EP1389306A2 - Verfahren zum nachweis einer progedienten, chronisch-demenziellen erkrankung, zugehörige peptide und nachweisreagenzien - Google Patents
Verfahren zum nachweis einer progedienten, chronisch-demenziellen erkrankung, zugehörige peptide und nachweisreagenzienInfo
- Publication number
- EP1389306A2 EP1389306A2 EP02742729A EP02742729A EP1389306A2 EP 1389306 A2 EP1389306 A2 EP 1389306A2 EP 02742729 A EP02742729 A EP 02742729A EP 02742729 A EP02742729 A EP 02742729A EP 1389306 A2 EP1389306 A2 EP 1389306A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- peptides
- dropn
- opn
- disease
- peptide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/28—Neurological disorders
- G01N2800/2814—Dementia; Cognitive disorders
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the detection of progressive, chronic dementia diseases or a predisposition to such diseases, in particular an alternative or supplementary method for determining the "mini mental score" by determining the severity of the dementia. For this purpose, the concentration of certain peptides in body fluids or other samples of the patient is determined. Furthermore, the invention relates to peptides that were found to determine the presence and / or the degree of progressive, chronic dementia.
- the invention relates to detection reagents such as antibodies and nucleic acids and the like, by means of which these peptides or the corresponding nucleic acids can be detected.
- the invention relates to pharmaceutical applications which include OPN, OPN peptides, OPN antibodies, OPN nucleic acids, OPN protein antagonists, or OPN protein agonists, OPN peptide agonists or OPN peptide antagonists for therapy or prophylaxis of neurological diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease.
- the invention relates to methods for determining patients with neurological diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease, which are suitable for taking part in clinical studies for examining these diseases.
- Dementia is an increasing problem in industrialized countries due to the higher average life expectancy. Dementia is largely incurable and requires long-term care for the sick. About half of these patients are cared for in hospital. More than 60 dementia disorders are known, including those that cause dementia.
- Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease
- AD Alzheimer's disease
- non-Alzheimer's dementias are known: vascular dementia, Lewy-body dementia, Binswanger's dementia and dementia diseases that occur as an accompanying effect of other diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Pick's disease, Gerstmann-St Hurssler-Scheinger disease, Wienfeldt-Jakob disease, etc.
- Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the following symptoms: decrease in mental ability, confusion and reduced self-preservation and self-care.
- a very limited short-term memory is characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, while long-standing memories of the patient, e.g. to your own childhood, less affected by the disease.
- the following criteria-based diagnostic systems are currently used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease: The "International classification of Diseases, 10th revision” (ICD-10), the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition” (DSM-IV) of the "American Psychiatry” Association ", and the” Work Group crieria "established by the" National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders Association "NINCDS-ADRDA.
- ICD-10 International classification of Diseases, 10th revision
- DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition
- NINCDS-ADRDA National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders Association
- Alzheimer's disease No causal therapy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is currently available.
- the disease is only symptomatic e.g. treated by the administration of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine.
- neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine.
- the administration of antioxidants, free radical scavengers, calcium channel blockers, anti-inflammatory substances, secretase inhibitors, anti-amyloid antibodies, etc. and immunization against amyloid peptides are currently being tested as further possible therapy strategies. So far, however, no causal therapy of this disease is possible.
- the invention is based on the object of avoiding the disadvantages of Alzheimer's disease diagnosis in the prior art and of providing an early and reliable method for the detection of chronic dementia diseases, in particular of Alzheimer's disease.
- OPN proteins or peptides corresponding to accession no. X13694 The peptide derived from the nucleic acid sequence X13694 is also referred to as OPN protein and includes all naturally occurring alleles, mutants and polymorphisms of OPN proteins as well as tissue-specific expressed OPN variants. In particular, OPN variants are also included which occur as a result of diseases or as a result of neurological diseases, in particular chronic dementia diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease.
- OPN proteins with and without a signal sequence pro- Forms of OPN proteins that have not yet been processed, as well as already processed OPN proteins, soluble OPN proteins and membrane-based OPN proteins, whereby the membrane-based OPN proteins can be connected to a cell or organelle membrane via transmembrane amino acid sequences as well via a post-translational modification, e.g. a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchor.
- GPI glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol
- variations of the OPN sequence which are caused by alternative splicing, by alternative translation start and end points, by RNA editing, by alternative post-translational modifications, as well as further OPN protein variants which arise in nature.
- OPN peptides and OPN peptide variants are described as DROPN
- DROPN peptides are derived from the OPN sequence X13694 mentioned at the beginning. Alternatively, DROPN peptides can also be derived from other gene bank entries for osteopontin, such as AF052124, J04765, M83248, NM_000582, U20758 or other OPN entries that may be added in the future. It is possible that the OPN protein sequences may differ from the sequence of the Gene Bank entry with the number X13694, as is currently the case for the Gene Bank entries AF052124, J04765 and NM__000582. OPN sequence entries can also be present in other sequence databases other than "Gene Bank".
- DROPN peptides and OPN proteins do not have to exactly match the sequence of the OPN protein according to the entry in the sequence database "Gene Bank" with the accession no. X13694 match.
- DROPN peptides can contain two point-mutated, two deleted or two additional internally inserted amino acids, as well as N-terminal and / or C-terminal extensions. However, they must retain at least 8 amino acids from the OPN protein sequence. Only those amino acids that occur in the OPN protein sequence at this sequence position in the OPN protein are suitable as N- or C-terminal extensions.
- DROPN peptides derived from naturally occurring OPN polymorphisms and from naturally occurring OPN mutants are referred to as DROPN peptides, provided that they are at least 70% in agreement with the Have OPN protein sequence (X13694).
- DROPN peptides can also be present with post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation or N-terminal pryroglutamic acid residues and / or in chemically modified form, preferably as peptide oxides.
- DROPN-10 has been identified as both a non-phosphorylated and a phosphorylated peptide. DROPN-10 occurs, for example, without a phosphate group and with one, two, three, four or five phosphate groups.
- Chemically or post-translationally modified peptides can consist of both D- and L-amino acids, as well as combinations of D- and L-amino acids and can occur naturally, can be produced recombinantly or can be chemically synthesized.
- unusual amino acids i.e. Amino acids that do not belong to the 20 standard amino acids can be included.
- unusual amino acids include: alpha-aminobutyric acid, beta-aminobutyric acid, beta-alanine, beta-aminoisobutyric acid, norvaline, homoserine, norleucine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, thioproline, 4-hydroxyproline, alpha-aminoadipic acid, diaminobutyric acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid , Homocysteine, alpha-aminopenicillanic acid, histamine, ornithine, glycine-proline dipeptide, hydroxylysine, proline-hydroxyproline dipeptide, cystathionine, ethionine, seleno-cysteine.
- Post-translational or chemical modifications include modifications of the amino acid sequences by the following structures: binding of free cysteine to a cysteine in the peptide sequence, methyl, acetyl, famesyl, biotinyl, stearoyl, palmityl, lipoyl, C-mannosyl -, phosphorus and sulfate groups, glycosylation, amidation, deamidation, pyroglutamic acid, citrulline, etc. possible.
- Nucleic acids DNA, RNA and DNA-RNA hybrid molecules of natural origin as well as synthetically or recombinantly produced are regarded as nucleic acids. Also included are chemically modified nucleic acids, the modified nucleotides with high in vivo stability, such as phosphorothioates, contain. Such stabilized nucleic acids are already used when using ribozyme, antisense and triplex nucleic acid techniques.
- Sensitivity is defined as the proportion of sick patients who receive a positive diagnosis result when diagnosed with the disease, i.e. the diagnosis correctly indicates the disease.
- Specificity is defined as the proportion of healthy patients who receive a negative diagnosis result when diagnosed with the disease, i.e. the diagnosis correctly indicates that there is no disease.
- the invention comprises a method for the detection of a neurological, in particular a chronic dementia, in particular of Alzheimer's disease or a predisposition for such a disease by identifying one or more DROPN peptides or of OPN peptides derived from the sequence with Gene Bank Accession No. X13694 are derived in a biological sample from an individual. Since it can be assumed that these DROPN peptides or OPN peptides are causally related to the disease, the present invention also includes their use for the therapy of Alzheimer's disease or related neurological diseases.
- the invention provides a method for the detection of a neurological disease, in particular a progressive, chronic dementia disease, in particular Alzheimer's Murbus, by determining at least one marker peptide in a biological sample of a patient.
- the presence of a marker peptide can generally be examined, and the absence or presence of this marker peptide then enables a diagnosis of the disease.
- the concentrations of the marker peptide which are usually present in controls and in patients who suffer from the disease to be diagnosed are first determined, and on the basis of these measured values a limit value, often called the "cut-off point", is determined, which the group who separates those who are considered healthy from the group of those who are considered sick. If the concentration of the respective marker peptide is reduced in sick persons, all persons whose measured value for the respective marker peptide is below the cut-off point are diagnosed as diseased. If the concentration of the respective marker peptide is increased in sick persons, all persons whose measured value for the respective marker peptide lies above the cut-off point are diagnosed as diseased.
- the cut-off point determined individually for each marker peptide thus enables a clear differentiation between healthy and sick people.
- an increase or decrease in the concentration of the marker peptide in the patient's sample relative to the concentration of the marker peptide in the control sample is determined for the respective marker peptide, and a significant change in the concentration of the marker peptide is evaluated as a positive detection result for the disease.
- a significant change in the concentration of the marker peptide is evaluated as a positive detection result for the disease.
- either only an increase in the peptide concentration in Alzheimer's disease patients can occur for a certain DROPN peptide, or in principle only a decrease in the peptide concentration in Alzheimer's disease patients can occur for this DROPN peptide.
- an increased DROPN peptide concentration cannot occur simultaneously in an individual Alzheimer's patient and in another Alzheimer patient a reduced concentration relative to the control group.
- DROPN-1 to DROPN-31 are labeled DROPN-1 to DROPN-31, according to Seq. ID 1 to 31 named.
- the sequences of the DROPN peptides are shown in Figure 1 and in Table 1.
- the assignment of the DROPN peptides to their respective Seq. ID No. is shown in Table 1.
- the method according to the invention is a method in which specific biomarkers are detected, the concentration of which is changed in the case of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular in Alzheimer's disease, and which also detect the disease at an early stage, e.g. in the presence of minimal cognitive impairment (MCI), or which indicate an increased risk of disease at an early stage. This is important in order to provide a reliable clinical marker for the diagnosis of these diseases.
- MCI minimal cognitive impairment
- the concentration of the DROPN peptides in the sample can preferably be correlated with the severity of the disease.
- These new markers therefore make it possible to develop and monitor therapies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, since the course and a possible healing success due to therapy or a reduced progression of the Disease can be determined.
- An effective therapy for Alzheimer's disease is currently not possible, which underlines the urgency of providing a safe detection method for Alzheimer's disease, since reliable detection of the disease is a prerequisite for the development of a therapy.
- DROPN peptides also makes it possible to select, within the scope of clinical studies for the development of new therapies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with high specificity, only those patients who are suffering from Alzheimer's disease and not from other diseases. This is important in order to obtain meaningful study results. Patients incorrectly diagnosed as Alzheimer's disease negatively affect the quality of the results of an Alzheimer's therapy study.
- the detection of DROPN peptides enables the stratification of patients, whereby subgroups of Alzheimer's disease patients can be specifically selected, which are particularly suitable for certain Alzheimer's therapy strategies or clinical studies.
- DROPN peptides In Alzheimer's disease, the concentrations of DROPN peptides have changed significantly compared to healthy individuals. Another aspect of the invention is therefore to bring the DROPN concentrations in Alzheimer's patients to normal concentrations. This procedure can be used to treat Alzheimer's disease or related neurological diseases. With increased OPN protein or DROPN peptide concentrations, the concentrations of these substances can be achieved by therapeutic administration of, for example, OPN protein or DROPN peptide specific antibodies or OPN specific antisense nucleic acids, ribozymes or triplex nucleic acids or DROPN peptide antagonists, OPN -Protein antagonists are lowered.
- OPN protein or DROPN peptide specific antibodies or OPN specific antisense nucleic acids, ribozymes or triplex nucleic acids or DROPN peptide antagonists OPN -Protein antagonists are lowered.
- substances can also be administered which suppress the body's own expression of OPN protein or the processing of OPN protein into DROPN peptides. If there is a lack of OPN protein or DROPN peptides as the cause of the disease, therapeutic administration of OPN protein, DROPN peptides, DROPN peptide agonists or OPN protein agonists can be carried out. Also substances that are processing OPN protein to influence DROPN peptides can be used therapeutically.
- DROPN-4 and DROPN-10 are separated from each other by two basic amino acids (lysine and arginine) and such so-called “dibasic sequences" are often targets for proteases that are involved in the processing of proteins biologically active peptides play a role.
- dibasic sequences are often targets for proteases that are involved in the processing of proteins biologically active peptides play a role.
- the combination of different therapy strategies is also possible and may make sense.
- the invention therefore also includes the use of OPN proteins, DROPN peptides, DROPN peptide agonists and DROPN antagonists, OPN protein
- OPN proteins and DROPN peptides Concentration of OPN proteins and DROPN peptides for the treatment of neurological diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease.
- antibodies antibody fragments, antibody fusion proteins, or other substances that bind selectively to OPN proteins or DROPN peptides can also be used.
- the invention also includes the use of antisense nucleic acids, triplex nucleic acids and ribozymes which modulate the expression of the proteins and peptides mentioned.
- the invention also encompasses
- Another embodiment of this invention is the galenical formulation or chemical modification of the peptides and nucleic acids described in a manner which enables them to cross the blood-brain barrier and / or the blood-liquor barrier more efficiently. This makes them particularly suitable for therapeutic use.
- DROPN peptides, OPN proteins, nucleic acids, agonists or antagonists for example, can be modified in such a way that they become, for example, lipophilic, which favors the passage into the subarachnoid space. This can be achieved by inserting hydrophobic molecular constituents or also by “packaging” the substances in hydrophobic agents, for example liposomes.
- peptide sequences can be attached to these peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, agonists or Antagonists are added, which favor the transition into the subarachnoid space or, conversely, make transition from the subarachnoid space more difficult.
- the invention also encompasses the administration of the said therapeutic agents in various ways, e.g. as an intravenous injection, as an orally administrable substance, as an inhalable gas or aerosol, or the administration in the form of direct injection into the subarachnoid space, or into tissues such as muscle, fat, brain, etc.
- This can increase the biological availability and effectiveness of these therapeutic agents ,
- peptides or proteins that are administered orally can be protected from proteolytic breakdown in the stomach by acid-resistant capsules. Strongly hydrophobic substances can be made more hydrophilic by suitable galenical preparations and therefore more suitable for e.g. intravenous injections, etc.
- Another embodiment of the invention is the use of DROPN peptides or OPN proteins to identify receptors that selectively bind these molecules. These receptors can also be modulated by administration of agonists or antagonists, which is expedient for the therapy of neurological diseases, in particular of Alzheimer's disease.
- OPN is synthesized by osteoclasts and osteocytes [2] and built into the bone. Osteopontin has been demonstrated immunohistologically in the mineralizing zone of developing bones [3]. It is also present in various biological fluids such as urine and milk and is expressed by activated T cells [4, 5] as well as by metastatic tumor cells, elastic fibers of the skin and aorta, myocytes, endothelial cells, macrophages and glial cells [6]. Detection of OPN in cerebrospinal fluid has not been described so far, and knowledge of the concentration and presence of OPN in CSF is therefore new.
- Bovine OPN from milk has 28 phosphorylations (27x on serine and 1x on threonine), three O-glycosylations and no N-glycosylations [7].
- Rats OPN isolated from bone has 13 phosphorylations (12x on serine and 1x on threonine) and also contains sulfate groups [8].
- Recombinant OPN can autophosphorylate on tyrosine.
- the differences in the number of phosphate groups in bovine OPN from milk and rat OPN from bone are probably due to their different tissue origin and not from the species, since the phosphorylation sites in all OPN variants that have been sequenced to date are very well preserved [7].
- OPN OPN
- the extracellular matrix is also remodeled.
- Osteopontin can preferably be detected immunohistologically in the calcified areas [11] and is expressed here by macrophages and smooth muscle cells. Osteopontin could possibly serve to regulate vascular calcification [11].
- the direction in which osteopontin acts is believed to be from the microenvironment and status of osteopontin dependent on its post-translational modifications, especially its phosphorylation [7].
- the markers according to the invention are therefore fragments which do not correspond to what was to be expected for OPN fragments with regard to their structural modification.
- Osteopontin also presumably mediates cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction, which controls the directed migration of immune cells, osteocytes and tumor cells ("homing") to different locations in the organism.
- Osteopontin interacts with CD44, a ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein [4, 5].
- vitronectin and hyaluronic acid are other ligands of CD44.
- CD44-osteopontin interaction leads to cellular chemotaxis
- CD44-hyaluronic acid interaction leads to homotypic cell aggregation.
- osteopontin-deficient mice have disorders in wound healing and in the regulation of the immune response [15]. It was also shown that macrophages in the vicinity of human tumors and in necrotic tumor areas, as well as in ischemic areas of the brain [14] express large amounts of osteopontin protein and mRNA and that osteopontin therefore presumably has an important function in the matrix reorganization in wound healing.
- Osteopontin promotes the adhesion and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells.
- VEGF Vasclar Endothelial Growth Factor
- stroke who is not a progressive, chronic dementia disease, an increase in the OPN mRNA was shown [16].
- the dementia detected by the method according to the invention is preferably a progressive, chronic dementia disease such as e.g. Alzheimer's disease. So far, the change in the concentration of the peptides and peptide fragments according to the invention in various dementia diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia can be detected. From this it can be concluded that the peptides according to the invention can also be used for the detection and therapy of Alzheimer's disease and related neurological diseases.
- One embodiment of this method is the determination of dementia diseases at an early point in time, for example “minimal cognitive impairment” (MCI).
- MCI minimal cognitive impairment
- Identification preferably focuses on certain peptide fragments of the OPN protein with the GeneBank Accession No. X13694, ie on peptides which comprise partial sequences of the OPN protein or on the OPN protein itself.
- These peptides are referred to as "dementia related osteopontin” (DROPN) peptides and are subsequently referred to as DROPN-1 to DROPN- Designated 31.
- DROPN-1 to DROPN- Designated 31 The relationship between OPN protein and DROPN-1 to DROPN-31 is shown in Figure 1.
- the sequences of the peptides determined by us are given in the sequence listing. These OPN fragments arise naturally in nature and have not previously been described in the literature.
- r1 represents a sequence which corresponds to the sequence or parts of the sequence of the OPN protein from amino acid 26 to 19, where r1, starting from amino acid 27 of the OPN protein, can be between 0 and 8 amino acids long.
- r2 represents the OPN protein sequence from amino acid 35 to 42 or parts thereof, where r2, starting from OPN amino acid 34, can be between 0 and 8 amino acids long.
- the other peptide chains r3 to r14 are composed according to the scheme explained above, with r3 at most OPN-221-208, r4 at most OPN-230-246, r5 at most OPN-233-208, r6 at most OPN-242-246, r7 maximum OPN-253-249, r8 maximum OPN-262-314, r9 maximum OPN-270-249, r10 maximum OPN-279-314, r11 maximum OPN-289-249, r12 maximum OPN-298-314, r13 maximum OPN -302-249 and r14 corresponds to a maximum of OPN-311-314.
- the putative position of the phosphate group at DROPN-10 with one phosphate group is serine at position 291 of the OPN sequence, the putative positions of the phosphate groups at DROPN-10 with two phosphate groups are serine 275 and serine 291, the putative positions of the phosphate groups at DROPN-10 with three phosphate groups are Serin 270, Serin 275 and Serin 291.
- the exact positions of the phosphate groups in DROPN-10 with four or five phosphate groups are not yet known. ** * DROPN-29 has a pyroglutamic acid as an N-terminal modification. Suitable peptides
- the peptides can be present in post-translational or chemical forms of modification, which include on their masses and thus the mass spectrometric identification and also on the elution behavior in chromatography, e.g. in reverse phase chromatography.
- the peptides can be phosphorylated, glycosylated, sulfated, amidated, oxidized or with an N-terminal pryoglutamic acid group etc. in the sample to be examined.
- the peptides are regarded in particular as OPN peptides or DROPN peptides if at most 30% of their sequence deviates from the sequence of the OPN protein. Point mutations, deletions, insertions and N-terminal and / or C-terminal extensions are permissible as long as there is no more than 30% deviation from the OPN protein sequence.
- the changes in the concentration of the marker peptides correlate with the severity of the disease and the stage of the neurological disease, in particular the progressive, chronic dementia disease, in particular Alzheimer's disease.
- MMSE mini-mental state examination
- control samples that may be used can be a pool sample from various controls.
- the sample to be examined can also be a pool sample, with individual examinations being carried out if the result is positive. Suitable biological samples
- the biological sample can preferably be (human) cerebrospinal fluid (cerebrospinal fluid, CSF) or a sample such as serum, plasma, urine, stool, tear fluid, sputum, synovial fluid, etc. on the sensitivity of the chosen detection method (mass spectrometry, ELISA etc.). Serum, plasma and urine are of particular interest because this sample material is obtained from patients frequently and without great effort in standard examinations. Homogenized tissue samples can also be used if necessary.
- tissue homogenates are prepared for the preparation of the sample to be examined, e.g. from human tissue samples obtained from biopsies.
- These tissues can e.g. with manual homogenizers, with ultrasonic homogenizers or with electrically operated homogenizers such as Ultraturrax are crushed, and then in a manner known to those skilled in the art in acidic, aqueous solutions with e.g. 0.1 to 0.2 M acetic acid can be boiled for 10 minutes.
- the extracts are then subjected to the respective detection method, e.g. subjected to a mass spectrometric examination.
- the samples can be prepared in the usual way, e.g. optionally diluted or concentrated, and stored.
- the invention further comprises the use of at least one of the DROPN peptides according to the invention or an OPN protein for the diagnosis of neurological diseases, in particular chronic dementia diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease, and the use of DROPN Peptides for the production of antibodies or other agents, which due to their DROPN-peptide-specific binding properties are suitable for the development of diagnostic reagents for the detection of these diseases.
- the invention also encompasses the use of DROPN peptides to obtain phage particles which specifically bind these peptides, or which, conversely, present DROPN peptides on their surface and thus the Enable identification of binding partners such as receptors of OPN proteins or DROPN peptides.
- Detection methods for DROPN peptides Various methods for the detection of DROPN peptides can be used within the scope of the invention. All methods that make it possible to specifically detect DROPN peptides in a patient's sample are suitable for this. Suitable methods include physical methods such as e.g. Mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography, molecular biological methods such as Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or immunological detection techniques, e.g. "Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays" (ELISA).
- physical methods such as e.g. Mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography
- molecular biological methods such as Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
- immunological detection techniques e.g. "Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays" (ELISA).
- One embodiment of the invention is the use of physical methods which can indicate the peptides according to the invention qualitatively or quantitatively. These methods include mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy, etc.
- quantitative measurement results are obtained from a sample to be examined with the measurement values that are present in a group of neurological diseases, in particular chronic dementia diseases. preferably Alzheimer's disease, suffering patients and a control group were compared. The presence of a neurological disease, in particular a chronic dementia disease, in particular Alzheimer's disease and / or the severity of this disease can be derived from these results.
- the peptides in the sample are chromatographically separated before identification, preferably with reverse phase chromatography, and separation of the peptides in the sample with high-resolution reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is particularly preferred.
- RP-HPLC reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography
- Another embodiment of this invention is the implementation of precipitation reactions for fractionating the sample using precipitation agents such as ammonium sulfate, polyethylene glycol, Trichloroacetic acid, acetone, ethanol etc. The fractions obtained in this way are then individually subjected to the respective detection method, for example the mass spectrometric analysis.
- Another embodiment of the invention is the use of liquid phase extraction.
- the sample is mixed, for example, with a mixture of an organic solvent such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and an aqueous salt solution. Due to their physical properties, certain constituents of the sample accumulate in the organic phase and others in the aqueous phase and can thus be separated from one another and then further analyzed.
- an organic solvent such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and an aqueous salt solution.
- a particularly preferred embodiment of this invention comprises the use of reverse phase chromatography, in particular a C18 reverse phase chromatography column using eluents consisting of trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile, for the separation of peptides in human cerebrospinal fluid.
- eluents consisting of trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile
- the fractions obtained in this way are analyzed using a mass spectrometer, preferably using a MALDI mass spectrometer (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization) using a matrix solution consisting of e.g.
- the peptide (s) can be identified with the aid of a mass spectrometric determination, preferably MALDI (matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-and-ionization) mass spectrometry.
- the mass spectrometric determination further preferably comprises at least one of the following mass signals, each calculated on the basis of the theoretical, monoisotopic mass of the corresponding peptide. Slight deviations from the theoretical, monoisotopic mass due to the experimental error and the natural isotope distribution occur.
- a proton is added to the peptides in MALDI mass determinations due to the measurement method, which increases the mass by 1 Da.
- Mass spectrometric determination of the sequence of the DROPN peptides In the further practical application of this embodiment, further verification of the detection result is possible and recommended by determining the identity of the peptides corresponding to the masses, taking into account only peptide signals which are derived from an OPN protein can be. This protection is carried out by identifying the peptide signals, preferably using mass spectrometric methods, for example an MS / MS analysis [17].
- the method according to the invention identified new, specific peptides of OPN proteins (DROPN peptides) and recognized their importance. These DROPN peptides and their descendants are referred to here as DROPN-1 to DROPN-31. Their sequences are given in the sequence listing.
- the DROPN peptides DROPN-2, -8, -9, -13, -14, -25 and DROPN-26 can contain additional amino acids at the N- and / or C-terminus corresponding to the corresponding sequence of the associated OPN protein.
- the invention also includes the DROPN peptides produced recombinantly or synthetically and isolated from biological samples in unmodified, chemically modified or post-translationally modified form. Two point mutations and other deviations are possible, as long as the DROPN peptide has at least 8 amino acids, which correspond in their identity and their position within the peptide sequence to an OPN protein.
- the invention also encompasses nucleic acids which correspond to DROPN peptides, and in particular those which correspond to the DROPN peptides according to the invention, and their use for the indirect determination and quantification of the associated OPN proteins and peptides.
- This also includes nucleic acids, e.g. non-coding sequences, such as 5'- or 3'-untranslated regions of the mRNA, and nucleic acids which have a sequence matching the nucleic acid sequence of OPN which is sufficient for specific hybridization experiments and which therefore serve for the indirect detection of the associated proteins, in particular the DROPN- Peptides are suitable.
- An exemplary embodiment of this includes obtaining tissue samples, for example biopsy specimens, from patients and subsequently determining the concentration of an RNA transcript corresponding to the gene with the GeneBank Accession No. X13694 or corresponding to homologous OPN variants.
- Quantitative measurement results are obtained from a sample to be examined with the measured values from a group of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease and a control group were compared.
- Methods such as reverse transcriptase polymerease chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real-time PCR (ABI PRISM® 7700 Sequence Detection System, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA), in situ hybridizations or Northemblots in a person skilled in the art can be used for quantification known manner can be applied.
- RT-PCR reverse transcriptase polymerease chain reaction
- ABS quantitative real-time PCR
- in situ hybridizations or Northemblots in a person skilled in the art can be used for quantification known manner can be applied.
- the identification of the DROPN peptides or the OPN proteins can be carried out using an immunological detection system, preferably an ELISA ("enzyme linked immunosorbent assay").
- This immunological detection detects at least one DROPN peptide or OPN protein.
- a so-called “sandwich ELISA” can furthermore preferably be used, in which the detection of the DROPN peptides is dependent on the specificity of two antibodies which recognize different epitopes within the same molecule.
- other ELISA systems for example direct or competitive ELISA, can also be used to detect DROPN peptides or OPN proteins.
- DROPN peptides or OPN proteins isolated, recombinantly produced or chemically synthesized can be used as the standard for the quantification.
- the identification of the DROPN peptide (s) can, for example, generally be carried out with the aid of an antibody directed at the DROPN peptide or OPN protein.
- Another embodiment of the invention is the production of DROPN peptides using recombinant expression systems, chromatography methods and chemical synthesis protocols which are known to the person skilled in the art.
- the DROPN peptides obtained in this way can be used, inter alia, as standards for the quantification of the respective DROPN peptides or as an antigen for the production of DROPN peptide antibodies.
- Recombinant expression of pepids is one of the methods known and suitable for the person skilled in the art for isolating and obtaining DROPN peptides.
- cell systems such as e.g.
- Bacteria such as Escherichia coli, yeast cells such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, insect cells such as e.g. Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cells, or mammalian cells such as "Chinese Hamster Ovary” (CHO) cells can be used. These cells are available from the American Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC).
- ATCC American Tissue Culture Collection
- DROPN peptides e.g. Nucleic acid sequences coding for DROPN peptides in combination with suitable regulatory nucleic acid sequences such as e.g. Promoters, antibiotic selection markers etc. inserted into an expression vector using molecular biological methods.
- a suitable vector is e.g. the vector pcDNA3.1 from Invitrogen.
- the DROPN-peptide expression vectors thus obtained can then be transferred into suitable cells, e.g. by electroporation.
- the DROPN peptides thus produced can be C- or N-terminal with heterologous sequences of peptides such as poly-histidine sequences, hemagglutinin epitopes (HA-tag), or proteins such as e.g. Maltose binding proteins, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), or protein domains such as the GAL-4 DNA binding domain or the GAL4 activation domain.
- the production of the DROPN peptides by chemical synthesis can e.g. following the Merrifield solid phase synthesis protocol using synthesizers available from various manufacturers.
- a further embodiment of this invention is the isolation of DROPN peptides from biological samples or from cell culture media or cell lysates from recombinant expression systems, for example with reverse phase chromatography, Affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration,
- Another embodiment of the invention is the production of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies using DROPN peptides.
- the antibodies are obtained in a customary manner familiar to the person skilled in the art.
- a preferred embodiment is the production and recovery of DROPN peptide-specific antibodies, a particularly preferred embodiment is the production of DROPN peptide-specific antibodies which recognize neo-epitopes, that is to say epitopes which are only present on DROPN peptides but not in an OPN protein.
- Anti-DROPN peptide antibodies enable the specific immunological detection of DROPN peptides in the presence of OPN protein.
- Polyclonal antibodies can be obtained by immunizing experimental animals such as e.g. Mice, rats, rabbits or goats are made. Monoclonal antibodies can e.g. by immunization of laboratory animals such as Mice or rats and subsequent use of hybridoma techniques or via recombinant experimental approaches such as can be obtained via antibody banks such as the HuCAL® antibody bank from MorphoSys, Martinsried, Germany, or other recombinant production processes known to the person skilled in the art. Antibodies can also be in the form of antibody fragments such as e.g. Fab fragments or Fab2 fragments, etc. are used.
- DROPN peptide determinations Another application example is the quantitative or qualitative determination of the above-mentioned DROPN peptides or OPN proteins to estimate the effectiveness of a therapy in development against neurological diseases, in particular chronic dementia diseases, in particular disease Alzheimer.
- the invention can also be used to identify suitable patients for clinical studies to develop therapies for these diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease.
- the quantitative measurement results from a sample to be examined are compared with the measurement values obtained from a control group and a group of patients. From these results, the effectiveness of a Therapeutic agent, or the suitability of the patient for a clinical study.
- the efficacy test and the selection of the right patient for therapy and for clinical studies is of outstanding importance for the successful application and development of a therapeutic agent and so far there are no clinically measurable parameters available for Alzheimer's disease that reliably enable this [18].
- An exemplary embodiment of this includes the cultivation of cell lines and their treatment with OPN proteins, DROPN peptides or with substances which promote the expression of OPN protein, or promote the processing of OPN protein to DROPN peptides, such as proteases, recognize the "dibasic sequence motifs".
- OPN proteins and DROPN peptides in connection with neurological diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease, can be determined.
- Fusion proteins and fusion peptides can also be used to treat the cell lines, for example fusion proteins with peptide sequences which promote transport of the fusion protein into the interior of the cell. Examples of possible fusion partners are HIV-TAT sequences or Antennapedia sequences, etc.
- cell lines can be transfected with expression vectors which directly or indirectly cause expression of OPN proteins or DROPN peptides by the transfected cells.
- These expression vectors can encode, inter alia, DROPN peptides or OPN proteins. Simultaneous transfections with different DROPN peptides and / or OPN proteins can also be carried out.
- suitable cell lines with anti-OPN protein or anti-DROPN peptide antibodies or with nucleic acids which suppress the expression of OPN proteins such as, for example, OPN antisense nucleic acids, OPN triplex nucleic acids or against OPN mRNA directed ribozymes.
- cell lines that appear to be suitable as neurological model systems in connection with OPN can be used for such studies.
- Tests which determine the proliferation rate of the treated cells and their metabolic activity, among others, can be used as read-out systems for these investigations
- Suitable strains of experimental animals for example mice or rats, which are considered as a model for neurological diseases, in particular as a model for Alzheimer's disease, can be used as further test systems. These experimental animals can be used to study the effectiveness of therapy strategies aimed at modulating the concentration of DROPN peptides or OPN proteins.
- proteins and peptides such as OPN proteins or DROPN peptides can also be investigated in experimental animals, these peptides and proteins being able to be galenically prepared in such a way that they cross the blood-brain barrier and / or the blood-liquor barrier can happen better.
- Liposome-packed proteins and peptides, proteins and peptides, covalently fused or non-covalently associated with transport peptides, such as the HIV-TAT sequence, etc. can be used as a galenical preparation method.
- peptides and proteins can be chemically modified in such a way that they acquire more lipophilic properties and can therefore penetrate cells more easily.
- peptides that are only sparingly soluble in aqueous solutions can be chemically modified in such a way that they become more hydrophilic and can then be used, for example, as an intravenously injectable therapeutic agent.
- Acid-resistant capsules can be used to protect sensitive substances in the stomach that are to be administered orally.
- Read-out parameters in experiments with animal models can be the survival of the animals, their behavior, their short-term memory and their ability to learn.
- An example of a memory test that is suitable for experimental animals is the "Morris water maze test”.
- Further parameters can be the determination of body function, such as blood tests, the measurement of brain currents, metabolism tests, the expression rate of OPN proteins and DROPN peptides and other proteins related to the disease, as well as morphological and histological tests on tissues, such as be used in the brain.
- the invention is illustrated in more detail below with the aid of examples. Reference is also made to the illustrations.
- Figure 2 Reverse phase chromatography for the separation and enrichment of the DROPN peptides from cerebrospinal fluid
- Figure 5 MS / MS fragment spectrum using the example of the peptide DROPN-10 with a phosphate group.
- Figure 6A-C "Box whisker plots" for the quantitative comparison of the concentrations of DROPN-5, DROPN-10 and DROPN-20 in Alzheimer's disease compared to control patients.
- Figure 7 Determination of the concentration of the OPN protein in cerebrospinal fluid using a "sandwich ELISA”.
- Figure 1 shows an alignment of the OPN peptides according to the invention with their OPN protein.
- the masses actually identified in the mass spectrometer deviate from these theoretical, monoisotopic masses due to the natural isotope distribution and a low measurement inaccuracy of at most 500 ppm.
- DROPN-10 peptide variants with 1 to 5 phosphate groups could be identified and determined experimentally.
- the experimentally determined masses for DROPN-10 are: 7738/7818/7898/7978 and 8058 daltons, the mass of DROPN-10 being increased sequentially by the mass of one phosphate group.
- Figure 2 shows an elution profile of a reverse phase chromatography according to Example 2, for the separation and enrichment of the DROPN peptides from cerebrospinal fluid.
- Figure 3 shows a spectrum, which was produced by MALDI mass spectrometric measurement according to Example 3 of DROPN-10, after reverse phase chromatography of human cerebrospinal fluid according to Example 2.
- DROPN-10 corresponds to the OPN sequence of amino acid 249-314.
- Figure 3A shows the MALDI mass spectrum of DROPN-10 in its non-phosphorylated form. The mass peak of DROPN-10 is marked by an arrow.
- Figure 3B shows the MALDI mass spectrum of a DROPN-10 variant that contains a phosphate group. The mass peak of DROPN-10 + 1x phosphate is marked by an arrow.
- Figure 4 shows data generated by MALDI as a relatively quantifying MS method.
- Each peptide shows an individual, typical ratio of signal strength to concentration, which can be read in this diagram using the slope of the curve.
- Figure 5 shows an MS / MS fragment spectrum according to Example 4 of the peptide DROPN-10 according to the invention with a phosphate group.
- Upper trace raw data of the measurement.
- Bottom track Converted, deconvoluted mass spectrum of DROPN-10 with a phosphate group.
- DROPN-10 corresponds to the OPN sequence of amino acid 249-314.
- Figure 6 shows "box whisker plots" for the quantitative comparison of the concentrations of DROPN-5, DROPN-10 and DROPN-20 in Alzheimer's disease compared to control patients, whereby for DROPN-10 box whisker plots for the non-phosphorylated , for which single, double, triple and quadruple phosphorylated peptides are shown.
- the pictures show in the form of "box whisker plots” a comparison of the integrated MALDI mass spectrometric signal intensities.
- Figure 7 shows the measurement results for the concentrations of the OPN protein in cerebrospinal fluid, determined with a "sandwich ELISA", shown as a box plot.
- the right half of the figure shows the results of samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease, the middle part of the figure shows the results of samples from patients with vascular dementia and the left part of the figure shows the results of the control group.
- Example 1 Extraction of cerebrospinal fluid to determine DROPN peptides
- Cerebrospinal fluid is the fluid contained in the four brain ventricles and in the subarachnoid space, which is primarily formed in the choroid plexus of the side ventricles. Liquor cerebrospinalis is usually removed by lumbar puncture, more rarely by suboccipital puncture or ventricular puncture. In lumbar puncture (spinal puncture) for the removal of cerebrospinal fluid, the spinal subarachnoid space between the 3rd and 4th or 4th and 5th lumbar spinous process is punctured with a long hollow needle and puncture is obtained. The sample is then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2000x g and the supernatant is stored at minus 80 ° C.
- Example 2 Separation of peptides in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for mass spectrometric measurement of DROPN peptides
- compositions were used: solvent A: 0.06% (v / v) trifluoroacetic acid, solvent B: 0.05% (v / v) trifluoroacetic acid, 80% (v / v) acetonitrile.
- Chromatography was carried out at 33 ° C. using an HP ChemStation 1100 from Agilent Technologies with a flow cell Micro from Agilent Technologies. Human cerebrospinal fluid was used as the sample. 440 ⁇ l of CSF were diluted to 1650 ⁇ l with water, the pH was adjusted to 2-3, the sample was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 18000 ⁇ g and finally 1500 ⁇ l of the sample thus prepared was applied to the chromatography column.
- the chromatography conditions were like follows: 5% solvent B at time 0 min., from time 1 to 45 min continuous increase in solvent B concentration to 50%, from time 45 to 49 min continuous increase in solvent B concentration to 100% and then until time 53 min constant 100% buffer B. 10 minutes after the start of the chromatography, 96 fractions of 0.5 ml each are started.
- the chromatogram of a cerebrospinal fluid sample, produced under the test conditions described here, is shown in Figure 2.
- Example 3 Determination of the masses of peptides using MALDI mass spectrometry
- MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
- Suitable MALDI-TOF mass spectrometers are manufactured by PerSeptive Biosystems Framingham (Voyager-DE, Voyager-DE PRO or Voyager-DE STR) or by Bruker Daltonik GmbH (BIFLEX).
- a matrix substance typically consists of an organic acid.
- Typical matrix substances which are suitable for peptides are 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, ⁇ -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid.
- a lyophilized equivalent obtained according to reverse phase chromatography corresponding to 500 ⁇ l of human cerebrospinal fluid, is used.
- the chromatographed sample is dissolved in 15 ⁇ l of a matrix solution.
- This matrix solution contains, for example, 10 g / 1 ⁇ -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid and 10 g / 1 L (-) fucose dissolved in a solvent mixture consisting of acetonitrile, water, trifluoroacetic acid and acetone in a volume ratio of 49: 49: 1: 1.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of a measurement of one of the DROPN peptides according to the invention.
- MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry can be used to quantify peptides such as the DROPN peptides according to the invention if these peptides are present in a concentration that is in the dynamic measuring range of the mass spectrometer, thereby avoiding detector saturation.
- the peptides according to the invention are identified in these fractions using, for example, nanoSpray-MS / MS [17].
- a DROPN peptide ion is selected in the mass spectrometer based on its specific m / z (mass / charge) value in a manner known to the person skilled in the art in the mass spectrometer. This selected ion is then fragmented by supplying collision energy with a collision gas, for example helium or nitrogen, and the resulting DROPN peptide fragments are detected in the mass spectrometer in an integrated analysis unit and corresponding m / z values are determined (Principle of tandem mass spectrometry) [19].
- a collision gas for example helium or nitrogen
- the fragmentation behavior of peptides enables the DROPN peptides according to the invention to be clearly identified using computer-assisted search methods [20] in sequence databases in which the sequence of an OPN protein has been entered.
- the mass spectrometric analysis was carried out using a quadrupole TOF instrument, model "QStar-Pulsar” from Applied Biosystems-Sciex, USA. Exemplary MS / MS fragment spectra are shown in Figure 5.
- Example 5 Mass spectrometric quantification of DROPN peptides to compare their relative concentration in control samples compared to patient samples
- the "box whisker plots” shown enable comparison of the integrated MALDI mass spectrometric signal intensities of various DROPN peptides in controls with the MALDI signal intensities in samples from Alzheimer's disease patients.
- the solid line in the columns indicates the median and the dashed line in the columns indicates the mean.
- Example 6 Quantification of the OPN protein with an "enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay” (ELISA) in human cerebrospinal fluid from patient and control samples
- washing buffer 0.05% Tween 20 in phosphate buffer
- 100 ⁇ l per cavity of the secondary antibody which is covalently coupled with the enzyme Merettichperoxidase (clone 10A16, monoclonal mouse immunoglobulin G antibody) in a concentration of 1 ⁇ g / ml in incubation buffer for 5.5 h at 4 ° C
- Merettichperoxidase clone 10A16, monoclonal mouse immunoglobulin G antibody
- substrate buffer 50 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 20 mM citric acid, pH 5.0
- the enzymatic reaction was stopped by adding 100 ⁇ l of stop solution (0.5 MH 2 S0 4 ) per cavity and then the absorption at 450 nm was measured in a TECAN model SUNRISE.
- a standard series of known concentrations produced with recombinant OPN was determined in parallel in the ELISA and used for quantification. All reagents used for the ELISA were purchased from IBL Hamburg.
- the OPN concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid samples calculated from the known concentrations of the standards are shown in the form of box plots in Figure 7. Each box encloses 50% of the data points with the statistical median as the center line. The top and bottom lines of the box indicate the limits for ⁇ 25% of the data population.
- the line above the upper box is called “Upper Quartile UQ”
- the lower line of the lower box is called “Lower Quartile LQ”.
- the interquartile distance “Interquartile Distance (IQD)” indicates the distance between the lower and upper quartile.
- the lines that connect to the box at the top and bottom indicate the distance to the minimum or maximum value. This excludes data points that are recognized as outliers. This is the case if the value of a data point is W> UQ + 1.5 * IQD or W ⁇ LQ - 1.5 * IQD.
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JP4796967B2 (ja) * | 2003-11-07 | 2011-10-19 | ヴァーミリオン インコーポレイテッド | アルツハイマー病のためのバイオマーカー |
ATE535535T1 (de) * | 2006-02-28 | 2011-12-15 | Phenomenome Discoveries Inc | Methoden für die diagnose von demenz und anderen neurologischen erkrankungen |
CA2620274C (en) | 2007-02-08 | 2011-10-04 | Phenomenome Discoveries Inc. | Methods for the treatment of senile dementia of the alzheimer's type |
EA201400710A1 (ru) | 2008-01-18 | 2015-03-31 | Президент Энд Феллоуз Оф Гарвард Колледж | Способы детекции признаков заболеваний или состояний в жидкостях организма |
KR20130041962A (ko) | 2010-07-23 | 2013-04-25 | 프레지던트 앤드 펠로우즈 오브 하바드 칼리지 | 식작용 세포를 사용하여 질환 또는 상태를 검출하는 방법 |
US20120053073A1 (en) | 2010-07-23 | 2012-03-01 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Methods for Detecting Signatures of Disease or Conditions in Bodily Fluids |
US20130184178A1 (en) | 2010-07-23 | 2013-07-18 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Methods of Detecting Autoimmune or Immune-Related Diseases or Conditions |
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US9751922B2 (en) * | 2012-04-06 | 2017-09-05 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science And Technology | Protein tag, tagged protein, and protein purification method |
MX2014015425A (es) | 2012-06-15 | 2015-07-14 | Harry Stylli | Metodos para detectar enfermedades o condiciones. |
EP2861788B1 (de) | 2012-06-15 | 2018-10-10 | Progenity, Inc. | Verfahren zum nachweis von krankheiten oder leiden mittels zirkulierender erkrankter zellen |
WO2014164366A1 (en) | 2013-03-09 | 2014-10-09 | Harry Stylli | Methods of detecting cancer |
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