EP1393411B1 - Resonatorantenne mit rundstrahlcharakteristik - Google Patents

Resonatorantenne mit rundstrahlcharakteristik Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1393411B1
EP1393411B1 EP02747511A EP02747511A EP1393411B1 EP 1393411 B1 EP1393411 B1 EP 1393411B1 EP 02747511 A EP02747511 A EP 02747511A EP 02747511 A EP02747511 A EP 02747511A EP 1393411 B1 EP1393411 B1 EP 1393411B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
strands
electric conductor
antenna according
resonant antenna
strand
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP02747511A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1393411A1 (de
Inventor
Bernard Jecko
François TORRES
Guillaume Villemaud
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
    • H01Q9/40—Element having extended radiating surface
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
    • H01Q9/42—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole with folded element, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of the operating wavelength
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/44—Resonant antennas with a plurality of divergent straight elements, e.g. V-dipole, X-antenna; with a plurality of elements having mutually inclined substantially straight portions

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to omnidirectional resonant antennas and more particularly omnidirectional resonant antennas in a half-space or all of the space.
  • resonant antennas that is to say, antennas whose dimensions have been determined so that they exhibit a resonance phenomenon for multiples of one frequency. predetermined. These antennas use the resonance phenomenon to increase the energy of the radiation emitted and / or received at the predetermined frequency and thus have a limited bandwidth. These antennas also have the advantage of having a small footprint compared to non-resonant antennas, that is to say antennas that do not have a resonance phenomenon for multiples of a predetermined frequency.
  • antennas can be made using a single electrical conductor forming a dipole or a monopole, most often wired type. They are, for example, made using a metal roof printed on a dielectric substrate, the latter antennas being known as “patch antennas”. Another embodiment consists in cutting slots in a ground plane, these antennas being known as “slot antennas”. However, at best, it is known at the present time, to realize omnidirectional resonant antennas in a plane of space, that is to say that the electromagnetic radiation emitted or received is substantially uniform whatever the direction in this plan.
  • the present invention therefore aims to fill this gap by creating an omnidirectional resonant antenna in a half-space or in the entire space.
  • the invention also relates to a device for receiving and emitting electromagnetic radiation in a half-space or in the entire space, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of omnidirectional resonant antennas according to any one of the preceding claims.
  • the figure 1 represents extending along the x-axis of the graph, an electrical conductor 4 forming a monopole.
  • an electrical conductor 4 In a classic way, it is a "quarter-wave" electrical conductor, that is to say an electrical conductor whose total length is equal to a quarter of a wavelength, denoted by ⁇ , of a frequency predetermined.
  • the predetermined frequency is subsequently called “working frequency”.
  • a constructive resonance phenomenon occurs in the electrical conductor 4 when emitting and / or receiving electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength is ⁇ .
  • the electrical conductor 4 is here formed of a current conducting band of constant width.
  • the electrical conductor 4 has a first end 6 connected to a ground and a second end 8 connected to a wave transmitter / receiver 10 such as a conventional microwave transmitter / receiver.
  • a transceiver capable of emitting and / or receiving electromagnetic radiation at a given frequency when it is connected to an electrical conductor is called a transceiver.
  • Curve 12 represents the distribution of the surface density of current along the electrical conductor at the working frequency. This curve is determined, for example, using conventional software for electromagnetic radiation simulation of electrical conductors.
  • the area between the curve 12 and the electrical conductor 4 is divided into three areas 14, 16 and 18 of equal area and whose interest will appear in the following description.
  • a point 20 on the electrical conductor 4 marks the boundary separating the area 14 from the area 16; likewise a point 22 on the electrical conductor 4 marks the boundary separating the area 16 from the area 18.
  • the points 20 and 22 thus delimit three strands placed end to end on the electrical conductor 4.
  • the areas 14, 16 and 18 are respectively proportional to the level of radiation of the electrical conductor strands 4 between the end 8 and the point 20, between the points 20 and 22 and between the point 22 and the end 6. conceives, therefore, that with the help of figure 1 it is possible to determine the length of a strand of electrical conductor so that it has a predetermined level of radiation.
  • the figure 2 represents a first embodiment of an omnidirectional resonant antenna in the space dimensioned from the graph of the figure 1 .
  • This comprises an electrical conductor 26 forming a monopole similar to that of the figure 1 .
  • the electrical conductor 26 possesses and a current density distribution of current per unit length similar to that of the figure 1 . It consists of three strands 28, 30 and 32 placed end to end and orthogonal two by two between them.
  • the strand 28 has a length equal to that of the strand between the end 8 and the point 20 of the figure 1 .
  • the strand 30 has a length equal to that strand between the points 20 and 22 of the figure 1 .
  • the strand 32 has a length equal to that of the strand between the point 22 and the end 6 of the figure 1 .
  • the free end of the strand 28 is connected via an electromagnetic coupling zone 34 to a terminal 36 of a wave transmitter / receiver 37.
  • the length of the coupling zone 34 that is to say say the gap between the free end of the strand 28 and the terminal 36 is determined by simulation or experimentally to match the actual impedance of the antenna to the impedance of the wave transmitter / receiver 37. Note that it is also possible to play on the width of each strand of the electrical conductor 26 to adapt the actual impedance of the antenna to the impedance of the wave transmitter / receiver 37 so as to limit the phenomena at the interface of these two devices 26 and 37.
  • the free end of the strand 32 is connected perpendicular to a ground plane 38 whose dimensions are smaller than the wavelength ⁇ of the working frequency. Under these conditions, the ground plane 38 does not form a radiation shield of the electrical conductor 26.
  • the various parameters of the strands must be adjusted to compensate for the edge effects of the plane. of mass 38.
  • the ground plane 38 is a plane whose width and length are several times greater than the wavelength ⁇ of the working frequency of the electrical conductor 26. It is said that the ground plane is infinite. It will be appreciated that an infinite ground plane forms a shield to the electromagnetic radiation of an electrical conductor such as the conductor 26 and therefore the resonant antenna is omnidirectional in a half space. In this case, the lengths of the strands such as the strands 28, 30 and 32 are respectively less than ⁇ 5 , ⁇ 10 and ⁇ 80 , where X is the wavelength of the working frequency.
  • the lengths of each of the strands corresponding to the strands 28, 30 and 32 are respectively 53 mm, 30 mm and 3 mm.
  • the width of the coupling zone such as zone 34 is 1 mm
  • terminal 36 is 4 mm long
  • the diameter of the connecting wire with the emitter / receiver is 0.2 mm.
  • the figure 3 represents a second embodiment of an omnidirectional resonant antenna in the space according to the invention in which the resonant antenna is formed by an electrical conductor 50 forming a monopole.
  • This electrical conductor comprises five strands 52, 54, 56, 58 and 60 placed end to end and arranged to form a first and a second image portions of each other with respect to a plane of symmetry 62.
  • the strands 52, 54, and 56 are rectilinear and orthogonal pairwise to each other.
  • the first part consists of the strands 52, 54 and a half-strand 64.
  • the half-strand 64 represents the upper half of the strand 56.
  • the strands 52, 54 and 64 form an electrical conductor similar to the electrical conductor 26 described next to the figure 2 .
  • the total length of the electrical conductor formed by the strands 52, 54 and the half-strand 64 is equal to the wavelength of the working frequency divided by four. More precisely, the length of the strand 52 is equal to that of the strand between the end 8 and the point 20 of the figure 1 .
  • the length of the strand 54 is equal to that of the strand between the points 20 and 22 of the figure 1 .
  • the length of the half-strand 64 is equal to that of the strand between the point 22 and the end 6 of the figure 1 .
  • the second part of the electrical conductor 50 consists of the strands 58, 60 and a half-strand 66.
  • the half-strand 66 represents the lower half of the strand 56.
  • the dimensions of the strands 58, 60 and the half-strand 66 are respectively the same as those of the strands 54, 52 and the half-strand 64.
  • the second part of the electrical conductor 50 is intended to make an electrical image of the first part in ways to simulate the existence of a ground plane.
  • the second part thus fulfills the functions of a mass plan such as the plane of mass 38 of the figure 2 for the first part, and vice versa. This is why the strand dimensions of the first part are determined in the same way as in the embodiment of the figure 2 .
  • the free end of the strand 52 is connected to a first terminal of a wave transmitter / receiver 68 and the free end of the strand 60 is connected to a second terminal of the wave transmitter / receiver 68.
  • This first and second terminals are also the image of one another with respect to the plane of symmetry 62 so as not to introduce a phase shift between the signals transmitted / received by the transmitter / receiver of waves 68.
  • the figure 4 represents, extending along the x-axis of a graph, an electrical conductor 68 forming a monopole.
  • This electrical conductor is here formed by a band of constant current-conducting width, however other forms may be used in other embodiments.
  • a first end of this electrical conductor is connected to a wave transmitter / receiver 69. The second end remains free.
  • a curve 70 represents the surface density of current along the electrical conductor 68 at the working frequency. This curve is obtained, for example, using conventional simulation software.
  • the area between the curve 12 and the electrical conductor 68 is divided into three areas 72, 74 and 76 of equal area.
  • a point 78 is placed on the electrical conductor 68 to mark the boundary between the area 72 and the area 74.
  • a point 80, on the electrical conductor 68 marks the boundary between the Area 74 and area 76.
  • Points 78 and 80 cut the electrical conductor 68 into three strands of respective length L1, L2 and L3.
  • the areas of areas 72, 74 and 76 are respectively proportional to the radiation levels of the length of strands L1, L2 and L3.
  • the figure 5 represents a resonant antenna sized according to the graph of the figure 4 .
  • This antenna comprises an electrical conductor 86 forming a monopole similar to the electrical conductor 68 of the figure 4 .
  • the electrical conductor 86 is connected at one end to a terminal 87 of a wave transmitter / receiver 88. A second end of the electrical conductor 68 remains free.
  • This electrical conductor 86 consists of three strands 90, 92 and 94 placed end to end. These strands are rectilinear and orthogonal two by two between them. The length of each of these strands is determined in accordance with figure 4 that is, the strand 94 has a length L1, the strand 92 has a length L2 and the strand 90 has a length L3.
  • the free end of the strand 94 is connected to the transceiver 88 while being perpendicular to a ground plane 96 whose dimensions are smaller than the wavelength ⁇ of the working frequency.
  • the assembly of the antenna formed by the electrical conductor 86 and the ground plane 96 is embedded in a dielectric material 98 to reduce the dimensions of the antenna.
  • embedding the electrical conductor of an antenna in a dielectric material or placing it on the surface of a dielectric material makes it possible to reduce the dimensions required for the electrical conductor and therefore the antenna.
  • the resonant antenna of the figure 6 comprises an electrical conductor 110 formed of a band of current-conducting material of constant width.
  • This electrical conductor consists of three strands 112, 114 and 116 placed end to end and orthogonal two by two between them.
  • the antenna also comprises two ground elements 120 and 122. These ground elements 120 and 122 are each formed by a current-conducting strip of constant width.
  • the first element 120 comprises three strands 124, 126 and 128 placed end to end.
  • the second mass element 122 also has three strands 130, 132 and 134 placed end to end. These two ground elements 120 and 122 are respectively disposed to the right and left of the electrical conductor 110.
  • the strands 124 and 130 of the ground elements are parallel and coplanar with the strand 112 of the electrical conductor 110.
  • the strands 126 and 132 and the strands 128 and 134 are respectively parallel and coplanar with the strands 114 and 116 of the electrical conductor 110.
  • the ends of the strands 128, 116 and 134 opposite the strands 126, 114 and 132 are interconnected by a current-conducting element 136.
  • the free end of the strand 112 is connected to a wave transmitter / receiver 138.
  • the lengths of the strands 112, 114 and 116 are determined according to the distribution of the current surface density along the electrical conductor 110 in a manner similar to what has been described with regard to Figures 1 and 2 .
  • the width of the gaps 140, 142 separating the strands of the ground elements, the strands of the electrical conductor 110, as well as the width of the bands forming the ground elements are determined by simulation or experimentation to adapt the actual impedance of the antenna. that of the wave transmitter / receiver 138.
  • Such an antenna is typically made by cutting slots of constant width in a sheet which is then bent at right angles.
  • the wave transmitter / receiver 37 When emitting electromagnetic radiation at the working frequency using the antenna of the figure 2 , the wave transmitter / receiver 37 generates electromagnetically coupled in the electromagnetic coupling zone 34 a surface density of current in the electrical conductor 26. The surface density thus created is distributed along the electrical conductor 26 as illustrated on the graph of the figure 1 .
  • the length of the strands 28, 30 and 32 is determined so that the areas 14, 16 and 18 have an equal area. Therefore, the radiation levels of each of the strands of the electrical conductor 26 are the same.
  • the level of radiation emitted at a point in any space is practically the vector sum of the radiation emitted by each of the strands 28, 30 and 32.
  • These strands are orthogonal to one another and the radiation emitted by a strand being parallel to its direction, it is conceivable that the radiation emitted by one strand does not interfere with that of the others.
  • orthogonal strands optimize the gain of the antenna by avoiding destructive interference phenomena. It is realized, therefore, that no particular direction of space is privileged by this antenna, since the strands are orthogonal and the level of radiation of each strand is the same. Therefore, the antenna thus produced is practically omnidirectional. It is considered here that the radiation is practically omnidirectional in a predetermined region of space, if the level of radiation emitted / received by the antenna in any two directions of this region of space does not vary by more than 50% .
  • ground plane 38 does not constitute a screen with electromagnetic radiation and that consequently the radiation of the preceding antenna is omnidirectional in the whole of the space.
  • the radiation levels received along the directions of the strands 28, 30 and 32 are respectively proportional to the areas 14, 16 and 18 and thus determined by the respective lengths of each strand.
  • the length each strand was chosen so that areas 14, 16 and 18 are equal. Consequently, the level of radiation received for a given radiation parallel to a strand will be the same whether this radiation is parallel to the strands 28, 30 or 32. Any directional radiation can always be decomposed into three components respectively parallel to the three strands 28, 30 and 32 the overall level of radiation received by the antenna is unchanged regardless of the direction of this radiation. It will be noted that, as the emission, the reception is not limited by the ground plane 38 to a half-space, if the width and length dimensions thereof are less than ⁇ .
  • the second portion of the electrical conductor 50 of the antenna formed by the strands 58, 60 and the half-strand 66 performs the functions of a ground plane extending along the plane of symmetry 62 for the first part formed by the strands 52, 54 and the half-strand 64. Therefore the study of the operation of the first part of the antenna is reduced to the study of the operation of an electrical conductor connected perpendicularly to a ground plane se confusing with the plane of symmetry 62. The operation of such a structure has already been described with regard to the figure 2 .
  • the first part of the antenna performs the functions of ground plane merging with the plane of symmetry 62 for the second part of the antenna. Therefore, similar to what has just been described above, the operation of the second part of the antenna is reduced to the study of an antenna whose structure is similar to that described with respect to the figure 2 .
  • the electrical conductor of the preceding embodiments consists of strands formed with wire elements instead of strands in the form of a strip.
  • the diameter of the wire forming each strand is determined to adjust the actual impedance of such an antenna to that of the wave transmitter / receiver.
  • the electrical conductor of the preceding examples of embodiment consists of strands of any shape, the distribution of the surface density of the current at the working frequency being known to be calculated.
  • a device for receiving and transmitting electromagnetic radiation comprises a plurality of omnidirectional resonant antennas in a half space or in the whole of the space such as those described above each adapted to receive and emit a predetermined wavelength.
  • the receiving and transmitting device is both omnidirectional in a half-space or in the whole of the space, and able to receive and transmit at different wavelengths.

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Claims (18)

  1. Resonatorantenne mit Rundstrahlcharakteristik in einer Hälfte oder der Gesamtheit des Raums umfassend einen einzigen elektrischen Strahlungsleiter (26; 50; 86; 110), der einen Monopol mit einer Gesamtlänge, die bei einer vorbestimmten Frequenz mitschwingt, und einer vorbestimmten oberflächlichen Stromdichteverteilung entlang des elektrischen Leiters, der von mindestens drei Strängen (28, 30, 32; 52, 54, 56, 58, 60; 90; 92; 94; 112; 114; 116) gebildet wird, die nahtlos aneinandergefügt sind, bildet, wobei die Länge von jedem Strang und die Orientierung der Stränge zueinander dazu beitragen, die Gesamtstrahlung des elektrischen Leiters zu bestimmen, wobei die Stränge in mindestens drei verschiedene Richtungen des Raum orientiert und jeweils paarweise zueinander orthogonal sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Integral der Strom-Oberflächendichte entlang von jedem Strang einen gleichen Wert hat.
  2. Resonatorantenne nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der elektrische Strahlungsleiter (50) zwei symmetrische Teile bezüglich einer Symmetrieebene (62) umfasst, um eine in die Gesamtheit des Raums omnidirektionale Strahlung des elektrischen Leiters zu erhalten.
  3. Resonatorantenne nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der elektrischen Strahlungsleiter (50) aus einem ersten, einem zweiten, einem dritten, einem vierten und einem fünften Strang (52, 54, 56, 58, 60) besteht, wobei der vierte und der fünfte Strang (58, 62) jeweils die Symmetriebilder des zweiten und des ersten Strangs (52, 54) bezüglich der Symmetrieebene (62) durch die Mitte des dritten Strangs (56) sind.
  4. Antenne nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein Strang am Ende des elektrischen Strahlungsleiters (26, 86) senkrecht zu einer Masseebene (38; 96) angeordnet ist.
  5. Resonatorantenne mit einer Wellenlänge λ nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Dimensionen der Masseebene (38; 96) kleiner sind als die Wellenlänge X, um eine in die Gesamtheit des Raumes omnidirektionale Strahlung des elektrischen Leiters zu erhalten.
  6. Resonatorantenne mit einer Wellenlänge λ nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Dimensionen der Masseebene (38; 96) ein Vielfaches größer sind als Wellenlänge λ, um eine in die Gesamtheit des Raumes omnidirektionale Strahlung des elektrischen Leiters zu erhalten.
  7. Resonatorantenne nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie Masseelemente (124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134) umfasst und dadurch, dass die Stränge (112, 114, 116) des elektrischen Strahlungsleiters (110) jeweils zu diesen coplanar sind.
  8. Resonatorantenne nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der elektrische Strahlungsleiter (26) ein erstes Ende, das an einen Emitter/Wellen-Empfänger (37) angeschlossen ist und ein zweites Ende, das an die Masseebene (38) angeschlossen ist, umfasst.
  9. Resonatorantenne nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 7, 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der elektrische Strahlungsleiter (110) ein erstes Ende, das an einen Emitter/Wellen-Empfänger (138) angeschlossen ist und ein zweites Ende, das an die Masseelemente (120, 122) angeschlossen ist, umfasst.
  10. Resonatorantenne nach Anspruch 8 oder 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der elektrische Strahlungsleiter (26) an den Emitter/Wellen-Empfänger (37) über eine elektromagnetische Kopplungszone (34) angeschlossen ist.
  11. Resonatorantenne nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Dimensionen der elektromagnetischen Kopplungszone (34) teilweise die reelle Impedanz der Antenne bestimmen.
  12. Resonatorantenne nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der elektrische Strahlungsleiter (26; 86; 110) aus einem ersten, einem zweiten und einem dritten Strang (28, 30, 32; 90, 92, 94; 112, 114, 116) besteht.
  13. Resonatorantenne nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die aufeinanderfolgenden Stränge (28, 30, 32; 52, 54, 56, 25, 58, 60; 90, 92, 94; 112, 114, 116) des elektrischen Strahlungsleiters in zwei zueinander orthogonale Richtungen orientiert sind.
  14. Resonatorantenne nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Stränge (28, 30, 32; 52, 54, 56, 25, 58, 60; 90, 92, 94; 112, 114, 116) jeweils von einem Band gebildet werden, dessen Breite bestimmt ist, um, zumindest zum Teil, die reelle Impedanz der Antenne an die Impedanz von einem Emitter/Wellen-Empfänger anzupassen, der dazu bestimmt ist, an die Antenne angeschlossen zu werden.
  15. Resonatorantenne nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der elektrische Strahlungsleiter (26; 50; 86; 110) aus Kabelsträngen besteht.
  16. Resonatorantenne nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7 und 12 bis 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der elektrische Strahlungsleiter (86) ein erstes Ende, das an einen Emitter/Wellen-Empfänger angeschlossen ist, und ein zweites freies Ende umfasst.
  17. Resonatorantenne nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass dem elektrischen Strahlungsleiter (86) ein dielektrisches Material (98) beigefügt ist, das die Dimensionen der Antenne vermindert.
  18. Empfangs- und Sendevorrichtung von elektromagnetischen Strahlungen in einer Hälfte oder in der Gesamtheit des Raums, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie mehrere Resonatorantennen mit Rundstrahlcharakteristik nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche umfasst.
EP02747511A 2001-06-08 2002-06-06 Resonatorantenne mit rundstrahlcharakteristik Expired - Lifetime EP1393411B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0107546A FR2825836B1 (fr) 2001-06-08 2001-06-08 Antenne resonante omnidirectionnelle
FR0107546 2001-06-08
PCT/FR2002/001935 WO2002101877A1 (fr) 2001-06-08 2002-06-06 Antenne resonante omnidirectionnelle

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EP1393411A1 EP1393411A1 (de) 2004-03-03
EP1393411B1 true EP1393411B1 (de) 2013-02-27

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US (1) US7170448B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1393411B1 (de)
JP (2) JP2004529593A (de)
CA (1) CA2449667C (de)
FR (1) FR2825836B1 (de)
WO (1) WO2002101877A1 (de)

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JP3563763B2 (ja) * 1994-04-13 2004-09-08 日本アンテナ株式会社 無指向性アンテナ、無指向性ｖｈｆアンテナ、無指向性ｕｈｆアンテナおよび無指向性ｖｈｆ／ｕｈｆアンテナ
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JP3055456B2 (ja) * 1996-02-21 2000-06-26 株式会社村田製作所 アンテナ装置
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2008029037A (ja) 2008-02-07
FR2825836B1 (fr) 2005-09-23
EP1393411A1 (de) 2004-03-03
CA2449667A1 (fr) 2002-12-19
FR2825836A1 (fr) 2002-12-13
US7170448B2 (en) 2007-01-30
US20040183730A1 (en) 2004-09-23
CA2449667C (fr) 2011-11-22
JP2004529593A (ja) 2004-09-24
WO2002101877A1 (fr) 2002-12-19

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