EP1507274B1 - Erdungsschalter - Google Patents

Erdungsschalter Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1507274B1
EP1507274B1 EP04103896A EP04103896A EP1507274B1 EP 1507274 B1 EP1507274 B1 EP 1507274B1 EP 04103896 A EP04103896 A EP 04103896A EP 04103896 A EP04103896 A EP 04103896A EP 1507274 B1 EP1507274 B1 EP 1507274B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
contact
earthing switch
earthing
switching
switch according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP04103896A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1507274A1 (de
Inventor
Carmelo Gimeno
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Grid Solutions SAS
Original Assignee
Areva T&D SAS
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Application filed by Areva T&D SAS filed Critical Areva T&D SAS
Publication of EP1507274A1 publication Critical patent/EP1507274A1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/12—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage
    • H01H1/36—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by sliding
    • H01H1/365—Bridging contacts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H31/00—Air-break switches for high tension without arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H31/003—Earthing switches

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a gas insulated high or medium voltage earthing switch comprising in an envelope, sealed to be filled with a dielectrically insulating gas, at least one conductive bar to which a ground contact corresponds, a contact of phase fixed to said bar and intended to be electrically connected to the earth contact for the grounding of said bar.
  • the invention is particularly applicable to an earthing switch said high-speed earthing switch, this type of disconnector having a very low switching time through a spring control which avoids the formation of arcing.
  • the object of the invention is to overcome the drawbacks indicated above by providing a more compact and mechanically simple earthing switch which also allows the measurement of the electrical resistance on each busbar when the earthing switch is closed.
  • the subject of the invention is a gas-insulated high or medium voltage earthing disconnector comprising, in an envelope, sealed to be filled with a dielectrically insulating gas, at least one conductive bar to which a earth contact, a phase contact fixed to said bar and intended to be electrically connected to the earth contact for the grounding of said bar, characterized in that the earth contact is fixedly mounted in the envelope facing the contact by leaving a free space with the latter, in that a switching element is mounted movably in the envelope between the phase contact and the earth contact, this switching element comprising, on the one hand, a contact of switching that short-circuits the free space between the phase contact and the earth contact to electrically connect the earth contact and the phase contact when the disconnector is closed and secondly, a support at least partly electrically insulating on which is fixed the switching contact so that the switching contact is electrically isolated from the phase contact and the earth contact in a position of opening of the disconnector.
  • FIG. 1 is a non-limiting example of a three-phase earthing switch according to the invention with a rotary switching element.
  • the earthing switch comprises, in a casing 5 sealed to be filled with a dielectric gas such as SF6, three parallel conducting bars 1 arranged in an equilateral triangle configuration, only two conducting bars 1 being shown in FIG.
  • a ground contact 2 is disposed here in the axial extension of each conducting bar 1 facing a phase contact electrically connected to the corresponding conductive bar.
  • the earth contact and the phase contact are separated from each other by a free space E, this space E being sufficient to provide dielectric insulation.
  • the earth contact and the phase contact are slightly offset from the axis of the corresponding bar if for example the phase contact is mounted on a small tab fixed to the bar and extending transversely thereto. In this case, the contact of earth and the phase contact are still aligned with the axis of the corresponding conductive bar.
  • each earth contact 2 which are fixed in the envelope are respectively associated with the three phase contacts of the conducting bars 1.
  • Each earth contact is mounted through a typically metal cover 3 fixed to the envelope, and is isolated from the lid via an insulating tube T more visible in Figure 1A.
  • the dimensions (in particular the wall thickness of the tube) are intended to hold the insulation between the earth contact and the cover during a voltage pulse typically of the order of a few kilovolts affecting this earth contact.
  • each earth contact 2 forms a grounding plug 4 intended to be connected to the ground and which is also used for measuring the electrical resistance of the associated busbar when the disconnector is closed.
  • the lid 3 which is generally made of the same material as the envelope, typically made of aluminum, sealingly closes the casing 5 of the disconnector, here a metal casing of tubular shape. As can be seen in Figure 1, the cover 3 is disposed at one end of the tubular casing 5, which facilitates the maintenance operations of the earthing switch according to the invention.
  • the earth contacts 2 are electrically insulated from the cover 3.
  • This cover is generally metallic and the potential of the earth as well as the envelope 5 of the disconnector, it can be used to evacuate the currents of the three phases towards the ground during the closing of the switch.
  • this configuration it is no longer possible with this configuration to measure the electrical resistance of a conductor bar, in the closed position of the disconnector, by the connection of a test apparatus to the earth contact corresponding to this bar.
  • the earthing switch described in Figure 1 also comprises in the casing a switching element 6 rotatable in a plane transverse to the bars 1 and which is composed of a support 7 rotatable about an axis R and three contacts 8.
  • the contacts 8 are preferably made of arc-resistant materials, such as copper coated with tungsten.
  • the support 7 is a support at least partly electrically insulating in the shape of a star with three branches, the contacts 8 being fixed at the ends of the branches of the support 7 so that they are electrically isolated from the earth and phase contacts when the earthing switch occupies an open position.
  • the axis R rotation shaft which passes through the lid 3 may be metallic.
  • the earthing switch is closed and the contacts 8 are inserted into the free space E between a ground contact 2 and a phase contact fixed to the corresponding end of a conducting bar 1.
  • This end of the bar In this case, the conductor is advantageously covered with a suitable metal in order to form the phase contact 1A.
  • the contacts 8 are arranged so as to be elastically deformable (here in the axial direction of the bars) to facilitate their insertion between the phase contacts 1A of the busbars 1 and the earth contacts 2.
  • these switching contacts 8 are U-shaped with resilient contact fingers at each end of a branch of the U, so that the current flowing in one branch is opposite to the current flowing in the other branch. tend to move each branch away from each other for high current values. This increases the contact pressure between the contact fingers of a branch of the U and the fixed contact phase or earth on which these fingers support, thus preventing erosion of the contacts.
  • the edges of the contact fingers of a switching contact 8 are rounded for dielectric and mechanical reasons.
  • FIGS. 1B and 1C describe two alternative embodiments of the switching contacts 8.
  • each switching contact 18 has a closed curve shape, for example a partially ovoid shape, fixed to the support 7.
  • Each switching contact 18 can be split by streaks to promote its elasticity.
  • the base material is a good electrical conductor, for example copper-chromium.
  • the curved portions may be tungsten, while the contact points, in the contact position, are placed in an area without tungsten.
  • the closed or ovoid shape may be asymmetrical with respect to the points of contact or symmetrical. With such a form of switching contact 18, the current can take two different paths, symbolized by arrows, on both sides of this closed form, the reaction forces of the current to the switching elements being reduced.
  • Figure 1C illustrates another alternative embodiment of the shape of the contact elements.
  • These contact elements 28 have two rods 28A and 28B fixed on a conductive support. When closing the disconnector, these rods 28A and 28B each enter a socket-shaped female contact 26, fixed in a cavity respectively of the conducting bar 1 '' '' and the earth contact 2 '' ''.
  • One of the two rods 28A is longer than the second rod 28B so that it comes into contact with its female contact 26 of the earth contact 2 '' '' before the second rod 28B comes into contact with its contact female 26 of the conductor bar 1 '' ''. Since these two rods 28A and 28B rotate around the axis of rotation R of the switching element 6, their relative position to their respective female contacts 26 may vary slightly.
  • the female contacts 26 in the form of a tulip are elastic or are fixed so as to be able to make a slight radial movement relative to the rods 28A and 28B.
  • the contact fingers D are covered with an arc-resistant material such as tungsten, so that the tungsten does not touch the surface of the phase and earth contacts but is arranged in front of the contact fingers to receive the electric arc first.
  • the contact area of the contact fingers on the fixed earth and phase contacts is made of copper or brass, preferably galvanized silver.
  • these phase and earth contacts respectively 1A and 2 are covered with an arc-resistant material such as tungsten, for example by fixing (by welding or otherwise) tungsten rings on the edges of the metal. front face and are also galvanized with silver as is known for this type of contact.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 respectively show the switching element 6 when the disconnector is closed and when the disconnector is open.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 show the three-pointed star shape of the support 7 and the contacts 8 arranged in a triangle configuration at the ends of the branches of the support 7.
  • the movable switching element 6 rotates about the axis of rotation R and the switching contacts 8 carried by this element 6 are inserted transversely to the axis of the bars. 1 in the free space between the phase contacts of the busbars 1 and the earth contacts 2.
  • the switching element is rotated by a control (not shown) which is coupled to the axis of rotation R (control shaft) from the outside of the envelope.
  • the switching contacts 8 then provide the electrical connection between the phase contacts of the busbars 1 and the earth contacts 2.
  • FIGs 2 and 3 there is shown contacts 8 with a plurality of elastically deformable contact pins.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 also show that the axis of rotation R of the switching element 6 is disposed in the center of the triangle defined by the equilateral triangle configuration of the conducting bars 1.
  • FIG 3 there is shown the earthing switch in the open position.
  • the switching contacts 8 are arranged in the space between two adjacent busbars. It is advantageous to provide elastic contacts CE fixed to the cover, and in electrical contact with the cover, in order to electrically connect each switching contact to the cover in the open position of the earthing switch.
  • a simple leaf spring attached to the cover may be sufficient for a reliable electrical connection between a switching contact and the cover. This prevents switching contacts 8 are each at a floating potential in the open position, which could cause partial discharges.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 show a three-phase earthing switch, which, unlike the earthing switch shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, has parallel busbars 1 'arranged in a row arrangement; say in an overlay configuration.
  • the switching element 6 ' is mounted sliding in the casing 5 transversely to the busbars 1 ', the switching contacts 8' carried by the switching element 6 'coming into the space left free between the phase contact of each busbar 1' and each earth contact (not shown in these figures).
  • Figure 4 shows the switching element 6 'when the earthing switch is closed and
  • Figure 5 shows the switching element 6' when the earthing switch is open.
  • the switching element 6 ' is composed of a sliding support 7', here a bar of insulating material, on which are fixed in a row configuration three switching contacts 8 'similar to those shown for Figures 1 to 3.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 show a mechanism 9 'transforming a rotary movement about an axis of rotation R' of a lever 11 'into a translational movement of a connecting rod 10' connected to the support 7 ' which is guided in translation in a plane perpendicular to the bars 1 'by guides 12'.
  • the axis of rotation R 'as well as the earth contacts are mounted in a cover which closes the end of the envelope 5.
  • the movable switching element 6' translates and the switching contacts 8 'are inserted transversely to the axis of the busbars 1' in the free space between the phase contacts of the conducting bars 1 'and the earth contacts.
  • the contacts 8 'then provide the electrical connection between the phase contacts of the busbars 1' and the earth contacts 2 '.
  • FIGS. 6 to 8 show a single-phase earthing switch with a rotating mobile switching element 6 ".
  • the earthing switch comprises in the casing 5 a single conducting bar 1 "(with a phase contact 1A '') coaxial with the tubular envelope 5 and a single earth contact 2 '' disposed in the axial extension of the bar 1 "and mounted through the cover 3 '' closing the envelope 5 '' .
  • the switching element 6 '' carries a single switching contact 8 '' as already described above and is mounted on a support 7 '' of insulating material, here a branch of insulating material mounted on a axis of rotation R "through the lid 3".
  • the control of the earthing switch according to the invention is engaged on the axis of rotation R, R ', R''and is preferably arranged on the outside of the lid closing the envelope and therefore in the longitudinal extension of the envelope which further contributes to obtaining a high compactness of the disconnector according to the invention.
  • FIG. 9 to 11 there is shown another arrangement of a single-phase earthing switch according to the invention arranged to be installed on a section of the conductor bar.
  • a disconnector may be in the form of a module with a cylindrical envelope sufficiently short to be able to access the assembly or disassembly of the elements of the disconnector.
  • This envelope surrounds a conductive bar that can be held in position conventionally by insulating supports such as for example two insulating cones attached to both ends of the envelope.
  • Such an earthing switch module is then intended to be interposed in a sealed manner between two shielded appliances (with gas insulation) or between a section of line and a shielded device.
  • the earth contact 2 '' 'and the phase contact 1' '' A are not aligned with the axis of the conducting bar 1 '' '.
  • the phase contact 1 '' 'A is fixed on the side of the conductive bar while the earth contact 2' '' 'is fixed in the envelope 5 facing the phase contact, these two contacts being aligned transversely to the conductive bar leaving a free space E '' 'between them.
  • the switching element 6 '' 'which is rotatable comprises a switching contact 8' '' which is fixed on a rotatable support 7 '' 'about an axis of rotation R' '' passing through the cylindrical wall of the envelope.
  • the rotary support 7 '' ' is at least partly made of an insulating material.
  • FIG. 9 the earthing switch is closed and the switching contact is inserted between the phase and earth contacts in the free space E '''.
  • Figure 10 shows the earthing switch of Figure 9 in the open position while Figure 11 shows the earthing switch in the open position but seen from above.
  • the axis of rotation R '''of the rotary support 7''' is naturally offset from the axis of the conducting bar 1 '''and the rotary support 7'''' is held in position by a bearing P fixed inside the casing and by a leaktight passage TR through which the rotary support 7 '''emerges from the casing to be coupled to a control member.
  • the part of the support 7 ''' which passes through the envelope at the level of the leaktight crossing TR to be made of an insulating material, and this part may advantageously be separable from the remainder of the support 7''' in order to facilitate the mounting of most of the support by the inside of the envelope.
  • FIG. 11 shows an elastic contact CE '' 'on which the switching contact 8' '' comes into electrical contact when the disconnector is fully open.
  • the elastic contacts CE visible in FIGS. 2 and 3, it is thus possible to prevent the switching contact 8 '' 'from being at a floating potential in the fully open position of the disconnector.
  • this arrangement of the earthing switch can be easily extended to a three-phase earthing switch, and more easily in particular to an earthing switch for three conductive bars superimposed in the same envelope.
  • a rotary support formed in part by an insulating rod which is offset from the plane containing the three axes of the busbars.
  • Each of the three switching contacts is then carried by an insulating branch integral with the rod and is thus movable in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the bars. It is possible to provide a modular embodiment of such a three-phase earthing switch, with the advantages of a single control for grounding the three phases and of relative compactness.

Landscapes

  • Gas-Insulated Switchgears (AREA)
  • Driving Mechanisms And Operating Circuits Of Arc-Extinguishing High-Tension Switches (AREA)
  • Switch Cases, Indication, And Locking (AREA)
  • Keying Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Sink And Installation For Waste Water (AREA)
  • Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)

Claims (18)

  1. Erdungstrennschalter mit Gasisolation für Hoch- bzw. Mittelspannung, der in einem Mantel (5), der zum Befüllen mit einem dielektrisch isolierendem Gas dicht verschlossen ist, zumindest eine Stromschiene (1; 1'; 1"; 1"'; 1"") enthält, die einen Erdungskontakt (2; 2"; 2"'; 2"") und einen Phasenkontakt (1A; 1'A; 1 "'A) enthält, der an der Stromschiene befestigt und dazu bestimmt ist, elektrisch an den Erdungskontakt angeschlossen zu werden, um die Stromschiene zu erden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Erdungskontakt (2; 2"; 2"'; 2"") in dem Mantel (5) dem Phasenkontakt (1A, 1'A, 1"'A) gegenüberliegend fest montiert ist, indem er mit dem letztgenannten einen Freiraum (E; E"') definiert, dass ein Umschaltelement (6; 6'; 6"; 6"') in dem Mantel zwischen Phasenkontakt und Erdungskontakt beweglich gelagert ist, wobei dieses Umschaltelement einerseits einen Schaltkontakt (8; 8'; 8"; 8"'; 18; 28) enthält, der den frei gelassenen Raum (E; E"') zwischen Phasenkontakt und Erdungskontakt kurzschließt, um den Erdungskontakt und den Phasenkontakt elektrisch zu verbinden, wenn der Trennschalter geschlossen wird, und andererseits einen zumindest teilweise elektrisch isolierenden Träger (7; 7'; 7") aufweist, an welchem der Umschaltkontakt so befestigt ist, dass in der geöffneten Stellung des Trennschalters der Umschaltkontakt vom Phasenkontakt und vom Erdungskontakt elektrisch isoliert ist.
  2. Trennschalter nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Erdungskontakt (2; 2") und der Phasenkontakt (1A, 1'A) mit der Achse der Stromschiene fluchtend angeordnet sind.
  3. Trennschalter nach Anspruch 2, wobei der Erdungskontakt (2, 2") und der Phasenkontakt (1A, 1'A) in der axialen Verlängerung der Stromschiene angeordnet sind.
  4. Trennschalter nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, wobei der Umschaltkontakt (8, 8', 8") quer zur Stromschiene verlagerbar ist.
  5. Trennschalter nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, mit drei parallelen Stromschienen (1), die in Form eines gleichseitigen Dreiecks angeordnet sind, wobei das Umschaltelement (6) um eine Drehachse (R) drehbar gelagert ist, die im Mittelpunkt des Dreiecks angeordnet ist.
  6. Trennschalter nach Anspruch 5, wobei das Umschaltelement (6) drei Umschaltkontakte (8) enthält, die in Dreiecksform an einem drehbaren Träger (7) montiert sind.
  7. Trennschalter nach Anspruch 6, wobei der drehbare Träger (7) ein sternförmiger Träger mit drei Schenkeln jeweils aus elektrisch isolierendem Material ist.
  8. Trennschalter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, wobei das Umschaltelement (6) an einem den Mantel verschließenden Deckel (3; 3") drehbar gelagert ist.
  9. Trennschalter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, mit zumindest drei parallelen Stromschienen (1'), die in einer Reihe angeordnet sind, wobei das Umschaltelement (6') in dem Mantel quer zu den Stromschienen (1') gleitbeweglich gelagert ist.
  10. Trennschalter nach Anspruch 9, wobei das Umschaltelement (6') drei Umschaltkontakte (8') enthält, die in einer Reihe an einem gleitbeweglichen Träger (7') montiert sind.
  11. Trennschalter nach Anspruch 10, wobei der gleitbewegliche Träger (7') eine Stange aus Isoliermaterial ist.
  12. Trennschalter nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei jeder Umschaltkontakt (8; 8'; 8") elastisch verformbare Kontaktfinger enthält.
  13. Trennschalter nach Anspruch 12, wobei jeder Umschaltkontakt (8; 8'; 8") U-förmig ausgeführt ist und die Kontaktfinger an jedem Ende eines Schenkels der U-Form angeordnet sind, so dass der in einem Schenkel der U-Form fließende Strom dem in dem anderen Schenkel fließenden Strom entgegengesetzt ist, wenn der Umschaltkontakt einen Erdungskontakt und einen Phasenkontakt miteinander verbindet.
  14. Trennschalter nach Anspruch 12, wobei jeder Umschaltkontakt (18) in Form einer geschlossenen Kurve vorliegt und die elastischen Kontaktelemente an zwei Sektoren dieser Kurve angeordnet sind, so dass der Strom, der von der einen Kontaktseite zur anderen fließt, auf die beiden Hälften dieser geschlossenen Kurve aufgeteilt wird, wenn der Umschaltkontakt einen Erdungskontakt und einen Phasenkontakt miteinander verbindet.
  15. Trennschalter nach Anspruch 12, wobei jeder Umschaltkontakt mit zwei Schaltstiften (28A, 28B) versehen ist, die an einem leitenden Träger (28) des Umschaltelements (6) befestigt und dazu bestimmt sind, sich jeweils in einen kelchförmigen Aufnahmekontakt (26) der beiden Kontakte (1 ""; 2"") einzufügen.
  16. Trennschalter nach Anspruch 15, wobei der dem Erdungskontakt (22) entsprechende Schaltstift (28A) länger ist als der andere.
  17. Trennschalter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 16, wobei jeder Erdungskontakt (2; 2"; 2"') an dem Mantel (5) über ein Isolierrohr (T; T") befestigt ist, so dass dieser Erdungskontakt elektrisch vom Mantel isoliert ist.
  18. Trennschalter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 17, wobei zumindest ein elastischer Kontakt (CE; CE") an dem Mantel (5) befestigt ist, um einen Umschaltkontakt (8, 8'; 8"; 8"') elektrisch mit dem Mantel (5) zu verbinden, wenn sich der Erdungstrennschalter in einer vollständig geöffneten Stellung befindet, um ein Schwimmpotential dieses Umschaltkontakts zu vermeiden.
EP04103896A 2003-08-14 2004-08-12 Erdungsschalter Active EP1507274B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0309961 2003-08-14
FR0309961A FR2858879B1 (fr) 2003-08-14 2003-08-14 Sectionneur de terre

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1507274A1 EP1507274A1 (de) 2005-02-16
EP1507274B1 true EP1507274B1 (de) 2006-10-04

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EP04103896A Active EP1507274B1 (de) 2003-08-14 2004-08-12 Erdungsschalter

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US (1) US6995330B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1507274B1 (de)
CN (1) CN1303733C (de)
AT (1) ATE341828T1 (de)
DE (1) DE602004002634T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2858879B1 (de)

Families Citing this family (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4601487B2 (ja) * 2005-05-02 2010-12-22 三菱電機株式会社 ガス絶縁開閉機器
FR2892225B1 (fr) 2005-10-14 2008-09-12 Areva T & D Ag Sectionneur de terre et procede de fabrication d'un tel sectionneur de terre
EP2169794A1 (de) * 2008-09-26 2010-03-31 Eaton Electric B.V. Schaltinstallation mit Bogenschutz und Bogenschutzverfahren
JP5546338B2 (ja) * 2010-04-30 2014-07-09 三菱電機株式会社 ガス絶縁計器用変圧器
CN102568918A (zh) * 2010-12-10 2012-07-11 沈阳工业大学 三相旋转型双断口真空灭弧室
CN102496495B (zh) * 2011-12-20 2014-04-30 施耐德万高（天津）电气设备有限公司 低压隔离开关的储能弹簧操作机构
CN110137021B (zh) * 2018-02-09 2024-05-03 Abb瑞士股份有限公司 包括变压器牵引车的变压器系统

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DE3126745A1 (de) * 1981-07-02 1983-01-20 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Dreipolige kabelanschlusseinheit fuer eine dreipolige metallgekapselte, druckgasisolierte hochspannungsschaltanlage
CN85103335B (zh) * 1985-05-15 1987-11-18 株式会社日立制作所 气体绝缘开关设备的接地开关
GB2193843B (en) * 1986-07-25 1990-05-16 Abimer Pty Ltd Medium voltage switches
SE515106C2 (sv) * 1994-11-28 2001-06-11 Abb Ab Elkopplare för åstadkommande av en snabb kortslutning samt en användning av en sådan elkopplare
DE19612273C1 (de) * 1996-03-28 1997-10-02 E I B S A Kontaktstücke für Lasttrennschalter
FR2805406B1 (fr) * 2000-02-23 2002-08-23 Alstom Commutateur electrique a trois positions avec un element de commutation mobile axialement

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Publication number Publication date
ATE341828T1 (de) 2006-10-15
FR2858879A1 (fr) 2005-02-18
CN1581617A (zh) 2005-02-16
US6995330B2 (en) 2006-02-07
DE602004002634T2 (de) 2007-08-16
DE602004002634D1 (de) 2006-11-16
FR2858879B1 (fr) 2005-10-21
CN1303733C (zh) 2007-03-07
US20050035087A1 (en) 2005-02-17
EP1507274A1 (de) 2005-02-16

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