EP1459046A2 - Verfahren zur bestimmung von phasenverteilungskoeffizenten sowie eine f r das verfahren geeignete vorrichtung - Google Patents
Verfahren zur bestimmung von phasenverteilungskoeffizenten sowie eine f r das verfahren geeignete vorrichtungInfo
- Publication number
- EP1459046A2 EP1459046A2 EP02794993A EP02794993A EP1459046A2 EP 1459046 A2 EP1459046 A2 EP 1459046A2 EP 02794993 A EP02794993 A EP 02794993A EP 02794993 A EP02794993 A EP 02794993A EP 1459046 A2 EP1459046 A2 EP 1459046A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- gas
- sample
- housing
- air
- soil
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/40—Concentrating samples
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/14—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by using distillation, extraction, sublimation, condensation, freezing, or crystallisation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/40—Concentrating samples
- G01N1/405—Concentrating samples by adsorption or absorption
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/40—Concentrating samples
- G01N1/4055—Concentrating samples by solubility techniques
- G01N2001/4066—Concentrating samples by solubility techniques using difference of solubility between liquid and gas, e.g. bubbling, scrubbing or sparging
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for determining the phase distribution coefficients of substances for the gas / liquid and gas / solid compartments, in particular in the soil-air and water-air systems, and to a device suitable for the method.
- the Henry coefficient (K H ) describes the equilibrium distribution of a substance between the compartments water and air, ie it represents the ratio of the substance concentration in the air to the substance concentration in the water in the equilibrium;
- the soil-air distribution coefficient describes the equilibrium distribution between the compartments soil and air.
- the "gas-saving" method for determining the HENRY constants of high molecular weight and halogenated Hydrocarbons are based on the isothermal extraction of the compounds from concentrated aqueous solutions by introducing nitrogen streams (Mackay et al., Environ. Sci. Techno 1. 1979, 13, 333-337).
- the analytical detection limits represent a problem in the characterization of temperature and soil moisture influences, so that it is currently not possible to quantify these influences with sufficient accuracy.
- a problem with the use of dynamic methods is the establishment of equilibrium, ie even the use of low flow velocities does not guarantee that the “contact time” between the compartments surface-air or water-air is sufficient to establish concentration equilibria in the case of low-volatility connections
- the decisive factor for determining the distribution coefficient is the establishment of the equilibrium between the air and the upper soil layer, which is in direct contact with the air. that the interaction with the air does not lead to an "emptying" of the upper soil layer.
- the loss of substance on the surface must be compensated for by diffusion from lower layers of soil, the diffusion process being opposed by the possible sorption on the soil.
- this kinetic problem requires the measurement of temporally non-constant distribution coefficients.
- no equipment is currently used which allows the measurement of water-air as well as surface-air distribution coefficients by means of equipment modifications.
- the object of the invention to provide a method and a device with which the phase distribution coefficients of substances in the phase systems liquid / gas and solid / gas, in particular water-air and soil-air, can be determined. Furthermore, the accuracy of the method should be so great that the distribution coefficients of very low volatility compounds can also be determined. These can be pesticides, PCBs or PAHs, for example. Furthermore, the disadvantages mentioned above are to be eliminated.
- the figures show an example of an embodiment of the device according to the invention. It shows :
- Fig.l housing of the device according to the invention
- Fig.2 Connector of the housing acc. Fig.l Fig.2a: top view of the connector
- Fig.2b Plug for a connector
- Fig.2c Guide sleeve for the axle
- Fig.3 A rotating roller for the device
- Fig. 4 An axle equipped with propellers, with openings.
- Fig. 5 A sample container
- Fig.5a Cross section of the sample container
- FIG. 1 shows a cylindrical housing 1 which has a cooling jacket 2. Which is equipped with a coolant connection 3a, b. Connections 4a, b, c for the introduction of sensors for the measurement of, for example, temperature or air humidity, which connect the interior of the housing 1 with the environment, pass through the cooling jacket 2.
- Figure 2 shows a connector 5 which is placed on the ends of the housing 1. It has an opening 6 in the center, which is equipped with a connector 7. Furthermore, two further connecting pieces 8 a, b are attached to the connecting piece 5.
- FIG. 2a the same device features are assigned the same reference symbols as in FIG. 2a.
- Fig. 2b shows a plug 15 for the connector 7.
- Fig. 2c a guide piece 16 for the axis of the roller in Fig. 3 and the propeller axis in Fig. 4 is shown.
- a rotary roller 9 is shown in FIG. It can be inserted into the housing 1, and its ends 10a, b protrude through the opening 6 of the connector 5.
- FIG. 4 shows an axis 11 with openings 12a, b, c, d ... and propellers 13a, b, c.
- the axis 11 can be inserted into the housing 1 as an alternative to the rotary roller 9.
- FIG. 5 shows a sample container 14 which can be introduced into the housing 1.
- the Henry constant is the same size as the phase distribution coefficient, but this is called the Henry constant for the water-air system.
- the sample container 14 and the rotating roller 9 are inserted into the housing 1.
- aqueous solution of a test substance is placed in the sample container 14.
- the rotating roller 9 is immersed in the sample container and, due to its rotation, picks up a film of water which comes into contact with the air in the chamber.
- Both the rotating roller 9 and the sample container 14 and the housing 1 are preferably made of glass, since it has the lower tendency to adsorb with respect to the compound to be examined.
- the surface of the rotary roller 9 is roughened, so that the wetting of the surface of the rotary roller 9 with water is particularly facilitated.
- the surface of the liquid is enlarged by the rotating roller 9.
- Such a roughened surface of the rotary roller 9 can be achieved, for example, by subjecting the surface of the rotary roller 9 to sand blasting.
- air is fed into the housing, for example via the connecting pieces 8 a, b, which air is brought into contact with the surface of the water film located on the rotating roller 9.
- the air flow introduced through the connecting pieces 8 a, b can emerge from the device on the opposite side of the housing 1.
- the housing 1 and, connected to it, the furnishing elements located therein can be temperature-controlled by a coolant which flows through the cooling jacket 2.
- Coolant in the sense of the invention does not necessarily mean a means which only serves to cool the device, rather it should be a medium which, with a freely selectable temperature, enables the setting of a desired temperature of the device.
- a thermostat can be used for temperature control. In this way, the dependence of the phase distribution coefficient on the temperature can be determined by varying the temperature.
- the air flow introduced into the housing 1 is cleaned beforehand. This can be done, for example, by passing it through an adsorbent. For example, activated carbon can be used as the adsorbent.
- a preliminary test is preferably carried out.
- the sample is subjected to a suitable period of time, which is preferably as long lasts like the following measurement, overflows with air and measures whether or to what extent the concentration of the test substance in the air decreases during the measurement time.
- the concentration of the compound to be investigated in the gas phase can also be measured continuously during the test Soil is used instead of water in the sample container 14.
- the soil is first brought into contact with a defined amount of water in order to define defined moisture guarantee conditions.
- the selected soil is mixed with the compound to be investigated and homogenized with a defined volume of water to adjust the soil moisture.
- the base pretreated in this way is transferred into the sample container 14 and introduced with it into the housing 1, which is then closed.
- the rotary roller 9 occurs at Water experimental arrangement an axis 11, which are equipped with openings 12a, b, c, d and propellers 13a, b, c.
- the openings 12a, b, c, d can also be designed as nozzles.
- the openings 12a, b, c, d are only on one half of the axis 11, and preferably that one which faces away from the outlet side for the air on the housing 1.
- This one-sided distribution of the openings 12a, b, c, d has the effect that the air carried in does not leave the housing 1 as soon as possible on the outlet side, so that the contact time is not shortened.
- Propellers 13a, b, c are preferably attached to the axis 11 with a regular distribution, which cause a mixing of the air phase over the soil to be examined.
- the axis 11 is inserted into the housing 1, stored in the opening 6, and caused to rotate.
- the entire housing with the connection pieces is sealed airtight from the outside air.
- the axis 11 with the openings 12a, b, c, d and the propellers 13a, b, c, d is set in rotation.
- air is supplied via the interior of the axis 11, which exits through the openings 12a, b, c, d and is evenly distributed by the propellers 13a, b, c.
- the air supplied through the axis 11 and the openings 12a, b, c, d is preferably pretreated in this test setup.
- foreign components are filtered out by adsorbents.
- Activated carbon for example, can be used as the adsorbent.
- the air entering the housing 1 is set to a precise air humidity in a defined manner. This for example by passing the air through wash bottles filled with water.
- the entry region of the axis 11 is preferably connected to two wash bottles, one of which is filled with activated carbon and the other with water.
- By feeding the incoming air with water drying out of the soil is prevented during the test period.
- the air emerging at the end of the housing is again collected and subjected to a quantitative analysis.
- the sample presented preferably has a mass of 500 g - 2500 g, since the distribution coefficient of particularly difficultly volatile substances can be measured particularly well in this mass range.
- the detection limit approximately 1 ⁇ g
- PAH 0.5 g and pesticide 50 g found.
- the minimum amount of compound to be examined which is in the soil or more generally in the sample, should not be less than about 50 ng.
- the sample can also be presented in the housing 1 without a sample container 14.
- the air entering either through the connection piece 5 or through the openings 12 of the axis 11 is drawn off through the housing 1 by means of a pump and collected for analytical purposes.
- the key here is that no air, which is loaded with the test substance desorbed either from the water or from the soil, is lost.
- the air is collected through an adsorption tube, which is selected depending on the substance being investigated, and released for quantification of the adsorbed compound in a thermodesorption system, in order to be analyzed in a coupled gas chromatograph with a mass-selective detector.
- any suitable device for quantitative analysis can also be used.
- UV spectrometers or NMR devices can be used.
- the quantification of the compound to be examined in the compartments soil / air or water / air enables the calculation of the distribution coefficient.
- the environmental parameters within the housing 1 are maintained in a defined manner. Air sampling is carried out under quasi-equilibrium conditions and the equilibrium concentrations in the compartments soil, water and air are determined by overcoming analytical detection limits when using non-volatile compounds.
- the device according to the invention enables simple apparatus conversions if it is necessary to switch between measurements of systems water / air and soil / air.
- the distribution coefficients or Henry constants of low-volatility compounds, such as PCBs and PAHs, can now be determined.
- PCB 28, PCB 52, for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as fluoranthene and benzo [a] pyrene, and for pesticides called parathion-methyl, fenpropimorph, terbuthylazine and chlorpyrifos become.
- PAHs polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- the distribution coefficients can be measured depending on the temperature and / or air humidity.
- the device and method according to the invention can also be used to determine the phase distribution coefficient of a sample with gases other than air.
- Air concentration C A mass of the adsorbed compound [ ⁇ g] / exchanged air volume in the test period [dm 3 ].
- Air concentration C A mass of the adsorbed pesticide [ ⁇ g] / exchanged air volume in the test period [dm 3 ].
- the central component of the phase distribution chamber (SWAP-C: Soil -Water-Air-Parti tioning-Chamber) consists of a double-walled Duran glass tube (length: 1 m) with an inner diameter of 15 cm, to which the expansion bellows and glass thread sketched in Fig. 1 (GL18) for connecting cooling hoses and for taking up temperature or air humidity sensors.
- the glass tube can be sealed gas-tight on both sides by sealing caps (Fig. 2), sealing rings and quick-release fasteners. Ball joints for guiding the axes (FIGS. 3 and 4) are mounted centrally in the caps.
- a receiving device for soil or water (FIG. 5) is inserted into the glass tube.
- Soil-air distribution coefficients are determined by using a glass axis (Fig. 4) with propeller blades made of borofloat glass, which is adjusted centrally within the glass tube and the ends of which protrude outwards on both sides through the spherical sections of the sealing caps.
- the axis is connected to a KPG agitator on one side of the apparatus by using a KPG sleeve (FIG. 2c).
- An additional hole in the cap (Fig. 2 ref. 7) enables the connection of an air sampling system, which consists of thermal desorption tubes and a pump.
- the adsorption material to be used is selected depending on the compound to be investigated.
- the performance of the pump allows an air flow between 0.1 and 1.5 1 "" 1 to be passed through the apparatus.
- the axis which is hollow in the front and provided with holes for air to enter the distribution chamber, is connected to two wash bottles by hose connections.
- the first wash bottle is used to filter air with activated carbon, while the second bottle, filled with water, causes the air to be saturated with water before it enters the axis or the glass tube, thereby preventing the soil from drying out during the test period.
- the selected soil is mixed with the compound to be examined and homogenized with a defined volume of water to adjust the soil moisture.
- the soil pretreated in this way is transferred to the soil storage container and the chamber is then closed.
- a constant temperature is set in the system with the help of a thermostat and the air in the chamber is mixed by the propeller blades.
- a defined air flow is passed through the chamber by means of the suction pump of the air sampling system and the compounds contained in the emerging air are filtered out with the aid of the adsorption material used.
- the time intervals for changing the adsorption tubes are selected depending on the object to be examined.
- a gas chromatograph with a mass selective detector (GC-MSD) coupled to a thermode sorption system is used to quantify the adsorbed compounds. The quantification of the compound to be investigated in the compartments soil and air enables the distribution coefficient to be determined by calculation.
- GC-MSD mass selective detector
- the water-air distribution coefficients are determined by changing the above. Construction. Instead of the axis provided with propeller blades, a sandblasted roller (Fig. 3) is fixed inside the chamber. This roller is not provided with air holes, so that the air is supplied through a hole in the cap, the use of a second wash bottle for water saturation of the air is omitted.
- An aqueous solution of the compound to be investigated with a known concentration is filled into the receptacle. During the test, the rotating roller is immersed in the solution, which creates a thin film of liquid on the sandblasted roller, thereby increasing the surface area. Thermostatization, air sampling and analysis are carried out analogously to the method described above.
- the soil storage densities and the soil-air distribution coefficient can be determined by considering different classes of compounds, which are necessary for the adsorption of sufficient substance quantities and thus for the detection limits to be exceeded.
- a prerequisite for a successful adjustment is, however, that the equilibrium in the soil-air system takes place sufficiently quickly and that the system is in a quasi-equilibrium during the test period and is not produced by "excessive imbalance conditions" through high flow rates.
- the existence of an equilibrium can be within of preliminary tests by means of concentration measurements at regular intervals, constant air concentrations indicate the existence of an equilibrium.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10162852A DE10162852A1 (de) | 2001-12-20 | 2001-12-20 | Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Phasenverteilungskoeffizienten sowie eine für das Verfahren geeignete Vorrichtung |
DE10162852 | 2001-12-20 | ||
PCT/DE2002/004550 WO2003054522A2 (de) | 2001-12-20 | 2002-12-12 | Verfahren zur bestimmung von phasenverteilungskoeffizenten sowie eine für das verfahren geeignete vorrichtung |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1459046A2 true EP1459046A2 (de) | 2004-09-22 |
Family
ID=7710111
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02794993A Withdrawn EP1459046A2 (de) | 2001-12-20 | 2002-12-12 | Verfahren zur bestimmung von phasenverteilungskoeffizenten sowie eine f r das verfahren geeignete vorrichtung |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20050074366A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1459046A2 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4099148B2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE10162852A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2003054522A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN110927023A (zh) * | 2019-11-18 | 2020-03-27 | 暨南大学 | 一种测定强疏水性有机物平衡分配系数的装置及方法 |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2631727A (en) * | 1949-12-27 | 1953-03-17 | Gulf Research Development Co | Adsorption process and apparatus |
CA1116065A (en) * | 1978-06-24 | 1982-01-12 | Isao Isa | Method and apparatus for automatically determining chlorine and chlorine dioxide concentrations |
JPS5827461B2 (ja) * | 1978-11-02 | 1983-06-09 | 日本カ−リツト株式会社 | 自動分析方法 |
GB2168904B (en) * | 1984-11-30 | 1988-01-27 | Ceskoslovenska Akademie Ved | Method of circulation of liquid phase through a solid phase particularly for biocatalytical reactions and a device for realization thereof |
-
2001
- 2001-12-20 DE DE10162852A patent/DE10162852A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2002
- 2002-12-12 US US10/499,746 patent/US20050074366A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-12-12 WO PCT/DE2002/004550 patent/WO2003054522A2/de active Application Filing
- 2002-12-12 JP JP2003555186A patent/JP4099148B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-12-12 EP EP02794993A patent/EP1459046A2/de not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO03054522A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2003054522A2 (de) | 2003-07-03 |
US20050074366A1 (en) | 2005-04-07 |
JP2005513474A (ja) | 2005-05-12 |
JP4099148B2 (ja) | 2008-06-11 |
WO2003054522A3 (de) | 2003-09-25 |
DE10162852A1 (de) | 2003-07-10 |
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RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: WOLTERS, ANDRE Inventor name: SMITH, KILIAN, ERIC, CHRISTOPHER Inventor name: SMELT, JOHAN Inventor name: LINNEMANN, VOLKER Inventor name: D'ORSANEO, GIOVANNI |
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Effective date: 20081203 |