EP1508650A2 - Schallabsorbierende Bauelemente, Lärmschutzwand aus derartigen schallabsorbierenden Bauelementen und Verfahren zur Herstellung dieser Lärmschutzwand - Google Patents
Schallabsorbierende Bauelemente, Lärmschutzwand aus derartigen schallabsorbierenden Bauelementen und Verfahren zur Herstellung dieser Lärmschutzwand Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1508650A2 EP1508650A2 EP04019897A EP04019897A EP1508650A2 EP 1508650 A2 EP1508650 A2 EP 1508650A2 EP 04019897 A EP04019897 A EP 04019897A EP 04019897 A EP04019897 A EP 04019897A EP 1508650 A2 EP1508650 A2 EP 1508650A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sound
- support plate
- shell
- concrete
- noise barrier
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011358 absorbing material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000009416 shuttering Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005641 tunneling Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F8/00—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic
- E01F8/0005—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement
- E01F8/0047—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement with open cavities, e.g. for covering sunken roads
- E01F8/0076—Cellular, e.g. as wall facing
- E01F8/0082—Cellular, e.g. as wall facing with damping material
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F8/00—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic
- E01F8/0005—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement
- E01F8/0029—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement with porous surfaces, e.g. concrete with porous fillers
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
- E04B2001/742—Use of special materials; Materials having special structures or shape
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
- E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
- E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
- E04B2001/8414—Sound-absorbing elements with non-planar face, e.g. curved, egg-crate shaped
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
- E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
- E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
- E04B2001/8457—Solid slabs or blocks
- E04B2001/8461—Solid slabs or blocks layered
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
- E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
- E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
- E04B2001/8457—Solid slabs or blocks
- E04B2001/8476—Solid slabs or blocks with acoustical cavities, with or without acoustical filling
- E04B2001/848—Solid slabs or blocks with acoustical cavities, with or without acoustical filling the cavities opening onto the face of the element
Definitions
- the invention relates to sound-absorbing components According to the preamble of claim 1, a noise barrier from such sound-absorbing components according to the preamble of claim 7 and a Method for producing this noise barrier according to the preamble of claim 8.
- Blähglas such as. B. plates with a wall thickness of up to 55 mm made of sintered expanded glass granules, is for Sound-absorbing elements known per se. adversely however, that blown glass meets the high demands on noise protection systems for road and rail, such as Tensile, frost and fire resistance and stone chip resistance not enough. Blown glass itself is not included the large, stable areas of 15 - 20 m2 are available, for noise protection systems for road and rail be installed.
- From DE 37 27 947 C2 is a sound-absorbing Concrete element known with at least one Cover plate made of aerated concrete and an associated Base plate made of normal concrete, with the front of the Cover plate structured with protrusions and depressions is.
- the cover plate of DE 37 27 947 C2 in areas of wells strip-shaped absorption body arranged.
- Disadvantages of sound-absorbing Concrete components according to DE 37 27 947 C2 are the expensive and elaborate production whose high Weight due to their high content of concrete and their high minimum wall thickness, so that these sound-absorbing Concrete components only limited applicable are.
- Object of the present invention is to sound-absorbing Components, a noise barrier of such sound-absorbing components and a method for the production of this noise barrier without the Disadvantages of the prior art to create.
- the facing bowl has expanded glass.
- the Support plate allows large-area, stable installation of expanded glass, making their use for noise control systems for road and rail is possible, with the sound-absorbing components with increasing sound-absorbing surface in each case more cost-effective become.
- the sound-absorbing component according to the invention is with the front shell made of expanded glass at high Sound absorption capacity significantly lighter and significantly less thick-walled than the sound-absorbing Concrete components according to DE 37 27 947 C2 and thus is the invention, sound-absorbing Component can also be used advantageously where Sound-absorbing concrete components according to the DE 37 27 947 C2 for structural reasons or for cost reasons retired from other solutions would.
- the front shell of expanded glass has rated Sound absorption grades from 0.9 to 1.00 according to DIN EN ISO 11654, so that the invention, sound-absorbing Components are also suitable for highly absorbent noise barriers.
- the expanded glass sintered or contains expanded glass granules According to preferred embodiments of the invention the expanded glass sintered or contains expanded glass granules.
- the support plate as a concrete support shell, as fiberglass concrete, as preferably multilayer wood board or formed as a plastic plate.
- the carrier shell of fiberglass concrete in connection with the front shell made of expanded glass as a particularly thin-walled, sound-absorbing component for use in noise protection systems.
- the front shell covers the support plate on two sides used for noise protection systems between at least two-lane railway tracks of tracks or on Median strip of streets.
- the attachment shell is flat on the outside for installation, especially in confined spaces Ratios or structured for increased sound absorption.
- a noise barrier is provided of sound absorbing components according to one or more several of the preceding claims being in parallel to the plane of the support plate next to and mounted together are.
- a noise barrier provided by laying of plate-shaped Blähglasierin substantially parallel next to each other and to shells in a formwork, pouring of the support plate forming Concrete of a preset minimum thickness on the facing shell in the formwork, hardening can also be up to 3 mm in the front shell penetrated concrete, removing the noise barrier from the formwork and insertion in preferably substantially vertical supports of noise protection systems for road or rail.
- the two sides with the front shell Blähglas is covered is provided by opposite lying places of the facing shell, plate-shaped Blähglasierin substantially parallel next to each other and in a preferably vertical arranged formwork, vertical pouring of the concrete forming the support plate of a preset Minimum thick liquid on the two-sided Attachment shells in the formwork, allow the hardening of the also in the facing shells penetrated concrete, removal the noise barrier from the formwork and insertion in preferably substantially vertical supports.
- a sound-absorbing component 1 of The prior art is composed of a Support plate 2 made of concrete and a when installing in a Noise protection system directed to the noise source, profiled Front shell 3 made of aerated concrete. Support plate 2 and facing 3 each have approximately the same Wall thickness of 15 cm, making a total of one Wall thickness of the sound-absorbing component 1 of about 30 cm results.
- Such a sound-absorbing Component 1 of the prior art weighs about 8.4 to at a length of about 5 m and a width of 3 m.
- a sound-absorbing Component 1 is composed of a support plate 2 of concrete with, for example, a length of about 5 m and a width of 3 m and one when installing in a Noise protection system directed to the noise source, even Attachment shell 3 made of expanded glass, which is manufactured as granulated granules sintered at 1000 ° C Old glass with a max. Wall thickness of up to 55 mm.
- the Attachment shell 3 made of expanded glass is formed from a Variety of juxtaposed, essentially rectangular, plate-shaped expanded glass elements (not shown) with up to 1.5 m in length and about 0.6 m Width, leaving the support plate 2 except on a side strip 4 is completely covered.
- the whole Wall thickness of the sound-absorbing component 1 from the support plate 2 made of concrete and the front shell 3 Blähglas is about 10 cm and thus 1/3 less than the Wall thickness of the sound-absorbing component 1 of Prior art with correspondingly lower weight due to the significantly lower specific weight the facing shell 3 made of expanded glass compared to aerated concrete.
- the sound-absorbing component 1 is with the side strip 4 positively in a double U-profile. 5 a usually perpendicular to a base plate. 6 standing support 7 of a noise protection system used.
- the sound-absorbing component 1 is double-sided covered with the facing shell 3 made of expanded glass.
- the to Noise source directed surface of the flat facing shell 3 made of expanded glass can be flat or structured be.
- the support plate 2 made of concrete
- the support plate 2 made of fiberglass concrete, multilayer wood panels or plastic plates.
- the floor a formwork (8) with a layer of a plurality from side by side or directly to each other covered lying plate-shaped Blähglasierin and on the concrete layer with an adjustable Poured minimum thickness.
- the set Minimum thickness of the concrete penetrates the concrete Pour up to 3 mm in the surface of the attachment 3 forming, lying Blähglasieri a, so that when curing a firm connection between Support plate 2 and 3 attachment shell arises and lifted the thus formed noise barrier from the formwork 8 and lifted into the supports 7 of the noise control system can be.
- the two-sided covered with the facing shell 3 made of expanded glass the vertically arranged formworks (8) with a Layer of a variety of juxtaposed or directly adjacent plate-shaped Blähglasierin covered and the concrete with an adjustable Minimum thick liquid poured vertically.
- the concrete penetrates into the surface when pouring the facing shell 3 forming Blähglasieri a, so that when curing a firm connection between Support plate 2 and 3 attachment shells arises and the like formed noise barrier from the open formwork (8) lifted and in the supports 7 of the noise protection system can be lifted.
- Noise barriers or sound-absorbing facing shells 3 can already be attached to at the construction site existing walls also glued, dowelled and / or anchored with anchors and frame.
- the support plate 2 made of fiberglass in conjunction with the front shell 3 made of expanded glass as special thin-walled sound-absorbing component 1 with anchors through the side strips 4 even in cramped Space conditions in the tunnel wall mountable.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
- Vehicle Interior And Exterior Ornaments, Soundproofing, And Insulation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- 1
- schallabsorbierende Bauelement 1
- 2
- Tragplatte
- 3
- Vorsatzschale
- 4
- Seitenstreifen
- 5
- Doppel-U-Profil
- 6
- Fußplatte
- 7
- Stütze
- 8
- Schalung
Claims (9)
- Schallabsorbierendes Bauelement (1) mit einer Tragplatte (2) und mindestens einer, die Tragplatte (2) mindestens einseitig bedeckenden Vorsatzschale (3) aus schalldämmendem Material, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Vorsatzschale (3) Blähglas aufweist.
- Schallabsorbierendes Bauelement (1) gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Blähglas gesintert ist oder Blähglasgranulat enthält.
- Schallabsorbierendes Bauelement (1) gemäß einem oder mehreren der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Tragplatte (2) als Betontragschale, als Glasfaserbeton, als vorzugsweise mehrschichtige Holzplatte oder als Kunststoffplatte ausgebildet ist.
- Schallabsorbierendes Bauelement (1) gemäß einem oder mehreren vorhergehenden Ansprüchen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Vorsatzschale (3) die Tragplatte (2) zweiseitig bedeckt.
- Schallabsorbierendes Bauelement (1) gemäß einem oder mehreren vorhergehenden Ansprüchen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Vorsatzschale (3) nach außen ebenflächig oder strukturiert ist.
- Schallabsorbierendes Bauelement (1) gemäß einem oder mehreren vorhergehenden Ansprüchen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zwei Vorsatzschalen (3) im wesentlichen senkrecht zur Ebene der Tragplatte (2) übereinander angeordnet sind.
- Lärmschutzwand dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass schallabsorbierende Bauelemente (1) gemäß einem oder mehreren der vorhergehenden Ansprüche parallel zur Ebene der Tragplatte (2) neben- und aneinander montiert sind.
- Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Lärmschutzwand gemäß Anspruch 7, gekennzeichnet durch Legen von die Vorsatzschale (3) bildenden, liegenden, plattenförmigen Blähglaselemente im wesentlichen parallel neben- und aneinander in eine Schalung (8), Aufgießen von den die Tragplatte (2) bildenden Beton einer voreingestellten Mindestdickflüssigkeit auf die Vorsatzschale (3) in der Schalung (8), Aushärten lassen des auch in die Vorsatzschale (3) eingedrungenen Betons, Entnehmen der Lärmschutzwand aus der Schalung (8) und Einsetzen in vorzugsweise im wesentlichen senkrechte Stützen (7).
- Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Lärmschutzwand, die beidseitig mit der Vorsatzschale 3 aus Blähglas bedeckt ist, gemäß Anspruch 7, gekennzeichnet durch Stellen von die Vorsatzschale (3) bildenden, plattenförmigen Blähglaselementen im wesentlichen parallel neben- und aneinander in eine Schalung (8), vertikales Eingießen von den die Tragplatte (2) bildenden Beton einer voreingestellten Mindestdickflüssigkeit an die beidseitigen Vorsatzschalen (3) in der Schalung (8), Aushärten lassen des auch in die Vorsatzschalen (3) eingedrungenen Betons, Entnehmen der Lärmschutzwand aus der Schalung (8) und Einsetzen in vorzugsweise im wesentlichen senkrechte Stützen (7).
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PL04019897T PL1508650T3 (pl) | 2003-08-20 | 2004-08-20 | Sposób wykonywania ściany chroniącej przed hałasem z dźwiękochłonnych elementów budowlanych |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10338213 | 2003-08-20 | ||
DE10338213A DE10338213A1 (de) | 2003-08-20 | 2003-08-20 | Schallabsorbierende Bauelemente, Lärmschutzwand aus derartigen schallabsorbierenden Bauelementen und Verfahren zur Herstellung dieser Lärmschutzwand |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1508650A2 true EP1508650A2 (de) | 2005-02-23 |
EP1508650A3 EP1508650A3 (de) | 2005-12-28 |
EP1508650B1 EP1508650B1 (de) | 2008-01-23 |
Family
ID=34042211
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP04019897A Expired - Lifetime EP1508650B1 (de) | 2003-08-20 | 2004-08-20 | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Lärmschutzwand aus schallabsorbierenden Bauelementen. |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1508650B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE384835T1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE10338213A1 (de) |
PL (1) | PL1508650T3 (de) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2873389A1 (fr) * | 2004-07-23 | 2006-01-27 | Michel Mouly | Dispositif de mur anti-bruit |
CN104532974A (zh) * | 2014-12-26 | 2015-04-22 | 桂林电子科技大学 | 一种公共场合噪声消除装置 |
CN107022961A (zh) * | 2017-06-09 | 2017-08-08 | 山西军昊实业有限公司 | 无缝隙防护屏 |
US11455978B2 (en) * | 2016-12-19 | 2022-09-27 | Liaver Gmbh & Co. Kg | Sound-absorbing construction component having extinguishing profiles and sound protection wall |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102008001176B4 (de) | 2008-04-14 | 2010-01-07 | Bernd Von Hermanni | Formkörper und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Formkörpers |
DE202008005651U1 (de) | 2008-04-24 | 2008-10-30 | Heberger System-Bau Gmbh | Lärmschutzsystem |
DK3310965T3 (da) | 2015-06-19 | 2019-11-04 | Liaver Gmbh&Co Kg | Lydabsorberende byggeelement og lydbeskyttelsesvæg med et sådant byggeelement |
DE102015109808A1 (de) | 2015-06-19 | 2016-12-22 | Liaver Gmbh & Co. Kg | Schallabsorbierendes Bauelement und Schallschutzwand mit einem solchen |
DE102015109807A1 (de) | 2015-06-19 | 2016-12-22 | Liaver Gmbh & Co. Kg | Schallabsorbierendes Bauelement mit Trägerschicht |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3727947C2 (de) | 1987-08-21 | 1993-07-15 | Franz Carl Nuedling Basaltwerke Gmbh & Co Kg, 6400 Fulda, De |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH671054A5 (en) * | 1987-08-31 | 1989-07-31 | Bernward Lemmen | Noise absorbing wall element - with carrier plane for two specified cellular concrete layers and specified surface structure |
DE4408177C2 (de) * | 1994-03-11 | 1997-05-28 | Lias Franken Leichtbau Gmbh | Lärmschutz-Wandteil |
DE29918294U1 (de) * | 1999-10-16 | 2000-03-23 | Grötz, Georg, 76597 Loffenau | Schallschutzwand für Verkehrswege |
WO2003008711A1 (de) * | 2001-07-16 | 2003-01-30 | Paul Andermatt | Schallschutzwand |
-
2003
- 2003-08-20 DE DE10338213A patent/DE10338213A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2004
- 2004-08-20 EP EP04019897A patent/EP1508650B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-08-20 AT AT04019897T patent/ATE384835T1/de active
- 2004-08-20 DE DE502004006013T patent/DE502004006013D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-08-20 PL PL04019897T patent/PL1508650T3/pl unknown
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3727947C2 (de) | 1987-08-21 | 1993-07-15 | Franz Carl Nuedling Basaltwerke Gmbh & Co Kg, 6400 Fulda, De |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2873389A1 (fr) * | 2004-07-23 | 2006-01-27 | Michel Mouly | Dispositif de mur anti-bruit |
CN104532974A (zh) * | 2014-12-26 | 2015-04-22 | 桂林电子科技大学 | 一种公共场合噪声消除装置 |
US11455978B2 (en) * | 2016-12-19 | 2022-09-27 | Liaver Gmbh & Co. Kg | Sound-absorbing construction component having extinguishing profiles and sound protection wall |
CN107022961A (zh) * | 2017-06-09 | 2017-08-08 | 山西军昊实业有限公司 | 无缝隙防护屏 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE502004006013D1 (de) | 2008-03-13 |
DE10338213A1 (de) | 2005-03-10 |
PL1508650T3 (pl) | 2008-07-31 |
ATE384835T1 (de) | 2008-02-15 |
EP1508650B1 (de) | 2008-01-23 |
EP1508650A3 (de) | 2005-12-28 |
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