Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
  • E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
  • E02D3/046—Improving by compacting by tamping or vibrating, e.g. with auxiliary watering of the soil
  • E02D3/054—Improving by compacting by tamping or vibrating, e.g. with auxiliary watering of the soil involving penetration of the soil, e.g. vibroflotation
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D27/00—Foundations as substructures
  • E02D27/10—Deep foundations
  • E02D27/12—Pile foundations
  • E02D27/14—Pile framings, i.e. piles assembled to form the substructure
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D27/00—Foundations as substructures
  • E02D27/26—Compacting soil locally before forming foundations; Construction of foundation structures by forcing binding substances into gravel fillings
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
  • E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
  • E02D3/08—Improving by compacting by inserting stones or lost bodies, e.g. compaction piles
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
  • E02D5/22—Piles
  • E02D5/48—Piles varying in construction along their length, i.e. along the body between head and shoe, e.g. made of different materials along their length

Definitions

• the invention is a method for increasing value of physical parameters and load- bearing capacity of soil as well as decreasing consolidation time and expectable settlement, making possible plane foundation and building on soft or less set soils.
• the first and most important phase of starting on building is ensuring the proper foundation of the buildings. It happens more and more often with the increase of the area of cities, that building becomes necessary on soils of weak physical conditions, soils unsuitable for plane foundation. It often happens, that foundations must be made on boggy, marshy, waterlogged, muddy, sodden areas, in old river-beds, or on place of old waste deposits. It also occurs, that various works, for example railways, roads, power lines, utility lines have to be built on soils with unfavorable conditions. Solution for making foundations and building on such areas was applying various pile-drivers.
• the additive is jammed to the soil during compacting and this way a soil-zone consolidated with the local soil is created and this soil-zone is mechanically working together with the local soil.
• Way of compacting can be stamping and/or vibrolithic and/or tamping and/or exploding.
• the applied additive can preferably be sized or ungraded detritus, coarse gravel, rock-waste, pebble stone, concrete refuse or sand or crushed gravel or slag of fine grains, preferably of 3-5 mm diameter.
• the invention relates to a method for increasing value of physical parameters and load-bearing capacity of soil as well as decreasing consolidation time and expectable settlement, during which a hollow is created by ramming or vibropressing in the soil and a grainy additive, preferably coarse gravel is put into the hollow, then this additive is compacted into the soil by ramming, which is characterized by that, during the ramming the additive compacted into the soil breaks down the original structure of soil and the additive is restructured with the local soil, then additional additive is put into the hollow by additional ramming and this process is repeated until the soil is filled with additive, by this an outer compacted local soil-zone and an inner compacted local soil-zone consisting of a mixture of the additive and the local soil are created, and on said soil a plane basement of a building is made.
• forming of the hollow takes place on the ground surface in the beginning of the method.
• a pre-grabbed hollow is formed and ramming and putting in additive take place on the bottom of said pre-grabbed hollow making deeply located soil or soil unsuitable for plane foundation or soil of low load-bearing capacity, for example moor lands, slobs, loose replenishments, river-beds suitable for load- bearing.
• the pre-grabbed hollow is filled in as well and in the side of said filled-in pre-grabbed hollow an outer compacted soil-zone is formed, as well as an inside compacted soil-zone consisting of a mixture of the additive and the local soil.
• additive applied is coarse gravel of grains larger than 60 mm, coarse gravel of maximum 200-250 mm diameter grains, and/or crushed gravel and/or concrete refuse, and/or detritus, and/or pebble stone.
• output of ramming is 4-5 tons mass dropped from a height of 6-10 m.
• the shape of drop-stamp is ball-shape, or a truncated cone with a flat-end, or a cylinder with a flat-end.
• a plane of given thickness compacted and filled in with additive preferably by a drop-stamp of flat-end is formed providing plane foundation for the building together with the load-bearing soil zones.
• a spot of hemisphere shape is formed preferably by a ball-shaped drop-stamp and said spot of hemisphere shape is filled in with concrete, then on the upper part of said hemisphere shape spot a reinforced concrete slab is formed providing stabilizing and load-taking.
• a hollow is created by ramming or vibropressing in the soil and a grainy additive, preferably coarse gravel is put into the hollow, and the additive is compacted into the soil by ramming.
• a grainy additive preferably coarse gravel is put into the soil, and the additive is compacted into the soil by ramming.
• the additive compacted into the soil breaks down the original structure of soil and the additive is restructured with the local soil.
• Additional additive is put into the hollow created by additional ramming. This process is repeated until the soil is filled with additive.
• the method is used in case of soils of low load-bearing capacity, unsuitable for plane foundation, with depth of 4-10 m below the surface, for example marshy, muddy, sodden, waterlogged soils, river-beds.
• soils of low load-bearing capacity unsuitable for plane foundation
• depth of 4-10 m below the surface for example marshy, muddy, sodden, waterlogged soils, river-beds.
• a grainy additive preferably coarse gravel is put into the hollow, and this additive is compacted into the soil by ramming.
• the additive compacted into the soil breaks down the original structure of soil and the additive is restructured with the local soil.
• Additional additive is put into the hollow created by additional ramming. This process is repeated until the soil is filled with additive.
• an outer compacted local soil-zone and an inner compacted soil-zone consisting of a mixture of the additive and the local soil are created.
• the pre-gr ⁇ bbed hollow is filled in as well and in the side of the filled-in pre-grabbed hollow an outer compacted local soil-zone is formed as well as an inside compacted soil-zone consisting of a mixture of the additive and the local soil.
• On the upper part of the compacted soil-zone the plane foundation of the building is made.
• Fig 1-6 show a preferred application of the method according to the invention and the shape of the foundation made on it in case of foundation near ground level.
• Fig 7-12 show a preferred application of the method according to the invention in case of making the foundation in a pre-grabbed hollow.
• Fig 13-17 show a preferred application of the method according to the invention with creating the surface hollow by vibropressing and ramming of the additive.
• Fig 18-20 show a preferred application of the method according to the invention when forming of plane foundations and technique of placing of concrete, reinforced concrete base elements are shown.
• Fig 1-6 show a preferred application of the method according to the invention and the foundation made on it in case of foundation near ground level.
• Fig 1 shows the phase of the process when the preferably ball-shaped drop-stamp 4 forms a hollow 1 of hemispheric shape in the soil after the first drops, and at the same time as the affect of the strikes an outer compacted local soil-zone 2 is created around the hollow 1. It is followed by filling the hollow 1 of hemispheric shape with additive 3, preferably with coarse gravel.
• Fig 3 shows the phase of the process, when the hollow 1 filled with additive 3 is further rammed by the drop-stamp 4.
• Fig 4 shows the repeated embankment of the hollow 1 with additive 3, below which the outer compacted local soil-zone 2 can already be found.
• the composition of the inner compacted local soil-zone 5 is in 70% additive 3, preferably coarse gravel and in 30% local soil, which is mixed with the additive 3 due to minor irruption of the soil during ramming. This is necessary to a certain extent for the application of the method, as the local soil fills in the gaps of the additive 3 and the required compactness can be jointly achieved together with the affects of rarn ing.
• Fig 5 shows a preferred application of the load-bearing structure of the method according to the invention in which the base element 6 made of concrete and provided with bonding reinforcement 7 is formed in the inner compacted local soil- zone 5 consisting of additive 3 compacted to the proper strength.
• the reinforced concrete base element 8 taking up the load is formed, which increases the load-bearing of the foundation and secures the load- bearing structure made against shifting.
• Fig 6 shows the top view of the foundation made where the border of the outer compacted soil-zone 2 is marked by a broken line.
• the concrete base element 6 of hemispheric form is placed below the reinforced concrete base element 8, from which the bonding reinforcement 7 protrudes in given case.
• Fig 7-12 show a preferred application of the method according to the invention in case of foundation into a pre-grabbed hollow 9. It is actual, when the thickness of the soil unsuitable for local foundation reaches 4-10 m.
• This case firstly a deepened pre-grabbed hollow 9 seen in Fig 7 is formed with the help of an excavator.
• the additive 3 is put into this pre-grabbed hollow 9 as it can be seen in Fig 8.
• the additive 3, preferably coarse gravel is rammed with the drop-stamp 4 as it can be seen in Fig 9.
• Fig 9 shows the phase of the process when the additive 3 in the pre- grabbed hollow 9 creates an inner, compacted local soil-zone 5 as the affect of the ramming 4 and at the same time the outer compacted soil-zone 2 is created in the local soil below.
• the additive 3 is compacted into the soil by ramming which breaks down the original structure of soil and the additive is restructured with the local soil.
• Fig 10-11 show the repeating of this process several times during which additional additive 3 is put into the pre-grabbed hollow 9 in sections, which is compacted into the soil by rarnming, and this process is started over until the soil is filled with additive 3.
• an outer compacted local soil-zone 2 and an inner compacted soil-zone 5 consisting of a mixture of the additive and the local soil are created.
• the pre-grabbed hollow 9 is continuously filled in during which we get to the state shown in Fig 12, when in the side of the pre-grabbed hollow 9 an outer compacted local soil-zone 2 and an inner compacted local soil-zone 5 consisting of the mixture of the additive 3 and that of the local soil are formed.
• Fig 13-17 show the forming of the surface hollow by vibropressing and the stamping of the additive 3. This method is suitable for forming a hollow 1 near the surface, or in a medium depth of preferably 4-6 m below the surface.
• Fig 13 shows that phase of the process when a hollow 1 of preferably cone or truncated pyramidal shape hollow 1 is formed by vibropressing in the soil. This is followed by the filling of the hollow 1 by additive 3 preferably by coarse gravel as it can be seen in Fig 14.
• Fig 15 shows the phase of the process when the hollow 1 is filled with additive 3 by the ramming 4, during which the outer compacted local soil-zone 2 is formed in the side of the hollow 1 as well as the inner compacted local soil-zone 5 consisting of the mixture of the additive 3 and the local soil.
• FIG 16 additional filling and stamping of the hollow 1 can be seen, during which the additive 3 is compacted by the stamp-drop 4 and the further compacting of the outer compacted local soil-zone 2 is achieved as well. During this compacting the restructuring of the additive 3 and that of the outer compacted local soil-zone 2 takes place as well.
• Fig 17 shows the final phase of the process when the hollow 1 is completely filled with reaching the upper soil level and the outer compacted local soil-zone 2 is formed as well as the inner compacted local soil-zone 5 consisting of the mixture of the additive 3 and the local soil.
• Fig 18-20 show the forming of the plane foundations and technique of placing of the concrete, reinforced concrete base elements.
• Fig 19 shows the receiving platform formed on the load-bearing soil-zone 13 created according to the method of the invention.
• the outer compacted local soil-zone 2 formed in the soil, and the inner compacted local soil- zone 5 consisting of the rnixture of the additive 3 and the local soil.
• the reinforced concrete base element 11 is placed on it.
• the compacted filling 12 can be found, the side of which is closed by a splay 14.
• Fig 20 shows load-bearing soil-zones 13 formed in different forms during plane foundation, supporting reinforced concrete base elements 11.
• the load-bearing soil- zones 13 are formed separately, or next to each other, linked with each other depending on the spacing of the structural elements of the building.
• the diameter of the hollow necessary for the method according to the invention is in given case 1.5 m and the diameter of the ball-pointed stamp is 0.9- 1.0 m.
• the shape of the soil-zone formed by the method according to the invention can be circle, L shaped, T shaped, X shaped, rectangular. In case of deep foundation when a thick soil layer unsuitable for foundation must be improved and made suitable for plane foundation, the depth of the soil-zone is 7-8-10 m. In case of plane foundation, when only a smaller depth soil must be improved, the depth of the soil-zone is 4-5-6 m.
• the concrete base element of hemispheric shape can be formed with or without a separating plane.
• 0.5-0.6 m3 concrete can be found with load-bearing of 400-500 KN, which equals one mindfulFranki" pile. Resulting from the ramming the local soil is restructured, its load- bearing capacity increases and becomes suitable for plane foundation. In essence the stress onion created during the foundation is filled in with the additive, in given case with coarse gravel.
• the separating plane further increases the load-bearing capacity of the foundation. It offers several benefits, it links a bigger part of the soil into load-bearing and in case an additional sheet is put in, this pushes back the protrusions of the soil and prevents turning of the block.
• the shape of the stamp is preferably ball-pointed, because it makes possible striking into the same track as the previous strike and does not tilt. Stamping does not damage already existing building, because the strike occurs seldom, one strike per minute, so the speed, amplitude and resonance of the wave created this way is not dangerous.
• the load-bearing capacity of the soil can be increased from 50 KN/m2 to 600 KN/m2 with the proper choosing of the height of drop, mass of ramming and the quality of the additive.
• the advantage of the method according to the invention is, that it accelerates the restructuring of poor soils from the point of view of foundation for example below waterlogged soils of motor-ways, works are made possible during winter-time as well, because frozen zones can be broken through. It is also environment-friendly making possible recycling of building refuse, concrete refuse, respectively ensures environment-friendly materials to get back to the soil. With the method according to the invention decrease of contamination of contaminated soils is possible on top of local reinforcement of the soil.
• the method according to the invention can be advantageously applied in wide range of buildings, transportation works, power-line posts, dams, runways, bridges, because it is possible to achieve greater degrees of compacting and load-bearing. Its resonance properties are also better than in case ofappelFranki" piles. Compared with traditional technologies it does not require complex, expensive preparations, devices, it is of greater load-bearing capacity. It does not depend on the weather, can be used during winter as well.
• the applied additive, coarse gravel is a cheap, environment-friendly material, which is not suitable for other technologies.
• the soil-zone formed, restructured, reinforced by this method is not watertight, does not harm the water regime of the soil, does not close possibility of moving of groundwater.
• the method according to the invention makes possible foundation above groundwater level and it can be applied in case of presence of groundwater aggressive for concrete as well. With elevating the level of foundation concrete foundation can be made without protection in case of aggressive ground waters as well.
• the lateral and vertical compacting of the soil and restructuring of the additive result in decreasing of the gap volume and keeping off water and organic materials in the soil.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
• Paleontology (AREA)
• Civil Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Soil Sciences (AREA)
• Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)

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• 2002
  • 2002-07-08 HU HU0202208A patent/HU225407B1/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2002-12-20 EP EP02788270A patent/EP1521886A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2002-12-20 WO PCT/HU2002/000156 patent/WO2004005626A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2002-12-20 AU AU2002353250A patent/AU2002353250A1/en not_active Abandoned

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