EP1517110A1 - Combined protection system - Google Patents

Abstract

The protection device (1A,1B) is applied to a protected structure (2) or integrated in the latter and has a layer construction with an inner inert or inert-dynamic protection zone (4). A front reactive protection zone (3) is supported by the inner protection zone and a pyrotechnic protection mechanism is situated on the side of the inner protection zone facing the protected structure.

Description

The invention relates to a total protection against threats, and in particular a hybrid polyvalent total reactive protection arrangement against the entire Spectrum of potential threats, according to the preamble of claim 1.

All previously known protective structures both against shaped charge (HL) - and against Balancing Missile (KE) - Threats in the simplest case consist of one against both Threat types effective protective element (e.g., a high strength homogeneous armor plate or a sandwich assembly) or a series of two layers in which each layer assigned a particular effectiveness against one or the other threat is. For strategic and operational reasons, one is possible high-quality protection for lighter and lighter armored vehicles (especially air-transportable systems) to pure transport vehicles of particular Interest.

The focus of reactive measures is still on the defense of HL bullets. The increase in the protection efficiency is thereby both directly against the striking threat as well as constructive by the disturbing surface following Freiräume (dissipation zone) reached. Upstream interference surfaces that provide the depth of protection, i. the distance between the entrance of the jet or projectile into the protection zone and Determine the vehicle wall, are usually inert-dynamically acting surface Beulplatten arrangements or Beulblech blinds, sandwich arrangements or reactive modules. Under an inert dynamically acting component is in the Under the present invention, an inert protective component understood that no pyrotechnic medium and by the impact process directly or in conjunction accelerated with a pressure-enhancing by the impact energy medium is (for example, Beulblech sandwich). Special protection against KE threats is included previously known approaches to improve the protection performance introduced over Deflection sections are usually firmly installed, i. firmly with the to be protected Object or the vehicle wall connected.

In the last thirty years, a variety of reactive armor was known and Also used on a number of armored vehicles worldwide. in this connection But it is overwhelmingly protection arrangements against shaped charges. Your Effect is usually based on the fact that the impact of a projectile over a pyrotechnic (explosive) foil one or more metallic plates, the form an angle to the threat, this opposite or with this be accelerated, with the lateral touch of the accelerated plates with the threat of their efficiency by destruction or distraction of the beam or Penetrators is reduced. In the patent DE 199 56 197 C2 for this purpose are some Called examples.

Furthermore, there are examples where one or more elements are with the above described operation are arranged in a housing. This can e.g. the Building a multi-layer reactive protection serve or it can be several reactive elements in a planar arrangement with or without damping intermediate layers be used to form a protective surface. Here are questions operational / constructive use as well as the protection of the structure of the vehicle and the environment against the effects of detonation of the explosive and thereby accelerated to speeds of more than 300 m / s Protective components (e.g., thin steel sheets). The patent DE 199 56 197 C2 calls Here are some examples.

Furthermore, a number of polyvalent protective arrangements are known which both Blocking shaped charges as well as balancing projectiles with different effectiveness. she can be designed as passive or as reactive armor. Some of the Training types of such protection modules are for example in the publications EP 0 922 924 B1 and EP 0 379 080 B1 as well as DE 41 14 809 C2 and DE 195 09 899 C2 explained.

It is also known that especially glass has the property when penetrating HL beam due to its specific high-pressure properties and with it Associated spontaneous volume changes cause beam interference and thereby reducing its penetration depth. Furthermore, it is known that this effect of Radiation disturbance is to be strengthened by the fact that the glass volume during the Penetration of a HL-steel by means of one or more Spengstoffschichten or Explosive bodies (e.g., so-called pills) are dynamically compressed. A similar, reinforcing effect also occurs with a strong lateral damming. such Arrangements, however, require very large lateral masses, which are predominantly dead masses represent.

Furthermore, there are a number of possible solutions for avoiding battlefield loads known in which the accelerated sheets or bluff body not in Direction of the impending threat, but parallel to the surface of the accelerating protective object. However, such arrangements require a Sensor with triggering device to ensure a suitable ignition timing.

In the patent DE 199 56 197 C2 is a multilayer reactive protective element described in particular for the protection of lighter vehicles, which upon impact of a projectile detonated. On the shelling side, this arrangement is to avoid provided by hard splinters with a high-strength fiber composite material. The protection unit is parallel or at a predetermined angle to the outer wall of the arranged protective object. Characteristic feature of this invention is that (except for a possible metallic casing of the explosive film) no metallic Protective plates are used. By the use of fiber composite material additional protection against ballistic missiles of smaller caliber (machine gun) to be guaranteed.

In the patent document DE 199 56 197 C2 is also described that between the outer wall of the object to be protected and the nearby explosive layer Beulblech can be arranged. This is in detonation against the outer wall thrown the object to be protected, but there are no metallic Splinters into the environment.

In fact, arrangements, as described in the patent DE 199 56 197 C2 are described, the preference against shaped charge jets at sufficient angles of inclination good blasting and thus with the pervasive threat to achieve significant performance reductions. Since the reactive-acting non-metallic Substances but only a low density with correspondingly low mechanical Have strength, their interference potential is limited or it must be correspondingly thick Explosive films are used to ensure lateral blasting. In addition, a significant protective effect against KE penetrators on the Limited range caliber, since such arrangements are not sufficiently large Can build lateral forces for the deflection or destruction of KE penetrators. But even then large target thicknesses or plate thicknesses are needed because the protection performance the materials mentioned is much lower than metallic sheets. In order to are arrangements, as described in the patent DE 199 56 197 C2, advantageous to install as additional armor (add-on armor) before a KE protection, by e.g. the high breakdown power of shaped charges on the order of magnitude of more than 300 mm in the mid-caliber range, extending up to cargo diameters can extend from 80 mm to compensate.

Object of the present invention is therefore a hybrid polyvalent reactive Total protection arrangement of the lowest possible total mass against HL, FK and KE threats to provide a higher level of protection against any kind of said threat Protection potential as a protection only targeted to a threat type offers. Here, with a high inert base protection level, especially at reactive mode of action against all types of threats high total protection services provided and at the same time unacceptable battlefield loads and structural damage on to be protected object itself be avoided. The overall protection arrangement should also on all surfaces that are to be specially protected or particularly exposed, such as for example in the tower, side and frontal area including the chain apron be adaptable and / or integrable.

To solve this problem, the inventor is first of the following general ones Considerations went out.

The performance of a ballistic protection is usually derived from its efficiency against a particular threat such as shaped charges or KE penetrators compared to a reference or reference armor. The reference is a homogeneous steel plate of specific strength. But it can also be a comparative assessment with any other armor made. Two quantities have been introduced as characteristic of the quality of an armor: the ratio of penetrated mass in the reference armor to the penetrated mass in the considered armor, ie the so-called mass effectiveness factor (E _m ), and the ratio of the corresponding depths, ie the so-called Raumeffektvitätsfaktor ( E _s ). A criterion for the quality of a protective structure can then be the product of both factors. Since in particular for lighter or light armored vehicles available for a protection mass or its limitation is critical and a higher depth of protection (relative to the entire arrangement including vehicle-specific components) is usually more available, a weighting is suitably between E _m and E _s make.

The increase in the performance of purely reactive armor against balancing bullets is in contrast to shaped charges over powerful inert Armor relatively low. In addition, the masses or thicknesses to be used are the Reactively accelerated sheets significantly larger than shaped charges. The plates require lateral velocities to prevent fast penetrating penetrators several 100 m / s. This not only creates a significant burden on the battlefield (such plates can fly several hundred meters), but also the (on-board) structural loads increase accordingly. For this reason has already been the use of materials such as glass, ceramic or glass fiber-like Substances proposed in reactive protection, which in detonative load in more or disassemble less small pieces or delaminate. That such protection against KE or FK threats but only very limited, has already been mentioned.

Another, but only limited powerful approach is the same known area detonation in which the explosive layer is not detonated and thereby only a portion of a plate accelerates or during the Durchdringungsvorgangs the threat is deformed quickly enough. That way no plates accelerated against the following structure or into the battlefield. On a Area detonation existing protective arrangements are technically very demanding and it will not be possible for the foreseeable future, a sure ignition at different To ensure threats.

The reactive defense of precision hollow charges are protective factors for the mass from 6 to 8 known. For less sensitive charges, i. Loads with more massive and continuous jet training, the achievable values are lower and are in the Order of magnitude of 4 to 5. These factors depend on KE penetrators Threat only between 1.5 and 3.0. For shaped charges can from the product of mass and space effectiveness factors values over 10 are reached, at the against lateral disturbances relatively insensitive balancing bullets only values between 2.0 and 4.0.

Another critical criterion for the evaluation of the system Ballistic protection is its inert protective capacity, so its performance in non-detonation the explosives film or with dismantled reactive device or at switched off ignition aid. This is at special armor against shaped charges Values up to 3.5, with KE protective structures, however, not more than 2.0.

With total protection arrangements according to the invention, not only the previously known efficiency values or protective factors of special reactive designs exceeded but also in particular the inert protection at present achievable best values lie. In addition, technological advances or Further developments in subareas are directly transferred to the individual components be, so always a total protection arrangement according to the latest State of the technological possibilities can be realized. And this against both entire present, as well as against the expected in the foreseeable future Threat spectrum, because in the design of polyvalent armor should also the development potential of possible threats.

In the field of shaped charges, tandem charges are more likely even with medium caliber In the field of flat-cone charges project extensions are to expect. This would result in a new kind of threat, which in total protection orders to take into account. It is almost a short, but relative Thick and therefore much less sensitive to conventional high-power beams Shaped charge jets, which are still well known in the speed range, stretched rays (7 to 8 km / s) can lie. In KE penetrators are also in Medium caliber range (20 to 60 mm) increasingly aerodynamically stabilized To consider projectiles. Since there is a performance increase primarily from the Slimming degree or the length of the penetrator is to be gained, but decreases in one Increasing the breakdown power and the sensitivity of such projectiles in particular against cross-fault too.

In protective arrangements so those of particular interest, both against all known as well as against the state of the art in the foreseeable future expected threat types are effective. All previously known solutions in the field reactive protection orders, which are also in intermediate and especially light Vehicles are to provide only against shaped charges relatively high protection. The previously known polyvalent reactive armor based on more or less massive, explosive-accelerated metallic plates with the corresponding loads on both the environment and the structure of the vehicle even.

From all these criteria it follows that according to the prior art equally against HL, FK as well as different KE threats powerful polyvalent protection is not known.

According to the present invention, the above object is achieved by a Total protection arrangement solved with the features of claim 1. advantageous Embodiments and developments of the invention are the subject of the dependent Claims.

The invention relates to a vehicle structure or generally to a protective structure fixed or releasably applied or integrated into this combined Total protection arrangement against shaped charges, flat cone charges, swirling and aerodynamic stabilized balancing bullets and splinters. The overall protection arrangement In its highest reactive stage, it consists of two reactive protection zones and one intervening inert or inert dynamic inner protection zone. It points the threat facing side of the front protection zone a reactive structure in primarily to ward off hollow-charge threats. FK and KE threats should be as possible disturbed in this front protection zone or effect or Performance direction already fanned out or a corresponding disorder at least be initiated. The inner protection zone (also with dynamically effective Facilities) serves above all to ward off KE threats. The rear, vehicle-side Protection zone is in the highest stage of development as a reactive device for Interception of the residual power of shaped charge jets and penetrating KE projectiles educated. The rear protection zone can also be advantageously made of an inert, consist of dynamic acting or structured / multi-layered zone or even only represent a passive rest armor. On the other hand, can also be the inner Protective zone contain a reactive component.

In principle, therefore, the total protection arrangement consists of three in its final expansion stage already powerful components or protection zones: a front, reactive protection zone, a second, inner inert or inert dynamic protection zone (Non-reactive modules, Beulblech arrangements, massive, layered or structured Protective layers) and a third, rear inert, inert-dynamic or also reactive protection zone. The individual protection zones complement each other in their effect in optimal way and form together with the object wall an adapted total protection or by integrating the supporting structure, a structure-optimized overall protection. The hybrid polyvalent overall protection arrangement is both tower and Weapons protection, side and frontal protection as well as protection of the chassis (Chain apron) applicable.

When the reactive protection mechanism is triggered, the front and the (if provided) rear reactive protection zone by means of the penetrating threat in triggered or ignited a time interval. At similar mass or mass acceleration ratios can with a yielding or changeable dynamic intermediate structure with maximum reactive protection deployment one opposite conventional reactive armor superstructures greatly reduced vehicle load be achieved. In case of directly attached to the object or vehicle wall reactive Protection arrangements corresponds to the energy acting on the wall or the transmitted one Pulse of the energy or the pulse of the acting in the direction of threat Protection modules. Longer energy dissipation pathways (enlargement of the protection depth without considerable increase in mass) to reduce this effect or to temporal Stretching the load and thus reducing the peak values are not only associated with a significant increase in the protective structure, but also against KE threats because of their more compact and thus less sensitive Construction only limited effective.

In reactive protective structures, a minimized battlefield load is generally to be aimed for. In a protective structure according to the invention, the front, reactive Component without sacrificing performance for the structure to be more harmlessly accelerated as with other reactive protective structures, when a dynamically yielding / in the Deep variable design of the inner, inert-dynamically acting protection zone he follows. It is also used to reduce or avoid battlefield stress advantageous, the front reactive protection zone e.g. according to the patent DE 199 56 197 C2 described type from a decomposing into fine particles or one produce atomizing or delaminating material.

Basically, the three protection zones are connected in series. You can but also be partially or fully combined. This is especially true at limited available depth must be necessary. The rear protection zone minimizes the impact and shock loads on the vehicle and the Effects of impinging upstream protective components. She can do that Vehicle structure upstream, combined with this or be integrated directly into this.

The goal of an effective overall protection is in the described overall protection arrangement So over several, in particular in their combination effective protection zones reached. Essential is the fact that in a protective arrangement according to the invention by the type of interconnection or interaction of the three defined Protection zones, the increase of the protective power level is effected. Basically Although each of the protection zones is effective for itself, the maximum protection performance is however only by the occurring lateral loads of the entering and penetrating KE or FK penetrator or HL beam when triggering the reactive process effected at least in the front region of the overall protection arrangement. Through a Corresponding protection structure is reactive even with strong KE threats Pre-fault with subsequent further Penetratorablenkung or erosion possible.

Fig. 1

einen prinzipiellen Aufbau einer hybriden polyvalenten Reaktivpanzerung und ihr Bedrohungsspektrum;

Fig. 1A

eine in erster Näherung senkrechte adaptierte Anordnung mit den drei Schutzzonen A, B und C vor der Restpanzerung bzw. Restleistungszone D;

Fig. 1B

eine geneigte Anordnung entsprechend Fig. 1A;

Fig. 1C

das Bedrohungsspektrum für die Gesamtschutzanordnung;

Fig. 2

eine Seitenansicht und eine Draufsicht eines gepanzerten Fahrzeugs (hier Kettenfahrzeug) mit den primär zu schützenden Flächen;

Fig. 3

die Wirkrichtungen eines reaktiven Sandwichs;

Fig. 4

Positionierungs- und Aufbaumöglichkeiten reaktiver Komponenten in Verbindung mit einer inerten Panzerung bzw. tragenden Struktur;

Fig. 5

laterale Störmöglichkeiten der Einzelkomponenten eines reaktiven Sandwichs: vordere Wirkkomponente und Auswirkungen auf die Bedrohungen;

Fig. 6

laterale Störmöglichkeiten der Einzelkomponenten eines reaktiven Sandwichs: hintere Wirkkomponente und Auswirkungen auf die Bedrohungen;

Fig. 7

die Wirkrichtungen von inert-dynamischen (Beulplatten-) Anordnungen am Beispiel der Durchdringung eines APFSDS-Geschosses entsprechend Figur 1C;

Fig. 8

Beispiele für horizontale und vertikale Beulblech-Anordnungen;

Fig. 9

die Verminderung der Eindringleistung eines Hohlladungsstrahls in glasartigen Zielen aufgrund des Effekts des Kraterzusammenbruchs;

Fig. 10A

Strahlstörung und Ausbruchkrater entsprechend Figur 9 bei zu geringer Zieldicke;

Fig. 10B

einen Schutzaufbau entsprechend Figur 10A mit stützender Folgeschicht;

Fig. 11A

ein Druckfeld entsprechend Figur 9 beim Eindringen eines P-Ladungsprojektils;

Fig. 11B

ein Druckfeld entsprechend Figur 9 beim Eindringen eines Pfeilgeschosses;

Fig. 12A

die Lateralstörung durch eine in ein homogenes oder schichtartiges Ziel eingebrachte geneigte Sprengstoffschicht (große Folienfläche);

Fig. 12B

laterale, durch eine eingebrachte geneigte Sprengstoffschicht bewirkte Störungen: unterteilte / mehrstufige Folien (kleine Folienflächen);

Fig. 13

Beispiele für Aufbauten reaktiver oder inert-dynamisch wirkender Sandwichs;

Fig. 14

Beispiele für Belegungen reaktiver Sandwichs;

Fig. 15

Beispiele für Zerlegungseigenschaften bzw. Zerlegungsmechanismen (betrachtet wird lediglich die vordere Komponente);

Fig. 16

Beispiele für ein- oder mehrschichtige bzw. mehrteilige Sprengstoffbestückungen reaktiver Sandwichs;

Fig. 17

Ausführungsbeispiele für die vordere Schutzkomponente entsprechend Figur 1A/1B, wobei Figur 17A eine in A eingebettete pyrotechnische Belegung zeigt, Figur 17B eine rückseitige pyrotechnische Belegung von A zeigt, Figur 7C eine in A unter einem Winkel eingebrachte pyrotechnische Belegung zeigt, und Figur 17D ein Modifikationsbeispiel für A entsprechend Figur 17C zeigt;

Fig. 18

Ausführungsbeispiele für die inerte oder inert-dynamisch wirkende Schutzzone B entsprechend Figur 1A/1B, wobei Figur 18A eine homogene Schicht zeigt, Figur 18B einen Sandwichaufbau zeigt, Figur 18C eine Beulblech-Jalousie zeigt, und Figur 18D eine Tandem-Beulblech-Jalousie zeigt;

Fig. 19

weitere Ausführungsbeispiele für die Schutzzone B entsprechend Fig. 1A/1B in Form von inerten homogenen, geschichteten und inert-dynamisch wirkenden Lösungen, wobei Figur 19A parallele, inert-dynamisch wirkende Beulplatten und antiparallele Außenflächen zeigt, Figur 19B einen jalousieartigen inert-dynamischen Beulplatten-Aufbau und antiparallele Außenflächen zeigt, und Figur 19C parallele inert-dynamische Beulplatten und eine nachfolgende Beulplatten-Jalousie und antiparallele Begrenzungen von B zeigt;

Fig. 20A

Modifikationen des Schutzaufbaus entsprechend Fig. 1A/1B, wobei der Schutzzone B eine Restleistungszone D folgt;

Fig. 20B

einen reaktiven Hybridschutz entsprechend Figur 1A/1B in Form einer Schutzzone B als erster (bedrohungsseitiger) Schutzzone, gefolgt von einer Schutzzone C mit stark unterschiedlich geneigten Außenflächen;

Fig. 21

eine weitere Anordnung entsprechend Figur 1A/1B mit einer als reaktives Modul ausgebildeten Schutzzone B mit KE-wirksamen Werkstoffen und einer Pufferschicht in C;

Fig. 22

eine reaktive hybride Gesamtschutzanordnung entsprechend Figur 1A/1B mit inerter Vorpanzerung, gebildet aus den Zonen A und einer Zusammenfassung der Zonen B/C/D in einer Schutzkomponente.

Fig. 23

eine reaktive hybride Gesamtschutzanordnung entsprechend Figur 1A/1B mit vorgeschaltetem / integriertem Auslöse(Kontakt)-Gitter / Detektionseinrichtung, Zündeinrichtung für die Sprengstofffolien, und einer Dämpfungsschicht zwischen den Zonen B und der kombinierten Zone C/D, welche gleichzeitig als Trägerplatte dient;

Fig. 24

eine Gesamtschutzanordnung entsprechend Figur 1A/1B mit reaktivem, zerlegendem Vorsandwich, Dämpfungsschicht und nachfolgender Beulplattenjalousie;

Fig. 25

eine Gesamtschutzanordnung entsprechend Figur 1A/1B als Einschub in eine entsprechende Kammer / Montagevorrichtung und Auffächerungsmöglichkeit / Möglichkeit einer Abstandsveränderung für die einzelnen Komponenten; und

Fig. 26

eine Gesamtschutzanordnung entsprechend Figur 1A/1B mit einschiebbaren auswechselbaren / austauschbaren Modulen (Schutzzonen) sowie (hier) integrierter tragender Struktur.

The figures characterizing the invention, graphic representations and explanations of the processes occurring in the different examples of overall protection arrangements for incoming and penetrating threats are summarized in the following list. These examples of basic overall protection arrangements according to the invention and their possible combinations are highly simplified schematic representations. In the figures show:

Fig. 1

a basic structure of a hybrid polyvalent reactive armor and its threat spectrum;

Fig. 1A

a first approximation vertical adapted arrangement with the three protection zones A, B and C before the residual armor or residual power zone D;

Fig. 1B

an inclined arrangement according to Fig. 1A;

Fig. 1C

the threat spectrum for the overall protection order;

Fig. 2

a side view and a top view of an armored vehicle (here tracked vehicle) with the surfaces to be primarily protected;

Fig. 3

the effective directions of a reactive sandwich;

Fig. 4

Positioning and construction possibilities of reactive components in connection with an inert armor or supporting structure;

Fig. 5

lateral perturbations of the individual components of a reactive sandwich: front effect component and effects on the threats;

Fig. 6

lateral perturbation of the individual components of a reactive sandwich: the posterior component of the action and the effects on the threats;

Fig. 7

the directions of action of inert-dynamic (Beulplatten-) arrangements on the example of the penetration of an APFSDS projectile according to Figure 1C;

Fig. 8

Examples of horizontal and vertical Beulblech arrangements;

Fig. 9

the reduction of the penetration power of a shaped charge jet into glassy targets due to the effect of crater collapse;

Fig. 10A

Jet disturbance and eruption crater according to FIG. 9 if the target thickness is too small;

Fig. 10B

a protective structure according to Figure 10A with supporting follower layer;

Fig. 11A

a pressure field corresponding to FIG. 9 when a P-charge projectile penetrates;

Fig. 11B

a pressure field corresponding to Figure 9 upon penetration of a dart projectile;

Fig. 12A

the lateral disturbance due to an inclined explosive layer (large foil surface) introduced into a homogeneous or layered target;

Fig. 12B

lateral disturbances caused by an introduced inclined explosive layer: divided / multi-layer films (small film surfaces);

Fig. 13

Examples of structures of reactive or inert dynamic sandwiches;

Fig. 14

Examples of assignments of reactive sandwiches;

Fig. 15

Examples of decomposition properties or decomposition mechanisms (only the front component is considered);

Fig. 16

Examples of single or multi-layered or multipart explosive assemblies of reactive sandwiches;

Fig. 17

FIGS. 17A show a pyrotechnic coating embedded in A, FIG. 17B shows a backside pyrotechnic coating of A, FIG. 7C shows a pyrotechnic coating introduced at A at an angle, and FIG. 17D shows a modification example for A corresponding to Fig. 17C;

Fig. 18

Embodiments of the inert or inert-dynamically acting protection zone B corresponding to Figure 1A / 1B, wherein Figure 18A shows a homogeneous layer, Figure 18B shows a sandwich structure, Figure 18C shows a Beulblech blind, and Figure 18D shows a tandem Beulblech-blind;

Fig. 19

Further exemplary embodiments for the protection zone B corresponding to FIGS. 1A / 1B in the form of inert homogeneous, layered and inert dynamically acting solutions, FIG. 19A showing parallel, inert dynamically acting buckling plates and antiparallel outer surfaces, FIG. 19B shows a louver-type inert-dynamic buckling plate Fig. 19C shows parallel inert dynamic buckling plates and a subsequent buckling plate blind and antiparallel boundaries of B;

Fig. 20A

Modifications of the protective structure according to Fig. 1A / 1B, wherein the protection zone B follows a residual power zone D;

Fig. 20B

a reactive hybrid protection according to FIG. 1A / 1B in the form of a protection zone B as the first (threat-side) protection zone, followed by a protection zone C with strongly differently inclined outer surfaces;

Fig. 21

a further arrangement according to Figure 1A / 1B with a designed as a reactive module protection zone B with KE-effective materials and a buffer layer in C;

Fig. 22

a reactive hybrid overall protection arrangement according to Figure 1A / 1B with inert Vorpanzerung, formed from the zones A and a summary of the zones B / C / D in a protective component.

Fig. 23

a reactive hybrid overall protection arrangement according to Figure 1A / 1B with upstream / integrated triggering (contact) grid / detection device, igniter for the explosive films, and a damping layer between the zones B and the combined zone C / D, which also serves as a support plate;

Fig. 24

a total protection arrangement according to Figure 1A / 1B with reactive, decomposing Vorsandwich, damping layer and subsequent Beulplattenjalousie;

Fig. 25

a total protection arrangement according to Figure 1A / 1B as an insert into a corresponding chamber / mounting device and Auffächerungsmöglichkeit / possibility of a change in distance for the individual components; and

Fig. 26

a total protection arrangement according to Figure 1A / 1B with insertable interchangeable / replaceable modules (protection zones) and (here) integrated supporting structure.

FIG. 1 shows the basic structure of a hybrid polyvalent according to the invention reactive overall protection arrangement both in predominantly vertical Arrangement (Figure 1A) and in inclined construction (Figure 1B) with the corresponding Threat spectrum (Figure 1C). Shown in FIG. 1A is a total protection arrangement 1A (formed of the protection zones A, B, C and the supporting structure D) with a massive, layered or structured KE defense zone B (4) a vehicle or other structure D to be protected (2), which is also the function to intercept any remaining power that may still be available. The KE defense zone 4 is between two delimiting, laid or mounted Protected areas A (3) and C (5), where at least the protection zone A, at the highest level also the protection zone C and in special constructions also the inner protection zone B provided with an effective in particular against shaped charges reactive device are.

For a better understanding of the sometimes complex arrangements, the overall protection arrangement provided in the different figures with a dashed frame, the actual, inventive protection arrangement of the residual power zone in Meaning of a structure to be protected (usually supporting), e.g. an armored one Vehicle, demarcated.

Due to the different design options that are both vertical or at least in a first approximation vertical to angled or oblique Include arrangements of the protection zones is the adaptable and / or integrable polyvalent, inert, inert dynamic and / or reactive equipped overall protection arrangement be interpreted largely independently of the impact angle of a threat.

However, it may be particularly in terms of a simple or space-saving construction or be advantageous for mounting on inclined surfaces, an inventive Total protection arrangement in a direction inclined to the threat construction design. Figure 1B shows such a total protection arrangement in the complete Expansion stage with all three protection zones according to Figure 1A in an angled Position (measured on the vehicle wall). In Figure 1C, the threat types are shaped charge (HL) 6, flat cone charge (FK) 7, aerodynamically stabilized balancing projectiles 8, spin-stabilized projectiles 9 and 10 splitter assembled.

The arrangements in FIGS. 1A and 1B are based on the reactive components Protection zones 3 and optionally 5 on the acting as a confinement KE defense zone 4 and thus achieve a high pyrotechnic efficiency, the front and rear reactive protection zones 3 and 5 in the intervening inner Protection zone (KE defense zone B) 4 by building up a dynamic pressure field in This protection zone has an additional dynamic effect (e.g. of structural parts or a build-up of pressure in a quasi-homogeneous medium) cause.

The reactive surfaces are preferably coated with structures and / or materials that during a detonation of the explosive film to reduce structural loads and disassemble or delaminate to avoid a battlefield threat (cf. FIG. 15). Alternatively, they can be used to avoid battlefield stress consist of a material or be covered with a material that itself no or only can achieve a slight end-ballistic effect.

The rear protection zone C can also be designed to be inert and / or inert dynamic. This supports both the demand for a high level of CEC protection and in particular the demand for high inert protection (inert basic protection) as well as the desire after the least possible structural load. Basically, the reactive (s) Component (s) together with the inert component (s) one of the impingement direction the threat largely independent, even inert highly effective protective combination represent.

Figure 2 shows the side view and the top view of an armored vehicle (here tracked vehicle) with the surfaces to be primarily protected. It offers the Polyvalent hybrid total protection arrangement according to the invention has the advantage of greater Variability and adaptability through modularity, e.g. the design examples in Figures 20, 21, 22 and 24 to 26 illustrate. So can the Overall protection arrangement of the respective protection zones of the vehicle (side surfaces, bow, Chain apron, tower, weapon) can be optimally adapted or incorporate them.

In FIGS. 3, 5 - 9 and 12 - 15, the essential aspects of FIG Defense against both HL, FK, and KE threats through reactive and inert-dynamic (Buckling) arrangements shown. On further protection possibilities becomes in Figures 9 - 11 received. In addition, in some cases very simplified Representation, the basic defense mechanisms described by the Basis of the present invention and of this in an optimal way a technical implementation are supplied. In addition to this, in FIGS. 4, 10, 11 and 16 - 19 are both structure-specific, parametric and material-specific Influences shown. This will reveal that the present invention regarding the possibilities of their adaptation both to the threat scenario, as also universally applicable to system-related specifications.

FIG. 3 shows the basic directions of action of a reactive sandwich 13 in FIG the usual construction of accelerated protective layers / explosive accelerated Plates / layers. Shown are the threat direction, the front 14 and the rear Assignment 15 of the protective structure 13 and the pyrotechnic / reactive zone / explosive layer 16. The arrows 17 and 18 symbolize the direction of movement of the components 14 and 15 and thus the lateral cause of the fault entering the protection zone Projectile after initiation of the reactive process.

Beulblech arrangements show, in which instead of the Explosive is a dynamic pressure building material such as e.g. Rubber used becomes (see Figure 7). The serious difference is that when inert-dynamic Beulblechen initiated solely by the pervasive threat Pressure field in the intermediate layer remains relatively limited depending on the material used, in the first place in the direction of the threat back assignment to the effect while in reactive constructions the explosive layer sandwiches the sandwich plates both directions more or less areally on a technically adjustable Speeds up speed. This is at a perfect ignition and through detonating Foil a lateral exposure to the penetrating threat ensured by both the rear and the front component. It understands it goes without saying that the parameters such as coating thickness or density, Tilt, element size and explosive thickness must be designed such that a as long as possible interaction is ensured.

Figure 4 shows examples of the positioning possibilities both reactive and inert-dynamic (buckle) sandwich structures in combination with a load-bearing Protective structure 20, which also represents the essential component KE. In which Structure of Figure 4A is a reactive protection module 21 of the structure 20 upstream, at The structure of Figure 4B is two reactive protection modules 21 as an example of multi-stage upstream structures with an intermediate layer 23 shown. The number of Sandwich arrangements results from the desired power reduction or the constructive possibilities. The efficiency of the individual sandwiches decreases with increasing position number. Basically, at least two are reactive or also inert-dynamic or mixed passages of high efficiency in a total protection arrangement desirable.

In the structure of Figure 4C, two protection modules 21 and 21C are both sides in one Distance to 20 positioned. Between the modules 21 and 21 C and the structure 20 there is a structure or a material 23, the fixation of 21 and 21C serves, but does not affect the dynamic effect. This intermediate layer 23 may be made to approach 21 and 2C as the components approach each other the structure 20 sets increasing resistance. This can be both a Shock damping can be achieved, as well as the load on the structure 20 by 21 and 21C can be reduced. For the layer 23, for example, metallic foams, lattice-like arrangements, metallic and non-metallic substances with defined Cavities, foamed materials, plastics such as PE with or without inserts, Tissue and layer structures with different density and strength in question.

In the structure of FIG. 4D, a protection module 22 is flat with the structure 20 connected or launched on this or integrated into this. It is obvious that it this is a particularly space-saving arrangement. FIG. 4E shows as Last example, a supporting protective structure 20 with reactive on both sides or, in particular in the rear part of the structure, also inert dynamic occupancy 22 and 22A in flat, mounted or integrated connection. A series of exemplary Arrangements according to the invention are based on those in Figures 4D and 4E explained principles.

FIG. 5 illustrates lateral disturbance possibilities of the front components of a reactive one Sandwiches (see Figure 3). The arrow 24 symbolizes the movement or effective direction of the front components 14. Shown are the threat types HL-beam 6A, Balancing bullet / Arrow 8 and core 9 each before entering the reactive Protection zone 14 and after interaction with the accelerated protection component 14. In In this case, a speed addition of these reactively accelerated Components 14 and impending threats 6A, 8 or 9 take place. With a HL-beam 6A, a lateral disturbance / a laterally disturbed beam section 27 occurs mainly in the middle range, because due to the high jet velocity, the front beam parts 26 the protective component even before the onset of a lateral Have penetrated jet interference. A slim arrow bullet will enter when entering the protection zone in the middle shaft area accelerated by the up / forward reactive module (see the symbolized impact arrows 24 and 24A) with a compressive force of below and later from above, so that the front part changes direction experiences, which leads to a deflection from the axis to a shearing. The same change of direction experiences a core, which due to its compact construction in the Usually does not break. With massive lateral impositions but also here can Decomposition can be achieved at least in several fragments. In inert-dynamic Aufbauten this direction of effect is only limited to realize, as usually only at penetrating HL radiation a sufficiently high pressure field with appropriate Acceleration of these components is constructed (see Figure 7).

It should already be noted that in general at balancing floors noteworthy lateral disturbances only with sufficient board masses (thicknesses or densities) can be effected. So, for example, in the case of steel as an accelerated component the thickness of the plate is over 0.5 of Penetrordordurchmessers. Reaction gases of Explosives can not penetrate a penetrator, unlike HL rays to disturb.

FIG. 6 shows lateral interference possibilities of the individual components of a reactive (or also inert-dynamic) sandwiches when using a rear active component 15 with the movement arrow 28A shown, wherein the process of projectile disorder in shaped charge jets 6A and 9 cores reversed as in Figure 5. In addition, are for Pfeilgeschosse 8 two ways of the process of projectile disruption shown. Because the accelerates the posterior component in a relative motion away from the threat is, the penetration speed of the projectile by speed subtraction reduced, which may lead to a distraction of a portion of the Bullet body 8D comes as this protective device in this case no longer can penetrate (lower example). When penetrating through the reactive module the projectile 8 there is a shearing of a part of the penetrator 8C accordingly Figure 5, but in another direction. The remaining part 8B of the projectile 8 remains undisturbed in this case.

Figure 7 shows in addition to the above statements in connection with the Figures 3, 5 and 6 exemplify a Beulblech arrangement 28, formed from the front Layer 29, the backsheet 30 and the dynamic pressure generating Intermediate layer 31 with penetrating, already deflected arrowhead segment 8E. The arrow 34 symbolizes the force from the front component 21 of the Beulsandwichs 28 acts from below on the penetrating penetrator, while the Arrow 34A illustrates the force that the rear component 30 from above on the Penetrator exerts.

The effects of reactive and partly inert-dynamic bumpers on one pervasive threat have been explained in Figures 5-7. FIG. 8 shows in FIG Supplement this different Beulblech-positioning before. In arrangement 8A the HL, FK and KE protection takes place through a single-stage Beulsandwich 21. Arrangement Fig. 8B illustrates a tandem butt plate sandwich with double directional arrangement in the axial direction (two complete Beulsandwichs). Of course, in addition to the number all Beulblech parameters are varied. Also, as shown in FIG. 4, between the Beulblech arrangements an intermediate layer according to FIG 4, 4B or 4C. Arrangement 8C stands for mutually inclined Beulblech arrangements or for mixed arrangements of any angle of incidence. Arrangement 8D shows a basic example of a (here) two-stage Beulblech arrangement with louvre-like construction of the sandwiches 21 and the spacer / the damping layer 23.

FIG. 9 illustrates the reduction of the penetration power of shaped charges in FIG Targets by means of the known effect of a so-called crater collapse or a crater implosion. The illustration shows this mechanism, which is more pronounced Form is known for glass and glassy substances and its explanation in one Particularity of the corresponding Hugoneot curve finds. In drawing 9A is the starting craters 36 and the propagating pressure field boundary 37 with the corresponding Pressure arrows 39A upon penetration of a shaped charge jet 6A in the as quasi-halbunendlich assumed protective material 38 shown. Part 9B shows the laterally adjusting, inwardly deformed craters 36A and the expanding pressure field boundary. Due to the described properties of the material becomes a force on the edge of the collapsing crater 36A (symbolized by the arrows 40) exercised, the parts of the material 38 laterally in the accelerate penetrating beam 6A, thus distracting the individual Cause particles with a corresponding reduction in overall performance.

The described effect and thus its efficiency are at a sufficient external Back pressure and thus bound to a sufficient material Umkleidung. And this especially on the supporting back of a protective layer. Thus, FIG. 10A Blasting disturbances with a smaller target thickness than the penetration depth to be achieved in such glassy materials 38A. With clear back surfaces of 38 due to the low target thickness a relatively large crater eruption symbolizes by the arrows 41. The penetrating HL beam 6A is in the front region through the Disturbed lateral engagement, the middle and the rear part (plunger) due to the Erosion of the protective material penetrate unhindered. This leads to a significant Reduction of protection performance. As in FIG. 10B with reference to an arrangement 42 by way of example can such performance reduction by a back support of the protective material 38 are prevented by means of a support layer 43. this Circumstance is basically taken into account in the present invention. additionally the layer 43 is a performance-reducing property due to material-specific Assigned data or constructive embodiments according to the invention.

FIG. 11A illustrates the resulting pressure field corresponding to FIG. 9 / partial image 9A upon penetration of a P-charge projectile 7A. Because of the slightly lower Speed of invading threat and larger extruded crater diameter The effect of crater collapse is no longer sufficient to collapsing crater wall 36B to reach the penetrating projectile 7A or to distract this appreciably laterally.

Upon penetration of a KE threat, e.g. through an arrow 8 in a glassy Material 38, shown in FIG. 11B, the effect of crater collapse does not occur more, since the penetration speed compared to shaped charge jets low is, forms a large primary crater 36C, the pressure zone 39 is in accordance with the Time and the pressure generated in the protective material is much lower.

Special deviations of quasi-homogeneous target structures against HL-, FK- as well Even against KE threats can be achieved by one alone endballistic effective medium by the introduction of pyrotechnic elements in its efficiency is significantly increased. As in Figure 12A the example of a By penetrating HL beam 6A shown, this can be done by introducing a employed for penetrating, here continuous explosive layer 45 in one homogeneous or quasi-homogeneous target or target components 44 happen. The Before the pyrotechnic layer 45 lying material is 47, behind it Material designated 47A. This will help in case of HL threats in the case of Glass or glassy materials the effect of crater collapse with one lateral, caused by an explosive layer pressurization (symbolizes by the arrows 48 and 48A) with a corresponding acceleration of the target particles from 47 and 47A combined against the penetrating beam.

The one arriving at the speed v and the speed u, which is in coarse Approximation of the materials used here between 50% and 60% of the impact speed v is penetrating HL beam 6A ignites the obliquely introduced Slide 45 at touch point 45B. The detonation front in the film spreads with a Speed which is on the order of the HL jet velocity and is symbolized by the arrows 45A. Thus, in the material 47 or 47A a Pressure surface constructed sufficiently quickly to the penetrating beam 6A means 48 and 48A accelerated target material in conjunction with the Load detonation gases laterally and thus deflect out of the axis.

This lateral acceleration within a homogeneous or quasi-homogeneous Material at an angle to the continuous threat introduced explosive layer is of course not limited to glass or glassy materials. In order to Materials can also be used that have a good effect against KE and FK threats have. Also, the front and the back of different Materials exist. Likewise, layered structures are conceivable, in addition to a high lateral load due to a different material or speed behavior cause a particularly effective transient strain of the threat.

That the mechanism of action described in FIG. 12A is not based on shaped charges is to remain limited, also comes in the example shown in Figure 12B a penetrating arrow projectile 8 in a target structure 49 with pyrotechnic introduced Areas 46 corresponding to Figure 12A to express. The arrangement 49 shows a structure consisting of a blind of limited explosives surfaces 46. This is an example of the variety of ways of introducing such pyrotechnic Agent in a protective layer or a protective arrangement. This can both consist of a quasi-homogeneous protective material or, as in Figure 12B by way of example represented, from different layers of different materials or protective structures 50, 51 and 52.

Having described the basic performance-reducing mechanisms so far in the overall protection arrangement according to the invention i.a. used become, the figures 13 - 15 basic possibilities of Optimization or design of components of a reactive (and restricted also inert-dynamic) protective structure. Thus, FIG. 13 shows examples for variations within the usual sandwich structure or the design of reactive or inert-dynamic sandwiches. It represents the arrangement Fig. 13A is an employed reference sandwich, corresponding to Fig. 3, and the assembly 13B represents the possibility of varying the angle of attack. Arrangement 13C shows the Possibility of varying the explosive thickness or the thickness of the Beulplatteneinlage. The arrangement 13D shows an example of the possibility of varying the Occupation thickness, and arrangement 13E stands for asymmetrically constructed sandwiches.

Figure 14 shows a number of possible combinations of materials for Sandwich assignments, with assembly 14A representative of symmetrical design Metallic assignments of medium to high densities is. Arrangement 14B stands for asymmetrical metallic coating made of materials with low densities. Arrangement 14C shows a possibility for an asymmetric metallic coating of materials different densities and thicknesses, arrangement 14D an asymmetric metallic and / or non-metallic coverage of different structures, densities and thicknesses. Arrangement 14E is an example of asymmetric or multilayer Assignment in connection with a layered explosive film structure to understand.

FIG. 15 shows examples for achieving desired decomposition properties on Example of front occupancy or reactive disassembly mechanisms in particular taking into account the reduction or avoidance of the structural and battlefield load by a protective structure according to the invention. Corresponding considerations and designs are of course also for back assignments. It should be noted that these and the following constructions and mechanisms are building blocks, especially in protection zones A and C of overall protection arrangements according to the invention can be used.

Arrangement 15A shows a homogeneous occupancy 53, wherein this occupancy of a can consist of any material that only sufficient acceleration strength must have. Of course, such a layer can also be made individual elements (tiles) be composed. The main propagation direction is symbolized by the arrow 53A. Arrangement 15B is one with dynamic Load delaminating front occupancy 54 provided; the main propagation direction is symbolized by the arrow 54A. Arrangement 15C indicates one dynamic load fragmentary front occupancy 55. The correspondingly fanned out Propagation is demonstrated by the two arrows 55A. Arrangement 15D is provided with a front load 56 which dissolves under dynamic load, and Arrangement Example 15E is with a decaying / atomizing under dynamic load Front occupancy 57 equipped. The here broader fanning of Propagation directions are symbolized by arrows 57A.

FIG. 16 shows examples of a single-layer or multi-layer or multi-part explosive coating. Arrangement 16A has a highly asymmetric film occupancy and Arrangement 16B shows a corresponding structure 58 with double film coating 59 and 59A, which may be superimposed or separated by a layer 60.

Arrangement 16C shows a double foil assembly 62 and 63 in the front and rear area of the protective structure 61. The intermediate layer 64 may turn off a homogeneous material, made of materials with special properties (end ballistic Effect, damping) or a structure. Of course you can the layer 64 also consist of a multi-stage arrangement or of materials with Inclusions are made. To achieve a hybrid protection line this should Layer 64 also advantageously have high efficiency against FK and KE threats. These basic arrangements can be found in the overall protection arrangement according to the invention in the zones A and C again. The individual can Modules also with parting joints / intermediate webs to avoid a continuous Be provided detonation.

The explained with reference to the previous figures, both the layers A, C and B also relevant technical details of the structure and operation of individual Protective structures or protective components are the essential building blocks for an overall protection arrangement according to the invention. In the following figures are the initially described task of the invention corresponding Solutions for the construction of a hybrid polyvalent overall protection arrangement as basic examples of such structures explained in more detail.

Thus, FIG. 17 shows exemplary embodiments of the basic structure of the overall protective arrangement according to the figures 1A and 1B. Here are modifications of the reactive Protection zone A (3) shown in the sense of a front reactive protection module. Shown are different ways of introducing the pyrotechnic Device (primarily explosive films with and without assignments) accordingly Figures 1A and 1B in the front, middle or rear of the zone A. This Zone can also be constructed in the vertical direction multi-part / multi-layered (see. e.g. Figures 4B, 16B and 16C).

In FIG. 17A, the pyrotechnic layer 66 is between the protective components 65 and 67 introduced, wherein the 65 to be accelerated to the outside / threatening side Protection module, 67 the structurally acting protection module or the occupancy of Protection zone A represents. In the structure of Figure 17B (upper part) is the pyrotechnic Surface 68 immediately in front of the protection zone B. This is one possible thick layer 65 accelerates against the threat. In addition, the highest possible Explosive energy of the subsequent zone B communicated. In the lower part of the construction 17B, an example is shown where in front of the explosive sheet several plates with or lie without gap. In construction 17C, according to FIG. 12A, the pyrotechnic Surface obliquely embedded in A. In construction 17D is an example of the Protection zone A shown in accordance with arrangement 17C, wherein the protection zone A or the outer reactive protection module 3 here of several, staggered one above the other Single protection modules 73 with obliquely inserted explosive 69A composites.

Comparable considerations also apply to the construction of the protection zone C (of course in mirrored constructions) in the event that these are also reactive to be interpreted (indicated by the dashed arrow).

FIG. 18, corresponding to FIG. 17, for the protection zone A (and in the figurative sense also on the protection zone C), embodiments of the basic structure of the overall protection arrangement according to the figures 1A and 1B. It is a matter of Modifications of the inert or inert dynamic protection zone B, which is primarily for the defense against KE and FK threats is designed. As the simplest variant shows Structure 18A is a solid plate or a homogeneous structure 71 of a metallic one or non-metallic material or of a quasi-homogeneous material mixture with or without inclusions, inserts or embedded bodies. In construction 18B, the KE protection module is 4 (B) as a three-layer (two- or multi-layered) structure 75 arbitrary Composition formed. This can be a loose or solid composite Metallic and / or non-metallic materials act. Structure 18C shows Another embodiment of the protection zone B. Here is a shutter 76 of Beulanordnungen represented, each having an inert dynamic layer structure metallic and / or non-metallic materials. In construction 18D is This design principle is further enhanced by the addition of two denticulation blinds 76A and 76B present arrangement or different angular position as KE and HL-effective protection module 77 are used (see Figure 8 / 8C). The denticule blinds can in depth, arrangement, angle of attack, construction and number of bumpers vary. Of course, all previous and still to be shown design examples and apply combinations to structures corresponding to FIG. 1B.

It can be assumed that in the application of dentuline blinds in the middle the overall protection arrangement and with appropriate protection design an angle change the bulge plates during penetration by the front, reactive Component delayed or disturbed projectile takes place. This will add an extra Distraction effect generated, especially for longer projectiles (Arrows, middle and rear parts of the shaped charge jet) a deflection or a increased destruction (erosion) has the consequence.

FIG. 19 illustrates on the basis of further basic design and construction possibilities the virtually unlimited scope in the design of a total protection arrangement according to the invention. Shown are the example of the protection zone B modifications, which include the external design or construction of the protection zone B concern. Basically, this structure stands for arrangements with mixed angles of attack. Arrangement 19A shows an example of the configuration of the inner protection zone B of the overall protection arrangement according to the figures 1A and 1B with a Arrangement of here four parallel Beulblech arrangements 80 in the front region of the Protection zone A.

In structure 19B, the bulge plate protection by means of a louver-like arrangement 82, wherein in the rear area of the protection zone B another protective surface 83 are located can, e.g. also damping functions to reduce structural loads can own. Furthermore, this layer may have a retarding effect on the eventually cause reactive process in the protection zone C. By a delayed or temporally staggered sequence of the reactive process in the overall protection arrangement, the Protection performance can be increased significantly. Such timing of the triggering reactive components, for example, directly through the penetrating Threat. But it is also conceivable that a separate control is provided. Especially with KE threats this possibility is interesting, because here an ignition the explosive film is not always ensured by the threat. In construction 19C is a flat Beulplatten-arrangement 84 corresponding to FIG. 19A in the front region of Combined protection zone B with a bellows-type louver 82 in the rear area of B.

Structure 19D shows an example of an embodiment of zone B with an intermediate a front, here two-layer Beulplattenanordnung 86 and a rear Beulblech-Blind 85 introduced container 88th This can be with a flow or be filled with free-flowing medium 89. The filling and emptying device 90 is also schematized drawn. Between the protective components 86 and the container 89 there is a gap 87, so the rear bellows / the rear accelerated plate has sufficient room to move. Such containers or tanks 88 can of course have almost any shape and the Partially or completely fill in protection zone B. Furthermore, 88 can be one-piece throughout be executed or consist of a battery of containers / tanks, in turn again be executed as a completed, movable or permanently installed unit can.

It is basically a combination of Beulblech sandwiches with reactive Sandwiches conceivable. This would also be an example of the combination of protection zones A and B and possibly even C, by alternating the two sandwich variants mixed in variant 19A or 19B are introduced. In this way, e.g. also a Beulblech blinds reactive / inert / inert-dynamically mixed to form a protective component with relatively low explosive mass, good damping of the accelerated To realize elements and small depth. The space between the individual sandwiches can either be filled with air or a medium, which has good damping and also certain mechanical properties, e.g. to the Structure of an intrinsically stable body forms, the movement of the reactive or inert-dynamic Parts are not disabled.

Figure 20 shows two hybrid polyvalent armor 91 and 95 as modifications of Overall protection arrangement according to Figures 1A and 1B, in which the protection modules arranged obliquely / angled or not all the above-mentioned protection zones in clear form. The representation in FIG. 20A is representative of a constellation of protection zones of any shape and in any Combination (in this case without a protection zone C) 91. In the illustration, the Distance of the protection zone B as a rear protection zone (mainly to the KE defense) of the Vehicle wall 2 by a mounting / mounting device 93 as a spacer perceived wherein also an angle variable mounting is conceivable. This can e.g. be realized by a rotating device attached in point 93A. The device 93 would then have to be provided with a lock for 91. The front protection zone 92 (Zone A), formed in this case of anti-parallel boundary surfaces, is used in particular the HL and FK defense and is therefore primarily (but not necessarily) as to understand reactive unity. By waiving a third protection zone or through the introduction of a gap at this position can in modular design of the Total protection if necessary, the depth and the weight per unit area of the overall protection arrangement reduced and created a threat adapted protective behavior / protection potential become.

Corresponding considerations apply to the protection zone C of the overall protection arrangement 95 20B, in which the vehicle structure 2 (zone D) the protection zones 96 as the first Threat-side zone (reactive HL protection in combination with inert or inert-dynamic KE protection, protection zone A / B) and 97 as zone A / B following protection zone C with attached to the vehicle structure rear wall and angled front (reactive, inert or inert-dynamic protection) are connected upstream.

The examples in FIGS. 17-20 were used to explain basic design options the different protection zones of total protection arrangements according to the invention. In addition to this and also to the document for the almost unlimited design possibilities of the present invention underlying structures in the figures 21 - 26 a number of others technical variants in conjunction with constructive variation options shown.

Thus, FIG. 21 shows a hybrid polyvalent total reactive protection arrangement 98 in which the inner protection zone B also as a reactive, especially KE-effective, module 99, is formed. It consists of an inert or even highly effective material or a glassy substance with the effect of a crater collapse with angled rear surfaces and subsequent pyrotechnic device 101 or 101A and the accelerated element 102 or 102A in front of a cavity 103 as a dissipation zone (see Figures 12A and 17 / 17C). Module 99 is in two in this example Components with intermediate damping 100 divided. The protection zone C is as a damping layer having a web-like structure 104, e.g. a sheet metal structure or Also a folded bellows arrangement, formed. This structure is meant to be a buffering or have energy-dissipating (absorbing) properties.

The principle of the total protection arrangements shown here is suitable, as already mentioned, in a special way for adaptation to or in predetermined structures or Vehicle surfaces to ensure their protection or their protection against to supplement other threats. Thus, in Figure 22, the front protection zone A is the reactive hybrid total protection arrangement 105 according to the figures 1A and 1B of inert prepuffing modules 107 with subsequent reactive sandwiches 106 together. Between 106 and 107 is a free space to the front Accelerated components of 106 to a corresponding range of motion to back up. These protective components are from a support system or a suspension device 108 held in position or if necessary to the rear component 109 attached. The protection zones B, C and D are in a protective component in this example 109 summarized. This is interpreted as such or from such Material to choose that in conjunction with the front components a sufficient Total protection is guaranteed.

Overall protection arrangements according to the invention are also suitable for reactive Components which have an auxiliary device for ignition (for example by means of spark ignition) need. A triggering of the reactive components can in the simplest case by introduced release films or trigger grille done in more complex solutions by means of detectors for a controlled or in the highest stage programmatically Commitment.

Thus, FIG. 23 shows an example of a hybrid polyvalent overall protection arrangement 110, in which the zone A on the front or its back with facilities for Spark ignition of the following explosive films is provided. This can be both a reactive component of zone A and, as shown in the present example, a (possibly further) reactive device of the zone B (or C) are controlled. The upstream trigger (contact) grid 111 or the one attached to the back of A. Single grid (in modular design of zone B) serves to initiate the Explosive films 116 (separated or grouped) with upstream accelerated Layer 115. The protection zone B from a KE-effective protective material 99 points an oblique front surface, so that a distance as a sturgeon / Dissipationszone between zones A and B is included. The illustration is located between the protective material 99 and the rear protection zone D an attenuation 117th This is followed by a combined protection zone C / D.

The triggering of the reactive components can also be done by means of a proximity sensor 112 and / or a signal line 109A, the possibly delayed signals to a modular Tripping device 113 or an igniter 114 sends. The protection zone A can also be designed as an inert pre-armor or upstream layer.

FIG. 24 shows a total protection arrangement 118 according to FIGS. 1A and 1B with reactive, decomposing protection zone A, designed as a reactive sandwich, shown to account for the effectiveness of a subsequent extended dissipation zone will be carried. The pyrotechnic device / explosive film 116 accelerated front layer 119 is followed by a delaminating and / or fragmenting inner occupancy 120 within the protection zone A, so that in Figure 5 and Figure 6 complement the mechanisms described in terms of protection performance, while the projectile enters the dissipation zone 121. For these, a layer 122 is to support or Disassembly / deflection and introduced for damping. As residual action zone before the supporting structure 2, a Beuljalousie 123 is provided in this case.

The principle of a modular design, also in conjunction with an extended Dissipation zone is u.a. also tracked in Figure 25. This is a hybrid polyvalent overall protection arrangement 124 in completely resolved design. So This protection arrangement 124 includes the possibility of distance expansion / adjustment by means of a sliding mechanism 125 for the front protection modules 126 and 127 (the can be inert or inert-dynamically formed) in a box-like device 131. The displacement direction is represented by the arrows 128. The box or Frame-like support structure also provides another way of changing the distance within the protective device indicated by the arrows 129. To the Protective components 126 and 127 join as a dissipation zone variable clearance 130 at. The entire protection arrangement can also as modular stem be formed by by the fasteners 132 only at Demand is mounted.

Over a long period of time viable protection concepts, especially in lighter or lighter armored vehicles, not only need the widest possible Range of possible threats, but also maximum flexibility and have retrofit options. An approach to fulfill this Claims is to use the vehicles only in case of an upcoming deployment e.g. Reactive to equip. This principle can also apply to massive armor components be extended to the protective mass of a vehicle outside the To reduce operating times seriously. Also for the transport, in particular the air transport, This can be very beneficial. With limited depth it is in a row Examples shown here possible, the rear protection zone C with the vehicle-side zone D (see, e.g., Figures 7, 8, 10-12, 22-23). A modular, resolved form However, the use of protective components according to the invention also allows a rapid adaptation to changing protection requirements or new technologies.

Thus, FIG. 26 shows an arrangement 133 corresponding to FIGS. 1A and 1B retractable / interchangeable modules as a further basic conceptional Possible embodiment of the total protection arrangement according to the invention. The protection zone C is here formed as a supporting structure 140 for the protection zones A, B and D, the in this example by a modular reactive pre-armor (protection zone A) and a subsequent Beulblechjalousie (protection zone B) are formed. In the illustration is the armor with storage compartments or partitions / drawers 136, 137 and 139 provided for the individual protection modules. These consist e.g. from a front, reactive zone 134 with the reactive modules 134A, one as inert dynamic Module (e.g., a denticule louver) drawer 138 and a rear residual power zone 141. The reactive modules 134A may additionally be provided by damping layers 135 be separated from each other. Of course, the combination of these Elements variable according to the application scenario. Such arrangements allow it, in the most prevalent times, where the vehicle is not reactive or also massive modules must be equipped, in relation to the protection level extremely to allow light structures. This concept also offers the opportunity to get involved changing range of threats with appropriate modules to respond. there Only the protection modules that are required for the realization of a protection level or the fulfillment of a particular mission will be needed.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1A

hybrid polyvalent overall protection arrangement with primarily vertical zones

1B

hybrid polyvalent overall protection arrangement with angled zones

1C

hybrid polyvalent overall protection arrangement with partially angled zones

2

Vehicle / Object Wall / Resting Zone

3

front (reactive) protection zone

4

inner protection zone (inert, inert-dynamic, reactive)

5

rear protection zone (inert, inert-dynamic or reactive)

6

Hollow charge threat (HL)

6A

HL-beam

7

Threat of projectile-forming charges (FK)

7A

P-charge projectile

8th

Threat of Aerodynamically Stabilized Balanced Missiles (APFSDS)

8A

in Beulanordnung 30 deflected projectile 8 after lateral acceleration by 14

8B

undisturbed residual projectile

8C

destroyed / deflected part of 8 after penetrating 15

8D

to 15 deflected projectile 8

8E

in 28/29 distracted floor

9

Threat of spin-stabilized balancing projectiles (AP, APDS)

9A

through 14 deflected (destroyed) core story

9B

through 15 distracted (destroyed) core floor

10

Threat of splinters

11

Side view of a vehicle with protective surfaces

12

Top view of a vehicle with protective surfaces

13

reactive sandwich

13A

original position of 13

14

front protection component of 13

15

rear protection component of 13

16

pyrotechnic coating / explosives / explosives film

17

Movement direction of 14

18

Movement direction of 15

19

accelerated plates

20

supporting protective structure

21

upstream reactive sandwich corresponding to 13

21 A

front sandwich of a 20 upstream tandem reactive assembly

21 B

rear sandwich of a 20 upstream tandem reactive assembly

21 C

behind 20 arranged reactive sandwich

22

front hung / 20 integrated reactive sandwich

22A

rear-hung / integrated 20 reactive sandwich

23

Bonding layer / attachment layer / cushioning layer / spacer

24

Impact Arrow of Lateral Disorder by 14

24A

Impact arrow of the lateral disorder with follower plate 15

25

Pestle of 6A

26

undisturbed beam tip

27

deflected central beam portion of FIG. 6A with counter-rotating plate 14

27A

deflected beam part at 15

27B

deflected in 38A beam part

28

Bucket plate assembly with deflected projectile 8E

29

front active component of 28

30

rear active component of 28

31

Beuleinlage

32

by 31 accelerated crater rim of 29

33

by 31 accelerated crater rim of 30

34

lateral disruptive force of 32 symbolizing arrow

34A

lateral disturbing force of 33 symbolizing arrow

35

Beulblech-blind made of two sandwiches 21

36

crater produced by 6A

36A

collapsing crater

36B

Crater on penetration of a P-charge

36C

Crater on penetration of a KE threat

37

the crater 36 surrounding pressure field in 38

38

almost semi-infinite vitreous material

38A

glassy material of limited thickness

38B

by 43 back-supported component 38A

39

Pressure Sideline

39A

Propagation direction of the pressure field boundary 39

40

Implosion pressure symbolizing arrows

41

Propagation direction of the erupting Kratermaterials

42

Target assembly formed of a glassy material 38A with support 43rd

43

backing

44

Solid state module with inclined pyrotechnic surface

45

Explosive layer / detonation foil in FIG. 44

45A

Propagation arrow for detonation front in 45

45B

Touch point between 6A and 45

46

Explosive foil elements according to 45

47

quasi homogeneous target material in front of explosive layer 45

47A

quasi homogeneous target material behind explosive layer 45

48

Arrow for lateral threat exposure by 45 in combination with 47

48A

Arrow for lateral threat exposure by 45 in combination with 47A

49

Example of multi-layered construction with integrated module according to 44

50

Venetian blind explosive elements in 49

51

50 upstream protection area

52

50 subsequent protection area

53

front component of a reactive special construction

53A

Main propagation direction of 53

54

Delaminating front component of a reactive special structure

54A

Propagation direction of 54

55

fragmentary front assignment of a reactive special structure

55A

Propagation direction of 55

56

dissolving front occupancy of a reactive special structure

56A

Propagation direction of 56

57

atomizing front occupancy of a reactive special construction

57A

Propagation direction of 57

58

Protection arrangement with double explosive foil

59

front explosive foil in 58

59A

Rear blast foil in 58

60

Separating layer between 59 and 59A

61

Protective structure with two blast foils and thick intermediate layer 64

62

front explosive foil in 61

63

rear explosive foil in 61

64

Intermediate layer between 62 and 63

65

against the threat accelerated protection module of 3

66

sheet explosive

67

on the vehicle side / towards 4 and / or 5 accelerated component

68

on 4 adjacent explosive film / inside arranged blasting film of 3

69

obliquely arranged blasting foil in 3

69A

obliquely arranged blasting film with modular design

70

69 upstream material of 3

71

rear occupancy of 69

72

modular construction of 3

73

individual stacked modules of 72

74

inert protection module (plate)

75

4 as a multi-layer inert KE protection module

76

4 as Beulblech-blind

76A

front Beulblechjalousie of 77

76B

rear Beulblechjalousie of 77

77

4 as two opposite / opposite arranged Beulblech-blinds

78

Separation area between 76A and 76B

79

Inner protection module in arrangement 1C with non-parallel outer surfaces

80

multi-level (here four-level) Beulplattenbereich in 79th

81

Cavity in 79

82

Venetian blind from bulging in 79

83

rear protection module / damping device / dissipation zone in 79

84

Front, three-stage Beulplattenbereich in 79

85

rear bellows blind in 79

86

two-stage front dab plate area in 79

87

Gap between 86 and 88

88

Inner container, tank

89

Liquid, pourable filling

90

Filling / emptying device

91

hybrid polyvalent reactive armor, angled protective modules any shape and combination (here without protection zone C)

92

front protection module / protection zone of 91, with non-parallel surfaces

93

Fastening device for 91

93A

Pivot / rotation axis / movable attachment

94

cavity

95

hybrid polyvalent reactive armor with angled protective modules any shape and combination (here without protection zone A)

96

combined protection zone A / B in 95

97

Protection zone C in 95

98

Total protection arrangement with reactive zone B and zone C as damping

99

Hollow charges, flat cone charges and KE projectiles repelling material

100

Interface, shock-absorbing layer between 99 and 99A

101

explosive foil

101A

explosive foil

102

Sheet metal / accelerated layer

102A

Sheet metal / accelerated layer

103

Free space behind reactive component

104

folded sheet metal structure / bellows arrangement / damping zone

104A

Cassette for 104

105

Example of a hybrid polyvalent total reactive protection arrangement with Modular protection zone A and inert Vorpanzerung and a combined Protection zone B / C / D

106

reactive sandwich in 105

107

primary armor

108

Attachment / suspension device

109

B / C / D representing protective plate

109A

Ignition cable / signal cable

110

Overall protection arrangement with triggering device for the reactive component and simple (A) / double reactive arrangement (A and B)

111

Trigger / contact grid

112

close detection

113

modular triggering device

114

ignition device

115

Sheet metal / accelerated layer

116

explosive foil

117

damping layer

118

Example of a hybrid polyvalent overall reactive protection arrangement with reactive precursor, middle fender and interception structure / Beulblech-Venetian blind

119

disassembling / delaminating / fragmenting front cover

120

decomposing / delaminating / fragmenting back cover

121

cavity

122

in 121 introduced protective / damping layer

123

Parting surface for adaptable protection zones

124

Example of a hybrid polyvalent overall reactive protection arrangement with sliding zones / components and detachable, sliding mounting device

125

Sliding / holding device for the reactive or inert or inert-dynamic Components 126 and 127

126

front protection component of 124

127

inner protection component of 124

128

Direction of movement of 125

129

Movement direction of the individual components 126 and 127 in FIG. 125

130

variable clearance

131

Box / frame for 125 or 126 or 127 respectively

132

fastening device

133

Total protection with plug-in devices (boxes) for the protective components and internal support structure 140

134

reactive zone

134A

reactive module before 134

135

Separation or damping layer

136

front chamber / box / mounting device for 134A

137

partition wall

138

Insert, e.g. formed from a Beulblech-blind

139

Chamber / box / mounting device for 141

140

Support structure for 133

141

Slot for 139

Claims (52)

1. Overall protection arrangement (1A, 1B, 1C) against threats (6-10), such as shaped charges, flat-cone charges, balancing projectiles and splinters, which can be applied to or integrated in a structure (2) to be protected,
wherein the overall protection arrangement (1A, 1B, 1C) consists of a layer structure largely independent of the threat threat, comprising an inner inert or inert dynamic protection zone (4) against KE threats and a forward reactive protection zone (3) against HL threats the side of the inner protection zone (4) facing away from the structure (2) to be protected with a pyrotechnic protection mechanism (16), the front protection zone (3) being supported on the inner protection zone (4) and cooperating therewith against the threats. 2. Overall protection arrangement according to claim 1,
characterized in that the layer structure of the overall protection arrangement further comprises a rear protection zone (5) on the side of the inner protection zone (4) facing the structure (2) to be protected, the rear protection zone (5) acting as a reactive protection zone or inert or inert dynamic protection zone is formed. 3. Overall protection arrangement according to claim 1 or 2,
characterized in that the protection zones (3, 4, 5) are connected in series or at least partially act simultaneously. 4. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 3,
characterized in that the overall protection arrangement is at least partially integrated into the enclosure of the structure to be protected (2) or at least partially detachably connected thereto. 5. Protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 4,
characterized in that the protection zones (3, 4, 5) of the overall protection arrangement are arranged parallel or at an angle to the surface or wall of the structure (2) to be protected. 6. Protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 5,
characterized in that the protection zones (3, 4, 5) are completely or partially fixed or detachably connected to each other. 7. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 6,
characterized in that the overall protection arrangement is part of a protective surface or a supporting structure. 8. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 7,
characterized in that the inner protection zone (4) is a solid / homogeneous plate, a sandwich or a Beulplattenanordnung. 9. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 8,
characterized in that between the front protection zone (3) and the inner protection zone (4) an intermediate layer is provided with energy-compensating effect. 10. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 9,
characterized in that the inner protection zone (4) consists of a structure containing one or more parallel to the surface / non-parallel, one- or multi-part pyrotechnic layer (s) / explosive film (s). 11. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 10,
characterized in that the inner protection zone (4) includes a gap (87) in which reactively accelerated against each other elements converge. 12. Overall protection arrangement according to claim 11,
characterized in that the intermediate space (87) in the inner protection zone is filled with damping materials / elements / structural parts. 13. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 12,
characterized in that the protection zones (3, 4, 5) are modular. 14. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 13,
characterized in that the protection zones (3, 4, 5) are constructed mixed. 15. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 12,
characterized in that the entire overall protection arrangement or parts thereof are movable. 16. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 15,
characterized in that the protection zones (3, 4, 5) overlap one another. 17. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 16,
characterized in that the pyrotechnic protection mechanisms introduced into the front and / or rear reactive protection zone (3, 5) are obliquely arranged explosive films or layers (69, 69A). 18. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 17,
characterized in that the pyrotechnic protection mechanisms of the front and / or rear reactive protection zone (3, 5) are explosive films or layers which are coated on one or both sides with a metallic or non-metallic layer. 19. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 18,
characterized in that the pyrotechnic protection mechanism is ignited by the impinging threat (6-10). 20. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 19,
characterized in that the pyrotechnic protection mechanism is initiated via an ignition device (114), a contact, a triggering grid (111) or a sensor (112). 21. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 20,
characterized in that the structure to be protected (2) is equipped with a detection system. 22. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 21,
characterized in that the overall protection arrangement comprises electrical or pyrotechnic signal lines (109A). 23. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 22,
characterized in that the pyrotechnic protection mechanism covers the entire protection zone (3) or is subdivided into individual areas with or without space / partition wall. 24. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 23,
characterized in that the pyrotechnic protection mechanism is constructed of the same or different thickness explosive films or layers. 25. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 24,
characterized in that the pyrotechnic protection mechanism consists of a geometric structure or has an uneven thickness distribution. 26. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 25,
characterized in that the pyrotechnic protection mechanism is composed of a plurality of parallel or non-parallel explosive films or layers. 27. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 26,
characterized in that the occupation of the pyrotechnic protection mechanism is single or multi-layered, with or without an intermediate layer. 28. Overall protection arrangement according to claim 27,
characterized in that the pyrotechnic protection mechanism is covered on one or both sides with a single- or multi-layer metallic structure / a metallic foam / a single or multi-layer grid. 29. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 28,
characterized in that between the pyrotechnic protection mechanism and the occupancy in the direction of the impending threat (6-10) an initiating supportive layer is provided in the form of a provided with holes or grooves, metallic or non-metallic layer. 30. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 29,
characterized in that the pyrotechnic protection mechanism is constructed of at least one explosive film or layer disposed on the side facing the center of the overall protection arrangement with a thinner (1 mm to 3 mm) or thicker (3 mm 8 mm) metallic or non-metallic layer is provided. 31. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 30,
characterized in that the pyrotechnic protection mechanism of flat, corrugated, angled or otherwise shaped surfaces / protective surfaces is constructed. 32. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 31,
characterized in that the pyrotechnic protection mechanism is insertable, removable, movable and / or interchangeable. 33. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 32,
characterized in that the pyrotechnic protection mechanism consists of a two- or multi-layer composite of similar or different materials. 34. Overall protection arrangement according to claim 33,
characterized in that the layers of the composite are loosely placed, glued, vulcanized together, welded or detachably connected to each other. 35. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 34,
characterized in that the inner protection zone (4) is constructed of a homogeneous or structured, metallic or non-metallic material, a mixture or mixture, a lattice-like structure, a scrim or a compact. 36. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 35,
characterized in that the inner protection zone (4) consists of an open or closed structure. 37. The overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 36,
characterized in that the inner protection zone (4) consists of a dynamically compressible material (eg glass, polymer, metallic or non-metallic foam, pressed body, synthetic wood, fabric) or contains such a substance. 38. The overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 36,
characterized in that the inner protection zone (4) consists of a ceramic material or contains such a material. 39. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 36,
characterized in that the inner protection zone (4) consists of a plastically deformable or liquid-like substance or is filled with a liquid or a free-flowing medium. 40. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 39,
characterized in that the inner protection zone (4) consists of a Beulbleche containing single or multi-layered structure. 41. Overall protection arrangement according to claim 40,
characterized in that the inner protection zone (4) consists of a single or multilayer Beulblech blind (66, 67). 42. Overall protection arrangement according to claim 40 or 41,
characterized in that the Beulblechanordnungen extend parallel to the pyrotechnic protection mechanism or include an angle with this. 43. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 40 to 42,
characterized in that the areas / volumes between the bellows assemblies / the denticule louver are open / empty / filled or closed (empty or filled). 44. Overall protection arrangement according to claim 43,
characterized in that the filling consists of a shock-absorbing material (eg metallic or non-metallic foam, fabric, lattice-like structure). 45. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 44,
characterized in that the overall protection arrangement includes a supporting structure or itself constitutes a supporting structure. 46. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 45,
characterized in that the overall protection arrangement is in a non-metallic / metallic, closed / open container / housing. 47. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 46,
characterized in that the protection zones (3, 4, 5) are provided with elements for angle change, rotation and / or distance increase. 49. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 48,
characterized in that the overall protection arrangement or parts thereof are arranged rotatable / pivotable / tiltable / displaceable. 50. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 49,
characterized in that the total protection arrangement or parts thereof are fixed or detachably connected to each other. 51. The overall protection arrangement according to claim 50,
characterized in that the connection is effected by means of screwing, gluing, welding or vulcanization. 52. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 51,
characterized in that the overall protection arrangement or parts thereof is or are interchangeable. 53. Overall protection arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 51,
characterized in that the reactively accelerated substances or layers consist of materials which have no or only a minimal end-ballistic effect.

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