Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D03—WEAVING
  • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
  • D03D1/00—Woven fabrics designed to make specified articles
  • D03D1/0035—Protective fabrics
  • D03D1/0041—Cut or abrasion resistant
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04B—KNITTING
  • D04B1/00—Weft knitting processes for the production of fabrics or articles not dependent on the use of particular machines; Fabrics or articles defined by such processes
  • D04B1/14—Other fabrics or articles characterised primarily by the use of particular thread materials
  • D04B1/18—Other fabrics or articles characterised primarily by the use of particular thread materials elastic threads
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A41—WEARING APPAREL
  • A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
  • A41D31/00—Materials specially adapted for outerwear
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A41—WEARING APPAREL
  • A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
  • A41D31/00—Materials specially adapted for outerwear
  • A41D31/04—Materials specially adapted for outerwear characterised by special function or use
  • A41D31/24—Resistant to mechanical stress, e.g. pierce-proof
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
  • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
  • D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
  • D02G3/02—Yarns or threads characterised by the material or by the materials from which they are made
  • D02G3/04—Blended or other yarns or threads containing components made from different materials
  • D02G3/047—Blended or other yarns or threads containing components made from different materials including aramid fibres
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
  • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
  • D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
  • D02G3/44—Yarns or threads characterised by the purpose for which they are designed
  • D02G3/442—Cut or abrasion resistant yarns or threads
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D03—WEAVING
  • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
  • D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
  • D03D15/20—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads
  • D03D15/242—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads inorganic, e.g. basalt
  • D03D15/267—Glass
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D03—WEAVING
  • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
  • D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
  • D03D15/40—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the structure of the yarns or threads
  • D03D15/49—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the structure of the yarns or threads textured; curled; crimped
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D03—WEAVING
  • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
  • D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
  • D03D15/50—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the properties of the yarns or threads
  • D03D15/56—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the properties of the yarns or threads elastic
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04B—KNITTING
  • D04B1/00—Weft knitting processes for the production of fabrics or articles not dependent on the use of particular machines; Fabrics or articles defined by such processes
  • D04B1/14—Other fabrics or articles characterised primarily by the use of particular thread materials
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04B—KNITTING
  • D04B1/00—Weft knitting processes for the production of fabrics or articles not dependent on the use of particular machines; Fabrics or articles defined by such processes
  • D04B1/22—Weft knitting processes for the production of fabrics or articles not dependent on the use of particular machines; Fabrics or articles defined by such processes specially adapted for knitting goods of particular configuration
  • D04B1/24—Weft knitting processes for the production of fabrics or articles not dependent on the use of particular machines; Fabrics or articles defined by such processes specially adapted for knitting goods of particular configuration wearing apparel
  • D04B1/28—Weft knitting processes for the production of fabrics or articles not dependent on the use of particular machines; Fabrics or articles defined by such processes specially adapted for knitting goods of particular configuration wearing apparel gloves
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
  • D04H3/005—Synthetic yarns or filaments
  • D04H3/009—Condensation or reaction polymers
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2101/00—Inorganic fibres
  • D10B2101/02—Inorganic fibres based on oxides or oxide ceramics, e.g. silicates
  • D10B2101/06—Glass
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2101/00—Inorganic fibres
  • D10B2101/02—Inorganic fibres based on oxides or oxide ceramics, e.g. silicates
  • D10B2101/08—Ceramic
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2101/00—Inorganic fibres
  • D10B2101/20—Metallic fibres
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2201/00—Cellulose-based fibres, e.g. vegetable fibres
  • D10B2201/01—Natural vegetable fibres
  • D10B2201/02—Cotton
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2201/00—Cellulose-based fibres, e.g. vegetable fibres
  • D10B2201/20—Cellulose-derived artificial fibres
  • D10B2201/28—Cellulose esters or ethers, e.g. cellulose acetate
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2211/00—Protein-based fibres, e.g. animal fibres
  • D10B2211/01—Natural animal fibres, e.g. keratin fibres
  • D10B2211/02—Wool
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2211/00—Protein-based fibres, e.g. animal fibres
  • D10B2211/01—Natural animal fibres, e.g. keratin fibres
  • D10B2211/04—Silk
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2321/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D10B2321/02—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds polyolefins
  • D10B2321/021—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds polyolefins polyethylene
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2321/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D10B2321/04—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds polymers of halogenated hydrocarbons
  • D10B2321/042—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds polymers of halogenated hydrocarbons polymers of fluorinated hydrocarbons, e.g. polytetrafluoroethene [PTFE]
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2321/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D10B2321/10—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds polymers of unsaturated nitriles, e.g. polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene cyanide
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2331/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products
  • D10B2331/02—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyamides
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2331/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products
  • D10B2331/02—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyamides
  • D10B2331/021—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyamides aromatic polyamides, e.g. aramides
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2331/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products
  • D10B2331/04—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyesters, e.g. polyethylene terephthalate [PET]
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2331/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products
  • D10B2331/10—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyurethanes
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2401/00—Physical properties
  • D10B2401/06—Load-responsive characteristics
  • D10B2401/061—Load-responsive characteristics elastic
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2401/00—Physical properties
  • D10B2401/06—Load-responsive characteristics
  • D10B2401/063—Load-responsive characteristics high strength
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2501/00—Wearing apparel
  • D10B2501/04—Outerwear; Protective garments
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
  • D10B2501/00—Wearing apparel
  • D10B2501/04—Outerwear; Protective garments
  • D10B2501/041—Gloves

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a high cut and abrasion resistant fibrous structure comprising a specific construction of a non composite para-aramid strand and an elastic nylon strand. This structure can be used to manufacture protective clothing. Description of the Related Art
• Aramids and more specifically para-aramids are a relatively new class of materials, which finds application in the domain of mechanical and thermal protection. High cut protection performance can be obtained from textile assemblies made of the para-aramid fibers. Therefore, para-aramid fibers are often used in the manufacture of protective clothing for industrial workers, firemen, sportsmen, military and police officers.
• para-aramid fibers tend to suffer from a relatively low abrasion resistance due to their fibrillation tendency.
• the risk associated with this modest abrasion resistance is the reduction of the cut performance of the protective clothing with time under service.
• nylons are superior but they do not offer a sufficient cut performance.
• the abrasion performance may be tailored by the selection of the type of fiber components, the fiber properties, the textile structures, the fabric mass per unit area, the number of fibers per unit volume or the relaxation allowance of the fiber components within the fiber bundle.
• the addition of abrasion resistance materials in a given structure containing cut resistance components generally provides higher abrasion performance at the expense of the cut resistance.
• U.S. 5, 319, 950 discloses a reinforcing component which is a composite yarn made of a nylon twisted yarn helically wrapped by another nylon twisted yarn, this reinforcing component being knitted in a plaited relationship with a body yarn.
• the manufacture of such a yarn is complex and necessitates several steps.
• the reinforced fabric thus obtained is still not satisfactory as regards cut resistance.
• One aspect of the invention is a fibrous structure comprising at least one non composite para-aramid strand and at least one elastic nylon-based strand maintained in a parallel relationship to each other, the non composite para-aramid strand being present in the structure in an amount ranging from about 20 % to about 99.9 % by weight, relative to the weight of the structure.
• Another aspect of the invention is a process for providing a fibrous structure having high cut and abrasion resistance, comprising: - a) providing strands of at least one non composite para-aramid strand and at least one elastic nylon-based strand, - b) feeding the strands into a knitting or weaving machine without prior assembly, and - c) knitting or weaving a fibrous structure without changing the order in which the strands are fed into the machine, the strands being maintained in a parallel relationship to each other during the whole knitting or weaving process.
• Another aspect of the invention is a process to manufacture the structure above comprising the step of processing a non composite para- aramid strand and an elastic nylon strand in a parallel relationship to each other.
• a further aspect of the invention is a high cut and abrasion resistant protective clothing, in particular gloves, aprons or sleeves, made of the fibrous structure above.
• the fibrous structure of the invention has a high resistance to abrasion. It also has a very high resistance to cutting. With the structure of the invention, it is possible to manufacture high cut and abrasion resistant protective clothing like working gloves.
• the gloves made of the fibrous structure of the invention are comfortable and, by wearing them, the user does not lose the natural dexterity of his hands.
• the fibrous structure of the invention also finds use in the ballistic area: it has a very good puncture resistance.
• FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a knitting process according to the invention showing the parallel assembly of the strands.
• FIG. 1B is a zoom view of the parallel assembly of the strands before entering the knitting machine.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the composition of the elastic nylon-based strand of the invention.
• FIG. 1A and FIG. 1 B four strands in all, that is for instance two non composite para-aramid strands (1 ) and (4), one elastic nylon-based strand (2) and one non elastic nylon strand (3), are knitted together in a parallel relationship: the strands are fed to the knitting machine (5) without prior assembly of any sort. The order in which the strands are fed into the needles of the knitting machine remains the same during the whole knitting process.
• the elastic nylon-based strand (6) is made of an elastomeric core yarn (7) which is wrapped a first time with a nylon yarn (8) in the S direction. This wrapped fiber is then wrapped a second time in the reverse direction (direction Z) with another nylon yarn (9).
• Fibrous structure includes two or three-dimensional structures comprising fibrous material.
• this structure includes knitted fabrics, woven fabrics, unidirectionals, nonwovens, and/or combinations thereof.
• combinations is meant that structures of different nature and/or construction may be assembled together, either in the same plane or not, as a multilayer structure for instance, or by any assembling means like sewing, gluing, stitching and the like.
• nonwovens is meant fibrous materials combined to a binding matrix of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamides, phenols, epoxy resins, polyester or mixtures thereof.
• Fibrous material includes endless fibers such as filaments, short fibrous structures, short cut fibers, microfibers, multifilaments, cords, yarns, fibers, pulps.
• the fibers may be made into yarns of short fibrous structures which are spun into staple fibers, into yarns of endless fibers or into stretchbroken yarns which can be described as intermediate yarns between staple and continuous yarns.
• “Strand”, as used herein, means an ordered assemblage of fibrous material having a high ratio of length to diameter, preferably having a length at least 1000 times its diameter.
• the strand may be round, flat or may have another cross-sectional shape or it may be a hollow fiber.
• non composite strand is meant a single simple strand by opposition to assembled strands like cotwisted strands, cotextured strands, intermingled strands, core-spun strands and combinations thereof.
• the structure of the invention comprises at least one non composite para-aramid strand.
• Aramids are polymers that are partially, preponderantly or exclusively composed of aromatic rings, which are connected through carbamide bridges or optionally, in addition, also through other bridging structures.
• the structure of such aramids may be elucidated by the following general formula of repeating units: (-NH-A1 -NH-CO-A2-CO)n wherein A1 and A2 are the same or different and signify aromatic and/or polyaromatic and/or heteroaromatic rings, that may also be substituted.
• A1 and A2 may independently from each other be selected from 1 ,4-phenylene, 1 ,3-phenylene, 1 ,2-phenylene, 4,4'-biphenylene, 2,6-naphthylene, 1 ,5-naphthylene, 1 ,4-naphthylene, phenoxyphenyl-4,4'- diyelen, phenoxyphenyl-3,4'-diylen, 2,5-pyridylene and 2,6-quinolylene which may or may not be substituted by one or more substituents which may comprise halogen, C1-C4-alkyl, phenyl, carboalkoxyl, C1-C4-alkoxyl, acyloxy, nitro, dialkylamino, thioalkyl, carboxyl and sulfonyl.
• the -CONH- group may also be replaced by a carbonyl-hydrazide (-CONHNH-) group,
• aramids are generally prepared by polymerization of diacid chloride, or the corresponding diacid, and diamine.
• aramids are poly-m-phenylene-isophthalamide and poly-p-phenylene-terephthalamide. Additional suitable aromatic polyamides are of the following structure:
• R represents H, C1-C4-alkyl and Ar1 and Ar2 which may be same or different are selected from 1 ,2-phenylene, 1 ,3-phenylene and 1 ,4-phenylene and in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with halogen and/or C1-C4-alkyl.
• Further useful polyamides are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
• aramid is a copolyamide in which preferably at least 80% by mole of the total A1 and A2 are 1 ,4-phenylene and phenoxyphenyl-3,4'- diylene which may or may not be substituted and the content of phenoxyphenyl-3,4'-diylene is 10% to 40% by mole.
• Additives may be used with the aramid and, in fact, it has been found that up to as much as 10% by weight, of other polymeric materials may be blended with the aramid or that copolymers may be used having as much as 10% of other diamine substituted for the diamine of the aramid or as much as 10% of other diacid chloride substituted for the diacid chloride of the aramid.
• the non composite para-aramid strands of the invention preferably have an elongation equal to or less than 5%, measured according to ASTM D885-98.
• the para-aramid strands have a modulus of about 10 to about 2500 g/den, preferably of about 1000 to about 2500 g/den, and a tenacity of about 3 to about 50 g/den, preferably of about 3 to about 38 g/den.
• the modulus and the tenacity are measured according to the ASTM D 885-98 method.
• the structure of the invention may comprise several para-aramid strands. In such a case, the strands are independent from each other.
• the para-aramid strands are present in the structure of the invention in an amount ranging from about 20 to about 99.9%, preferably from about 30% to about 70% by weight, relative to the total weight of the structure.
• the strands are generally spun from an anisotropic spin dope using an air gap spinning process such as is well-known and is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,767,756 or 4,340,559.
• the second strand of the invention is an elastic nylon-based strand consisting of a core of an elastomeric yarn covered by a nylon yarn.
• "Elastomeric yarn”, as used therein, means a yarn formed from or containing filaments of an elastomer, having the ability to return to its original length rapidly after repeated stretching to at least twice its original length.
• Elastomeric yarns include polyurethane based yarns such as spandex or elastane. Suitable elastomeric yarns include the product sold under the tradename "Dorlastan®” by Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany and the product sold under the tradename "Lycra®” by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
• nylon is meant a strand made from aliphatic polyamide polymers.
• Suitable nylons in the present invention include polyhexamethylene adipamide (nylon 66), polycaprolactam (nylon 6), polybutyrolactam (nylon 4), poly(9-aminononanoic acid) (nylon 9), polyenantholactam (nylon 7), polycapryllactam (nylon 8) and polyhexamethylene sebacamide (nylon 6,10).
• Preferred nylon is polyhexamethylene adipamide (nylon 66).
• the nylon yarn is a textured yarn.
• textured yarn is meant a yarn which has undergone a treatment, like air-injection for instance, in order to intermingle the originally parallel filaments constituting the yarn.
• Preferred nylon yarns of the invention have an elongation equal to or less than 18%, and a tenacity equal to or less than 10 gpd. The elongation and the tenacity are measured according to ASTM D885-98.
• Nylon yarns are generally spun by extrusion of a melt of the polymer through a capillary into a gaseous congealing medium. Such processes are well-known.
• Suitable nylon yarns of the invention include the product sold under the tradename "Cordura®” by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Delaware.
• the elastomeric yarn is covered by the nylon yarn using wrapping, core-spun or intermingling techniques.
• the elastomeric yarn is wrapped a first time by a nylon yarn in an S direction and then wrapped a second time by another nylon yarn in the Z direction.
• the elastic nylon-based strand preferably shows an elongation equal to or less than 700% measured according to ISO 2062.
• the elastic nylon-based strand preferably has a tenacity equal to or less than 6 gpd (grams per denier), measured according to ISO 2062.
• the elastic nylon-based strand preferably has a breaking elongation equal to or more than 400% measured according to ISO 2062.
• the structure of the invention may comprise several elastic-based nylon strands. In such a case, these strands are independent from each other.
• the non composite para-aramid strands and the elastic nylon-based strands are maintained in a parallel relationship to each other in the structure of the invention.
• Parallel means that the angle between one strand along the entirety of its running length and any other strand along the entirety of its running length is about zero. All the strands remain independent and separate from each other. They are not intimately blended, they are not cotwisted, they are not intermingled, not commingled, not interlaced, not intermixed nor textured. One does not wrap any other one, they do not form a core-spun fiber nor a sheath core.
• the non composite para-aramid strand is present in an amount ranging from about 30% to about 70% by weight and the elastic nylon-based strand is present in an amount ranging from about 30% to about 70% by weight, relative to the weight of the structure.
• the structure of the invention may comprise additional man-made or natural strands.
• additional strands include regular non elastic nylon strands, polyethylene strands, polyester strands, acrylic strands, acetate strands, meta-aramid strands, glass strands, steel strands, ceramic strands, polytetrafluoroethylene strands, cellulosic strands, cotton strands, silk strands, wool strands and mixtures thereof.
• additional strands may be present in an amount ranging from about 0.25 weight % to about 25 weight %, relative to the total weight of the structure as long as their presence in the structure of the invention does not negatively impact the specific high abrasion and cut resistance of the structure of the invention. These additional strands are also maintained in a parallel relationship to any other strand present in the structure.
• the structure further comprises at least one stainless steel yarn.
• this stainless steel yarn shows a diameter ranging from about 5 microns to about 150 microns, more preferably ranging from about 50 microns to about 60 microns.
• the structure further comprises at least one glass yarn.
• this glass yarn shows a diameter ranging from about 5 microns to about 150 microns, and more preferably ranging from about 10 microns to about 20 microns.
• the structure of the invention shows a very good cut resistance.
• the structure of the invention shows a combined normalized index CTPCPI.N, measured as described below, equal or greater than 80 g/mm, more preferably equal or greater than 90 g/mm.
• the structure of the invention also shows a very good abrasion resistance.
• the structure shows an abrasion resistance, measured according to EN 388 method, equal or greater than 6000 cycles.
• the structure shows both a combined normalized index CTPCPI.N, measured as described below, equal or greater than 90 and an abrasion resistance, measured according to EN 388, equal or greater than 6000 cycles.
• the structure of the invention preferably shows a medium weight ranging from about 200 g/m 2 to about 1500 g/m 2 , preferably ranging from about 300 g/m 2 to about 800 g/m 2 , measured according to EN 388 method.
• the structure of the invention is prepared according to any classical textile process allowing for parallel alignment of the strands making the structure: knitting, weaving, unidirectionally laying down, combining the strands with a binding matrix to form a nonwoven.
• the strands are fed directly to the knitting machine or the weaving machine without any prior assembly of any sort.
• the order in which the strands are fed into the needles of the knitting machine remains the same during the whole knitting process.
• Preferred process for making the structure of the invention is the knitting process.
• the strands are knitted together.
• the structure of the invention may be used in the manufacture of gloves, aprons, sleeves and any protective clothing requiring a high cut resistance and a high abrasion resistance.
• the apparatus was the Martindale wear and abrasion tester, designed to give a controlled amount of abrasion between the fabric surface and the selected abradant at relatively low contact pressure of (9 +/- 0.2) kPa in continuously changing directions.
• the circular samples were abraded against a standard abrasive glass paper (grade F2 grit 100 quality 117).
• the abrasion was continued and the samples were examined at suitable intervals without removing them from their holder.
• the rub-through situation was characterized by broken threads and the average values of cycle to reach this breakdown was registered and averaged for 6 samples.
• the test is conducted at (23 +/- 2) °C and (50 +/-5) % relative humidity.
• the cut resistance was measured according to the "Standard test Method for Measuring Cut Resistance of Materials Used in protective Clothing", ASTM Standard F 1790-97.
• a cutting edge under a specified force, was drawn one time across a sample mounted on a cylindrical mandrel.
• the distance drawn from initial contact to cut through was recorded and a graph was constructed of feree as a function of distance to cut through. From the graph, the forces (in grams) were determined to cut through at a distance of 25.4 millimeters and 10 millimeters, and were normalized to validate the consistency of the blades. These normalized forces are hereinafter respectively referred to as NL1 (for the 25.4 mm distance) and NL2 (for the 10 mm distance).
• the blades were stainless steel cutter blades with a sharp edge of 70 mm, which were calibrated using a load of 4 N on a neoprene sheet of about (1.57 +/- 10%) mm and a hardness of (50 +/- 5) shore A. This was performed at the beginning and at the end of the test. A new blade was used for each measurement, i.e. each load.
• the sample was a rectangular piece of textile of 50x100 millimeters placed at a react of 45 degrees.
• the mandrel was a rounded electroconductive bar with a radius of 38 millimeters and the sample was mounted onto it using double-face tapes.
• the cutting edge was drawn across the textile on the mandrel at a right angle with the longitudinal axis of the mandrel. Cut through was recorded when the cutting edge makes electrical contact with the mandrel.
• the normalized forces were reported as the cut resistance forces, respectively NL1 and NL2 expressed in grams for a cut length of 25.4 mm and 10 mm.
• the test is conducted at (23 +/- 2) °C and (50 +/-5) % relative humidity.
• the 25.4 millimeters cut can be classified as a tear-like-cut and the
• CTPCPI Combined Tear Puncture Cut Performance Index
• This index was further normalized for a constant weight of fabric composition, hereafter selected at 800 grams per square meters. This mass per square area is a realistic value with regard to the protective clothing applications such as gloves for industrial usage.
• This combined normalized index is given in grams per millimeter of cut length. The higher this index is, the higher is the cut resistance of the sample.
• the synthetic fiber staples were produced from short para-aramid fibers of 38 mm length as per the state of the art spinning process used for the production of para- aramid staple yarns.
• the para-aramid short fibers were obtained by cutting continuous filament para-aramid yarns made of 1000 filaments of 1.5 dpf (1.6dtex) each.
• the synthetic fiber staples were produced from short para-aramid fibers of 38 mm length as per the state of the art spinning process used for the production of para-aramid staple yarns.
• the para-aramid short fibers were obtained by cutting continuous filament para-aramid yarns made of 1000 filaments of 1.5 dpf (1.6dtex) each.
• Elastic nylon-based strand A The fiber used for the sheath is a nylon strand which is processed to fully over-wrap the core fiber made of a polyurethane polymer.
• the core component is a 100 dtex Lycra® fiber sold by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company under the trade designation Type 902C.
• the core fiber was over-wrapped during a twisting operation, using a covering machine (Hamel®from the company Saurer) set for a 800 turns per meter twist, with a well controlled centering of the core Lycra® fiber which during the process was stretched about 4 times.
• the Cordura® over-wrapping was made in a way that 100% of the core fiber was covered.
• the selection of the turns per meter for each of the first and the second cover strands was selected in a way that the 100% coverage was obtained.
• the dtex of this elastic nylon-based strand was about 430 dtex.
• the synthetic fiber staples were produced from short aliphatic polyamide nylon 66 fibers of 38 mm length as per the state of the art spinning process used for the production of aliphatic polyamide staple yarns.
• the aliphatic polyamide short fibers were obtained by cutting continuous filament yarns made filaments of 1.9 dtex each.
• the synthetic fiber staples were produced from short aliphatic polyamide nylon 66 fibers of 38 mm length as per the state of the art spinning process used for the production of aliphatic polyamide staple yarns.
• the aliphatic polyamide short fibers were obtained by cutting continuous filament yarns made filaments of 1.9 dtex each.
• Examples 1-3 and 6 are comparative Examples.
• Examples 4 and 5 are examples according to the invention. In order the results to be comparative, all six examples were realized for a relatively constant value of the total dtex (which is representative the linear density of a fiber) and a relatively constant value of the mass per surface area.
• Example 1 Comparative
• the samples were cut to the adequate dimensions and shapes, circular for the abrasion testing and rectangular for the cut performance measurement, to perform 6 abrasion tests and 12 cut tests.
• the abrasion resistance measured was 900 cycles.
• the samples were cut to the adequate dimensions and shapes, circular for the abrasion testing and rectangular for the cut performance measurement, to perform 6 abrasion tests and 12 cut tests.
• the abrasion resistance measured was 6000 cycles.
• the forces measured in the cut resistance test were 1170 g for a cut length of 25.4 mm and 1400 g for a cut distance of 10 mm.
• the combined CTPCPI.N normalized index was given by the following calculation [(1170/25.4 + 1400/10)/2]x800/843 and equaled 88 g/mm.
• Example 2 (Comparative)
• the samples were cut to the adequate dimensions and shapes, circular for the abrasion testing and rectangular for the cut performance measurement, to perform 6 abrasion tests and 12 cut tests.
• Example 4 (Invention) One elastic nylon-based strand A, three nylon strands B and three non composite para-aramid strand A were fed to the same circular knitting machine as the one used in Example 1 without prior assembling of any sort.
• a sleeve of sufficient length was knitted to obtain a uniform and reproducible pattern of a mass per surface area close to 904 g/m 2 .
• the samples were cut to the adequate dimensions and shapes, circular for the abrasion testing and rectangular for the cut performance measurement, to perform 6 abrasion tests and 12 cut tests.
• Each sample had therefore a total dtex of 3682 (430 plus three times 714 plus three times 370).
• Each sample comprised 58.2 % by weight, of non composite para-aramid strand relative to the weight of the sample, and 41.8 % by weight, of elastic nylon-based strand, relative to the weight of the sample.
• the abrasion resistance measured was 8000 cycles.
• the forces measured in the cut resistance test were 1186 g for a cut length of 25.4 mm and 1850 g for a cut distance of 10 mm.
• the a combined CTPCPI.N normalized index was given by the following calculation [(1186/25.4 + 1850/10)/2]x800/904 and equaled 103 g/mm.
• CTPCPI.N reveals a superior cut resistance compared to Examples 1-3 and 6.
• the abrasion resistance of Example 4 is about 8 times superior to the one of Example 1 , about 25 times superior to the one of Example 6 and as satisfactory as the one of Example 3 for which the cut resistance is extremely poor.
• Example 5 (Invention)
• Each sample comprised 48.4 % by weight, of non composite para-aramid strand relative to the weight of the sample, and 51.6 % by weight, of elastic nylon-based strand, relative to the weight of the sample.
• the abrasion resistance measured was 8000 cycles.
• CTPCPI.N reveals a superior cut resistance compared to Example
• Example 5 (Comparative)
• a cord of the following construction (a) was realized: one non composite para-aramid strand B was cotwisted with two Nylon strand C therefore forming a three fiber member cord.
• a cord of the following construction (b) was realized: two non composite para-aramid strand B were cotwisted with two nylon strand C therefore forming a four fiber member cord.
• a sleeve of sufficient length was knitted to obtain a uniform and reproducible pattern of a mass per surface area close to 670 g/m 2 .
• the samples were cut to the adequate dimensions and shapes, circular for the abrasion testing and rectangular for the cut performance measurement, to perform 6 abrasion tests and 12 cut tests.
• the abrasion resistance measured was 300 cycles.
• the forces measured in the cut resistance test were 616 g for a cut length of 25.4 mm and 1262 g for a cut distance of 10 mm.
• the combined CTPCPI.N normalized index was given by the following calculation [(616/25.4 + 1262/10)/2]x800/670 and equaled 90 g/mm.
• CTPCPI.N reveals a poorer cut resistance compared to Examples 4 and 5.
• the abrasion resistance of Example 6 is about 25 times inferior to the one of Examples 4 and 5 according to the invention.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Textile Engineering (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
• Knitting Of Fabric (AREA)
• Professional, Industrial, Or Sporting Protective Garments (AREA)
• Woven Fabrics (AREA)
• Gloves (AREA)
• Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)

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