EP1569458A1 - Kodierung und Dekodierung von Videobildern mit nichtlinearer Quantisierung - Google Patents

Kodierung und Dekodierung von Videobildern mit nichtlinearer Quantisierung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1569458A1
EP1569458A1 EP04003184A EP04003184A EP1569458A1 EP 1569458 A1 EP1569458 A1 EP 1569458A1 EP 04003184 A EP04003184 A EP 04003184A EP 04003184 A EP04003184 A EP 04003184A EP 1569458 A1 EP1569458 A1 EP 1569458A1
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Prior art keywords
quantization
curve
predefined
coefficient values
intervals
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French (fr)
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Thomas Wedi
Steffen Wittmann
Martin Schlockermann
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Panasonic Corp
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Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
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Priority to EP04003184A priority Critical patent/EP1569458A1/de
Priority to US10/588,482 priority patent/US20110103467A1/en
Priority to PCT/EP2004/013591 priority patent/WO2005079077A1/en
Priority to JP2006552469A priority patent/JP2007522742A/ja
Publication of EP1569458A1 publication Critical patent/EP1569458A1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/124—Quantisation
    • H04N19/126—Details of normalisation or weighting functions, e.g. normalisation matrices or variable uniform quantisers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/60—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding
    • H04N19/61—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding in combination with predictive coding

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  • the present invention relates to the encoding and decoding of motion picture video data. Particularly, the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for encoding and decoding video data, including film grain information, by employing an adapted quantization.
  • a motion picture film consists of silver-halide crystals, which are dispersed within a photographic emulsion of the film. Each image recorded on the photographic film is generated by exposing and developing the silver-halide crystals. In color images, the silver is chemically removed after the development. However, the silver crystal structure remains after development in the form of tiny grains of dye. Due to the random form of silver crystals in the emulsion, the grains are randomly formed and distributed within the image. An illustrative example of a grain structure is shown in Fig. 1. A perceivable grain structure is called film grain.
  • a viewer watching a motion picture reproduction does not recognize the individual grains which have a size of about 0.002 mm down to above one-tenth of that size. However, the viewer will perceive groups of grains and identify same as film grain.
  • film grain is clearly noticeable in cinema reproductions and in high-definition video images.
  • film grain is of less importance for standard television images and for even smaller television display formats.
  • Motion pictures are being adopted in increasing numbers of applications, ranging from video-telephoning and video-conferencing to DVD and digital television.
  • a motion picture is being transmitted or recorded, a substantial amount of data has to be sent through conventional transmission channels of limited available frequency bandwidth or has to be stored on conventional storage media of limited data capacity.
  • it is inevitable to compress or reduce the volume of digital data.
  • video encoding standards For the compression of video data, a plurality of video encoding standards has been developed. Such video standards are, for instance, ITU-T standards denoted with H.26x and ISO/IEC standards denoted with MPEG-x. The most up-to-date and advanced video encoding standards are currently the standards denoted as H.264 /AVC or MPEG-4 / AVC.
  • hybrid coding technique combines temporal and spatial compression techniques together with statistical coding.
  • Most hybrid techniques employ motion-compensated Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM), two-dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), quantization of DCT coefficients, and a Variable Length Coding (VLC).
  • DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation
  • DCT two-dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform
  • VLC Variable Length Coding
  • the motion compensated DPCM is a process of determining the movement of an image object between a current frame and a previous frame, and predicting the current frame according to the determined motion to produce differential signals representing the differences between the current frame and its prediction.
  • the present invention aims to provide an improved method and apparatus for encoding and decoding video data, including film grain information, by maintaining a high encoding efficiency.
  • a method for encoding video data comprises the steps of dividing an image into blocks, wherein each block includes a plurality of pixels, transforming the pixels of a block into transform coefficients and quantizing the coefficients in accordance with predefined quantization intervals by mapping each coefficient value to a quantized coefficient value.
  • the quantization intervals are set in accordance with a predefined quantization curve.
  • the quantization curve is a non-linear curve having smaller quantization intervals for lower coefficient values.
  • an encoding apparatus for encoding video data based on image blocks.
  • Each image block includes a plurality of pixels.
  • the encoder comprises a transform unit and a quantizer.
  • the transform unit transforms the pixels of a block into transform coefficients.
  • the quantizer quantizes the transform coefficients in accordance with pre-defined quantization intervals by mapping each coefficient value to quantized a coefficient value.
  • the quantization intervals are set in accordance with a predefined quantization curve.
  • the quantization curve is a non-linear curve having smaller quantization intervals for lower coefficient values.
  • a method for decoding video data on a block basis comprises the steps of de-quantizing quantized coefficients of said encoded video data by mapping each quantized coefficient value to a de-quantized coefficient value in accordance with pre-defined quantization intervals, and transforming a block of de-quantized coefficients into a block of pixels.
  • the quantization intervals are set in accordance with a pre-defined quantization curve.
  • the quantization curve is a non-linear curve having smaller quantization intervals for lower coefficient values.
  • a decoding apparatus for decoding encoded video data on a block basis.
  • the encoded video data include quantized coefficients.
  • the decoder comprises an inverse quantizer and an inverse transform unit.
  • the inverse quantizer de-quantizes a block of quantized coefficients of said encoded video data by mapping each quantized coefficient value to a de-quantized coefficient value in accordance with pre-defined quantization intervals.
  • the inverse transform unit transforms a block of de-quantized coefficients into a block of pixels.
  • the quantization intervals are set in accordance with a predefined quantization curve.
  • the quantization curve is a non-linear curve having smaller quantization intervals for lower coefficient values.
  • non-linear quantization curve in accordance with the present invention enables an accurate adaptation of the quantization intervals, i.e. to enable an accurate adjustment of the intended loss of coefficient accuracy, to the film grain information.
  • the film grain information can be maintained without increasing the coding bit rate, i.e. decreasing the coding efficiency.
  • a non-linear quantization for video coding is already known from US-B-6 347 116 and US-B-6 654 418, wherein a quantization matrix is applied to the coding coefficients.
  • This known quantization non-linearity does not depend on the coefficient value, but on the position of the individual transform coefficients within the coefficient matrix.
  • the present invention employs a non-linear quantization which depends on the size of the coefficient value. Further, it is not known to apply a non-linear characteristic curve during the quantization process.
  • the quantization intervals of the pre-defined quantization curve have a step size which increases for larger coefficient values.
  • Such a quantization curve enables the maintenance of coding efficiency by shifting a data amount spent to coefficient accuracy during quantization from larger to smaller coefficient values.
  • the quantization intervals change in accordance with particular curve characteristic, such as a piecewise linear curve, a root curve, or a logarithmic curve.
  • the quantization curve is defined by parameters and these parameters are included in the encoded video data. Accordingly, the quantization curve needs not to be fixed and does not need to be applied irrespective of the kind of video data to be encoded, but can be adapted during the quantization process, for instance depending on the image content, the presence of film grain, etc. Further, the identical curve can be employed during encoding and decoding by including the parameters defining the curve within the encoded data.
  • the quantization step comprise the steps of weighting the coefficient values in accordance with the pre-defined quantization curve and of quantizing the weighted coefficient values by applying fixed quantization intervals.
  • an existing quantization process having fixed quantization intervals can be maintained as the coefficient values are converted in accordance with the curve characteristic before the quantization is performed.
  • existing encoding and decoding devices may be enhanced in a simple manner by only inserting additional steps for a pre-processing of the transform coefficient values and, at the decoder side, by post-processing of the de-quantized coefficients.
  • the quantization curve is selected depending on the detection of a degree or of the presence of film grain within the video data to be encoded.
  • the detection process may only relate to the presence of film grain within the video data to be encoded.
  • the video encoder generally denoted by reference numeral 100, comprises a subtractor 110 for determining differences between a current video image (input signal) and a prediction signal of the current image which is based on previously encoded images.
  • a transform and quantization unit 120 transforms the resulting prediction error from the spatial domain to the frequency domain and quantizes the obtained transform coefficients.
  • An entropy coding unit 190 entropy encodes the quantized transform coefficients.
  • the operation of the video encoder of Fig. 2 is as follows.
  • the encoder employs a Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) approach which only transmits differences between the subsequent images of an input video sequence. These differences are determined in subtractor 110 which receives the video images to be encoded in order to subtract a prediction of the current images therefrom.
  • DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation
  • the prediction is based on the decoding result ("the locally decoded image") of previously encoded images on the encoder side. This is accomplished by a decoding unit incorporated into video encoder 100.
  • the decoding unit performs the encoding steps in reverse manner.
  • An inverse quantization and inverse transform unit 130 de-quantizes the quantized coefficients and applies an inverse transform to the de-quantized coefficients.
  • adder 135 the decoded differences are added to the prediction signal.
  • the motion compensated DPCM conducted by the video encoder of Fig. 2, predicts a current field or frame from corresponding previous field or frame data. This prediction is based on an estimation of motion between current and previous fields or frames.
  • the motion estimation is determined in terms of two-dimensional motion vectors, representing a displacement of pixels between the current and previous frames.
  • motion estimation is performed on a block-by-block basis, wherein a block in a current frame is compared with blocks in previous frames until a best match is determined. Based on the comparison result, an displacement vector for each block of a current frame is estimated.
  • a motion estimator unit 170 receiving the current input signal and the locally decoded images.
  • motion compensation performed by motion compensation prediction unit 160 provides a prediction utilizing the determined motion vector.
  • the information contained in a prediction error block, representing the differences between the current and the predicted block, is then transformed into the transform coefficients by transform unit 120.
  • a two-dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform DCT is employed therefore.
  • the input image is divided into macro blocks.
  • the macro blocks are encoded applying an "Intra” or "Inter" encoding mode.
  • Inter mode a macro block is predicted by employing motion compensation as previously described.
  • Intra mode the prediction signal is set to zero, but the video encoding standard H.264 / AVC additionally employs a prediction scheme based on already encoded macro blocks of the same image in order to predict subsequent macro blocks.
  • Intra-encoded images can be encoded without reference to any previously decoded image.
  • the I-type images provide error resilience for the encoded video sequence. Further, entry points into bit streams of encoded data are provided by the I-type images in order to enable random access, i.e. to access I-type images within the sequence of encoded video images.
  • a de-blocking filter 137 may be provided in order to reduce the presence of blocking effects in the locally decoded image.
  • FIG. 3 A schematic block diagram, illustrating the configuration of the corresponding decoder generally denoted by reference numeral 200, is shown in Fig. 3.
  • the entropy encoding is reversed in entropy decoding unit 210.
  • the entropy decoded coefficients are submitted to an inverse quantizer and inverse transformer 220 and the motion data are submitted to motion compensation prediction unit 270.
  • the quantized coefficient data are subjected to the inverse quantization and inverse transform unit 220.
  • the reconstructed image block containing prediction differences is added by adder 230 to the prediction signal stemming from the motion compensation prediction unit 270 in Inter-mode or stemming from a Intra-frame prediction unit 260 in Intra-mode.
  • the resulting image may be applied to a de-blocking filter 240 and the decoded signal is stored in memory 250 to be applied to prediction units 260, 270.
  • This uniform quantization i.e. a quantization applying uniform quantization intervals, can be expressed by the following equation (1):
  • an input coefficient value W is mapped to a quantization level Z.
  • ⁇ represents the quantization step-size or interval size and f represents a rounding control parameter.
  • the rounding control parameter f enables an adjustment of the interval position to a probability distribution by shifting the transition position between adjacent steps. This will be described in more detail below with reference to Fig. 5.
  • the function "floor(%)" of equation (1) rounds to the nearest integer towards zero, while the function "sgnmitted” returns the sign of the input coefficient value W.
  • equation (2) The operation of equation (2) is called "inverse quantization” or "de-quantization".
  • FIG. 5 Another example of a quantization curve is shown in Fig. 5.
  • the rounding behaviour of the quantization operation can be controlled.
  • the quantized coefficient values W' tend to be smaller than the centre value of the interval of input coefficient values W.
  • These shifts of the quantization range compared to the quantization intervals shown in Fig. 4 aims to better fit to a non-uniform probability distribution of the input coefficient values.
  • the non-uniform probability distribution of transform coefficients in video coding can be approximated by a Laplacian probability distribution.
  • An example of a Laplacian probability distribution is shown in Fig. 6. Due to the probability distribution of transform coefficients, there tend to be more smaller quantization values within each quantization interval. For this reason, rounding control parameters of f ⁇ ⁇ /2 are employed resulting in smaller values of the quantized coefficient values W'. The quantized coefficient values are thus not located in the centre of a quantization interval.
  • film grain is a temporary uncorrelated structure which is not predictable by motion compensation. Consequently, the film grain needs to be encoded in the prediction error, i.e. individually for each image block.
  • An example of coefficient blocks representing a prediction error is illustrated in Fig. 14a.
  • the film grain information is especially represented by the small prediction error values which, in turn, are reflected by small transform coefficient values.
  • the quantization stage during video encoding is designed that all coefficient values around zero are quantized to zero, the film grain information is irreversibly lost. As long as smaller display sizes are employed which are not able to reproduce the film grain information, this quantization loss is acceptable and intended in order to increase the coding efficiency.
  • An example of quantized blocks of transform coefficients is shown in Fig. 14b. As can be seen therefrom, the quantization interval for the lowest coefficient values effects that all small coefficient values are quantized to zero.
  • the film grain information can be preserved within the encoded video data by reducing the size of the quantization intervals such that more quantization intervals are provided.
  • a modification results in significant bit rate increase of the encoding result and a correspondingly reduced encoding efficiency.
  • the rounding control parameter f may be modified as shown, for instance in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.
  • a modification of the rounding control parameter only modifies the size of the quantization interval for the lowest coefficient values, while the thresholds for quantizing coefficient values W to different adjacent quantization levels is shifted uniformly for all threshold values. This shift of each quantization interval reduces the fit of the quantization to the Laplacian distribution. Consequently, the quantization error is increased and the encoding efficiency is reduced.
  • the present invention proposes to parameterize the layout of the quantization intervals.
  • the quantization intervals for smaller coefficient values may be set smaller while larger coefficient values may be quantized employing larger quantization intervals.
  • This approach enables to modify the size of the quantization interval for coefficients close to zero without effecting the size of other quantization intervals.
  • the modification of the size of small quantization intervals may directly depend on the intensity of the film grain remaining in the video data.
  • the film grain information reconstructed at the decoder side can be improved without increasing the required bit rate of the encoded video data.
  • each quantization interval has a different size.
  • the quantization interval size for each transform coefficient value can be adapted in accordance with the video content, i.e. film grain information present in the video data to be encoded and the available bit rate.
  • the present invention enables a more flexible quantization process able to achieve better encoding results without increasing the coding bit rate.
  • the quantization curve is defined by parameters which are transmitted to the decoder side. Accordingly, the quantization curve and the quantization intervals may be updated during the encoding and decoding process. In accordance with predetermined time intervals or events, an updated set of quantization curve parameters is applied to the quantizer and further transmitted to the decoded side. In this manner, the encoding process can be formed adaptively to the image content, in particular to the presence and/or degree of film grain information.
  • a second embodiment maintains existing quantization intervals, but applies a respective correction to the coefficient values before applying a quantization at the encoder side and after applying an inverse quantization at the decoder side.
  • a respective block diagram illustrating the configuration of a non-linear quantization in accordance with the present invention is shown in Fig. 8.
  • the input transform coefficients W are not directly quantized before performing a "core quantization process". While the core quantization process maps the input coefficient values to quantization levels in accordance with predefined fixed quantization intervals, the adjustment of the quantization intervals is effected by weighting the input coefficient values at a pre-processing stage. Correspondingly, the coefficient values output from the inverse quantizer at the decoder side are weighted in inverse manner by a post-processing stage.
  • Equation (5) defines the inverse core-quantization
  • equation (6) defines the inverse application of the characteristic curve
  • equation (7) defines the reconstruction of the transform coefficients at the decoder side:
  • An input coefficient value W is weighted by a predefined characteristic curve.
  • the parameters defining the characteristic curve may either be fixed or, as shown in Fig. 8, adaptable and provided together with the encoded video data to the inverse quantization unit 330 at the decoder side. Examples of the characteristic curve will be explained in connection with Figures 9 to 11.
  • the input coefficient values W are mapped to weighted input coefficient values V in accordance with the characteristic curve.
  • the operation applied by unit 310 is defined in equation (3).
  • Quantization unit 320 includes a core quantization unit 324 and a core inverse quantization unit 326.
  • the core quantization applied by unit 324 is defined by equation (4).
  • the weighed input coefficient values V are mapped in accordance with a fixed quantization interval scheme to quantization levels Z.
  • the core inverse quantization unit 326 applies the inverse approach, namely to map the quantization level Z to a quantized weighed quantized value V'.
  • the operation is defined in equation (5).
  • Unit 330 inversely weights the quantized weighted coefficient values V' in order to reconstruct the quantized coefficient values W' in accordance with the applicable characteristic curve notified by parameters 315 from unit 310 at the encoded side.
  • Fig. 9 illustrates a piecewise linear curve.
  • the corresponding mapping process performed in accordance with the second embodiment may be defined by equation (8): wherein ⁇ 1, 2, 3 denote the slope of each piecewise linear portion.
  • FIG. 10 Another example of a quantization curve is shown in Fig. 10.
  • the respective inverse operation is applied at the decoder side, in particular by post-processing stage 330.
  • FIG. 12 and Fig. 13 A schematic block diagram illustrating the configuration of an encoder and decoder in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention is shown in Fig. 12 and Fig. 13.
  • the block diagrams of Fig. 12 and Fig. 13 denote block elements identical to those of Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 by identical reference numerals.
  • the encoder illustrated in Fig. 12 generally denoted by reference numeral 400 further comprises a processing stage 410 for pre-processing the transform coefficients output by transform unit 120 and to forward weighted transform coefficients V to quantization unit 120.
  • a respective post-processing unit 420 is inserted into the decoding stage for providing the locally decoded image.
  • the post-processing stage 420 reverses the weighting applied to the coefficient values in pre-processing stage 410.
  • the parameters 315 of the curve are included into the encoded video data.
  • the parameters of the quantization curve are compressed by a coding unit 430 in order to insert encoded curve parameters into the encoded video data.
  • Fig. 13 illustrates the configuration of a decoding device corresponding to the encoder of Fig. 12.
  • the decoder is generally denoted with reference numeral 500.
  • a post-processing unit 510 is inserted.
  • Post-processing unit 510 applies an operation which is inverse to the operation applied by pre-processing unit 410 of the encoding device of Fig. 12.
  • the quantization curve parameters may be received in encoded form. For this purpose, the parameters are decoded by decoding unit 520.
  • Fig. 14c illustrates four blocks of transform coefficient values corresponding to the blocks shown in Fig. 14a
  • Fig. 14d illustrates four blocks of quantized transform coefficients when applying a predefined quantization curve in accordance with the present invention.
  • Fig. 15 is flow chart illustrating the operation of an encoder in accordance with the present invention.
  • the pixels of a block are transformed into a block of transform coefficients (step S20).
  • an orthogonal transform like a DCT is applied.
  • the resulting transform coefficients W are weighed in accordance with the predefined quantization curve (step S30).
  • This pre-processing step corresponds to the implementation of the second embodiment of the present invention.
  • the quantization curve may be a fixed curve or an updatable curve.
  • the parameters for defining the applicable curve are included into the encoded video data in order to enable a decoder to apply the inverse operation.
  • Step S40 represents the core quantization operation performed by core quantization unit 324 of Fig. 8.
  • the encoded video data include quantized quantization coefficients and parameters defining a quantization curve. These data may be stored in a memory device or transmitted to a decoder for immediate reconstruction of the compressed image.
  • the decoding process is next described in connection with Fig. 16.
  • the received coefficients are first subjected to de-quantization in accordance with fixed quantization intervals (step S50).
  • the de-quantization operation is performed by the inverse quantization unit 326 of Fig. 8.
  • the de-quantized coefficients are subjected to an inverse weighting operation (step S60).
  • the inverse weighting operation corresponds to the weighting performed in step S30 during the encoding process.
  • the curve parameters are obtained from the encoded video data.
  • the weighted de-quantized coefficient values W' are transformed into a block of pixels (step S70) and subsequent blocks are combined to form decoded video image (step S80).
  • the latest video coding standard H.264 / AVC applies a quantization of the transform coefficients in accordance with equation (11): wherein the term "W ij ⁇ MF" represents the transform coefficients that have to be quantized. "MF" defines a scaling factor to be applied during the quantization operation instead of applying a scaling factor during the transform operation.
  • the indices "ij” denote the position of the individual transform coefficient within the transform matrix.
  • Rounding control parameter f is employed to fit the quantization operation to the probability distribution of the transform coefficients. As the probability distribution of the coefficients differs between Intra encoding mode and Inter encoding mode, different values of f are used for Intra and Inter mode.
  • Equation (11) can be modified to equation (13)
  • equation (13) is furthermore modified to equation (14): and further to equation (15):
  • the final term of equation (16) includes a quantization step-size ⁇ and a scaling factor.
  • the scaling factor originates from the inverse transform and is not part of the core quantization scheme.
  • the scaling factor has to be separated from the quantization step-size ⁇ .
  • Equation (20) V ij ⁇ 2 -15 from equation (18) denotes a scaling factor originating from the inverse transform.
  • the quantization curve can be integrated into the inverse transform and equation (18) can be modified to equation (19): by employing a shift operation replacing the multiplication by 2 -15 , equation (19) can be rewritten in the form of equation (20):
  • the present invention enables to adaptively shape the quantization intervals for encoding video data in order to better adapt the quantization process to film grain information without increasing the resulting bit rate while maintaining the coding efficiency.
  • a shape which reduces the size of the quantization interval for the lowest coefficient values the film grain information within the encoded video data can be preserved.
  • a curve characteristic enlarging the interval of the lowest coefficient values reduces the film grain information in the encoded video data.

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EP04003184A EP1569458A1 (de) 2004-02-12 2004-02-12 Kodierung und Dekodierung von Videobildern mit nichtlinearer Quantisierung
US10/588,482 US20110103467A1 (en) 2004-02-12 2004-11-30 Encoding and Decoding of Video Images Based on a Non-linear Quantization
PCT/EP2004/013591 WO2005079077A1 (en) 2004-02-12 2004-11-30 Encoding and decoding of video images based on a non-linear quantization
JP2006552469A JP2007522742A (ja) 2004-02-12 2004-11-30 非線形量子化に基づくビデオ画像の符号化及び復号化

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US10911785B2 (en) 2017-11-23 2021-02-02 Ateme Intelligent compression of grainy video content

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