EP1436589A2 - Procede de detection de particules dans un flux gazeux et detecteur utilise - Google Patents

Procede de detection de particules dans un flux gazeux et detecteur utilise

Info

Publication number
EP1436589A2
EP1436589A2 EP02785044A EP02785044A EP1436589A2 EP 1436589 A2 EP1436589 A2 EP 1436589A2 EP 02785044 A EP02785044 A EP 02785044A EP 02785044 A EP02785044 A EP 02785044A EP 1436589 A2 EP1436589 A2 EP 1436589A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrode
electrodes
sensor according
dielectric layer
dielectric
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP02785044A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Bernhard Sprenger
Thomas Wahl
Reinhard Pfendtner
Thomas Brinz
Kai Baldenhofer
Thomas Grau
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE10244702A external-priority patent/DE10244702A1/de
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP1436589A2 publication Critical patent/EP1436589A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/06—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions
    • G01N15/0656—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions using electric, e.g. electrostatic methods or magnetic methods
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/92—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating breakdown voltage

Definitions

  • the invention is based on a method or a sensor for detecting particles in a gas stream, in particular soot particles in an exhaust gas stream, in accordance with the type defined in more detail in the preamble of the independent claims.
  • soot particles In diesel combustion engines in particular, it is very important to keep the level of soot particles discharged to the environment as low as possible. For this purpose, it is expedient to monitor the emission of soot particles in the operating state of the internal combustion engine by arranging a sensor in the exhaust line.
  • the sensor can be downstream or upstream of a soot filter arranged in the exhaust line. be introduced. If the sensor is introduced into the exhaust line downstream of the soot filter, the sensor can also be used to check the functionality of the soot filter.
  • soot particles in an exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, i.e. in standard engine operation to measure changes in engine behavior, e.g. due to a malfunction to be able to detect immediately.
  • a sensor for the detection of soot particles in a gas stream is known from German Offenlegungsschrift DE 198 53 841 AI.
  • This sensor is used in particular for the detection of soot particles in an exhaust line of a motor vehicle with a diesel internal combustion engine and comprises a first electrode or central electrode, which is connected to a high-voltage source, and a second electrode or ground electrode, which has the same potential as the exhaust line made of metal lies.
  • a measure of the concentration of soot particles in the exhaust gas either the minimum level of the electrical voltage at which sparks occur between the two electrodes or, if the electrical voltage is kept constant, the size of the ionization current flowing between the two electrodes is used.
  • an apparatus for treating an exhaust gas which comprises two electrodes arranged in the manner of a plate capacitor, at least one of which is provided with a dielectric.
  • the device works on the principle of dielectric barrier discharge. However, this device cannot be used to infer a concentration of particles in the gas stream in question.
  • the method and the sensor for the detection of particles in a gas stream, in particular of soot particles in an exhaust gas stream, with the features according to the preamble of the independent claims, have the advantage over the use of the dielectric barrier discharge, a measurement of a particle concentration, in particular a soot particle concentration to enable. This advantageously avoids sparks between the electrodes, so that when using the sensor z. B. a high electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the sensor in the overall system is achieved in an exhaust line.
  • EMC electromagnetic compatibility
  • the sensor used regenerates itself through the measurement process, i.e. Particles influencing the process of the dielectric barrier discharge, in particular soot particles, which can be detected by influencing the discharge process, are burned by the discharge at the same time, so that the sensor is always ready for measurement.
  • the measures listed in the dependent claims allow advantageous developments and improvements of the methods and the sensor specified in the independent claims. Due to a dielectric that can be configured as insulation for at least one of the electrodes, the installation of the electrodes in an exhaust gas line is also simple, since essentially no contamination of the electrode provided with the coating can occur due to the exhaust gas. The design as an insulation layer also increases the operational reliability of the method or the sensor.
  • the sensor according to the invention can be designed, for example, to be arranged in an exhaust line of a motor vehicle with a diesel engine or a gasoline engine, or also for use in the field of domestic engineering for an oil heater.
  • the sensor also enables a simple and inexpensive check of the functionality of filters, in particular soot filters.
  • the sensor can be arranged in a suitably designed or adapted housing or holder.
  • the insulating material is expediently formed by a ceramic.
  • a ceramic is a wear-resistant material.
  • the sensor according to the invention is particularly advantageous if both the ground electrode and the further electrode are each formed with a coating of an insulating material.
  • the sensor can have very different geometries.
  • the electrodes consist of plates arranged essentially parallel to one another. These two plates are each provided with a coating of the insulating material, for example.
  • the one electrode can be cylindrical, the second electrode being arranged in the axis of the cylindrical first electrode.
  • the cylindrical ground electrode in this embodiment expediently has axial slots formed on the circumference.
  • an alternating voltage is preferably present between the electrodes, which is between 1 kV and 10 kV.
  • the level of the high voltage used is fundamentally dependent on the distance between the two electrodes and the thickness of the coating acting as a dielectric.
  • the particle flows measured by means of the sensor are in the microampere or milliampere range.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a soot sensor according to the invention in a perspective view
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of a soot sensor in a perspective view
  • FIG. 3 shows a more detailed illustration of a sensor according to the invention which is fastened in a holder in one Longitudinal section
  • Figure 4 a to c another embodiment Figure 5 a to c another alternative embodiment
  • Figure 6 an evaluation circuit.
  • the sensor 1 shows a sensor 1 for the detection of soot particles in an exhaust gas stream of a motor vehicle.
  • the sensor 1 shown is thus designed for installation in an exhaust line and is accommodated for this purpose in a holder, not shown here, which can be attached to the exhaust line.
  • the direction of flow of the exhaust gas in the exhaust line is shown by an arrow X.
  • the sensor 1 is constructed in the manner of a plate capacitor and comprises a first electrode 2 designed as a plate and a second electrode 3 also designed as a plate.
  • the electrodes are made of steel, for example. Alternatively, platinum can be used, or electrodes coated with platinum can be used.
  • a high voltage of approximately 5 kV is applied to the first electrode 2 via a high-voltage line 4.
  • the applied high voltage is an AC voltage with a frequency of approximately 10 kHz.
  • the second electrode 3 is connected to ground via a ground line 5 and therefore forms the so-called ground electrode.
  • the two electrodes 2 and 3 of the sensor 1 each have a coating acting as a dielectric, which consists of an electrically insulating ceramic and is not shown in the drawing; this coating covers the mutually facing sides of the electrodes 2 and 3.
  • the edge surfaces and the side of the electrodes facing away from the other electrode are not or only partially provided with the coating.
  • the electrodes are also covered with a corrosion-resistant layer, for example aluminum oxide ceramic or glass, in order to protect them from aggressive constituents of the exhaust gas, at locations that are not shielded from the environment by dielectric material.
  • the corrosion-resistant layer can consist of the same material as the dielectric, so that the electrodes are electrically insulated from the surrounding gas with the dielectric on all sides.
  • FIG. 2 shows an alternative embodiment of a sensor 10 for the detection of soot particles in an exhaust gas stream of a motor vehicle.
  • the direction of flow of the exhaust gas in an exhaust line is again shown by an arrow X.
  • the sensor 10 has a first electrode 11, which is connected via a line 12 to a high-voltage source. Furthermore, the sensor 10 has a second electrode 13 which is cylindrical and is connected to ground via a line 14. Consequently, the second electrode 13 forms a ground electrode.
  • the electrode 11 and the ground electrode 13 forming an annular space are arranged coaxially to one another.
  • the flow direction X of the exhaust gas here runs at right angles to the axis of the ground electrode 13 or the electrode 11.
  • the ground electrode 11 is formed with axial slots 15.
  • the electrode 11 and the ground electrode 13 are each provided with a coating made of a ceramic material, partial areas of the electrodes being able to be left out when a coating is provided, so that partial electrical contact between the surrounding gas or exhaust gas and the respective area occurs Can form electrode.
  • the arrangement also works if the electrodes are completely covered with electrically insulating material.
  • FIG. 3 shows a sensor 20 for the detection of soot particles in an exhaust gas of a motor vehicle, which is constructed according to the principle of the soot sensor shown in FIG. 2 and in turn has a first electrode 11 designed as a central electrode, which is arranged coaxially with a second electrode 13 is formed with slots 15 and forms the so-called ground electrode.
  • the two electrodes 11 and 13 are each formed with a coating of an insulating ceramic material in accordance with the embodiment shown in FIG.
  • the two electrodes 11 and 13 of the sensor 20 shown in FIG. 3 are fastened to a sensor holder 21, which in turn is connected to a flange 22, via which the sensor 20 can be connected to a suitable component of the exhaust system of a motor vehicle.
  • a sensor holder 21 which in turn is connected to a flange 22, via which the sensor 20 can be connected to a suitable component of the exhaust system of a motor vehicle.
  • To fix the Sensor holder 21 in flange 22 extends through a locking screw 23 through a radial bore 24 of a circuit housing 25.
  • the locking screw 23 engages in an annular groove 26, which is formed on the outer circumference of the sensor holder 21.
  • the sensor 20 also has a sensor base 27, which is electrically insulating and is penetrated by a lead 12 leading to the electrode 11, on which a contact point 31 is formed for connecting a measuring line, not shown here.
  • the electrode 11 is fixed to the sensor holder 21 via the sensor foot 27.
  • the circuit housing 25 On the side facing away from the two electrodes 11 and 13, the circuit housing 25 is closed by means of a base plate 28 which is fixed by a screw 29. A sealing ring 30 is arranged between the base plate 28 and the circuit housing 25 in order to protect the sensor against contamination or moisture.
  • the ground electrode 3 or 13 is grounded, whereas the electrode 2 or 11 is connected to a high-voltage source, so that a voltage between 1 kV and 10 kV is present at the electrode 2 or 11.
  • the high voltage is an AC voltage with a frequency of approximately 10 kHz. Due to the high-frequency alternating voltage applied to the electrodes 2 and 11, when a certain threshold voltage is exceeded, dielectrically impeded discharges form which generate a non-thermal plasma with positive and negative ions, electrons, radicals and excited particles. These local discharges form in so-called filaments, i.e. thread-like areas. If soot particles are now contained in the exhaust gas flowing in the direction of the respective arrow X, the discharges along these thread-like regions are influenced by the exhaust gas components.
  • a measurable current is a quantity correlated with the number of particles, in particular proportional to the number of particles, the current carried by the dielectrically impeded discharge decreasing with increasing soot particle density in the exhaust gas stream.
  • the discharge pulses that occur can also be counted or individual discharge pulses can be evaluated with regard to their pulse height or pulse width and / or with regard to the charge transport associated with them per discharge pulse in order to determine the quantity of particles or particles present To be able to close soot particles.
  • the measurement signal can be evaluated and included in the control circuit for the internal combustion engine of the motor vehicle.
  • the current between two electrodes influenced by soot particles can be measured, for example.
  • the invention is not restricted to the exemplary embodiments illustrated above. Rather, other geometrical shapes of the electrodes and other arrangements of the two electrodes with respect to one another are also conceivable. It is also conceivable that the sensor according to the invention has more than one electrode and / or more than one ground electrode.
  • FIG. 4a shows a soot sensor 98 in a cross-sectional side view.
  • the soot sensor has an electrode 112 and a ground electrode 114, the space between these flat electrodes being filled with a dielectric 116, for example an aluminum oxide ceramic.
  • the electrode 112 can be connected to a high-frequency electrical AC voltage source via a high-voltage connection 100, the ground electrode 114 is connected to an electrical ground via a ground connection 110.
  • the lateral extension of the electrode 112 is smaller than the lateral extension of the electrode 114.
  • the dielectric 116 projects laterally beyond the larger of the two electrodes (alternatively, the dielectric can be chosen such that its lateral extension coincides with the lateral extension of the larger electrode 114 4b shows the sensor 98 in a plan view of the rectangular-shaped electrode 112. Below the electrode 112 is the plate-shaped dielectric 116, which projects beyond the electrode 112 both in direction 118 and in direction 119.
  • the direction 119 is a direction perpendicular to the direction 118 and perpendicular to the direction 117.
  • the ground electrode 114 shown in broken lines is located on the side of the dielectric facing away from the electrode 112.
  • the sensor can be arranged in the exhaust gas line by means of fastening elements known per se, that the exhaust gas strikes the dielectric along a direction 118 parallel to the plate-shaped extension of the dielectric.
  • the arrangement in the exhaust line can be such that the main direction of flow of the exhaust gas in the exhaust line coincides with the direction 117 shown in FIG. 4a, but also with the direction 119.
  • the installation can in particular be carried out in such a way that the exhaust gas is first at the soot sensor flows past, in order to then pass through a downstream particle filter.
  • the ground electrode can serve to fasten the sensor in the exhaust pipe so that the exhaust gas can flow on it.
  • the electrode 112 is automatically held over the dielectric 116, which is connected to the two electrodes, for example, via a connection which is resistant to high temperatures (not shown).
  • This arrangement ensures a compact structure.
  • the connection can be produced, for example, in a technique such as is used in ceramic multilayer circuits: ceramic layers and interconnect layers are applied to one another as “green sheets” and sintered together in a furnace, so that after the manufacturing process has ended, the dielectric is passed through the ceramic base body is formed and the electrodes emerge from the interconnect layers arranged on both sides.
  • the soot sensor 98 is used to measure the soot concentration in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines, in particular diesel internal combustion engines of motor vehicles, while driving. The soot sensor uses the effect of the dielectric barrier discharge.
  • This dielectrically impeded discharge is influenced by soot particles flying past the sensor.
  • the discharge due to an applied high voltage takes place in the exhaust gas space between the electrode 112 and the dielectric 114 in the vicinity of the electrode 112.
  • this discharge area is provided with the reference symbol 120. It is in this area that soot particles that fly through the discharge filaments that form there influence the dielectric barrier discharge. This influence can be measured, either by evaluating the frequency of discharge pulses or by integrating a quantity of charge transferred from one electrode to the other within a certain period of time. A comparison or a difference formation with the discharge pulse frequency or the discharge current without soot particles provides a measure proportional to the soot particle density in the exhaust gas.
  • a soot sensor by means of dielectric barrier discharge enables a simple construction, which is characterized by an increased resistance to aggressive components of the exhaust gas.
  • the above-mentioned construction with ceramic material in connection with the fact that no free-standing (wire-shaped) electrode is required results in a simple structure that is not sensitive to ceramics. Since a single discharge goes out after a short time in the case of a dielectric barrier discharge, the formation of an undesired arc discharge is prevented.
  • both electrodes can also be connected symmetrically to a high-voltage potential, that is, if a voltage U is to be between the electrodes, that the first electrode is at + U / 2 and the second electrode is at -U / 2 is placed.
  • a high-voltage potential that is, if a voltage U is to be between the electrodes, that the first electrode is at + U / 2 and the second electrode is at -U / 2 is placed.
  • an alternating current measurement can also be carried out.
  • Figure 5 shows a further alternative embodiment of a soot sensor, analogous to Figure 4 in partial figure a) in a cross-sectional side view and in partial figure b) in a plan view.
  • a first rectangular-shaped electrode 134 and a second rectangular-shaped electrode 136 with a rectangular area which is larger than the rectangular area of the electrode 134 are electrically insulated from one another by two dielectric layers 138 and 140 which lie one on top of the other and fill the gap between the electrodes.
  • the rectangular and plate-shaped dielectric layer 138 projects beyond the first electrode 134 on all sides.
  • the first dielectric layer 140 is attached, which in turn projects beyond the second dielectric layer on all sides (greater lateral extent).
  • the first dielectric layer 140 also projects beyond second electrode 136 on all sides.
  • the first electrode 134 can be connected via a first electrode connection 130 to an electrical high-voltage arrangement, the second electrode 136 via a second electrode connection 132.
  • the two dielectric layers have different dielectric constants.
  • the dielectric 140 is, for example, an aluminum oxide ceramic and the dielectric 138 is, for example, an alloy glass.
  • the two electrodes of the soot sensor are not connected asymmetrically to ground or high voltage (U), but the first electrode is connected with half the positive voltage U / 2 and the second electrode with half the negative voltage (-U / 2) acted upon.
  • U ground or high voltage
  • the first electrode is connected with half the positive voltage U / 2 and the second electrode with half the negative voltage (-U / 2) acted upon.
  • one of the two electrodes can also be connected to ground, so that the alternating voltage between the electrodes is based solely on a variation of the high-voltage potential on the other electrode.
  • an intermediate space can also be provided between the two dielectrics, into which exhaust gas can penetrate.
  • this structure is more complex to construct or mount in the exhaust tract, since the two dielectrics or the electrode connected to them must be fastened at a distance from one another.
  • a regeneration of the sensor occurs through the measuring process itself, which means that additional measures for burning off soot sitting on the electrodes are fundamentally not necessary, since the sensor self-cleans through the dielectrically impeded discharges.
  • heating elements can of course be provided as an additional measure, which can be switched on if necessary to support the soot burn-up.
  • FIG. 6 exemplifies an evaluation circuit connected to the soot sensor 98.
  • a high-voltage source 40 for high-frequency electrical alternating voltages in a voltage range from 1 to 10 kilovolts and a frequency range from 1 to 100 kilohertz is connected on the one hand to a ground connection and on the other hand via a series resistor 42 to the electrode of the soot sensor 98 from FIG. 4, while the ground electrode is connected to ground lies.
  • a coupling capacitor 44 is connected to the electrical connection of the series resistor to the electrode, the second connection of which leads to a measuring resistor 46.
  • the measuring resistor is also connected to ground.
  • An evaluation circuit 48 for example an oscillograph 48, is connected on the one hand to ground and on the other hand to the connecting line between coupling capacitor 44 and measuring resistor 46.
  • the high-frequency high voltage is connected between the two electrodes of the sensor.
  • the evaluation circuit processes the voltage drop across the measuring resistor due to the discharge current in the soot sensor.
  • the coupling capacitor ensures that stationary voltages or currents do not reach the evaluation circuit.
  • the series resistor 42 ensures that no high-frequency interference reaches the evaluation circuit from the AC voltage source.
  • the evaluation circuit detects the discharge current induced by the soot particles (or, in a time-integrated manner, the amount of charge transferred between the electrodes) and / or the induced individual discharge pulses.
  • known pulse counters can be used to measure the pulse frequency, or arrangements with which the shape or the amplitude of the pulses can be determined and can be evaluated. If soot particles move through the spatial area of the dielectric barrier discharge, the number and / or shape of the discharge pulses change. This change (s) is / are evaluated and provide the desired information about the concentration of the soot in the exhaust gas.
  • the evaluation circuit can at least partially be replaced by software solutions that are implemented in an engine control unit.
  • a high-pass circuit can be provided between the coupling capacitor and the line to 48 in order to filter out the lower frequencies of the high voltage.
  • an alternating current measurement can also be used to detect soot particles.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
  • Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
  • Other Investigation Or Analysis Of Materials By Electrical Means (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un détecteur et un procédé de détection de particules dans un flux gazeux, notamment de particules de suie dans un flux de gaz d'échappement. Ce détecteur comprend au moins une première et une deuxième électrode, une tension électrique pouvant être appliquée entre la première électrode et la deuxième électrode de telle façon qu'une décharge gazeuse puisse être stimulée au moins par intermittence entre les électrodes. L'invention est caractérisée en ce qu'au moins une couche diélectrique (116; 138, 140) est intercalée entre la première électrode (2; 11; 112; 134) et la deuxième électrode (3; 13; 114; 136) de telle façon que la décharge électrique se produisant entre les deux électrodes soit systématiquement à barrière diélectrique et en ce que les deux électrodes sont reliées à un dispositif de mesure d'un courant électrique ou d'impulsions de décharge électrique, de telle façon que la variation d'un signal de mesure électrique résultant donne une indication de la densité des particules dans le flux gazeux en fonction des particules se trouvant dans la zone de décharge à barrière diélectrique.
EP02785044A 2001-10-09 2002-10-08 Procede de detection de particules dans un flux gazeux et detecteur utilise Withdrawn EP1436589A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10149731 2001-10-09
DE10149731 2001-10-09
DE10244702A DE10244702A1 (de) 2001-10-09 2002-09-24 Verfahren zur Detektion von Teilchen in einem Gasstrom und Sensor hierzu
DE10244702 2002-09-24
PCT/DE2002/003779 WO2003034053A2 (fr) 2001-10-09 2002-10-08 Procede de detection de particules dans un flux gazeux et detecteur utilise

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1436589A2 true EP1436589A2 (fr) 2004-07-14

Family

ID=26010326

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP02785044A Withdrawn EP1436589A2 (fr) 2001-10-09 2002-10-08 Procede de detection de particules dans un flux gazeux et detecteur utilise

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1436589A2 (fr)
WO (1) WO2003034053A2 (fr)

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DE102005029834A1 (de) * 2005-06-27 2007-01-04 Robert Bosch Gmbh Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Abgasmessung mit geladenen Teilchen
US20080105567A1 (en) 2006-11-08 2008-05-08 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Sensing device and method
JP2010210533A (ja) * 2009-03-12 2010-09-24 Ngk Insulators Ltd 粒子状物質検出装置
US8875560B2 (en) 2011-06-30 2014-11-04 Caterpillar Inc. System implementing constituent identification and concentration detection
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US8783112B2 (en) 2011-06-30 2014-07-22 Caterpillar Inc. Gas monitoring system implementing pressure detection
US11952905B1 (en) * 2022-10-07 2024-04-09 Rtx Corporation Detecting engine exhaust debris using saturation current

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US4387369A (en) * 1978-10-11 1983-06-07 Johnson Controls, Inc. Broad spectrum charged electric field polar gas sensing and detection system
US4565969A (en) * 1983-04-29 1986-01-21 Aerochem Research Laboratories, Inc. Saturation current incipient soot detector
DE4423397C2 (de) * 1993-12-23 1999-03-11 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Abgasreinigung
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2003034053A3 (fr) 2003-10-09
WO2003034053A2 (fr) 2003-04-24

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