function of the calculation block 31 is Tadmittance
- the linear part 3 receives from right to left, from the non-linear part 2, a cause signal C and produces an effect signal E which is transmitted to the part nonlinear 2 to produce a new cause signal C for linear part 3.
- Block 4 includes means for calculating the sound to be emitted from the cause C and effect E signals, which are transmitted to a digital analog converter 5.
- the invention thus makes it possible to simulate all kinds of instrument and is not limited, moreover, not to the field of music. Indeed, the method according to the invention could also be applied to the simulation of other oscillating phenomena, thanks to an adaptation of certain equations to the differences and a choice of other non-linear characteristics and of control parameters taking account of the characteristics. physical phenomena to simulate.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Electrophonic Musical Instruments (AREA)
- Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0213682 | 2002-10-31 | ||
| FR0213682A FR2846768B1 (fr) | 2002-10-31 | 2002-10-31 | Procede de simulation et de synthese numerique d'un phenomene oscillant |
| PCT/FR2003/003264 WO2004042696A2 (fr) | 2002-10-31 | 2003-10-31 | Procede de simulation et de synthese numerique d'un phenomene oscillant |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1576577A2 true EP1576577A2 (fr) | 2005-09-21 |
| EP1576577B1 EP1576577B1 (fr) | 2014-03-12 |
Family
ID=32104366
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP03767878.6A Expired - Lifetime EP1576577B1 (fr) | 2002-10-31 | 2003-10-31 | Procede de simulation et de synthese numerique d'un phenomene oscillant |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7534953B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1576577B1 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2003292312A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2846768B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2004042696A2 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3130438A1 (fr) | 2021-12-13 | 2023-06-16 | Buffet Crampon | Procédé de simulation numérique d’un son d’un instrument de musique à vent par décomposition modale. |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7381881B1 (en) * | 2004-09-24 | 2008-06-03 | Apple Inc. | Simulation of string vibration |
| JP5605192B2 (ja) * | 2010-12-02 | 2014-10-15 | ヤマハ株式会社 | 楽音信号合成方法、プログラムおよび楽音信号合成装置 |
| US8822804B1 (en) * | 2013-02-09 | 2014-09-02 | Vladimir Vassilev | Digital aerophones and dynamic impulse response systems |
| FR3035736B1 (fr) * | 2015-04-29 | 2019-08-23 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Systeme electronique combinable a un instrument de musique a vent pour produire des sons electroniques et instrument comprenant un tel systeme |
| CN105426343A (zh) * | 2015-11-02 | 2016-03-23 | 株洲时代新材料科技股份有限公司 | 一种基于傅里叶级数的复杂结构振动解析分析方法 |
| CN108986777A (zh) * | 2018-06-14 | 2018-12-11 | 森兰信息科技(上海)有限公司 | 通过体感进行音乐模拟的方法、体感设备及乐器终端 |
| CN109190085B (zh) * | 2018-07-27 | 2022-04-22 | 华南理工大学 | 一种实数域光滑时变矩阵pxq=w系统的求解设计方法 |
Family Cites Families (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3878748A (en) * | 1974-03-21 | 1975-04-22 | Larry A Spence | Oral cavity controlled electronic musical instrument |
| US5119427A (en) * | 1988-03-14 | 1992-06-02 | Hersh Alan S | Extended frequency range Helmholtz resonators |
| US4985690A (en) * | 1988-07-07 | 1991-01-15 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Dielectric stepped impedance resonator |
| US5144096A (en) * | 1989-11-13 | 1992-09-01 | Yamaha Corporation | Nonlinear function generation apparatus, and musical tone synthesis apparatus utilizing the same |
| US5157216A (en) * | 1990-01-16 | 1992-10-20 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Musical synthesizer system and method using pulsed noise for simulating the noise component of musical tones |
| JP2504314B2 (ja) * | 1990-09-07 | 1996-06-05 | ヤマハ株式会社 | 楽音合成装置 |
| US5359146A (en) * | 1991-02-19 | 1994-10-25 | Yamaha Corporation | Musical tone synthesizing apparatus having smoothly varying tone control parameters |
| JP2682257B2 (ja) * | 1991-03-29 | 1997-11-26 | ヤマハ株式会社 | 楽音合成装置 |
| JP3097167B2 (ja) * | 1991-04-10 | 2000-10-10 | ヤマハ株式会社 | 楽音合成装置 |
| JP2722900B2 (ja) * | 1991-11-01 | 1998-03-09 | ヤマハ株式会社 | 楽音合成装置 |
| JP3360312B2 (ja) * | 1992-06-03 | 2002-12-24 | ヤマハ株式会社 | 楽音合成装置 |
| US5466884A (en) * | 1994-05-10 | 1995-11-14 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Music synthesizer system and method for simulating response of resonant digital waveguide struck by felt covered hammer |
| US5703313A (en) * | 1994-05-10 | 1997-12-30 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Passive nonlinear filter for digital musical sound synthesizer and method |
| US5824927A (en) * | 1996-05-24 | 1998-10-20 | Tonon; Thomas | Keyed free-reed instruments scope |
| US5748513A (en) * | 1996-08-16 | 1998-05-05 | Stanford University | Method for inharmonic tone generation using a coupled mode digital filter |
| US6766288B1 (en) * | 1998-10-29 | 2004-07-20 | Paul Reed Smith Guitars | Fast find fundamental method |
| US6346807B1 (en) * | 1999-10-22 | 2002-02-12 | Bently Nevada Corporation | Digital eddy current proximity system: apparatus and method |
| US6752018B2 (en) * | 2002-06-03 | 2004-06-22 | General Electric Company | Method and apparatus for characterizing an acoustic impedance |
| ITMC20030032A1 (it) * | 2003-03-28 | 2004-09-29 | Viscount Internat Spa | Metodo e dispositivo elettronico per riprodurre il suono delle canne ad anima dell'organo liturgico, sfruttando la tecnica della modellazione fisica degli strumenti acustici |
-
2002
- 2002-10-31 FR FR0213682A patent/FR2846768B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-10-31 EP EP03767878.6A patent/EP1576577B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-10-31 AU AU2003292312A patent/AU2003292312A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-10-31 WO PCT/FR2003/003264 patent/WO2004042696A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2003-10-31 US US10/533,336 patent/US7534953B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2004042696A2 * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3130438A1 (fr) | 2021-12-13 | 2023-06-16 | Buffet Crampon | Procédé de simulation numérique d’un son d’un instrument de musique à vent par décomposition modale. |
| WO2023110645A1 (fr) | 2021-12-13 | 2023-06-22 | Buffet Crampon | Procédé de simulation numérique d'un son d'un instrument de musique à vent par décomposition modale |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2003292312A8 (en) | 2004-06-07 |
| FR2846768A1 (fr) | 2004-05-07 |
| FR2846768B1 (fr) | 2005-07-08 |
| EP1576577B1 (fr) | 2014-03-12 |
| WO2004042696A3 (fr) | 2004-07-15 |
| WO2004042696A2 (fr) | 2004-05-21 |
| AU2003292312A1 (en) | 2004-06-07 |
| US20060065108A1 (en) | 2006-03-30 |
| US7534953B2 (en) | 2009-05-19 |
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