EP1558899A2 - Element de mesure pour determiner une vitesse d'ecoulement - Google Patents

Element de mesure pour determiner une vitesse d'ecoulement

Info

Publication number
EP1558899A2
EP1558899A2 EP03769222A EP03769222A EP1558899A2 EP 1558899 A2 EP1558899 A2 EP 1558899A2 EP 03769222 A EP03769222 A EP 03769222A EP 03769222 A EP03769222 A EP 03769222A EP 1558899 A2 EP1558899 A2 EP 1558899A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
measuring element
fluid
measuring
conductor
flow
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP03769222A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Siegfried Birkle
Thomas Bosselmann
Michael Willsch
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of EP1558899A2 publication Critical patent/EP1558899A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
    • G01P5/00—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft
    • G01P5/10—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft by measuring thermal variables
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
    • G01F1/68—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using thermal effects
    • G01F1/684—Structural arrangements; Mounting of elements, e.g. in relation to fluid flow
    • G01F1/688—Structural arrangements; Mounting of elements, e.g. in relation to fluid flow using a particular type of heating, cooling or sensing element
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
    • G01F1/68—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using thermal effects
    • G01F1/684—Structural arrangements; Mounting of elements, e.g. in relation to fluid flow
    • G01F1/688—Structural arrangements; Mounting of elements, e.g. in relation to fluid flow using a particular type of heating, cooling or sensing element
    • G01F1/6884—Structural arrangements; Mounting of elements, e.g. in relation to fluid flow using a particular type of heating, cooling or sensing element making use of temperature dependence of optical properties
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
    • G01P5/00—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a measuring element for determining a flow velocity of a fluid flowing around the measuring element with a conductor for guiding an electromagnetic wave along its longitudinal extent and at least one electrical heating element arranged adjacent to the conductor.
  • the invention further relates to a turbomachine with a measuring element according to the invention and a method for determining a flow velocity of a fluid.
  • a flow rate is determined by volume counters, in which the amount of flowing fluid is measured in a certain time through a predetermined line cross section.
  • the volume counters have two oval wheels which are arranged in a measuring chamber and which roll against one another, the flow speed being determined from the rotational speed.
  • differential pressure methods are known, a predetermined constriction being provided in a line cross section and the flow velocity being determined from a pressure difference before the constriction and in the constriction.
  • Inductive or ultrasonic flow meters are also known.
  • a disadvantage of the previously known methods is that they are limited with regard to their possible uses, in particular if a flow channel is difficult to access, or if special requirements have to be met with regard to the physical and / or chemical stress. Even with large flow cross sections, the measuring elements of the prior art are inaccurate in that they only allow a selective measurement and cannot detect flow deviations transverse to the flow direction. In addition, the known measuring methods for determining the flow rate are largely unsuitable for determining the flow rate or the distribution of the flow rate in a flow channel of a flow machine with sufficient accuracy
  • thermocouple arrangements with complex designs are used in gas turbines in order to determine a flow velocity at least at some predetermined points. This takes advantage of the fact that a heated thermocouple is cooled accordingly by the flow in the flow channel.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the object of providing a measuring element and a method with which a flow profile transverse to the flow direction can be determined.
  • the invention provides a measuring element for determining a flow velocity of a fluid flowing around the measuring element with a conductor for guiding an electromagnetic wave along its longitudinal extent and at least one electrical heating element arranged adjacent to the conductor, with which the conductor can be subjected to heat is proposed, wherein an electromagnetic wave that can be coupled into the conductor can be influenced in accordance with the temperature of the conductor that is dependent on the flow velocity of the fluid.
  • the measuring element can be tharide heating element heatable, with a temperature distribution in the longitudinal extent corresponding to the local flow velocity results on the measuring element.
  • the measuring element according to the invention is therefore suitable for determining a multiplicity of local flow velocities with just a single measuring element.
  • the effects of measuring elements on the flow channel, for example of a turbomachine, can thus be significantly reduced.
  • the present invention can be used to reduce the number of measuring elements and the measuring element evaluation systems required for this. The avoidance of moving parts in connection with the reduction of the number of parts compared to conventional solutions also enables a high reliability of the measuring arrangement.
  • the measuring element according to the invention can advantageously be used in particular in the case of safety-relevant measuring devices or in measuring devices in the large machine sector in which measuring accuracy and measuring reliability are particularly important.
  • the measuring element can be formed, for example, from a ceramic material or a plastic.
  • the heating element can, for example, be integrated in the measuring element in the form of a heating wire.
  • the heating element can also be formed from a tube through which a heating fluid is passed in order to heat the measuring element.
  • Measuring element are created with which changes in flow velocity can be determined quickly due to its low thermal capacity.
  • the measuring element be rod-shaped.
  • the measuring element is advantageously easy to assemble and can be inserted into the flow channel, for example, through an opening. It can also be achieved that maintenance of the measuring element is made possible with little installation effort. To do this, the corresponding fastenings are loosened and the measuring element is pulled out through the opening.
  • the measuring element can of course have any other shape.
  • the measuring element can be circular in order to determine a flow profile on a specific predetermined radius of a flow channel.
  • it can also be designed as an Archimedean spiral in order to determine a flow profile as a function of the radius and the circumferential angle of a flow.
  • the measuring element be elastic.
  • the measuring element can advantageously be preformed for a short time, whereby the number of different measuring element shapes can be reduced. Storage costs can be saved.
  • the conductor is an optical waveguide.
  • the measuring element can advantageously be produced in a very compact and inexpensive manner.
  • the optical waveguide is preferably a glass fiber.
  • the glass fiber can have a high temperature resistance, which makes it particularly suitable for use in a turbomachine, for example.
  • the optical waveguide can also be formed by a plastic fiber.
  • the heating element be formed by an electrically conductive coating on the conductor.
  • the design of the measuring element can thus be further simplified.
  • the heating element can thus be connected in one piece to the conductor in a simple manner, so that, in addition to cost-effective production, the heating element can also have a protective function.
  • the conductive coating can be formed, for example, from a metal such as tungsten or also from an alloy such as steel or the like.
  • the heating element have a constant electrical resistance coating. In this way, it can advantageously be achieved that the measuring element is exposed to heat evenly over its longitudinal extent.
  • the resistance coating is understood to mean the electrical resistance per unit length.
  • the resistance coating is largely independent of the temperature in the operating temperature range. It can thus be achieved that the heat supply along the longitudinal extent of the measuring element is essentially independent of the current local temperature. The measurement accuracy as well as the reliability of the measurement can be increased.
  • the heating element can be formed, for example, from a material such as constantan or the like.
  • the heating element is formed by a heating conductor shaped as a heating loop. It can advantageously be achieved that the measuring element is to be connected at only one end to a corresponding unit for supplying the heating element.
  • the heating loop can be designed, for example, as an elongated coil enclosing the measuring element, the two connections of the heating conductor being arranged at one end of the measuring element.
  • the heating element can also be formed by parallel individual conductors which are connected in series so that both connections are arranged at one end of the measuring element. By arranging the heating conductor accordingly, it can be achieved that the measuring element can be subjected to heat essentially uniformly.
  • the measuring element have a casing.
  • the measuring element can thus be protected against chemical stress, for example be protected.
  • the casing enables mechanical protection, for example during assembly.
  • the casing be made of a ceramic material.
  • the ceramic sheathing can advantageously be used to form a measuring element for high temperature loads.
  • the casing be formed by a metal sleeve.
  • the measuring element can advantageously be protected against electrostatic charging by the metal sleeve being connectable to a ground potential.
  • the metal sleeve also form the heating element. Components and costs can be further reduced.
  • the invention proposes a method for determining a flow velocity of a fluid with a measuring element according to the invention, around which the fluid flows, an electromagnetic wave being coupled into a conductor of the measuring element guiding the shaft, the electromagnetic wave depending on the measuring element.
  • the influence of the local temperature corresponding to the flow velocity of the fluid, the influence of the electromagnetic wave is determined and the flow velocity of the fluid along the longitudinal extent of the measuring element is determined therefrom.
  • a course of the flow velocity along the measuring element can advantageously be determined with the invention.
  • the electromagnetic wave can be, for example, a coherent wave from a laser.
  • the electromagnetic wave is formed by an electromagnetic pulse. Energy can advantageously be saved and the measurement accuracy be increased.
  • the electromagnetic pulse can be generated, for example, by a pulsed laser, which is coupled into the conductor for the electromagnetic wave via suitable known coupling means.
  • the measuring element be heated in its longitudinal extent by a heating element during the measurement.
  • the flow rate can advantageously be determined from the decrease in temperature due to the fluid flow, since the electromagnetic wave is influenced as a function of the temperature.
  • the amount of heat applied is constant.
  • the coating of heat is to be understood as the heat supplied per unit length.
  • a constant electrical current be applied to the heating element.
  • a constant heat application can thus be achieved in accordance with Ohm's law.
  • the heating element can of course also be supplied with an alternating current.
  • the heating effect of the heating element can be influenced by varying the frequency if the frequency moves into a range in which current displacement effects take effect.
  • the flow velocity of the fluid along the longitudinal extent of the measuring element is determined from the difference of at least two measurements with different heat exposure. Can be advantageous through the Difference measurement of the measurement superimposed interference effects can be reduced. The accuracy of the measurement result can be further increased.
  • a gas stream of a gas turbine be used as the fluid.
  • the effort for determining the flow velocity in a gas turbine can advantageously be reduced, for example, by reducing the number of measuring elements and their evaluation units.
  • a measuring element according to the invention can be inexpensively adapted to the physical and / or chemical requirements in the flow channel of a gas turbine. A precise measurement of a flow distribution in the cross section of a flow channel can be achieved.
  • the invention proposes a turbomachine with rotor blades arranged on a rotor shaft rotatably mounted in a housing and with non-rotatably arranged guide vanes, with a measuring element according to the invention arranged in a flow channel of the turbomachine for measuring the fluid flow velocity.
  • a measurement arrangement with a large number of measurement elements which is customary in the prior art can be saved.
  • it can be achieved that a continuous flow velocity curve along the longitudinal extent of the measuring element can be determined using the measuring element according to the invention. In this way, local changes in flow velocity can advantageously be determined, which would not be detectable in the context of a conventional measurement or could only be detected at great expense, since here measurements are only carried out at discrete points.
  • the turbomachine can be a steam turbine, for example, but in particular it can also be a gas turbine. Monitoring is particularly important for large machines. Attention should be paid to the fact that malfunctions can lead to failures with high consequential costs and malfunctions with a high risk potential. In this way, the reliability of an operation of the turbomachine can be increased.
  • the measuring element be arranged radially to an axis of the rotor shaft in the flow channel.
  • the flow velocity can advantageously be determined as a function of the radius of the axis of the rotor shaft.
  • several can be in the flow channel
  • Measuring elements can be provided in order to be able to determine the flow velocity at different circumferential positions of the flow channel.
  • the measuring element be arranged coaxially to the axis of the rotor shaft along a circular line in the flow channel.
  • the flow profile can advantageously be determined over the circumference in the flow channel.
  • a plurality of measuring elements can also be arranged along circular lines with different radii in order to be able to additionally determine information about the flow profile at a different distance from the axis to the rotor shaft.
  • a plurality of measuring elements be arranged axially spaced apart in the flow channel. In this way, axial changes in the flow velocity can advantageously be recorded and evaluated.
  • Several differently shaped measuring elements can also be used to obtain the desired information about the flow pattern. For example, radial, rod-shaped measuring elements can be combined with measuring elements arranged along a circular line in the flow channel.
  • the measuring elements be operated according to the method according to the invention. Further advantages and features can be found in the following description of exemplary embodiments. Components that remain essentially the same are identified by the same reference numerals. Furthermore, with regard to the same features and functions, reference is made to the description of the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 1.
  • Fig. 1 is a side view of a measuring element according to the invention in a rod-shaped design with a connector at one end
  • Fig. 2 is a section through a measuring element with a
  • FIG. 3 shows a section through a further embodiment of a measuring element with a coaxial heating element surrounding the glass fiber
  • FIG. 4 shows a section through a further embodiment of a measuring element with a heating element applied directly to a surface of the glass fiber
  • FIG. 5 shows a basic circuit diagram for a 6 shows a path temperature diagram which shows a relationship between the position and the measured associated temperature with homogeneous flow without heating
  • FIG. 7 shows a path temperature diagram as in FIG. 6 but with heat supply
  • 8 shows a path-temperature diagram as in FIG. 7, the flow being inhomogeneous
  • FIG. 9 shows a path-flow speed diagram which shows a flow speed distribution according to FIG. 8, FIG.
  • FIG. 10 shows a section through a gas turbine with a measuring element according to the invention
  • 11 shows a section through a turbine guide vane with measuring elements according to the invention
  • FIG. 12 shows a section through the turbine shown in FIG. 10 along a line XII-XII
  • FIG. 13 shows a further embodiment of a measuring element according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a side view of a measuring element 1 according to the invention with a plug connector 15 attached to one end of the measuring element 1 for connecting the measuring element to an evaluation unit (not shown).
  • the measuring element 1 is designed in the form of a rod and is elastic so that the geometric shape can be adapted to the specified requirements.
  • 2 shows a first embodiment of a measuring element 1 according to the invention with two heating elements 5 between which a glass fiber is arranged in the middle. The arrangement is embedded in a ceramic material 16, which in turn is surrounded by a passivating casing 8.
  • the measuring element 13 shows a schematic view of the measuring element 1, the two heating wires 5 at one end of the measuring element 1 being connected in series with one another via an electrical connection 28.
  • the measuring element 1 can therefore advantageously be completely contacted at one end.
  • the second end is freely available, whereby particularly simple assembly and / or handling of the measuring element 1 can be achieved.
  • Several measuring points are indicated in the measuring element 1, each of which is designed as a fiber Bragg grating sensor. Using a fiber Bragg grating sensor, a measurement variable, here a temperature and thus indirectly the flow velocity, can be determined very well in an optical manner.
  • FIG 3 shows a further embodiment of a measuring element 2 according to the invention with a glass fiber 4 which is surrounded by a ceramic material 16.
  • a heating element 6 surrounds the measuring element 2 is completely circumferential and at the same time forms a casing.
  • FIG. 4 shows a section through a third embodiment in accordance with the present invention, the glass fiber 4 being vapor-coated with a metal layer 17, which at the same time forms a jacket and a heating element.
  • This embodiment according to the invention is characterized by an elasticity, so that the spatial extent of the measuring element 3 can be adjusted as required.
  • the measuring element 3 according to the invention is distinguished by a particularly simple production method in which the glass fiber 4 is coated with the desired electrical conductor in a coating process of a conventional, known type.
  • the heating elements 5 and 6 used in the configurations are preferably formed from a metal or from a metal alloy.
  • a metal alloy for example steel, copper, aluminum, bronze, constantan or the like can be used.
  • a coating with a metal for example in the flow duct of a gas turbine, a coating with a metal such as tungsten or the like is preferable.
  • conductive ones can also be used.
  • the embodiment according to FIG. 4 is distinguished by the fact that it has a particularly low heat capacity compared to the other two versions, so that changes in the flow rate over time can be detected quickly.
  • the heating element 5, 6 each has a constant electrical resistance coating.
  • the resistance coating in the operating temperature range is largely independent of the temperature. An application of a constant current to the heating element 5, 6 or to an alternating current with a constant effective value thus leads to a uniform over the length of the heating element Heat generation, so that the measuring element is exposed to heat evenly over its longitudinal extent.
  • FIG. 5 shows a basic circuit diagram for a measuring setup 18 according to the invention.
  • a measuring element 2 is connected at its respective ends to its heating element 6 via a circuit 19, a switching element 24 and a current meter 20 with an electrical energy source 21.
  • the electrical energy source 21 is a current source via which a constant direct current can be predetermined.
  • the glass fiber 4 of the measuring element 2 is connected to an evaluation unit 23 via an optical connecting fiber 25.
  • a flow of fluid 22 flows around the measuring element 2, which has a different flow velocity along the longitudinal extent of the measuring element 2, indicated by the arrows of different lengths.
  • a laser pulse is coupled into the glass fiber 4 of the measuring element 2 via the optical connecting fiber 25 in order to determine the flow velocity of the fluid.
  • the effect is used for the measurement that an electromagnetic wave, which is coupled into a glass fiber, is scattered as it passes through the fiber. Part of the scattered light is scattered in the opposite direction so that it can be detected at the entrance of the glass fiber.
  • the backscattered electromagnetic wave is preferably recorded at a point in time at which no electromagnetic wave is coupled into the glass fiber.
  • the temperature dependence of this effect allows conclusions to be drawn about the temperature of the glass fiber.
  • the backscattered signal consists of different components that are differently suited to the measurement requirements. For example, the backscattered signal contains a randomly scattered portion, but with which only a low local resolution can be achieved. In the present case, therefore, fiber grating technology is used, with which a high spatial resolution can be achieved, which is particularly necessary for the use of temperature measurement in machines.
  • the laser pulse for this is generated in a known manner with devices of the prior art.
  • the measuring element 2 assumes a local temperature.
  • part of the laser pulse is scattered back into the glass fiber 4.
  • This backscattered signal is fed via the optical connecting fiber 25 to the evaluation unit 23, which uses this to determine a temperature distribution along the measuring element and determines the flow velocity of the fluid from the temperature distribution.
  • the switch 24 With the switch 24 open, it is possible to use this device to determine the temperature of the fluid flow 22 along the measuring element 2. Then the switching element 24 is closed and the measuring element 2 is subjected to heat. The flow velocity of the fluid along the measuring element 2 is now determined by means of the renewed measurement. To improve the measurement accuracy, the electrical energy source 21 can be adjusted with regard to the current supplied. In this way, the measurement can be repeated with different heat loads, the differences being used to infer the flow velocity.
  • the switch can be both a mechanical switch and an electronic switch, as are known in the prior art in a large number of designs and shapes. However, the switch can also be formed in one piece with the energy source 21, it being possible to provide not only a switching function but also a control function for the current.
  • FIGS. 6 to 8 show path / temperature diagrams, the course of the temperature shown in FIG. 6 along the longitudinal extent of the measuring element 1, 2, 3 being without heat application in the case of a homogeneous flow.
  • FIG. 7, on the other hand shows a profile as in FIG. 6, but the measuring element 1, 2, 3 is additionally subjected to heat.
  • 8 shows a temperature distribution on the measuring element 1, 2, 3, which is dependent on the flow profile represented by the different flow arrows 22 in FIG. 5. The elevated temperature is clearly recognizable in the area in which the lower flow is identified in FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 9 shows a speed path diagram in which the flow speed determined by the evaluation unit 23 is shown as the result of the measurement according to FIG. 8.
  • FIG. 10 shows a partial section through a gas turbine 9 with blades 11 arranged on a rotor shaft 10 rotatably mounted in a housing 26 and with non-rotatably arranged guide blades 12.
  • a measuring element 2 projects into a flow channel 13 of the gas turbine 9 through an opening 27.
  • the measuring element is arranged radially to an axis 14 of the rotor shaft 10 in the flow channel 13.
  • a second measuring element 2 is arranged in the flow channel of the gas turbine 9 in the same way.
  • FIG. 12 shows a section through the turbine 9. In the flow channel 13 of the turbine 9, two measuring elements 2 are arranged radially, with which both the temperature of the gas flow in the flow channel 13 and the speed can be determined.
  • FIG. 11 shows a section through a guide vane 11 of the turbine 9, measuring elements 2 being arranged parallel to a radial axis of the guide vane 11.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Measuring Volume Flow (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un élément de mesure (1) pour déterminer la vitesse d'écoulement d'un fluide (22) passant autour de cet élément de mesure (1), lequel comprend un conduit (4), qui achemine une onde électromagnétique sur sa longueur, et au moins un élément de chauffage (5) électrique, disposé à proximité du conduit (4) qu'il alimente en chaleur. L'invention est caractérisée en ce qu'une onde électromagnétique pouvant être couplée au conduit (4) est influencée par la température du conduit (4), dépendant elle-même de la vitesse d'écoulement du fluide.
EP03769222A 2002-11-06 2003-09-26 Element de mesure pour determiner une vitesse d'ecoulement Withdrawn EP1558899A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10251701A DE10251701B4 (de) 2002-11-06 2002-11-06 Messelement zur Bestimmung einer Strömungsgeschwindigkeit
DE10251701 2002-11-06
PCT/DE2003/003221 WO2004042326A2 (fr) 2002-11-06 2003-09-26 Élément de mesure pour déterminer une vitesse d'écoulement

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1558899A2 true EP1558899A2 (fr) 2005-08-03

Family

ID=32239951

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03769222A Withdrawn EP1558899A2 (fr) 2002-11-06 2003-09-26 Element de mesure pour determiner une vitesse d'ecoulement

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US7302844B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1558899A2 (fr)
JP (1) JP2006504966A (fr)
DE (1) DE10251701B4 (fr)
WO (1) WO2004042326A2 (fr)

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WO2004042326A2 (fr) 2004-05-21
US7302844B2 (en) 2007-12-04
US20060117844A1 (en) 2006-06-08
DE10251701A1 (de) 2004-06-03
WO2004042326A3 (fr) 2004-09-16
DE10251701B4 (de) 2006-05-04
JP2006504966A (ja) 2006-02-09

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