EP1388378A1 - Method for producing a hollow ingot of metallic material - Google Patents
Method for producing a hollow ingot of metallic material Download PDFInfo
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- EP1388378A1 EP1388378A1 EP03016131A EP03016131A EP1388378A1 EP 1388378 A1 EP1388378 A1 EP 1388378A1 EP 03016131 A EP03016131 A EP 03016131A EP 03016131 A EP03016131 A EP 03016131A EP 1388378 A1 EP1388378 A1 EP 1388378A1
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- starting material
- punching
- cross
- rolling mill
- rolling
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 14
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002436 steel type Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B19/00—Tube-rolling by rollers arranged outside the work and having their axes not perpendicular to the axis of the work
- B21B19/02—Tube-rolling by rollers arranged outside the work and having their axes not perpendicular to the axis of the work the axes of the rollers being arranged essentially diagonally to the axis of the work, e.g. "cross" tube-rolling ; Diescher mills, Stiefel disc piercers or Stiefel rotary piercers
- B21B19/04—Rolling basic material of solid, i.e. non-hollow, structure; Piercing, e.g. rotary piercing mills
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
- B21B1/46—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting
- B21B1/466—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting in a non-continuous process, i.e. the cast being cut before rolling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B3/00—Rolling materials of special alloys so far as the composition of the alloy requires or permits special rolling methods or sequences ; Rolling of aluminium, copper, zinc or other non-ferrous metals
- B21B3/02—Rolling special iron alloys, e.g. stainless steel
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing a hollow block of metallic Material, in particular bearing steel, in which cylindrically shaped Starting material in a cross rolling mill using an axially fixed Lochdorns is formed into a tubular hollow block.
- a procedure This type is known for example from EP 0 940 193 A2.
- cylindrically shaped starting material is a Slanting mill supplied, which is equipped with an axially fixed hole dome is.
- the starting material is rolled over the perforated dome.
- the advantages of the Schrägwalzvons are mainly the low eccentricity of Hollow blocks and a high operating weight of the blocks, d. H. it can be relatively long Tubes are manufactured.
- a disadvantage of the known Schrägwalz compiler that tensile stresses occur in the material core zone, whereby the risk of Internal fault formation by tearing exists; Furthermore, here is a relatively high Preliminary material quality necessary, which is why usually in materials with reduced Formability only pre-rolled material can be processed.
- the advantages of the press hole are above all the occurrence of compressive stresses in the material core zone, whereby there is no danger of internal defects, even with steel types with limited forming capacity.
- the disadvantage is here the relatively high eccentricity of the hollow blocks and their lower operating weight.
- the invention is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method with Hollow blocks made of bearing steel by the Schrägwalz compiler economically let produce.
- the starting material for the production of Tubes as a starting product for the production of bearing rings are cheaper.
- the starting material Made from non-pre-formed material produced by direct extrusion is, and that the starting material before feeding into the cross rolling mill is not subjected to a Vorwalzvorgang.
- the starting material is preferred in the cross rolling then only one rolling process defined during punching diminished, d. H. subjected to low degree of deformation; the forming parameters are then so limited, so that only a small deformation takes place.
- directly extruded starting material is used used for making seamless pipes without performing a Pre-rolling process is fed to the cross rolling mill.
- the material is only one rolling process defined diminished, d. H. low degree of deformation compared with the possibilities of known Schrägwalz compiler. It takes place during the oblique rolling Therefore, no massive reduction before or during punching instead, as in previously known Procedure is common. In this way, the manufacturing process for seamless tubes, especially from bearing steel, much easier and thus made more economical.
- the cross rolling mill is preferably designed as a three-roll cross rolling mill; cone tapered rollers are preferably used here.
- constriction in the punching process should be at least 75%, preferably at least 87% of the initial diameter.
- constriction is here the diameter reduction at the narrowest point, the high point, too understand; it thus results as a quotient of the diameter at the high point based on the initial diameter.
- the high point is the narrowest point between the rollers, d. H. where the material diameter is the smallest.
- the maximum elongation of the starting material is convergent Punch 3.5, preferably 3.0, and in divergent punching 2.5, preferably 2.0.
- the extension results as a ratio of the tube length after the Transformation to the original block or pipe length or ratio of Cross-sectional area before forming to the reshaped cross-sectional area.
- the diameter decrease of the starting material in the cross rolling mill should if a Massiworredump is made, so in the case of a Vorumformung - Maximum 42%, preferably a maximum of 15%. It is defined as Difference between the diameter before forming and the diameter after forming relative to the starting diameter, i. before forming.
- the process can be used particularly advantageously if the starting material before punching to a temperature between 1050 ° C and 1140 ° C, preferably at a temperature between 1060 ° C and 1080 ° C, is heated.
- the punching operation is performed with divergent aligned rollers.
- divergent rolling the roll axes move away in the rolling direction while in convergent rolling, the roll axes in Increasingly approach rolling direction.
- the proposed method is particularly preferred in processing of bearing steel type 100 Cr 6 is used.
- bearing steel in direct casting was manufactured to process without prereduction and the hollow block reshape.
- the core area of the material are advantageous compressive stresses in front.
- the hollow block substantially cheaper Be prepared as compared with the Schrägwalz Kunststoffmaschinen according to the state of the art.
- the method according to the invention therefore combines the advantages of the cross rolling method in terms of good concentricity, high application weight and lower Material losses with the advantages of the press hole in terms of predominant Compressive stresses in the core area of the material while avoiding the disadvantages both procedural principles.
- quality improvements of the hollow block in addition to economic benefits also quality improvements of the hollow block.
- hollow block 1 In the figure is denoted by 1 to be produced hollow block, which then to a seamless tube is reshaped.
- This consists in the embodiment Rolling bearing steel of the type 100 Cr 6.
- the hollow block 1 is made of starting material 2 manufactured with circular cylindrical cross section. The transformation of the starting material 2 to the hollow block 1 takes place in a three-roll cross-rolling mill; shown are two rolls 3 and 4 of the cross rolling mill.
- the rollers 3, 4 have a conical section on.
- the axes 6 and 7 of the rollers 3 and 4 are removed in Rolling direction R from each other, d. H. There is a divergent punching.
- an axially fixed Piercing pin 5 is provided, via which the starting material 2 through the rollers. 3 and 4 is rolled.
- the Starting material 2 consists of non-preformed material by direct casting will be produced. Before the feed of the starting material 2 in the Slanting mill 3, 4, the material is not subjected to a pre-rolling. in the Beveling mill 3, 4 itself, when punching the starting material 2, with a only defined diminished, d. H. rolled low degree of deformation.
- constriction of the starting material 2 during the punching process at least 75%, more preferably at least 87%.
- the punching process is employed according to the embodiment with divergent Rolling performed.
- the maximum stretch of the starting material 2.5.
- the method is preferably applicable to the processing of low alloy steels of non-pre-formed continuous casting material and high alloy steels while avoiding significant internal defects and end losses at low eccentricity.
- the feedstock may be specially melted, pan-treated and potted, such that it has a fine-grained, homogeneous microstructure with finely dispersed primary carbide and high purity distribution, with particularly limited O 2 and S contents.
- An example of this is a mother block with a diameter of 120 mm, rolled from the hollow blocks with a diameter of 127 to 144 mm become.
- the mother block before, d. H. before carrying out the invention Method by skew rolling on z. B. 100 mm or 80 mm vorreduish, From the blocks thus formed hollow blocks with a diameter from 106 to 120 mm and 85 to 96 mm, respectively.
- the degree of deformation or the stretch can be used in a cone slanting mill with 2 Rolls up to 6.0.
- the Value up to 4.0 In a barrel rolling mill with 2 rollers, the Value up to 4.0.
- the three-roll cross rolling mill In the three-roll cross rolling mill is in the use of Barrel rollers, depending on the diameter change, a maximum value of 2.8 to 3.5 possible, a value of 2.3 is usual. It proposes a maximum value of 2.5 up to 3.5, depending on the roller position.
- the stretching area for cross-rolling mills lies between 1.2 and 6.0.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metal Rolling (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
- Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)
- Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Hohlblocks aus metallischem Material, insbesondere aus Wälzlagerstahl, bei dem zylindrisch geformtes Ausgangsmaterial in einem Schrägwalzwerk unter Einsatz eines axial feststehenden Lochdorns zu einem rohrförmigen Hohlblock umgeformt wird. Ein Verfahren dieser Art ist beispielsweise aus der EP 0 940 193 A2 bekannt.The invention relates to a method for producing a hollow block of metallic Material, in particular bearing steel, in which cylindrically shaped Starting material in a cross rolling mill using an axially fixed Lochdorns is formed into a tubular hollow block. A procedure This type is known for example from EP 0 940 193 A2.
Beispielsweise für die Herstellung von Wälzlagerringen werden nahtlose Rohre aus Wälzlagerstahl benötigt, die durch das gattungsgemäße Verfahren hergestellt werden können. Dabei wird zylindrisch geformtes Ausgangsmaterial einem Schrägwalzwerk zugeführt, das mit einem axial feststehenden Lochdom ausgestattet ist. Zur Umformung des zylindrisch geformten Ausgangsmaterials zu einem nahtlosen Rohr wird das Ausgangsmaterial über den Lochdom gewalzt.For example, for the production of rolling bearing rings are seamless tubes required from bearing steel, produced by the generic method can be. In this case, cylindrically shaped starting material is a Slanting mill supplied, which is equipped with an axially fixed hole dome is. To transform the cylindrically shaped starting material to a seamless tube, the starting material is rolled over the perforated dome.
Neben dem Lochen des Ausgangsmaterials durch Schrägwalzen ist auch noch das Presslochen bekannt, wie es beispielsweise in der DE 195 20 833 A1 beschrieben wird.In addition to the punching of the starting material by skew rolling is also still the press hole known, as described for example in DE 195 20 833 A1 becomes.
Die Vorteile des Schrägwalzverfahrens sind vor allem die niedrige Exzentrizität der Hohlblöcke und ein hohes Einsatzgewicht der Blöcke, d. h. es können relativ lange Rohre gefertigt werden. Nachteilig ist bei den bekannten Schrägwalzverfahren, dass Zugspannungen in der Materialkernzone auftreten, wodurch die Gefahr der Innenfehler-Entstehung durch Aufreißen besteht; weiterhin ist hier eine relativ hohe Vormaterialqualität notwendig, weshalb in der Regel bei Werkstoffen mit vermindertem Umformvermögen nur vorgewalztes Material verarbeitet werden kann. The advantages of the Schrägwalzverfahrens are mainly the low eccentricity of Hollow blocks and a high operating weight of the blocks, d. H. it can be relatively long Tubes are manufactured. A disadvantage of the known Schrägwalzverfahren, that tensile stresses occur in the material core zone, whereby the risk of Internal fault formation by tearing exists; Furthermore, here is a relatively high Preliminary material quality necessary, which is why usually in materials with reduced Formability only pre-rolled material can be processed.
Die Vorteile des Presslochens sind vor allem das Auftreten von Druckspannungen in der Materialkemzone, wodurch keine Gefahr von Innenfehlern gegeben ist, selbst bei Stahltypen mit eingeschränktem Umformvermögen. Nachteilig ist hier die relativ hohe Exzentrizität der Hohlblöcke sowie deren geringeres Einsatzgewicht.The advantages of the press hole are above all the occurrence of compressive stresses in the material core zone, whereby there is no danger of internal defects, even with steel types with limited forming capacity. The disadvantage is here the relatively high eccentricity of the hollow blocks and their lower operating weight.
Aufgrund der genannten Nachteile dieser Schrägwalzverfahren sieht die EP 0 940 193 A2 vor, dass vor dem Lochen des Ausgangsmaterials eine Massivreduktion des Materials vorgenommen wird. Reduktion und Lochung können dabei in einem einzigen Schritt erfolgen (s. Fig. 1 der EP 0 940 193 A2); alternativ können für die Reduktion und die Lochung auch zwei Schritte vorgesehen werden (s. Fig. 2 und 3 der EP 0940193 A2).Due to the mentioned disadvantages of this Schrägwalzverfahren see EP 0 940th 193 A2 ago that before punching the starting material a massive reduction of the material. Reduction and perforation can be done in one single step (see Fig. 1 of EP 0 940 193 A2); Alternatively, for the Reduction and the perforation also two steps are provided (see Fig. 2 and 3 EP 0940193 A2).
Bei der Nutzung des Schrägwalzverfahrens zur Lochung zylindrischen Ausgangsmaterials
hat sich herausgestellt, dass es speziell bei der Verarbeitung von
Wälzlagerstahl und hier insbesondere bei Stahl des Typs 100 Cr 6 mit dem vorbekannten
Verfahren Probleme gibt. Das gemäß dem Stand der Technik eingesetzte
Massivreduzieren des Ausgangsmaterials verteuert den Herstellungsprozess nicht
unerheblich.When using the Schrägwalzverfahrens for punching cylindrical starting material
has been found to be specific to the processing of
Rolling bearing steel and here in particular steel of the type 100
Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zu schaffen, mit dem sich Hohlblöcke aus Wälzlagerstahl durch das Schrägwalzverfahren ökonomisch herstellen lassen. Insbesondere soll das Vormaterial für die Herstellung von Rohren als Ausgangsprodukt für die Fertigung von Lagerringen preiswerter werden.The invention is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method with Hollow blocks made of bearing steel by the Schrägwalzverfahren economically let produce. In particular, the starting material for the production of Tubes as a starting product for the production of bearing rings are cheaper.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, dass das Ausgangsmaterial aus nicht vorurngeformtem Material besteht, das durch Direktstrangguss hergestellt wird, und dass das Ausgangsmaterial vor der Zuführung in das Schrägwalzwerk keinem Vorwalzvorgang unterzogen wird. Bevorzugt wird das Ausgangsmaterial im Schrägwalzwerk dann beim Lochen nur einem Walzvorgang mit definiert vermindertem, d. h. geringem Umformgrad unterzogen; die Umformparameter sind dann also limitiert, so dass nur eine geringe Umformung erfolgt.This object is achieved in that the starting material Made from non-pre-formed material produced by direct extrusion is, and that the starting material before feeding into the cross rolling mill is not subjected to a Vorwalzvorgang. The starting material is preferred in the cross rolling then only one rolling process defined during punching diminished, d. H. subjected to low degree of deformation; the forming parameters are then so limited, so that only a small deformation takes place.
Gemäß dem Kern der Erfindung wird also direkt stranggegossenes Äusgangsmaterial zur Herstellung nahtloser Rohre verwendet, das ohne Durchführung eines Vorwalzprozesses dem Schrägwalzwerk zugeführt wird. Beim Lochen des Ausgangsmaterials im Schrägwalzwerk wird das Material nur einem Walzvorgang mit definiert vermindertem, d. h. geringem Umformgrad unterzogen, verglichen mit den Möglichkeiten bekannter Schrägwalzverfahren. Es findet beim Schrägwalzen daher keine Massivreduktion vor dem bzw. beim Lochen statt, wie dies bei vorbekannten Verfahren üblich ist. Auf diese Art und Weise kann das Herstellungsverfahren für nahtlose Rohre, insbesondere aus Wälzlagerstahl, wesentlich vereinfacht und damit ökonomischer gestaltet werden.Thus, according to the gist of the invention, directly extruded starting material is used used for making seamless pipes without performing a Pre-rolling process is fed to the cross rolling mill. When punching the starting material In the cross rolling mill, the material is only one rolling process defined diminished, d. H. low degree of deformation compared with the possibilities of known Schrägwalzverfahren. It takes place during the oblique rolling Therefore, no massive reduction before or during punching instead, as in previously known Procedure is common. In this way, the manufacturing process for seamless tubes, especially from bearing steel, much easier and thus made more economical.
Das Schrägwalzwerk ist bevorzugt als Drei-Walzen-Schrägwalzwerk ausgebildet; dabei kommen vorzugsweise Kegel-Schrägwalzen zum Einsatz.The cross rolling mill is preferably designed as a three-roll cross rolling mill; cone tapered rollers are preferably used here.
Es hat sich als besonders vorteilhaft erwiesen, wenn die nachfolgenden Bedingungen eingehalten werden:It has proved to be particularly advantageous if the following conditions be respected:
Die Querschnittsabnahme des Ausgangsmaterials während des Lochungsvorgangs im Schrägwalzwerk sollte beim reduzierenden Lochen mit konvergenter Walzenstellung maximal 71 % und beim aufweitenden Lochen mit divergenter Walzenstellung maximal 60 % betragen. Unter Querschnittsabnahme wird dabei die Differenz zwischen Ausgangsquerschnittsfläche und umgeformter Querschnittsfläche bezogen auf die Ausgangsquerschnittsfläche verstanden.The reduction in the cross section of the starting material during the punching process In the cross rolling mill, the reducing punching with convergent Roller position max. 71% and with divergent punching holes Roll position maximum 60% amount. Under cross-section decrease is doing the difference between the starting cross sectional area and the reshaped cross sectional area understood based on the initial cross-sectional area.
Die Einschnürung beim Lochungsvorgang sollte mindestens 75 %, vorzugsweise mindestens 87 %, vom Ausgangsdurchmesser betragen. Unter Einschnürung ist hier die Durchmesserreduzierung an der engsten Stelle, dem Hohen Punkt, zu verstehen; sie ergibt sich also als Quotient des Durchmessers am Hohen Punkt bezogen auf den Ausgangsdurchmesser. Der Hohe Punkt ist die engste Stelle zwischen den Walzen, d. h. wo der Materialdurchmesser am kleinsten ist.The constriction in the punching process should be at least 75%, preferably at least 87% of the initial diameter. Under constriction is here the diameter reduction at the narrowest point, the high point, too understand; it thus results as a quotient of the diameter at the high point based on the initial diameter. The high point is the narrowest point between the rollers, d. H. where the material diameter is the smallest.
Mit Vorteil beträgt die maximale Streckung des Ausgangsmaterials beim konvergentem Lochen 3,5, vorzugsweise 3,0, und beim divergentem Lochen 2,5, vorzugsweise 2,0. Die Streckung ergibt sich als Verhältnis der Rohrlänge nach der Umformung zur ursprünglichen Block- oder Rohrlänge bzw. als Verhältnis der Querschnittsfläche vor der Umformung zur umgeformten Querschnittsfläche.Advantageously, the maximum elongation of the starting material is convergent Punch 3.5, preferably 3.0, and in divergent punching 2.5, preferably 2.0. The extension results as a ratio of the tube length after the Transformation to the original block or pipe length or ratio of Cross-sectional area before forming to the reshaped cross-sectional area.
Die Durchmesserabnahme des Ausgangsmaterials im Schrägwalzwerk sollte - wenn ein Massiworreduzieren vorgenommen wird, also im Falle einer Vorumformung - maximal 42 % betragen, vorzugsweise maximal 15 %. Sie ist definiert als Differenz zwischen dem Durchmesser vor der Umformung und dem Durchmesser nach der Umformung bezogen auf den Ausgangs-Durchmesser, d.h. vor der Umformung.The diameter decrease of the starting material in the cross rolling mill should if a Massiworreduzieren is made, so in the case of a Vorumformung - Maximum 42%, preferably a maximum of 15%. It is defined as Difference between the diameter before forming and the diameter after forming relative to the starting diameter, i. before forming.
Das Verfahren lässt sich besonders vorteilhaft anwenden, wenn das Ausgangsmaterial vor dem Lochen auf eine Temperatur zwischen 1.050 °C und 1.140 °C, vorzugsweise auf eine Temperatur zwischen 1.060 °C und 1.080 °C, erwärmt wird.The process can be used particularly advantageously if the starting material before punching to a temperature between 1050 ° C and 1140 ° C, preferably at a temperature between 1060 ° C and 1080 ° C, is heated.
Bevorzugt wird der Lochungsvorgang mit divergent ausgerichteten Walzen durchgeführt. Beim divergenten Walzen entfernen sich die Walzenachsen in Walzrichtung voneinander, während sich beim konvergenten Walzen die Walzenachsen in Walzrichtung zunehmend annähern.Preferably, the punching operation is performed with divergent aligned rollers. In divergent rolling, the roll axes move away in the rolling direction while in convergent rolling, the roll axes in Increasingly approach rolling direction.
Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren kommt besonders bevorzugt bei der Verarbeitung
von Wälzlagerstahl des Typs 100 Cr 6 zum Einsatz. The proposed method is particularly preferred in processing
of bearing steel type 100
Das Verfahren gemäß der Erfindung zeichnet sich durch verschiedene Vorteile aus:The method according to the invention is characterized by various advantages out:
Durch die genannten Maßnahmen wird es möglich, Wälzlagerstahl, der im Direktstrangguss gefertigt wurde, ohne Vorreduktion zu verarbeiten und zum Hohlblock umzuformen. Im Kerngebiet des Materials liegen dabei vorteilhafte Druckspannungen vor.Due to the measures mentioned, it is possible bearing steel, in direct casting was manufactured to process without prereduction and the hollow block reshape. In the core area of the material are advantageous compressive stresses in front.
Durch Anwendung des vorgeschlagenen Verfahrens wird ein Hohlblock mit niedriger Exzentrizität erzeugt. Ferner ist es möglich, relativ lange Rohre herzustellen, da das Einsatzgewicht der Blöcke beim Schrägwalzverfahren groß sein kann. Durch die vorhandenen Druckspannungen in der Materialkernzone ist auch die Gefahr der Entstehung von Innenfehlern gering, was sich vor allem bei Stahlsorten mit eingeschränktem Umformvermögen positiv bemerkbar macht.By applying the proposed method is a hollow block with lower Generated eccentricity. Furthermore, it is possible to produce relatively long tubes, because the operating weight of the blocks in the cross rolling process can be large. Due to the existing compressive stresses in the core material zone is also the Danger of the formation of internal defects low, which is especially true for steel grades makes positive with limited formability.
Da ein Vorwalzen des Ausgangsmaterials vor dem Lochen entbehrlich wird, kann mit dem vorgeschlagenen Verfahren der Hohlblock in wesentlichen kostengünstigerer Weise hergestellt werden, verglichen mit dem Schrägwalzverfahren gemäß dem Stand der Technik.Since a rough rolling of the starting material is dispensable before punching, can with the proposed method, the hollow block substantially cheaper Be prepared as compared with the Schrägwalzverfahren according to the state of the art.
Mit der vorgeschlagenen Vorgehensweise wird auch in vorteilhafter Weise erreicht, dass die Qualität des Hohlblocks auf hohem Niveau bleibt: Mit den vorgeschlagenen Walzparametern wird Triangulation (Dreiecksbildung) am hinteren Hohlblockende weitgehend vermieden, und es kommt auch zu keiner großen "Trompetenbildung" (Durchmesseraufweitung am vorderen Ende des Hohlblocks).With the proposed approach is also achieved in an advantageous manner, that the quality of the hollow block remains at a high level: with the proposed Rolling parameters will triangulation (triangulation) at the rear Hollow blocking largely avoided, and it comes to no great "Trumpet formation" (diameter expansion at the front end of the hollow block).
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren verbindet daher die Vorteile des Schrägwalzverfahrens hinsichtlich guter Konzentrizität, hohen Einsatzgewichts und geringer Materialverluste mit den Vorteilen des Presslochens hinsichtlich überwiegender Druckspannungen im Kerngebiet des Materials unter Vermeidung der Nachteile beider Verfahrensprinzipien. Somit ergeben sich neben ökonomischen Vorteilen auch Qualitätsverbesserungen des Hohlblocks.The method according to the invention therefore combines the advantages of the cross rolling method in terms of good concentricity, high application weight and lower Material losses with the advantages of the press hole in terms of predominant Compressive stresses in the core area of the material while avoiding the disadvantages both procedural principles. Thus, in addition to economic benefits also quality improvements of the hollow block.
Insgesamt ergibt sich eine Einsparung von Energie, Material- und Produktionskosten bei der Vormaterialbereitstellung, insbesondere für die Herstellung von Wälzlagerringen, bei einem hohen Qualitätsniveau der gefertigten Rohre.Overall, there is a saving of energy, material and production costs in the supply of raw materials, in particular for the production of Rolling bearing rings, with a high quality level of manufactured tubes.
In der Zeichnung ist ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung dargestellt. Die einzige Figur zeigt schematisch das metallische Ausgangsmaterial, das mittels Walzen zum Hohlblock umgeformt wird.In the drawing, an embodiment of the invention is shown. The only Figure shows schematically the metallic starting material by means of rolling is converted to the hollow block.
In der Figur ist mit 1 der zu fertigende Hohlblock bezeichnet, der dann zu einem
nahtlosen Rohr umgeformt wird. Dieses besteht im Ausführungsbeispiel aus
Wälzlagerstahl des Typs 100 Cr 6. Der Hohlblock 1 wird aus Ausgangsmaterial 2
mit kreiszylindrischem Querschnitt gefertigt. Die Umformung des Ausgangsmaterials
2 zum Hohlblock 1 erfolgt in einem Drei-Walzen-Schrägwalzwerk; dargestellt
sind zwei Walzen 3 und 4 des Schrägwalzwerks. Die Walzen 3, 4 weisen einen
kegeligen Abschnitt auf. Die Achsen 6 und 7 der Walzen 3 und 4 entfernen sich in
Walzrichtung R voneinander, d. h. es erfolgt ein divergentes Lochen.In the figure is denoted by 1 to be produced hollow block, which then to a
seamless tube is reshaped. This consists in the embodiment
Rolling bearing steel of the type 100
Zum Lochen des Ausgangsmaterials 2 zum Hohlblock 1 ist ein axial festgelegter
Lochdorn 5 vorgesehen, über den das Ausgangsmaterial 2 durch die Walzen 3
und 4 gewalzt wird.For punching the
Als wesentliches Merkmal der vorliegenden Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass das
Ausgangsmaterial 2 aus nicht vorgeformtem Material besteht, das durch Direktstrangguss
hergestellt wird. Vor der Zuführung des Ausgangsmaterials 2 in das
Schrägwalzwerk 3, 4 wird das Material keinem Vorwalzvorgang unterzogen. Im
Schrägwalzwerk 3, 4 selber, beim Lochen des Ausgangsmaterials 2, wird mit einem
nur definiert vermindertem, d. h. geringem Umformgrad gewalzt. As an essential feature of the present invention, it is provided that the
Starting
Hierunter ist insbesondere zu verstehen, dass die Querschnittsabnahme des Ausgangsmaterials
2 während des Lochungsvorgangs im Schrägwalzwerk 3, 4 höchstens
60 % beim divergenten Lochen und höchstens 71 % beim konvergenten
Lochen beträgt. Beim Drei-Walzen-Schrägwalzverfahren gemäß dem Stand der
Technik liegt die Querschnittsabnahme bei Werten bis zu 80 %.This is to be understood in particular that the reduction in the cross section of the starting
Weiterhin beträgt die Einschnürung des Ausgangsmaterials 2 beim Lochungsvorgang
mindestens 75 %, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 87 %.Furthermore, the constriction of the starting
Der Lochungsvorgang wird gemäß dem Ausführungsbeispiel mit divergent angestellten Walzen durchgeführt. Hierbei beträgt die maximale Streckung des Ausgangsmaterials 2,5.The punching process is employed according to the embodiment with divergent Rolling performed. Here, the maximum stretch of the starting material 2.5.
Von Bedeutung ist auch noch, dass die Querschnittsabnahme des Ausgangsmaterials
2 beim Vorumformen - falls es aus Gründen der Sortimentserweiterung
durchgeführt wird - maximal 66 % beträgt, was einer Streckung von 1 bis 3 entspricht.
Dieser Wert ist im Stand der Technik wesentlich größer; er liegt bei 67 %
bis 75 % und höher, was einer Streckung von größer oder gleich 3 bis 4 entspricht.Of importance is also that the reduction in the cross section of the starting
Das Verfahren ist bevorzugt anwendbar für die Verarbeitung niedrig legierter Stähle aus nicht-vorumgeformtem Stranggussmaterial sowie hochlegierter Stähle unter Vermeidung signifikanter Innenfehler und Endenverlusten bei geringer Exzentrizität. Das Einsatzmaterial kann speziell als Rohrvormaterial erschmolzen, pfannenbehandelt und vergossen sein, so dass es ein feinkörniges, homogenes Gefüge mit feindisperser Verteilung der Primärkarbide und hohem Reinheitsgrad aufweist, wobei besonders die O2- und S-Gehalte begrenzt sind. The method is preferably applicable to the processing of low alloy steels of non-pre-formed continuous casting material and high alloy steels while avoiding significant internal defects and end losses at low eccentricity. The feedstock may be specially melted, pan-treated and potted, such that it has a fine-grained, homogeneous microstructure with finely dispersed primary carbide and high purity distribution, with particularly limited O 2 and S contents.
Man kann also zusammenfassend sagen, dass beim vorgeschlagenen Verfahren keine Vorreduktion, Vorumformung bzw. Massivreduktion zu erfolgen braucht, woraus eine Kosteneinsparung resultiert. Es kann jedoch auch eine Vorreduktion, beispielsweise auf einem Drei-Walzen-Schrägwalzwerk, stattfinden, um aus einem Mutterblock Ausgangsblöcke verschiedener Durchmesser herzustellen; hierdurch kann das Abmessungssortiment der daraus zu walzenden Hohlblöcke erweitert werden.In summary, it can be said that in the proposed method no pre-reduction, pre-forming or massive reduction needs to be made, which results in a cost saving. However, it can also be a prereduction, For example, on a three-roll cross rolling mill, take place to from a Mother block to produce output blocks of different diameters; hereby can expand the range of dimensions of the hollow blocks to be rolled from it become.
Als Beispiel hierfür sei ein Mutterblock mit einem Durchmesser von 120 mm angeführt, aus dem Hohlblöcke mit einem Durchmesser von 127 bis 144 mm gewalzt werden. Wird der Mutterblock vorher, d. h. vor der Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens, durch Schrägwalzen auf z. B. 100 mm bzw. 80 mm vorreduziert, können aus den so entstehenden Blöcken Hohlblöcke mit einem Durchmesser von 106 bis 120 mm bzw. 85 bis 96 mm gewalzt werden. Auf diese Weise können also aus dem genannten Mutterblock Hohlblöcke im Durchmesserbereich von 85 mm bis 144 mm gewalzt werden. Insoweit kommt ein Vorreduzieren des Mutterblocks in Betracht, bevor das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren durchgeführt wird.An example of this is a mother block with a diameter of 120 mm, rolled from the hollow blocks with a diameter of 127 to 144 mm become. If the mother block before, d. H. before carrying out the invention Method, by skew rolling on z. B. 100 mm or 80 mm vorreduziert, From the blocks thus formed hollow blocks with a diameter from 106 to 120 mm and 85 to 96 mm, respectively. In this way So can from the mentioned parent block hollow blocks in the diameter range rolled from 85 mm to 144 mm. In that regard, comes a Vorreduzieren the Mother block into consideration before the inventive method performed becomes.
Nach dem Stand der Technik ist indes eine Vorumformung durch Längswalzen
oder Schmieden notwendig, wobei die Streckung 3 bis 4 bzw. die Querschnittsabnahme
mindestens 67 % bis 75 % betragen muss.In the prior art, however, is a pre-forming by longitudinal rolls
or forging necessary, wherein the
Das Lochen vom Block, also vom Ausgangsmaterial, zum Hohlblock erfolgt mit einem definiert gemäßigten Umformgrad (Streckung maximal 2,0 bis 3,5) unter komplex gleichzeitiger Kombination mehrerer Umformparameter, die in den Ansprüchen angegeben wurden und die ein Optimum für die Herstellung der in Rede stehenden Hohlblöcke darstellen. The punching of the block, so the starting material to the hollow block is done with a defined moderate degree of deformation (maximum elongation 2.0 to 3.5) below complex simultaneous combination of several forming parameters, that in the claims have been specified and which is an optimum for the making of the speech in question represent standing hollow blocks.
Der Umformgrad bzw. die Streckung kann bei einem Kegelschrägwalzwerk mit 2 Walzen bis zu 6,0 betragen. Bei einem Tonnenwalzwerk mit 2 Walzen kann der Wert bis zu 4,0 betragen. Im Drei-Walzen-Schrägwalzwerk ist beim Einsatz von Tonnenwalzen je nach Durchmesseränderung ein maximaler Wert von 2,8 bis 3,5 möglich, üblich ist ein Wert von 2,3. Vorgeschlagen wird ein Wert von maximal 2,5 bis 3,5, je nach Walzenstellung. Der Streckungsbereich für Schrägwalzwerke liegt zwischen 1,2 und 6,0.The degree of deformation or the stretch can be used in a cone slanting mill with 2 Rolls up to 6.0. In a barrel rolling mill with 2 rollers, the Value up to 4.0. In the three-roll cross rolling mill is in the use of Barrel rollers, depending on the diameter change, a maximum value of 2.8 to 3.5 possible, a value of 2.3 is usual. It proposes a maximum value of 2.5 up to 3.5, depending on the roller position. The stretching area for cross-rolling mills lies between 1.2 and 6.0.
Bei der Vorumformung durch Massivreduktion sollen 66 % Querschnittsabnahme, entsprechend 42 % Durchmesserabnahme, nicht überschritten werden. Beim nachfolgenden Lochen liegt die Streckung beispielsweise bei Werten von 3,5, 3,0 oder 2,5, was einer Querschnittsabnahme von 71 %, 67 % bzw. 60 % entspricht. In the pre-forming by mass reduction 66% reduction in cross-section, according to 42% diameter decrease, not be exceeded. At the for example, following stretching, the stretch is at values of 3.5, 3.0 or 2.5, which corresponds to a reduction of 71%, 67% and 60%, respectively.
- 11
- Hohlblockhollow block
- 22
- Ausgangsmaterialstarting material
- 33
- Walze des SchrägwalzwerksRoller of the cross rolling mill
- 44
- Walze des SchrägwalzwerksRoller of the cross rolling mill
- 55
- Lochdornpiercer
- 66
-
Achse der Walze 3Axle of the
roller 3 - 77
-
Achse der Walze 4Axle of the
roller 4
- RR
- Walzrichtungrolling direction
Claims (10)
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Ausgangsmaterial (2) aus nicht vorumgeformtem Material besteht, das durch Direktstrangguss hergestellt wird, und dass das Ausgangsmaterial (2) vor der Zuführung in das Schrägwalzwerk (3, 4) keinem Vorwalzvorgang unterzogen wird.Method for producing a hollow block (1) of metallic material, in particular of bearing steel, in which cylindrically shaped starting material (2) is formed into a tubular hollow block (1) in a cross rolling mill (3, 4) using an axially fixed piercer (5) .
characterized in that the starting material (2) consists of non-pre-formed material produced by direct continuous casting, and that the starting material (2) is not subjected to a pre-rolling operation prior to feeding into the cross-rolling mill (3, 4).
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Ausgangsmaterial (2) im Schrägwalzwerk (3, 4) beim Lochen nur einem Walzvorgang mit definiert vermindertem Umformgrad unterzogen wird.Method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the starting material (2) in the cross rolling mill (3, 4) is subjected during punching only a rolling process with a defined reduced degree of deformation.
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Ausgangsmaterial in einem Drei-Walzen-Schrägwalzwerk (3, 4) umgeformt wird. Method according to claim 1 or 2,
characterized in that the starting material in a three-roll cross-rolling mill (3, 4) is formed.
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Querschnittsabnahme des Ausgangsmaterials (2) während des Lochungsvorgangs im Schrägwalzwerk (3, 4) maximal 71 % bei konvergentem Lochen und maximal 60 % bei divergentem Lochen beträgt.Method according to one of claims 1 to 3,
characterized in that the cross-sectional decrease of the starting material (2) during the perforation process in the cross rolling mill (3, 4) is a maximum of 71% for convergent punching and a maximum of 60% for divergent punching.
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Einschnürung des Ausgangsmaterials (2) beim Lochungsvorgang mindestens 75 %, vorzugsweise mindestens 87 %, vom Ausgangsdurchmesser beträgt.Method according to one of claims 1 to 4,
characterized in that the constriction of the starting material (2) during the punching process is at least 75%, preferably at least 87%, of the initial diameter.
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die maximale Streckung des Ausgangsmaterials (2) bei konvergentem Lochen 3,5, vorzugsweise 3,0, und bei divergentem Lochen 2,5, vorzugsweise 2,0, beträgt.Method according to one of claims 1 to 5,
characterized in that the maximum elongation of the starting material (2) in convergent punching is 3.5, preferably 3.0, and in divergent punching 2.5, preferably 2.0.
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Durchmesserabnahme des Ausgangsmaterials (2) beim Massiworreduzieren im Drei-Walzen-Schrägwalzwerk (3, 4) maximal 42 % beträgt.Method according to one of claims 1 to 6,
characterized in that the diameter decrease of the starting material (2) during Massiworreduzieren in the three-roll cross-rolling mill (3, 4) is a maximum of 42%.
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Ausgangsmaterial (2) vor dem Lochen auf eine Temperatur zwischen 1.050 °C und 1.140 °C, vorzugsweise auf eine Temperatur zwischen 1.060 °C und 1.080 °C, erwärmt wird. Method according to one of claims 1 to 7,
characterized in that the starting material (2) before punching to a temperature between 1050 ° C and 1140 ° C, preferably to a temperature between 1060 ° C and 1080 ° C, is heated.
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Lochungsvorgang mit divergent ausgerichteten Walzen (3, 4) erfolgt.Method according to one of claims 1 to 8,
characterized in that the perforation process with divergent aligned rollers (3, 4).
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als metallisches Material ein Wälzlagerstahl des Typs 100 Cr 6 umgeformt wird.Method according to one of claims 1 to 9,
characterized in that as a metallic material, a bearing steel of the type 100 Cr 6 is formed.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SI200330417T SI1388378T1 (en) | 2002-08-10 | 2003-07-16 | Method for producing a hollow ingot of metallic material |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10236757A DE10236757B4 (en) | 2002-08-10 | 2002-08-10 | Process for producing a hollow block of metallic material |
| DE10236757 | 2002-08-10 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1388378A1 true EP1388378A1 (en) | 2004-02-11 |
| EP1388378B1 EP1388378B1 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
Family
ID=30128821
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP03016131A Expired - Lifetime EP1388378B1 (en) | 2002-08-10 | 2003-07-16 | Method for producing a hollow ingot of metallic material |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1388378B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE328675T1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE10236757B4 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2266691T3 (en) |
| PT (1) | PT1388378E (en) |
| SI (1) | SI1388378T1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006133696A1 (en) * | 2005-06-16 | 2006-12-21 | V & M Deutschland Gmbh | Device for production of a seamless hollow body from steel |
| EP2127767A1 (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2009-12-02 | Sumitomo Metal Industries Limited | Process for producing seamless steel pipe made of high-chromium high-nickel alloy steel |
| CN102699104A (en) * | 2012-06-11 | 2012-10-03 | 常熟市旋力轴承钢管有限公司 | Preparation method of G20CrNiMo bearing steel pipe |
| CN105170653A (en) * | 2015-09-15 | 2015-12-23 | 鑫鹏源智能装备集团有限公司 | Multifunctional rolling machine with roll profiles with two-time hole-punching function |
| DE102010047868B4 (en) * | 2009-10-26 | 2017-01-05 | Sms Group Gmbh | Method and device for producing a hollow block from a block |
| CN111589869A (en) * | 2020-01-09 | 2020-08-28 | 西北工业大学 | High-strength and high-toughness two-roller oblique rolling perforation method for 2219 aluminum alloy pipe |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102008028711B4 (en) * | 2007-10-15 | 2009-07-09 | V&M Deutschland Gmbh | Method and device for measuring the eccentricity of a hot-finished, seamless tube during manufacture |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS58135708A (en) * | 1982-02-05 | 1983-08-12 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | Method and installation for producing hollow bloom for seamless steel pipe continuously |
| DE19520833A1 (en) * | 1994-06-16 | 1995-12-21 | Mannesmann Ag | Process for the production of a seamless hot-worked pipe |
| EP0940193A2 (en) * | 1998-03-04 | 1999-09-08 | MANNESMANN Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the production of seamless tube |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3326946C1 (en) * | 1983-07-22 | 1985-03-21 | Mannesmann AG, 4000 Düsseldorf | Apparatus for the production of a hollow body by skew rolling |
| DE3530343A1 (en) * | 1985-08-24 | 1987-02-26 | Kocks Technik | HOLLOW ROLLING METHOD |
-
2002
- 2002-08-10 DE DE10236757A patent/DE10236757B4/en not_active Revoked
-
2003
- 2003-07-16 ES ES03016131T patent/ES2266691T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-07-16 SI SI200330417T patent/SI1388378T1/en unknown
- 2003-07-16 EP EP03016131A patent/EP1388378B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-07-16 PT PT03016131T patent/PT1388378E/en unknown
- 2003-07-16 DE DE50303653T patent/DE50303653D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-07-16 AT AT03016131T patent/ATE328675T1/en active
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS58135708A (en) * | 1982-02-05 | 1983-08-12 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | Method and installation for producing hollow bloom for seamless steel pipe continuously |
| DE19520833A1 (en) * | 1994-06-16 | 1995-12-21 | Mannesmann Ag | Process for the production of a seamless hot-worked pipe |
| EP0940193A2 (en) * | 1998-03-04 | 1999-09-08 | MANNESMANN Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the production of seamless tube |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 007, no. 250 (M - 254) 8 November 1983 (1983-11-08) * |
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8316680B2 (en) | 2005-06-16 | 2012-11-27 | V&M Deutschland Gmbh | Method of making a seamless hollow body from steel |
| EA013888B1 (en) * | 2005-06-16 | 2010-08-30 | Ф Унд М Дойчланд Гмбх | Device for production of a seamless hollow body from solid round steel block |
| AU2006257519B2 (en) * | 2005-06-16 | 2011-01-27 | V & M Deutschland Gmbh | Device for production of a seamless hollow body from steel |
| WO2006133696A1 (en) * | 2005-06-16 | 2006-12-21 | V & M Deutschland Gmbh | Device for production of a seamless hollow body from steel |
| CN101198419B (en) * | 2005-06-16 | 2019-08-13 | V&M德国有限公司 | Method for manufacturing the hollow bloom of Seamless Steel |
| EP2127767A1 (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2009-12-02 | Sumitomo Metal Industries Limited | Process for producing seamless steel pipe made of high-chromium high-nickel alloy steel |
| EP2127767A4 (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2012-08-29 | Sumitomo Metal Ind | Process for producing seamless steel pipe made of high-chromium high-nickel alloy steel |
| DE102010047868B4 (en) * | 2009-10-26 | 2017-01-05 | Sms Group Gmbh | Method and device for producing a hollow block from a block |
| CN102699104A (en) * | 2012-06-11 | 2012-10-03 | 常熟市旋力轴承钢管有限公司 | Preparation method of G20CrNiMo bearing steel pipe |
| CN105170653A (en) * | 2015-09-15 | 2015-12-23 | 鑫鹏源智能装备集团有限公司 | Multifunctional rolling machine with roll profiles with two-time hole-punching function |
| CN105170653B (en) * | 2015-09-15 | 2018-02-06 | 鑫鹏源智能装备集团有限公司 | Multi-functional rolling with secondary punch function roll shape |
| CN111589869A (en) * | 2020-01-09 | 2020-08-28 | 西北工业大学 | High-strength and high-toughness two-roller oblique rolling perforation method for 2219 aluminum alloy pipe |
| CN111589869B (en) * | 2020-01-09 | 2023-08-18 | 安徽汉正轴承科技有限公司 | High-strength and high-toughness two-roller oblique rolling perforation method for 2219 aluminum alloy pipe |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| PT1388378E (en) | 2006-09-29 |
| SI1388378T1 (en) | 2006-10-31 |
| ES2266691T3 (en) | 2007-03-01 |
| DE10236757A1 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
| ATE328675T1 (en) | 2006-06-15 |
| EP1388378B1 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
| DE50303653D1 (en) | 2006-07-20 |
| DE10236757B4 (en) | 2004-08-12 |
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