EP1566487B1 - Method for covering insulation using a profile - Google Patents

Method for covering insulation using a profile Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1566487B1
EP1566487B1 EP05002246.6A EP05002246A EP1566487B1 EP 1566487 B1 EP1566487 B1 EP 1566487B1 EP 05002246 A EP05002246 A EP 05002246A EP 1566487 B1 EP1566487 B1 EP 1566487B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
web
profile
profile according
side section
bending lines
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Not-in-force
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EP05002246.6A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1566487A2 (en
EP1566487A3 (en
Inventor
Michael Mertens
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Ewald Doerken AG
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Ewald Doerken AG
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Publication of EP1566487A2 publication Critical patent/EP1566487A2/en
Publication of EP1566487A3 publication Critical patent/EP1566487A3/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • E02D31/002—Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • E02D31/02—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution against ground humidity or ground water

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the use of a profile for covering insulation edges of insulating layers, in particular of Perimeterdämm Anlagenen on outer walls of foundation walls.
  • Profiles of the aforementioned type are used for covering and sealing of insulating layers on outer walls of foundation walls.
  • the insulation edge to be covered is usually just below the terrain surface of the surrounding soil.
  • Such insulation is increasingly being carried out as Perimeterdämmung.
  • a perimeter insulation consists of plate material, which is laid successively from the bottom plate upwards. As a result, the top plate, except for special cases, must be cut. This cutting edge must be protected to prevent moisture and dirt from getting between the insulation material and the foundation wall.
  • covers are made of custom-made and folded metal tracks, since the strength of the insulation varies.
  • perimeter insulation panels currently in use have thicknesses of 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 mm.
  • an additional drainage and protective layer for example in the form of a dimpled sheet, can be applied, thereby further increasing the overall strength of the insulation.
  • the resulting individual production of covers is complicated and expensive.
  • a drip tray which is located above the end of the insulating board extending slightly above the ground level and this top end covered to prevent rainwater from entering the insulation layers. With its upper side portion of the drip tray rests against the masonry, while the lower side portion is spaced from the Dämm Anlagenen and rests on the floor.
  • connection profile made of plastic for plates or webs known to seal these against moisture with each other.
  • the connection profile consists of two plate pairs connected along a welding line, which form receiving slots for adjacent plates or webs on both edge edges.
  • the connection profile has longitudinal beads or fold lines on which it can be bent.
  • Object of the present invention is to provide a profile for use for covering insulation edges of insulation layers of the type mentioned above, which ensures a good seal of the blank edges of the insulating layers.
  • the profile consequently consists of an easily manufactured sheet of flat material which, in its production form, e.g. in the stack, can be transported flat and stored.
  • bending lines are introduced parallel to the longitudinal direction. They serve to ensure that the respective used profile is formed from the web by corresponding bending or folding of side sections in a simple manner.
  • a bending line is here understood to mean any structuring of the web material which makes it possible to bend the side sections along a predetermined line.
  • the material of the web is bendable at least at the bending lines.
  • the web in its entirety consists of longitudinally bending lines bendable material, but would also be possible a web of non-bendable, namely dimensionally stable and longitudinally extending track sections which are flexibly connected to each other at the bending lines.
  • the direction of the bend of the side sections of the web is basically arbitrary and is based on the local conditions. Preferably, it is angled so that a right angle is formed between adjacent sections.
  • the outer side sections abut the outside of the structure and on the insulation and can be fixed there, while the remaining sections are available for covering.
  • the web is provided with a plurality of bend lines such that the web has a central portion selectable in width by the bend lines, followed by the bendable side portions on both sides.
  • the profile can be used universally and adapted to the respectively given on site insulation thickness. For all conventional insulation thicknesses, only one type of track needs to be manufactured and stored. As a result, in addition to a considerable cost reduction in production, storage and transport of the web or the profile also easier handling of the construction site is achieved.
  • the width-selectable middle section is preferably used to cover the upper narrow side of the insulation, but in principle, other geometries are conceivable.
  • the number of side sections is by appropriate bending on the bending lines selectable.
  • the web can be brought into a variety of profile shapes.
  • a first side section and a second side section can be bent in opposite directions from the central section in such a way that the profile acquires a Z-shape (claim 2).
  • Such a Z-shape corresponds to a frequently occurring application.
  • a tight connection of the profile on an insulation outside is with the downwardly angled first side portion and a corresponding connection, for example, to a foundation wall is easily accessible with the upwardly angled second side portion.
  • only two bending lines are required to produce a Z-profile, but several are expediently provided so that, as already mentioned above, the width of the middle section of the respective thickness of the insulating layer can be adapted.
  • the bending lines are expediently arranged on the path such that the first side section can be bent at a plurality of bending lines and the second side section can be bent at a predetermined bending line (claim 3).
  • the width of the second side portion is the same even with different insulation thicknesses, which makes sense for a uniform installation, and advantageous for optical reasons, if the second side portion protrudes from the ground or even serves as a plaster finish on the outer wall.
  • a bending line is understood to be any structuring of the web material which allows angling along a predetermined line. Possible structures are z. B. thickening of the material, where a wrinkle is possible. However, it is preferred that the bending lines are formed as lines along which weakened the web material, namely, for example, constricted, notched or formed as a film hinge (claim 4). Such bending lines can be easily in a train, even with subsequent processing, bring. Furthermore, it is easier to bend through the weakening of the web and therefore particularly economical.
  • the bending lines are preferably formed as V-notches (claim 5).
  • the angle of the flanks is basically selectable according to the preferred position of use of the side sections. According to a development of the invention, however, it is preferred that the flanks of the V-notches form a right angle (claim 6).
  • Such a shape of the notches can be, for example, at achieve a Z-shaped profile, a higher stability of the profile at the bending lines.
  • a stop is given for the bend, which facilitates the folding of a profile with mutually perpendicular sections, as in the above-mentioned Z-shaped profile.
  • the bending lines on the web depending on the predetermined bending direction at the top or bottom of the web run (claim 7).
  • the bending directions are predetermined.
  • a contact leg obliquely angled (claim 9).
  • recesses for fastening means in particular elongated holes, each provided with a longitudinal axis parallel to the trajectory (claim 10).
  • This can be a simple installation with common fasteners, such as screws, nails or dowels achieve.
  • Such recesses can be introduced in the formation of the web in the material, but it is also conceivable subsequent introduction of the recesses, for example by drilling or punching.
  • An arrangement of the longitudinal axis of the slots parallel to the path is advantageous for easy adjustment, but other arrangements, depending on the application, are conceivable.
  • the recesses are designed as material weakenings (claim 11). This ensures that no moisture penetrates through unused recesses under the profile. Nevertheless, the web sections of recesses required for fastening can easily be pressed out or otherwise removed by the weakening of the web.
  • a self-adhesive layer is present on the first side section and / or the second side section (claim 12). In this case results in a much faster assembly of the profiles and a lower material usage, since further fasteners are not needed.
  • the self-adhesive layer also has sealing properties.
  • surfaces for receiving a self-adhesive layer are present on the first side section and / or the second side section (claim 13).
  • This alternative represents a compromise between material use and assembly time, with the advantage that the adhesive used can be chosen on site for the corresponding substrate. Furthermore, an attachment with the usual in the construction sector PU foam can be performed.
  • the web consists of rot-proof material, in particular of plastic, preferably PVC (claim 14).
  • plastic especially PVC, is easily malleable and inexpensive.
  • the web is an extrusion product (claim 15).
  • the web is an extrusion product (claim 15).
  • this is advantageous.
  • roll production by calendering is also considered (claim 16).
  • formations of the material, such as weakenings, can be easily incorporated. Therefore, this method is particularly economical.
  • Fig. 1 shows a cross section of an elongated sheet 12, which is produced as an endless product by extruding plastic, namely PVC, and divided into common lengths.
  • the web 12 has parallel to its longitudinal extension extending bending lines in the form of top and bottom V-grooves 1, 14, in which for producing a profile 12a with Z-shape for covering insulating layers 8 of the web 12 sections, namely in the Usually a first side section 5 and a second side section 6, are bendable. Long holes 3 in the side sections 5, 6 (see. Figure 3 ) are used to attach the profile 12a to walls or the like.
  • the first side portion 5 depending on the width of the covering of the desired profile 12a - angled along one of the V-grooves 1.
  • the second side portion 6 is angled at the predetermined V-notch 14.
  • stepwise possible bending of the first side portion 5 is formed in a width corresponding selectable middle section 2, which serves to cover an insulating layer 8.
  • the two side sections 5, 6 serve to fasten the profile 12a to the insulation and to the foundation wall.
  • the V-notches 1, 14 are formed as a film hinge to facilitate the folding of the web 12 along the bending lines. This results in an optimum compromise of bending stiffness and stability.
  • FIG. 2 illustrated cross-sectional view is a second embodiment of the present invention. Opposite the in Fig. 1 shown embodiment, this has an obliquely angled contact legs 4.
  • the contact leg 4 is arranged on the second side section 6, which forms the building-side connection of the profile 12a.
  • the contact leg 4 serves to seal a gap, possibly formed due to unevenness of the outer wall or the like, between the side section 6 and a base wall 10.
  • the V-grooves 1 at a distance of 10 mm. This distance corresponds to the levels of thicknesses of 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110 mm of perimeter insulations. Any protective and surface drainage layer on the outside of the insulation may also have a thickness of 10 mm.
  • the V-grooves 1 have a flank angle of 90 °. As a result, a higher stability is achieved at right angles angulation.
  • FIG. 3 A top view of in Fig. 2 shown second embodiment of the present invention is in Fig. 3 shown.
  • the figure shows the parallel to the V-grooves 1, 14 arranged long holes 3, which facilitate the assembly of the profile 12a.
  • the figure also shows the contact leg 4, which is arranged on the second side section 6.
  • Fig. 4 shows a along one of the V-notches 1 down and along the predetermined V-notch 14 upwards at right angles angled path, from which a ready-Z-profile 12a for covering Perimeterdämm Anlagenen arises.
  • Fig. 5 shows a like in Fig. 4 Angled profile 12a in Z-shape, which is mounted on an upper side of the insulating layer 8 on an outer wall of the foundation wall 10.
  • the covered insulating layer 8 consists of a perimeter insulation 8a and a dimpled sheet 9 applied to the perimeter insulation.
  • the insulating layer 8 terminates near the top of the surrounding soil 11.
  • the figure illustrates the adaptation of the width of the middle section 2 of the profile 12a to the given insulation thickness.
  • Fig. 6 is an attachment of the profile 12a of Fig. 5 shown at the insulating layer 8 and at the base wall 10.
  • the first side section 5 is fastened with dowels 13 to the insulating layer 8.
  • the second side section 6 is fastened to the foundation wall 10 with dowels 13a.
  • the dowels used are chosen appropriately for the respective carrier material.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft die Verwendung eines Profils zum Abdecken von Dämmungskanten von Dämmschichten, insbesondere von Perimeterdämmschichten, an Außenwänden von Grundmauern.The invention relates to the use of a profile for covering insulation edges of insulating layers, in particular of Perimeterdämmschichten on outer walls of foundation walls.

Profile der vorgenannten Art werden zum Abdecken und Abdichten von Dämmschichten an Außenwänden von Grundmauern eingesetzt. Die abzudeckende Dämmungskante liegt hierbei meistens knapp unter der Geländeoberfläche des umgebenden Erdreichs. Solche Dämmungen werden immer häufiger als Perimeterdämmung ausgeführt. Eine Perimeterdämmung besteht aus Plattenmaterial, welches sukzessiv von der Bodenplatte nach oben hin verlegt wird. Hierdurch muss die oberste Platte, bis auf Sonderfälle, zugeschnitten werden. Diese Zuschnittkante muss geschützt werden, damit keine Feuchtigkeit und kein Schmutz zwischen Dämmstoff und Grundmauer gelangen kann.Profiles of the aforementioned type are used for covering and sealing of insulating layers on outer walls of foundation walls. The insulation edge to be covered is usually just below the terrain surface of the surrounding soil. Such insulation is increasingly being carried out as Perimeterdämmung. A perimeter insulation consists of plate material, which is laid successively from the bottom plate upwards. As a result, the top plate, except for special cases, must be cut. This cutting edge must be protected to prevent moisture and dirt from getting between the insulation material and the foundation wall.

Bisher aus der Praxis bekannte Abdeckungen werden aus individuell angefertigten und abgekanteten Metallbahnen hergestellt, da die Stärke der Dämmungen variiert. Derzeit verwendete Perimeterdämmplatten weisen beispielsweise Stärken von 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 und 100 mm auf. Des Weiteren kann eine zusätzliche Drainage- und Schutzschicht, beispielsweise in Form einer Noppenbahn, aufgebracht werden, wodurch sich die Gesamtstärke der Dämmung weiter erhöht. Die daraus resultierende individuelle Herstellung von Abdeckungen ist aufwendig und teuer.Previously known from practice covers are made of custom-made and folded metal tracks, since the strength of the insulation varies. For example, perimeter insulation panels currently in use have thicknesses of 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 mm. Furthermore, an additional drainage and protective layer, for example in the form of a dimpled sheet, can be applied, thereby further increasing the overall strength of the insulation. The resulting individual production of covers is complicated and expensive.

Ein Profil zum Abdecken des oberen Endes einer Dämmung an Außenwänden von Grundmauern geht bereits aus der DE - A - 1 964 769 hervor. Bei dem bekannten Profil handelt es sich um ein Tropfblech, das oberhalb des sich etwas über die Bodenebene erstreckenden Endes von Dämmplatten angeordnet ist und dieses obere Ende überdeckt, um ein Eindringen von Regenwasser in die Dämmschichten zu verhindern. Mit seinem oberen Seitenabschnitt liegt das Tropfblech an dem Mauerwerk an, während der untere Seitenabschnitt von den Dämmschichten beabstandet ist und auf dem Boden aufsteht.A profile for covering the upper end of an insulation on outer walls of foundations already goes from the DE - A - 1 964 769 out. In the known profile is a drip tray, which is located above the end of the insulating board extending slightly above the ground level and this top end covered to prevent rainwater from entering the insulation layers. With its upper side portion of the drip tray rests against the masonry, while the lower side portion is spaced from the Dämmschichten and rests on the floor.

Aus der US - A - 3 888 087 ist eine Noppenbahn aus Kunststoff für den Grundmauerschutz bekannt, die im unteren Bereich Rippen aufweist. Der untere Abschnitt dient zum Abdecken eines Vorsprungs des Fundaments sowie eines Wasser abführenden Rohres. Da beide Teile vor der Ebene der Grundmauer liegen, lässt sich der untere Bahnabschnitt von der die Wand bedeckenden Noppenbahn schräg nach vorn abbiegen, damit der untere Abschnitt diese Teile abdeckt, bevor Erdreich vor die Mauer bzw. Noppenbahn geschüttet und dabei die Noppenbahn als ganzes an die Außenseite des Bauwerks angedrückt wird. Für das Abwinkeln bzw. Abbiegen des unteren Bahnabschnitts sind die Rippen am unteren Abschnitt der Noppenbahn parallel und im Abstand voneinander sowie horizontal verlaufend ausgebildet. Längs der Rippen erfolgt - je nach Breite des schräg abzubiegenden Bahnabschnitts - das Abbiegen des unteren Abschnitts.From the US Pat. No. 3,888,087 is a dimpled sheet made of plastic known for the foundation wall protection, which has ribs in the lower area. The lower section serves to cover a projection of the foundation and a water-carrying pipe. Since both parts are in front of the level of the foundation wall, the lower track section of the wall covering dimpled sheet can be bent obliquely forward, so that the lower portion covers these parts before earth poured in front of the wall or dimpled sheet while the dimpled sheet as a whole the outside of the structure is pressed. For the bending or bending of the lower portion of the web, the ribs on the lower portion of the dimpled sheet are formed parallel and spaced apart and horizontally. Along the ribs takes place - depending on the width of the obliquely to be bent path section - the bending of the lower section.

Aus der GB - A - 2 189 523 ist ein Verbindungsprofil aus Kunststoff für Platten oder Bahnen bekannt, um diese gegen Feuchtigkeit abdichtend miteinander zu verbinden. Das Verbindungsprofil besteht aus zwei längs einer Schweißlinie miteinander verbundenen Plattenpaaren, die an beiden Stegrändern Aufnahmeschlitze für angrenzende Platten oder Bahnen bilden. Das Verbindungsprofil weist längslaufende Sicken oder Faltlinien auf, an denen es gebogen werden kann.From the GB - A - 2 189 523 is a connecting profile made of plastic for plates or webs known to seal these against moisture with each other. The connection profile consists of two plate pairs connected along a welding line, which form receiving slots for adjacent plates or webs on both edge edges. The connection profile has longitudinal beads or fold lines on which it can be bent.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, ein Profil zur Verwendung zum Abdecken von Dämmungskanten von Dämmschichten der eingangs genannten Art zur Verfügung zu stellen, das eine gute Abdichtung der Zuschnittkanten der Dämmschichten gewährleistet.Object of the present invention is to provide a profile for use for covering insulation edges of insulation layers of the type mentioned above, which ensures a good seal of the blank edges of the insulating layers.

Erfindungsgemäß besteht das Profil folglich aus einer leicht herstellbaren Bahn aus Flachmaterial, die in ihrer Herstellungsform, z.B. im Stapel, flach transportiert und gelagert werden kann. In der Oberfläche der Bahn sind parallel zu deren Längsrichtung Biegelinien eingebracht. Sie dienen dazu, daß aus der Bahn durch entsprechendes Abwinkeln bzw. Falten von Seitenabschnitten in einfacher Weise das jeweils gebrauchte Profil gebildet wird. Unter einer Biegelinie wird hier jegliche Strukturierung des Bahnmaterials verstanden, die das Abwinkeln der Seitenabschnitte entlang einer vorgegebenen Linie ermöglicht. Das Material der Bahn ist mindestens an den Biegelinien biegbar. Vorzugsweise besteht die Bahn in ihrer Gesamtheit aus längs Biegelinien biegbarem Material, möglich wäre allerdings auch eine Bahn aus nicht biegbaren, nämlich formfesten und längsverlaufenden Bahnabschnitten, die an den Biegelinien flexibel miteinander verbunden sind.According to the invention, the profile consequently consists of an easily manufactured sheet of flat material which, in its production form, e.g. in the stack, can be transported flat and stored. In the surface of the web bending lines are introduced parallel to the longitudinal direction. They serve to ensure that the respective used profile is formed from the web by corresponding bending or folding of side sections in a simple manner. A bending line is here understood to mean any structuring of the web material which makes it possible to bend the side sections along a predetermined line. The material of the web is bendable at least at the bending lines. Preferably, the web in its entirety consists of longitudinally bending lines bendable material, but would also be possible a web of non-bendable, namely dimensionally stable and longitudinally extending track sections which are flexibly connected to each other at the bending lines.

Die Richtung der Abwinkelung der Seitenabschnitte der Bahn ist grundsätzlich beliebig und orientiert sich an den Gegebenheiten vor Ort. Vorzugsweise wird so abgewinkelt, dass ein rechter Winkel zwischen benachbarten Abschnitten entsteht. In der Regel liegen die äußeren Seitenabschnitte an der Außenseite des Bauwerks und an der Dämmung an und können dort befestigt werden, während die übrigen Abschnitte zum Abdecken zur Verfügung stehen.The direction of the bend of the side sections of the web is basically arbitrary and is based on the local conditions. Preferably, it is angled so that a right angle is formed between adjacent sections. In general, the outer side sections abut the outside of the structure and on the insulation and can be fixed there, while the remaining sections are available for covering.

Die Bahn ist mit einer Vielzahl von Biegelinien so versehen, dass die Bahn einen durch die Biegelinien in der Breite wählbaren mittleren Abschnitt aufweist, an den sich auf beiden Seiten die abwinkelbaren Seitenabschnitte anschließen. Erfindungsgemäß ist das Profil universell einsetzbar und an die jeweils vor Ort gegebene Dämmungsstärke anpassbar. Für alle üblichen Dämmungsstärken braucht nur ein Bahntyp hergestellt und bevorratet werden. Dadurch wird neben einer erheblichen Kostenreduktion bei Herstellung, Lagerung und Transport der Bahn bzw. des Profils auch eine einfachere Handhabung an der Baustelle erreicht. Der in der Breite wählbare mittlere Abschnitt dient vorzugsweise zur Abdeckung der oberen Schmalseite der Dämmung, grundsätzlich sind jedoch auch andere Geometrien denkbar.The web is provided with a plurality of bend lines such that the web has a central portion selectable in width by the bend lines, followed by the bendable side portions on both sides. According to the invention, the profile can be used universally and adapted to the respectively given on site insulation thickness. For all conventional insulation thicknesses, only one type of track needs to be manufactured and stored. As a result, in addition to a considerable cost reduction in production, storage and transport of the web or the profile also easier handling of the construction site is achieved. The width-selectable middle section is preferably used to cover the upper narrow side of the insulation, but in principle, other geometries are conceivable.

Die Anzahl der Seitenabschnitte ist durch entsprechende Abwinkelung an den Biegelinien wählbar. Somit kann die Bahn in eine Vielzahl von Profilformen gebracht werden. Zweckmäßig ist jedoch, dass ein erster Seitenabschnitt und ein zweiter Seitenabschnitt derart gegensinnig von dem mittleren Abschnitt abwinkelbar ist, dass das Profil eine Z-Form erhält (Anspruch 2). Eine solche Z-Form entspricht einem häufig auftretenden Anwendungsfall. Ein dichter Anschluss des Profils an einer Dämmungsaußenseite ist mit dem nach unten abgewinkelten ersten Seitenabschnitt und ein entsprechender Anschluß z.B. an einer Grundmauer ist mit dem nach oben abgewinkelten zweiten Seitenabschnitt leicht erreichbar. Zur Herstellung eines Z-Profils sind grundsätzlich nur zwei Biegelinien erforderlich, aber mehrere zweckmäßig vorzusehen, damit, wie bereits oben erwähnt, die Breite des mittleren Abschnitts der jeweiligen Dicke der Dämmschicht anpassbar ist.The number of side sections is by appropriate bending on the bending lines selectable. Thus, the web can be brought into a variety of profile shapes. However, it is expedient that a first side section and a second side section can be bent in opposite directions from the central section in such a way that the profile acquires a Z-shape (claim 2). Such a Z-shape corresponds to a frequently occurring application. A tight connection of the profile on an insulation outside is with the downwardly angled first side portion and a corresponding connection, for example, to a foundation wall is easily accessible with the upwardly angled second side portion. In principle, only two bending lines are required to produce a Z-profile, but several are expediently provided so that, as already mentioned above, the width of the middle section of the respective thickness of the insulating layer can be adapted.

Zweckmäßig werden die Biegelinien auf der Bahn so angeordnet, dass der erste Seitenabschnitt an einer Vielzahl von Biegelinien abwinkelbar und der zweite Seitenabschnitt an einer vorbestimmten Biegelinie abwinkelbar ist (Anspruch 3). Durch diese Anordnung ist die Breite des zweiten Seitenabschnitts auch bei unterschiedlichen Dämmungsstärken gleich, was für eine einheitliche Montage sinnvoll, sowie aus optischen Gründen vorteilhaft ist, falls der zweite Seitenabschnitt aus dem Erdreich ragt oder sogar als Putzabschluß an der Außenwand dient.The bending lines are expediently arranged on the path such that the first side section can be bent at a plurality of bending lines and the second side section can be bent at a predetermined bending line (claim 3). By this arrangement, the width of the second side portion is the same even with different insulation thicknesses, which makes sense for a uniform installation, and advantageous for optical reasons, if the second side portion protrudes from the ground or even serves as a plaster finish on the outer wall.

Wie eingangs bereits erwähnt ist, wird unter einer Biegelinie jegliche Strukturierung des Bahnmaterials verstanden, die eine Abwinkelung entlang einer vorgegebenen Linie ermöglicht. Mögliche Strukturen sind z. B. Verdickungen des Materials, an denen ein Falten möglich ist. Es wird jedoch bevorzugt, dass die Biegelinien als Linien ausgebildet sind, längs derer das Bahnmaterial geschwächt, nämlich zum Beispiel eingeschnürt, gekerbt oder als Filmscharnier ausgebildet ist (Anspruch 4). Derartige Biegelinien lassen sich leicht in eine Bahn, auch bei nachträglicher Bearbeitung, einbringen. Desweiteren ist durch die Schwächung der Bahn ein Abwinkeln leichter möglich und daher besonders wirtschaftlich.As already mentioned, a bending line is understood to be any structuring of the web material which allows angling along a predetermined line. Possible structures are z. B. thickening of the material, where a wrinkle is possible. However, it is preferred that the bending lines are formed as lines along which weakened the web material, namely, for example, constricted, notched or formed as a film hinge (claim 4). Such bending lines can be easily in a train, even with subsequent processing, bring. Furthermore, it is easier to bend through the weakening of the web and therefore particularly economical.

Die Biegelinien sind vorzugsweise als V-Kerben ausgebildet (Anspruch 5). Bei der Ausführung der Biegelinien als Kerben ist der Winkel der Flanken grundsätzlich entsprechend der bevorzugten Gebrauchslage der Seitenabschnitte wählbar. Nach einer Weiterbildung der Erfindung wird jedoch bevorzugt, dass die Flanken der V-Kerben einen rechten Winkel bilden (Anspruch 6). Durch eine derartige Form der Kerben lässt sich, beispielsweise bei einem in Z-Form gebrachten Profil, eine höhere Stabilität des Profils an den Biegelinien erreichen. Außerdem ist für die Abwinkelung ein Anschlag gegeben, der das Falten eines Profils mit zueinander rechtwinkeligen Abschnitten, wie bei dem oben genannten Z-förmigen Profil, erleichtert.The bending lines are preferably formed as V-notches (claim 5). In the execution of the bending lines as notches, the angle of the flanks is basically selectable according to the preferred position of use of the side sections. According to a development of the invention, however, it is preferred that the flanks of the V-notches form a right angle (claim 6). Such a shape of the notches can be, for example, at achieve a Z-shaped profile, a higher stability of the profile at the bending lines. In addition, a stop is given for the bend, which facilitates the folding of a profile with mutually perpendicular sections, as in the above-mentioned Z-shaped profile.

Nach einer Weiterbildung der Erfindung wird bevorzugt, dass die Biegelinien an der Bahn je nach vorbestimmter Biegerichtung an der Ober- oder Unterseite der Bahn verlaufen (Anspruch 7). Alternativ hierzu ist es auch möglich, die Biegelinien so anzulegen, dass die angrenzenden Bahnabschnitte wahlweise in zwei Richtungen biegbar sind. Es ist jedoch vorzuziehen, dass die Biegerichtungen vorgegeben sind.According to a development of the invention it is preferred that the bending lines on the web depending on the predetermined bending direction at the top or bottom of the web run (claim 7). Alternatively, it is also possible to apply the bending lines so that the adjacent track sections are selectively bendable in two directions. However, it is preferable that the bending directions are predetermined.

Wegen der unterschiedlichen Dickenmaße der Perimeterdämmplatten weisen die Biegelinien zweckmäßig für den ersten Seitenabschnitt einen Abstand von ca. 10 mm auf (Anspruch 8). Grundsätzlich sind auch hier, je nach Anwendung und Stärke der Dämmung, andere Abstände denkbar.Because of the different thickness dimensions of Perimeterdämmplatten the bending lines expedient for the first side section a distance of about 10 mm (claim 8). Basically, depending on the application and strength of the insulation, other distances are conceivable here.

Gemäß einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist von dem Randbereich, der dem abzuwinkelnden zweiten Seitenabschnitt zugeordnet ist, ein Kontaktschenkel schräg abgewinkelt (Anspruch 9). Durch diese Anordnung wird ein ggfs. aufgrund von Unebenheiten der Außenwand oder dergleichen gebildeter Spalt zwischen dem abgewinkelten Seitenabschnitt und der Grundmauer abgedichtet. Der Kontaktschenkel kann sowohl einteilig an das Bahnmaterial angeformt als auch an diesem befestigt sein.According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention is of the edge region, which is assigned to the abzuwinkelnden second side portion, a contact leg obliquely angled (claim 9). By this arrangement, if necessary, a gap formed between unevenness of the outer wall or the like between the angled side portion and the foundation wall is sealed. The contact leg can be integrally formed on the web material as well as attached to this.

Bevorzugt sind im ersten Seitenabschnitt und/oder zweiten Seitenabschnitt Ausnehmungen für Befestigungsmittel, insbesondere Langlöcher, jeweils mit einer Längsachse parallel zum Bahnverlauf vorgesehen (Anspruch 10). Damit lässt sich eine einfache Montage mit gängigen Befestigungsmitteln, wie zum Beispiel Schrauben, Nägeln oder Dübeln, erreichen. Derartige Ausnehmungen können bei der Formung der Bahn in das Material eingebracht werden, denkbar ist allerdings auch nachträgliches Einbringen der Ausnehmungen, zum Beispiel durch Bohren oder Stanzen. Eine Anordnung der Längsachse der Langlöcher parallel zum Bahnverlauf ist zur einfachen Justage vorteilhaft, allerdings sind auch andere Anordnungen, je nach Anwendungsfall, denkbar.Preferably, in the first side portion and / or second side portion recesses for fastening means, in particular elongated holes, each provided with a longitudinal axis parallel to the trajectory (claim 10). This can be a simple installation with common fasteners, such as screws, nails or dowels achieve. Such recesses can be introduced in the formation of the web in the material, but it is also conceivable subsequent introduction of the recesses, for example by drilling or punching. An arrangement of the longitudinal axis of the slots parallel to the path is advantageous for easy adjustment, but other arrangements, depending on the application, are conceivable.

Gemäß einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung der Erfindung sind die Ausnehmungen als Materialschwächungen ausgebildet (Anspruch 11). Hierdurch wird erreicht, dass keine Feuchtigkeit durch unbenutzte Ausnehmungen unter das Profil dringt. Die Bahnabschnitte von zur Befestigung benötigten Ausnehmungen lassen sich durch die Schwächung der Bahn dennoch leicht herausdrücken oder anderweitig entfernen.According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the recesses are designed as material weakenings (claim 11). This ensures that no moisture penetrates through unused recesses under the profile. Nevertheless, the web sections of recesses required for fastening can easily be pressed out or otherwise removed by the weakening of the web.

Nach einer Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist an dem ersten Seitenabschnitt und/oder dem zweiten Seitenabschnitt eine selbstklebende Schicht vorhanden (Anspruch 12). In diesem Fall ergibt sich eine deutlich schnellere Montage der Profile und ein geringerer Materialeinsatz, da weitere Befestigungsmittel nicht benötigt werden. Die selbstklebende Schicht verfügt außerdem über abdichtende Eigenschaften.According to a development of the invention, a self-adhesive layer is present on the first side section and / or the second side section (claim 12). In this case results in a much faster assembly of the profiles and a lower material usage, since further fasteners are not needed. The self-adhesive layer also has sealing properties.

In einer weiteren alternativen Ausführungsform sind an dem ersten Seitenabschnitt und/oder dem zweiten Seitenabschnitt Flächen zur Aufnahme einer selbstklebenden Schicht vorhanden (Anspruch 13). Diese Alternative stellt einen Kompromiss zwischen Materialeinsatz und Montagezeit dar, mit dem Vorteil, dass der benutzte Kleber vor Ort für den entsprechenden Untergrund gewählt werden kann. Desweiteren kann auch eine Befestigung mit dem im Baubereich üblichen PU-Schaum durchgeführt werden.In a further alternative embodiment, surfaces for receiving a self-adhesive layer are present on the first side section and / or the second side section (claim 13). This alternative represents a compromise between material use and assembly time, with the advantage that the adhesive used can be chosen on site for the corresponding substrate. Furthermore, an attachment with the usual in the construction sector PU foam can be performed.

Zur Herstellung von leicht abwinkelbaren Bahnen kommen alle Materialien in Betracht, die leicht bahnförmig herstellbar sind und mit Biegelinien versehen werden können, längs derer Abschnitte der Bahn abwinkelbar sind. Vorteilhafterweise besteht die Bahn aus verrottungsfestem Material, insbesondere aus Kunststoff, vorzugsweise PVC (Anspruch 14). In diesem Fall ergibt sich eine deutliche Verlängerung der Lebensdauer des Profils. Kunststoff, insbesondere PVC, ist darüber leicht formbar sowie kostengünstig.For the production of easily bendable webs are all materials into consideration, which are easily produced in sheet form and can be provided with bending lines along which portions of the web are angled. Advantageously, the web consists of rot-proof material, in particular of plastic, preferably PVC (claim 14). In this case, there is a significant extension of the life of the profile. Plastic, especially PVC, is easily malleable and inexpensive.

Für die Formgebung der Bahn kommen verschiedene Möglichkeiten in Betracht. Es wird jedoch bevorzugt, dass die Bahn ein Extrusionsprodukt ist (Anspruch 15). Insbesondere bei einer Bahn aus Kunststoff ist dies vorteilhaft. Bei größeren Mengen kommt auch eine Walzenherstellung durch Kalandrieren in Betracht (Anspruch 16). Bei einer Herstellung durch Kalandrieren können Formungen des Materials, wie beispielsweise Schwächungen, leicht eingebracht werden. Daher ist dieses Verfahren besonders wirtschaftlich.For the shaping of the web different possibilities are considered. However, it is preferred that the web is an extrusion product (claim 15). In particular, in a plastic sheet this is advantageous. For larger quantities, roll production by calendering is also considered (claim 16). When manufactured by calendering, formations of the material, such as weakenings, can be easily incorporated. Therefore, this method is particularly economical.

Die Erfindung wird nachstehend anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen mit Bezug auf die Zeichnungen näher erläutert. Hierbei zeigt:

Fig. 1
eine Querschnittsansicht einer ersten Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung;
Fig. 2
eine Querschnittsansicht einer zweiten Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung;
Fig. 3
eine Draufsicht der in Fig. 2 gezeigten Ausführungsform;
Fig. 4
eine Querschnittsansicht der zweiten Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung in einer Gebrauchsform;
Fig. 5
eine Schnittansicht einer Grundmauer mit montierter Dämmschicht und daran befestigtem Profil entsprechend der zweiten Ausführungsform und
Fig. 6
eine Ansicht des an einer Dämmschicht befestigten Profils.
The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to embodiments with reference to the drawings. Hereby shows:
Fig. 1
a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2
a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 3
a top view of the Fig. 2 embodiment shown;
Fig. 4
a cross-sectional view of the second embodiment of the present invention in a form of use;
Fig. 5
a sectional view of a foundation wall with mounted insulating layer and attached thereto profile according to the second embodiment and
Fig. 6
a view of the attached to an insulating layer profile.

Fig. 1 zeigt einen Querschnitt einer langgestreckten Bahn 12, die als Endlosprodukt durch Extrudieren aus Kunststoff, nämlich PVC, hergestellt und in gängige Längen unterteilt ist. Die Bahn 12 weist parallel zu ihrer Längserstreckung verlaufende Biegelinien in Form von ober- und unterseitigen V-Kerben 1, 14 auf, an denen zum Herstellen eines Profils 12a mit Z-Form zum Abdecken von Dämmschichten 8 von der Bahn 12 Abschnitte, nämlich in der Regel ein erster Seitenabschnitt 5 und ein zweiter Seitenabschnitt 6, abwinkelbar sind. Langlöcher 3 in den Seitenabschnitten 5, 6 (vgl. Fig.3) dienen zur Befestigung des Profils 12a an Wänden oder dergleichen. Fig. 1 shows a cross section of an elongated sheet 12, which is produced as an endless product by extruding plastic, namely PVC, and divided into common lengths. The web 12 has parallel to its longitudinal extension extending bending lines in the form of top and bottom V-grooves 1, 14, in which for producing a profile 12a with Z-shape for covering insulating layers 8 of the web 12 sections, namely in the Usually a first side section 5 and a second side section 6, are bendable. Long holes 3 in the side sections 5, 6 (see. Figure 3 ) are used to attach the profile 12a to walls or the like.

Wie durch gestrichelte Linien in Fig. 1 dargestellt ist, läßt sich der erste Seitenabschnitt 5 - je nach Breite des Abdeckbereichs des gewünschten Profils 12a - längs einer der V-Kerben 1 abwinkeln. Der zweiten Seitenabschnitt 6 wird an der vorbestimmten V-Kerbe 14 abgewinkelt. Durch stufenweise mögliche Abwinkelung des ersten Seitenabschnitts 5 entsteht ein in der Breite entsprechend wählbarer mittlerer Abschnitt 2, der zur Abdeckung einer Dämmschicht 8 dient. Die beiden Seitenabschnitte 5,6 dienen zur Befestigung des Profils 12a an der Dämmung und an der Grundmauer. Die V-Kerben 1, 14 sind als Filmscharnier ausgebildet, um das Falten der Bahn 12 längs der Biegelinien zu erleichtern. Hierdurch ergibt sich ein optimaler Kompromiß aus Biegesteifigkeit und Stabilität.As indicated by dashed lines in Fig. 1 is shown, the first side portion 5 - depending on the width of the covering of the desired profile 12a - angled along one of the V-grooves 1. The second side portion 6 is angled at the predetermined V-notch 14. By stepwise possible bending of the first side portion 5 is formed in a width corresponding selectable middle section 2, which serves to cover an insulating layer 8. The two side sections 5, 6 serve to fasten the profile 12a to the insulation and to the foundation wall. The V-notches 1, 14 are formed as a film hinge to facilitate the folding of the web 12 along the bending lines. This results in an optimum compromise of bending stiffness and stability.

Bei der in Fig. 2 dargestellten Querschnittsansicht handelt es sich um eine zweite Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung. Gegenüber der in Fig. 1 gezeigten Ausführungsform weist diese einen schräg abgewinkelten Kontaktschenkel 4 auf. Der Kontaktschenkel 4 ist am zweiten Seitenabschnitt 6 angeordnet, der den gebäudeseitigen Anschluss des Profils 12a bildet. Der Kontaktschenkel 4 dient zum Abdichten eines, gegebenenfalls aufgrund von Unebenheiten der Außenwand oder dergleichen gebildeten Spalts, zwischen dem Seitenabschnitt 6 und einer Grundmauer 10.At the in Fig. 2 illustrated cross-sectional view is a second embodiment of the present invention. Opposite the in Fig. 1 shown embodiment, this has an obliquely angled contact legs 4. The contact leg 4 is arranged on the second side section 6, which forms the building-side connection of the profile 12a. The contact leg 4 serves to seal a gap, possibly formed due to unevenness of the outer wall or the like, between the side section 6 and a base wall 10.

In diesem Ausführungsbeispiel weisen die V-Kerben 1 einen Abstand von 10 mm auf. Dieser Abstand entspricht den Stufen der Stärken von 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 und 110 mm von Perimeterdämmungen. Eine evtl. auf der Außenseite der Dämmung vorhandene Schutz- und Flächendrainageschicht kann ebenfalls eine Stärke von 10 mm aufweisen. Durch eine geeignete Abwinkelung der Bahn 12 an der entsprechenden V-Kerbe 1 wird ein passender Anschluß an die jeweilige Dämmungsstärke erreicht. Die V-Kerben 1 weisen einen Flankenwinkel von 90° auf. Dadurch wird eine höhere Stabilität bei rechtwinkeliger Abwinkelung erreicht.In this embodiment, the V-grooves 1 at a distance of 10 mm. This distance corresponds to the levels of thicknesses of 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110 mm of perimeter insulations. Any protective and surface drainage layer on the outside of the insulation may also have a thickness of 10 mm. By a suitable bending of the web 12 at the corresponding V-notch 1, a matching connection to the respective insulation thickness is achieved. The V-grooves 1 have a flank angle of 90 °. As a result, a higher stability is achieved at right angles angulation.

Eine Draufsicht der in Fig. 2 gezeigten zweiten Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung ist in Fig. 3 gezeigt. Die Abbildung zeigt die parallel zu den V-Kerben 1, 14 angeordneten Langlöcher 3, die die Montage des Profils 12a erleichtern. Die Abbildung zeigt weiterhin den Kontaktschenkel 4, der am zweiten Seitenabschnitt 6 angeordnet ist.A top view of in Fig. 2 shown second embodiment of the present invention is in Fig. 3 shown. The figure shows the parallel to the V-grooves 1, 14 arranged long holes 3, which facilitate the assembly of the profile 12a. The figure also shows the contact leg 4, which is arranged on the second side section 6.

Fig. 4 zeigt eine längs einer der V-Kerben 1 nach unten und längs der vorgegebenen V-Kerbe 14 nach oben rechtwinkelig abgewinkelte Bahn, aus der so ein gebrauchsfertiges Z-Profil 12a zur Abdeckung von Perimeterdämmschichten entsteht. Fig. 4 shows a along one of the V-notches 1 down and along the predetermined V-notch 14 upwards at right angles angled path, from which a ready-Z-profile 12a for covering Perimeterdämmschichten arises.

Fig. 5 zeigt ein wie in Fig. 4 abgewinkeltes Profil 12a in Z-Form, das auf einer Oberseite der Dämmschicht 8 an einer Außenwand der Grundmauer 10 angebracht ist. Die abgedeckte Dämmschicht 8 besteht aus einer Perimeterdämmung 8a und einer auf die Perimeterdämmung aufgebrachten Noppenbahn 9. Die Dämmschicht 8 endet nahe der Oberseite des umgebenden Erdreichs 11. Die Abbildung veranschaulicht die Anpassung der Breite des mittleren Abschnitts 2 des Profils 12a an die gegebene Dämmungsstärke. Fig. 5 shows a like in Fig. 4 Angled profile 12a in Z-shape, which is mounted on an upper side of the insulating layer 8 on an outer wall of the foundation wall 10. The covered insulating layer 8 consists of a perimeter insulation 8a and a dimpled sheet 9 applied to the perimeter insulation. The insulating layer 8 terminates near the top of the surrounding soil 11. The figure illustrates the adaptation of the width of the middle section 2 of the profile 12a to the given insulation thickness.

In Fig. 6 ist eine Befestigung des Profils 12a von Fig. 5 an der Dämmschicht 8 und an der Grundmauer 10 gezeigt. Der erste Seitenabschnitt 5 ist mit Dübeln 13 an der Dämmschicht 8 befestigt. Der zweite Seitenabschnitt 6 ist mit Dübeln 13a an der Grundmauer 10 befestigt. Die verwendeten Dübel sind für das jeweilige Trägermaterial passend gewählt.In Fig. 6 is an attachment of the profile 12a of Fig. 5 shown at the insulating layer 8 and at the base wall 10. The first side section 5 is fastened with dowels 13 to the insulating layer 8. The second side section 6 is fastened to the foundation wall 10 with dowels 13a. The dowels used are chosen appropriately for the respective carrier material.

Claims (16)

  1. The use of a profile for covering insulation edges of insulating layers on buildings, in particular, perimeter insulating layers on foundation walls, characterized in that the profile (12a) consists of a web (12) made of flat material with bending lines running parallel to its longitudinal direction, along which side sections (5, 6) are bendable and the web (12) is provided with a plurality of bending lines, that the web (12) has a center section (2) selectable through the bending lines in width for covering the insulation edges, to which on both sides the bendable side sections (5, 6) are attached for fastening to the outside of the building and to the insulation.
  2. The use of a profile according to claim 1, characterized in that a first side section (5) and a second side section (6) are bendable in the opposite direction from the center section (2) such that the profile (12a) obtains a Z-shape.
  3. The use of a profile according to claim 2, characterized in that the first side section (5) is bendable at a plurality of bending lines and the second side section (6) is bendable at a predetermined bending line.
  4. The use of a profile according to claim 3, characterized in that the bending lines are formed as lines, along which the web material is weakened, namely, for example, narrowed down, notched or formed as an integral hinge.
  5. The use of a profile of one of claims 1-4, characterized in that the bending lines are designed as V-notches (1, 14).
  6. The use of a profile according to claim 5, characterized in that the flanks of the V-notches (1, 14) form a right angle.
  7. The use of a profile according to one of claims 1-6, characterized in that depending on a predetermined bending direction the bending lines on the web (12) run on the upper- or lower side of the web (12).
  8. The use of a profile according to one of claims 3-7, characterized in that the bending lines for the first side section (5) have a distance of approx. 10 mm.
  9. The use of a profile according to one of claims 3-8, characterized in that from the edge area of the web (12) which is assigned to the second side section (6) to be bent, a contact leg (4) is bent diagonally.
  10. The use of a profile according to one of claims 3-9, characterized in that in the first side section (5) and/or second side section (6) recesses are provided for fastening means, in particular, elongated holes (3), in each case with a longitudinal axis parallel to the web trajectory.
  11. The use of a profile according to claim 10, characterized in that the recesses are designed as material weakenings.
  12. The use of a profile according to one of claims 3-11, characterized in that on the first side section (5) and/or on the second side section (6) a self-adhesive layer is present.
  13. The use of a profile according to one of claims 3-12, characterized in that on the first side section (5) and/or on the second side section (6) surface areas are present for reception of a self-adhesive layer.
  14. The use of a profile according to one of claims 1-13, characterized in that the web (12) consists of rot-proof material, in particular, of plastic, preferably PVC.
  15. The use of a profile according to one of claims 1-14, characterized in that the web (12) is an extrusion product.
  16. The use of a profile according to one of claims 1-15, characterized in that the web (12) is formed by calendering.
EP05002246.6A 2004-02-20 2005-02-03 Method for covering insulation using a profile Not-in-force EP1566487B1 (en)

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DE200410008831 DE102004008831B4 (en) 2004-02-20 2004-02-20 Profile for covering insulation layers
DE102004008831 2004-02-20

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WO2022047643A1 (en) * 2020-09-02 2022-03-10 四川轻化工大学 Environmentally-friendly composite bypass seepage-prevention flexible vertical isolation system, and installation method

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DE102015104978A1 (en) 2015-03-31 2016-10-06 Marius Frenzer Profile system for assembly with components
DE102017012107B3 (en) 2017-12-27 2019-04-04 Bundesrepublik Deutschland, vertreten durch das Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, vertreten durch das Bundesamt für Ausrüstung, Informationstechnik und Nutzung der Bundeswehr Assembly set for forming a cutting load housing

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DE8015112U1 (en) * 1980-06-06 1982-03-25 VWS-Growalit GmbH Vollwärmeschutz - Dämmstoffe - Dämmsysteme, 6945 Hirschberg SKIRTING BOARD FOR VERTICAL WALL PANELING
DE3438922A1 (en) * 1984-10-24 1986-04-24 Dörken GmbH & Co KG, 5804 Herdecke Device for sealing a masonry structure covered by plastic sheets or panels
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US6865858B1 (en) * 2000-04-27 2005-03-15 Marc T. Pollard Structural protection device and method of installing the same
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WO2022047643A1 (en) * 2020-09-02 2022-03-10 四川轻化工大学 Environmentally-friendly composite bypass seepage-prevention flexible vertical isolation system, and installation method

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EP1566487A2 (en) 2005-08-24
DE102004008831B4 (en) 2013-09-26
EP1566487A3 (en) 2006-03-29

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