EP1463218B1 - Verfahren und Ausrüstung zur optischen Filterung - Google Patents

Verfahren und Ausrüstung zur optischen Filterung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1463218B1
EP1463218B1 EP04250981A EP04250981A EP1463218B1 EP 1463218 B1 EP1463218 B1 EP 1463218B1 EP 04250981 A EP04250981 A EP 04250981A EP 04250981 A EP04250981 A EP 04250981A EP 1463218 B1 EP1463218 B1 EP 1463218B1
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Prior art keywords
signal
spectral components
channels
optical
wavelength
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French (fr)
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EP1463218A1 (de
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Juerg Leuthold
Dan Mark Marom
David Thomas Neilson
Roland Ryf
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Nokia of America Corp
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Lucent Technologies Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/29—Repeaters
    • H04B10/291—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form
    • H04B10/299—Signal waveform processing, e.g. reshaping or retiming

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the field of optical communications, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for optical filtering to perform functions such as signal format conversion, signal regeneration, and/or all-optical wavelength conversion.
  • Fiber optic telecommunication networks use optical signals to transmit data and voice information.
  • the data and voice information is typically generated in a transmitter, transmitted over an optical fiber network, switched in cross-connects and routers and finally converted back into an electrical signal in a receiver.
  • an optical filter may be used at several stages. For example, an optical filter may be used in a transmitter to provide signal format conversion. In a transparent network, optical filters might be necessary to regenerate the signal during transmission or to perform all-optical wavelength conversion to avoid wavelength blocking. Finally, optical filters might be needed to compensate for dispersion.
  • An exemplary pulse shaper is outlined in European Patent Application EP 1 237 304 A2 which describes a pulse shaping method through spectral broadening using a combination of properties such as the non-linearity and dispersion of the transmission fibers in a transmission path.
  • Four Wave Mixing (FWM) in a section of Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF) situated in the transmission path is used to broaden the optical spectrum of a pulse traversing the fiber.
  • DMF Dispersion Shifted Fiber
  • SMF Single Mode Fiber
  • a wavelength selection clement such as an optical filter is used to select one or more of the spectral components from the waveform-converted pulse.
  • European Patent Application EP 1 089 401 A1 describes an optical amplifying unit and optical transmission system wherein the amplifying unit is particularly suitable for use in WDM transmission systems. More particularly, the amplifying unit comprises single-mode and single-clad active fibre co-doped with both Er and Yb which are respectively pumped by a first pump source adapted to excite Er by a first pump radiation and a second pump source adapted to excite Yb by a second pump radiation.
  • the amplifier so constructed is preferably used a booster amplifier, or in those applications where a high performance and compact amplifying unit is required.
  • European Patent Application EP 1 065 821 A2 related to an Optical System describes the management and control of the power level of wavelength multiplexed optical signals. More specifically, it describes a system for controlling the power levels of a plurality of optical signals in an optical path, in which the optical signals are spectrally separated and in which the optical path comprises a plurality of optical attenuators, each optical attenuator for attenuating in a different part of the spectrum.
  • United States Patent No. 5,801,858 is directed to a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical amplifier module comprising a first peripheral gain region for amplifying a first multi-channel optical signal; a first splitter connected to the first peripheral gain region for spatially separating the first multi-channel optical signal into a first band optical signal and a second band optical signal according to the wavelength; a central gain region for receiving the first band optical signal and the second band optical signal, separately amplifying them, and providing an amplified first band optical signal and an amplified second band optical signal; a second splitter for recombining the amplified first band optical signal with the amplified second band optical signal into a second multi-channel optical signal; and a second peripheral gain region connected to the second splitter for amplifying the second multi-channel optical signal.
  • WDM wavelength division multiplexing
  • Prior art devices such as pulse shapers have been proposed for modifying the temporal characteristic of a pulse sequence by first spectrally broadening the signal and introducing amplitude and phase masks across the continuous spectrum of the signal using a photorefractive or holographic lens, before recombining the pulses.
  • Such devices are, however, limited in their ability to provide signal processing on individual spectral components of an optical signal
  • an optical filter apparatus for processing an optical signal comprising a spectrum broadening device for spectrally dividing one or more channels of the optical signal into a discrete set of spectral components for each channel, a collector for collecting the spectral components on a discrete number of corresponding light channels, one or more processors for individually processing one or more of the spectral components on the light channels, and a combiner for recombining the spectral components on the light channels.
  • a method of optical filtering comprising spectrally dividing one or more channels of an optical signal into a discrete set of spectral components for each channel, collecting the spectral components on a discrete number of corresponding light channels, individually processing one or more spectral components on the light channels, and recombining the spectral components on the light channels.
  • an optical regenerator comprising a nonlinear medium for encoding information from a first optical signal onto a periodically modulated second optical signal to generate a third optical signal, and an optical filter apparatus operatively coupled to the nonlinear medium for processing the third optical signal.
  • the optical filter apparatus comprises a spectrum broadening device for spectrally dividing the third optical signal into a discrete set of spectral components on a discrete number of corresponding light channels, and one or more processing devices for individually processing one or more of the spectral components on the light channels.
  • the optical filter apparatus is adapted to provide an amplitude, phase and frequency response to produce a desired output signal.
  • the desired output signal may be a regenerated first optical signal.
  • the 'regenerated signal' refers to a signal with an improved pulse shape (e.g. shorter full-width half-maximum (FWHM), improved extinction ratio, improved contrast ratio, improved optical signal-to-noise ratio (ONSR), and/or retiming).
  • FWHM full-width half-maximum
  • ONSR optical signal-to-noise ratio
  • the optical filter 10 preferably comprises a spectrum broadening device 20 for spectrally broadening an optical signal (P in ) introduced into the optical filter 10.
  • the spectrum broadening device 20 spectrally divides one or more channels or wavelengths of the optical signal (P in ) into a discrete set of spectral components. It can be understood by those skilled in the are that the optical signal (P in ) may be a wavelength multiplexed signal.
  • the spectrum broadening device 20 may be realized as an optical prism, a grating, a waveguide grating router, a uniformly or non-uniformly index graded media or by other means known in the art.
  • a collector device operatively coupled to the spectrum broadening device 20 is also included in the optical filter 10 for collecting each of the discrete spectral components of the optical signal (P in ) on a discrete number of corresponding light channels (L 1 ...L N ).
  • the collector device may comprise a plurality of finite mirrors 30a for collecting portions of the spectrum as shown in the embodiment of Fig. 1, or alternatively a plurality of planar waveguides (not shown). It is understood, however, that there are many ways to collect and channel light which can be used in accordance with the present invention.
  • One or more processor devices 30a-30d operatively coupled to the collector devices are preferably provided for individually processing one or more spectral component on the light channels (L 1 ...L N ).
  • the processor devices 30a-30d may include one or more delay devices 30a for providing time delays ( ⁇ t 1 ... ⁇ t N ) for one or more of the spectral components on the light channels (L 1 ...L N ).
  • the collector device 30a may serve as both a collector device, discussed above, and a delay device to provide time delays ( ⁇ t 1 ... ⁇ t N ) for one or more spectral components.
  • the delay provided by the delay devices 30a may be on the order of several hundreds of wavelengths.
  • the processor devices 30a-30d may also include an amplifier/attenuator 30b, a phase shifter 30c and/or a signal processor 30d for providing individual pulse shaping of one or more of the spectral components on the light channels (L 1 ... L N ).
  • a combiner 40 is also preferably provided for recombining the spectral components on the light channels (L 1 ...L N ) into the one or more channels of the optical signal (P in ) to generate an output signal (Pcv).
  • the combiner 40 may be a star coupler, a multimode-interference coupler, a directional coupler, a y-branch coupler, a grating, a waveguide grating router, a lens or the like.
  • the optical filter operates as follows.
  • An optical signal P in is introduced into the optical filter 10 to convert the signal P in into a new signal P CV having desired characteristics.
  • the incoming signal P in is spectrally broadened in the spectrum broadening device 20.
  • the spectral components are collected into a discrete number of light channels (L 1 ,...,L N ).
  • each signal in the channels can be processed individually. For instance one can add individual time delays ( ⁇ t 1 ,... ⁇ t N ), attenuate or amplify each channel individually by factors ( ⁇ 1 ,..., ⁇ N ), change phase-offsets individually ( ⁇ 1 ,..., ⁇ N ) or do signal processing on the individual light channels (p 1 ,..., ⁇ p N ). Signal processing may include turning on and off of individual channels, modulating individual channels, or the like. It can be appreciated by those skilled in the art that all of the aforementioned elements need not be applied to each light channel (e.g. L 3 of Fig. 1), and the order of application may be varied.
  • the light channels are then preferably recombined in a combiner 40.
  • the combiner may be realized as one ore more star couplers, multimode-interference couplers, directional couplers, y-branch couplers, with lenses or by a variety of other means.
  • the recombined signal P CV at the output of the optical filter 10 will then carry the new signal shape, amplitude and phase relation as implemented by the processor devices 30a-30d.
  • the present invention may be adapted to handle wavelength-multiplexed signals.
  • the spectrum broadening device 20 divides the spectral components of one or more different signals (P in.1 ... -P in.m ) into their various spectral components.
  • Each of the m incoming signals can have a different wavelength and each of the signals may be spectrally sliced into N components.
  • the components are guided into N light channels and treated/processed individually by one or more of the processing devices 30a-30d as appropriate for a given application.
  • the signals may then be combined by couplers (C1,....Cm) and/or a second spectrum broadening device 50 (which is used to narrow the spectrum of the spectral components on light channels L 1,1 ...L N,m ).
  • a single spectrum broadening device 50 is used for both combining the spectral slices and combining the signals with different wavelengths.
  • a single spectrum broadening device 40 can be used for both spectrally dividing the input signal(s) and combining the spectral components or slices in a single wavelength application, or, in multiplexed wavelength applications, to divide and combine signals of different wavelengths.
  • Implementations as planar lightwave circuits may make use of waveguide grating router (WGR) for broadening the spectrum and coupling different spectral components into different waveguides that serve as light channels.
  • WGR waveguide grating router
  • the light in the light channels can then be guided into delays to introduce time delays, phase shifters to provide a thermal or electrical phase-shifter, attenuators in the form of absorbing or gain media, or tunable couplers to recombine the spectral components into a signal.
  • MEMS micro-electro-mechanical system
  • a nonlinear media 310 in this example a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA).
  • SOA semiconductor optical amplifier
  • other nonlinear media such as, for example, nonlinear fiber, LiNbO 3 materials, nonlinear glass materials, nonlinear plastics, electroabsorption modulators, semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) materials and/or the like.
  • the signal information (of P in ) is encoded or mapped by means of nonlinear processes (e.g. SOA cross-gain and cross-phase modulation) onto a second signal P CW that is also introduced to the SOA 310.
  • the second signal P CW is preferably a carrier wave signal that has the desired wavelength to be generated by the wavelength conversion.
  • a chirped and inverted signal P inv is generated at the SOA 310 output at the wavelength of the cw light.
  • the amplitude and phase response spectrum of the signal P inv at the input of the optical filter 320 is determined.
  • the time response 330 of the signal that is guided into the SOA 310 and the phase as well as the amplitude response 340 of the signal after the SOA 310 is depicted in Fig. 3.
  • the optical filter 320 is used to perform a linear operation on the input signal P inv such that the output Pcv is a Gaussian shaped signal.
  • the transmission and group delay response 350, 360 of the optical filter 320 of this application is calculated and shown at the bottom of Fig. 3.
  • the approximate transmission and group delay of an optical filter 351, 352, 353, and the approximate group delay 361, 362, 363 of an optical filter that converts the P inv signal back into a Gaussian signal, are also shown as dashed lines.
  • the frequency response spectrum of the filter 320 was divided into a finite number of discrete spectral slices or components that each have a certain amplitude and group delay response.
  • the transmission and group delay spectrum of the optical filter 320 were divided into three spectral slices, two broad spectral slices 351, 352, 361, 362 left and right of the cw signal frequency, and narrow spectral slices 353, 363 around the cw frequency. It is understood that the number of spectral slices can be increased to improve the approximation of the ideal filter.
  • FIG. 4 Details of one embodiment of an optical filter 400 for use with the embodiment of Fig. 3 are shown in Fig. 4.
  • the inverted signal P inv. that is to be filtered is launched through a lens 410 onto a grating 420, which spectrally decomposes the optical signal.
  • Two MEMS mirrors 450, 460 are placed in the extension of the reflected optical signal with a narrow absorbing area therebetween.
  • the two mirrors 450, 460 preferably cover - with respect to the cw wavelength of P CW from which the inverted signal is derived - a 90 GHz red shift and a 90 GHz blue shift region.
  • the MEMS mirrors 450, 460 can be actuated to move back and forth and rotated such that one can introduce time delays as well as attenuation for different spectral components.
  • the optical filter 400 may be used to perform operations as discussed above or alternatively, the optical filter 400 may be used to perform other operation as well.
  • Such a device can be implemented as a 1 X 2 MEMS switch fabric. Switching is obtained by tilting the two mirrors so that the light from the two mirrors either combines in a first or the second output fiber.
  • the optical filter of one embodiment of the present invention can also be understood as follows.
  • the inverted signal P inv comprises two main spectral components.
  • the main components are the red chirped spectral part that is due to the initial carrier depletion within the SOA and the subsequent blue-chirped part that is due to the subsequent carrier relaxation in the SOA.
  • the optical filter of one embodiment of the present invention basically delays the red with respect to the blue-chirped signal and combines them by means of signal beating.
  • test result discussed below show that noninverted wavelength conversion as well as bit-inverted all-optical wavelength conversion can be accomplished using a system and method according to embodiments of the invention.
  • results of the noninverted 40 Gb/s wavelength conversion experiment and the results for the bit-inverted wavelength conversion are discussed below.
  • the pulse width regeneration is obtained as a result of the signal beating between the two spectral components.
  • the eye diagrams were taken with input signal powers of 3 dBm and a cw signal power of 6.8 dBm. All signal powers were measured in the fiber before the device.
  • Bit-inverted conversion is obtained when the blue chirped spectral components are delayed by approximately 12 ps with respect to the red-chirped spectral components and when the cw spectral component passes unfiltered.
  • the mirrors only need to be activated and moved to other positions in order to change the format.
  • bit-inverted wavelength conversion with as little as about -16 dBm (i.e. 0.6 fJ per pulse) leads to bit error rates below about 1 ⁇ 10 -9
  • the input dynamic range exceeds 20 dB when the cw signal P CW is adapted to the power of the input signal P in , and the input dynamic range is approximately 11 dB when the cw signal P CW is locked at -4.5 dBm.
  • an optical filter is not necessary for performing bit-inverted all-optical wavelength conversion.
  • an optical filter according to an embodiment of the invention when an optical filter according to an embodiment of the invention is not used the quality is poor. This is seen from the eye diagram in Fig. 6, where we show the situation of an input signal at - 9 dBm launched into the SOA without an optical filter (bottom eye diagram) and with an optical filter (top eye diagram). Not only is the eye much wider and less noisy but also the measured signal quality is much better with the optical filter.
  • a modulated or clock input signal is used to provide an all-optical 3R regenerator.
  • this can be realized by replacing the cw signal with a clock signal.
  • the info of the input signal is mapped by means of the nonlinear media onto the clock signal.
  • a converted output signal will be generated for the time of the duty cycle of the clock signal.
  • the inverted clock signal is then guided into the filter and reformatted. This new regenerated signal has the timing of the clock signal and is therefore retimed.
  • an optical regenerator comprises a nonlinear medium for encoding information from a first optical signal onto a second periodically modulated optical signal to generate a third optical signal.
  • An optical filter apparatus is operatively coupled to the nonlinear medium for processing the third optical signal.
  • the optical filter apparatus comprises a spectrum broadening device for spectrally dividing the third optical signal into a discrete set of spectral components on a discrete number of corresponding light channels.
  • One or more processing devices are provided for individually processing one or more of the spectral components on the light channels.
  • the optical filter apparatus is adapted to provide an amplitude, phase and frequency response to produce a desired output signal.
  • an optical filter comprises a nonlinear medium for modifying a first optical signal and generating a modified second optical signal.
  • An optical filter apparatus is operatively coupled to the nonlinear medium for processing the modified second optical signal.
  • the optical filter apparatus comprises a spectrum broadening device for spectrally dividing the third optical signal into a discrete set of spectral components on a discrete number of corresponding light channels.
  • One or more processing devices are provided for individually processing one or more of the spectral components on the light channels.
  • the optical filter apparatus is adapted to provide an amplitude, phase and frequency response to produce a desired output signal.
  • 'desired output signal' refers to reformatted signals, regenerated signals and/or the like.
  • the number of processor steps/devices introduced in the optical filter may determine the signal quality.
  • the number of steps/devices needed also depends on the shape of the optical filter to be approximated. In general, one can perform any pulse transformation between two pulses as long as the needed transformation is linear and time-invariant. Even if the system is not totally linear and/or time-invariant, there exist solutions that will allow one to apply the present invention.
  • one embodiment of the method of optical filtering of the invention comprises spectrally dividing one or more channels of an optical signal into a discrete set of spectral components for each channel; collecting the spectral components on a discrete number of corresponding light channels; individually processing one or more of the spectral components on the light channels; and recombining the spectral components on the light channels into the one or more channels of the optical signal.
  • Processing one or more of the spectral components preferably comprises providing a group delay for one or more spectral components. The group delay may be on the order of several hundreds of wavelengths.
  • Processing one or more of the spectral components may also comprise providing time delay, attenuation, amplification, phase shifting and/or other signal processing. Processing one or more of the spectral components may also comprise providing individual pulse shaping of one or more discrete spectral components.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
  • Optical Communication System (AREA)
  • Spectrometry And Color Measurement (AREA)
  • Optical Filters (AREA)
  • Filtering Materials (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Optisches Filtergerät zum Verarbeiten eines wellenlängengemultiplexten optischen Eingangssignals mit einer Mehrzahl von einen Bestandteil davon bildenden Eingangssignalkanälen in ein wellenlängengemultiplextes optisches Ausgangssignal, gekennzeichnet durch:
    eine Spektrumverbreiterungsvorrichtung (20) zum Empfangen, Verbreitern und Auseinandertrennen jedes dieser Eingangssignalkanäle in eine entsprechende Menge von Spektralkomponenten, jeweils eine Menge für jeden der Eingangssignalkanäle;
    eine entsprechende Menge von Lichtkanälen (L1,1 ... LN,1 ... L1,m ... LN,m) - jeweils einen Lichtkanal für jede dieser Spektralkomponenten - zum Empfangen und Leiten der entsprechenden Spektralkomponente, wobei jeder dieser Lichtkanäle folgendes enthält:
    einen oder mehrere Prozessoren (30a, 30b, 30c, 30d) zum gezielten Verarbeiten der Spektralkomponente in dem bestimmten Lichtkanal;
    eine entsprechende Menge von Spektralkomponentenkombinierern (40a, 40b), jeweils einen für jede Menge von Lichtkanälen, zum Kombinieren der Spektralkomponenten in der entsprechenden Menge von Lichtkanälen in einen entsprechenden Ausgangssignalkanal; und
    einen Ausgangssignalkombinierer zum Kombinieren der Ausgangssignalkanäle in das wellenlängengemultiplexte optische Ausgangssignal;
    wobei jeder dieser Eingangssignalkanäle einer bestimmten Wellenlänge entspricht und jeder dieser Ausgangssignalkanäle einer bestimmten Wellenlänge entspricht.
  2. Gerät nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Spektrumverbreiterungsvorrichtung eine aus der aus einem optischen Prisma, einem Gitter, einem Wellenleitergitterrouter und einem Gradientenindex-Medium bestehenden Gruppe ausgewählte ist.
  3. Gerät nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Lichtkanäle aus einer Gruppe ausgewählt werden, die aus einer Mehrzahl von planaren Wellenleitern und einer Mehrzahl von endlichen Spiegeln besteht.
  4. Gerät nach Anspruch 1, wobei der eine oder die mehreren Prozessoren eine Verzögerungsvorrichtung zur Bereitstellung einer Verzögerung für die Spektralkomponente einschließen.
  5. Gerät nach Anspruch 4, wobei die Verzögerung im wesentlichen mehrere hunderte von Wellenlängen beträgt.
  6. Gerät nach Anspruch 1, wobei der eine oder die mehreren Prozessoren mindestens einen von einem Dämpfungsglied, einem Verstärker, einem Phasenverschieber und/oder einem Signalprozessor zur Bereitstellung einzelner Pulsformung einer oder mehrerer der Spektralkomponenten einschließen.
  7. Gerät nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Spektralkomponentenkombinierer aus der Gruppe ausgewählt wird, die aus einem Sternkoppler, einem Mehrmodeninterferenzkoppler, einem Richtkoppler, einem Y-Zweigkoppler und einer Linse besteht.
  8. Gerät nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Spektralkomponentenkombinierer und der Signalkanälekombinierer der gleiche Kombinierer sind.
  9. Verfahren zum optischen Filtern eines wellenlängengemultiplexten optischen Eingangssignals mit einer Mehrzahl von einen Bestandteil davon bildenden Eingangssignalkanälen (Pin,1 ... Pin,m) in ein wellenlängengemultiplextes optisches Ausgangssignal, gekennzeichnet durch folgende Schritte:
    Empfangen, Verbreitern und Auseinandertrennen jedes dieser Eingangssignalkanäle in eine entsprechende Menge von Spektralkomponenten, jeweils eine Menge für jeden der Eingangssignalkanäle;
    Empfangen und Leiten jeder Menge von Spektralkomponenten in eine entsprechende Menge von Lichtkanälen (L1,1 ... LN,1 ... L1,m ... LN,m) - jeweils einen Lichtkanal für jede dieser Spektralkomponenten;
    gezieltes Verarbeiten einer oder mehrerer der Spektralkomponenten in jedem der Lichtkanäle durch die Wirkung eines oder mehrer, in jedem der Lichtkanäle enthaltenen Prozessoren (30a, 30b, 30c, 30d);
    Kombinieren der Spektralkomponenten in jeder Menge von Lichtkanälen in den jeweiligen Ausgangssignalkanal; und
    Kombinieren der Ausgangssignalkanäle in das wellenlängengemultiplexte optische Ausgangssignal;
    wobei jeder dieser Eingangssignalkanäle einer bestimmten Wellenlänge entspricht und jeder dieser Ausgangssignalkanäle einer bestimmten Wellenlänge entspricht.
  10. Verfahren nach Anspruch 9, wobei die Verarbeitung der einen oder mehreren Spektralkomponenten die Bereitstellung mindestens eines von Signalverzögerung, Dämpfung, Verstärkung, Phasenverschiebung und sonstiger Signalverarbeitung umfaßt.
EP04250981A 2003-03-25 2004-02-24 Verfahren und Ausrüstung zur optischen Filterung Expired - Lifetime EP1463218B1 (de)

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US10/396,238 US6922502B2 (en) 2003-03-25 2003-03-25 Optical filtering method and apparatus

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JP2004295127A (ja) 2004-10-21
US20040190823A1 (en) 2004-09-30
DE602004004299D1 (de) 2007-03-08
EP1463218A1 (de) 2004-09-29
DE602004004299T2 (de) 2007-07-05
ATE352134T1 (de) 2007-02-15
US6922502B2 (en) 2005-07-26
JP4549710B2 (ja) 2010-09-22

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