EP1360477A2 - Thermographieverfahren - Google Patents
ThermographieverfahrenInfo
- Publication number
- EP1360477A2 EP1360477A2 EP02700165A EP02700165A EP1360477A2 EP 1360477 A2 EP1360477 A2 EP 1360477A2 EP 02700165 A EP02700165 A EP 02700165A EP 02700165 A EP02700165 A EP 02700165A EP 1360477 A2 EP1360477 A2 EP 1360477A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- test
- temperature
- heat
- camera
- test area
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
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- 238000001931 thermography Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 147
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 21
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/72—Investigating presence of flaws
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a device for testing material properties by means of an active thermography method.
- Non-destructive tests extend to sub-areas of the test objects (e.g. the surface) as well as their overall cross-section.
- Physical material properties such as absorption of X-rays, reflection of ultrasound waves, sound emission or magnetic properties are used to detect defects (e.g. cracks, cavities or slag inclusions) and segregation zones.
- X-ray and gamma-ray testing, ultrasound testing, magnetic particle testing and electrical and magnetic testing are known as non-destructive testing methods.
- thermograph works in the infrared
- the infrared region begins with the dark red at the perception limit of visible light, at the other, longer-wave end it passes into the microwave region with wavelengths on the order of millimeters.
- a heat-sensitive camera it is possible to measure the infrared radiation emitted by an object and display it in a visible image. Since the radiation is a function of the surface temperature of the object, the camera can calculate and display this temperature precisely.
- This method is used, for example, to determine cracks or leaks in containers. If, for example, a gas flows out of a container through a leak, then if it has a temperature difference from the container wall, this can be determined with the aid of the measurement of the emitted infrared radiation.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a non-destructive material testing method that can be carried out quickly and easily.
- the method should be able to detect both inhomogeneities (e.g. material differences, inclusions) and material defects such as cracks or breaks.
- the method should be simple and quick to perform and allow a precise examination of individual, even smaller test areas.
- this is achieved by means of a test method for materials, in which, with the aid of a camera, which detects temperature differences above a threshold value, by determining and depicting temperature differences on surfaces of test objects, in which a) the individual temperatures of object elements within one of the camera face Test area of the surface of the test object can be determined and displayed, and
- the object is also achieved by a device for testing materials with a camera for determining and depicting temperature differences above a threshold value and a light source, in particular a laser device, which emits a light or laser beam in such a way that it strikes a surface of a test object and the temperature of a test area facing the camera is increased by at least the amount of the threshold value.
- a light source in particular a laser device, which emits a light or laser beam in such a way that it strikes a surface of a test object and the temperature of a test area facing the camera is increased by at least the amount of the threshold value.
- the invention is based on the knowledge that it is not the measurement of the absolute temperature of the test object, but the visualization of the cooling of the surface that allows conclusions to be drawn about the material properties. Significant material differences within an area to be checked can be derived from the speed at which heat is dissipated through the material or through different materials and defects. For this it is necessary that the temperature of the test object is not only examined passively, as was previously the case, but that there is an active supply of heat.
- the method according to the invention is thus an active thermography method.
- the method is particularly suitable for the investigation of composite
- thermography camera the temperature of the surface of the test object to be examined is first determined.
- the test object is advantageously in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.
- the surface area of the test object to be checked is heated uniformly with the aid of a laser beam, the thermographic camera registering the temperature increase of the surface.
- the surface must be increased at least by the minimum temperature difference (threshold value) that can be registered and displayed by the camera, but an increase by a multiple of the threshold value, for example by 10 Kelvin at a threshold value of 0.1 Kelvin, can be more revealing and a higher resolution Display the measurement result.
- the thermography camera the heat flow of the radiated heat can be observed directly, the cooling of the surface.
- thermographic camera produces a color image, but a representation based on grayscale can also be preferred.
- the use of a laser beam according to the invention for heating allows an extremely precise, homogeneous supply of heat over the entire test area.
- this is due to the relatively small, selective application of heat in the area of the focal spot, which for example can have an area of only about 2 to 3 cm 2 , and on the other hand, due to the precise
- Case number: S&P 2/01 File: Patentanmeldung.doc Conditionally bringing the focal spot to the limits of the test area.
- the heat supply due to the high energy density, the small focal spot and above all due to the low scatter of the laser beam can take place with a laser beam exactly within the limits of an arbitrarily shaped test area.
- the laser device can be programmed in such a way that the laser beam travels in any shape. It is particularly advantageous that, in contrast to the prior art, the adjacent surfaces are not also heated by the laser beam. This is advantageous if the adjacent surfaces are heat-sensitive materials or if these surfaces are also to be examined at the same temperature as possible.
- the laser beam can, for example, be guided in a meandering manner over the area of the test area and in doing so adhere precisely to the outer limits of the test area in such a way that a sharp transition to the non-actively heated adjacent area is achieved.
- the heat to be applied can be varied on the one hand by the intensity of the laser, but on the other hand also by the duration of the heat application or by the speed of the moving laser beam.
- the laser beam can be guided over the test area at a speed of one to 10,000 mm per second.
- the targeted application of heat to the surface in milliseconds means that faults or material properties in the component to be tested are immediately visible on the screen of the thermal imager and / or on another connected screen.
- the quality of the measurement results obtained by the uniform heating of the test object over the entire test area far exceeds the quality of measurement results obtained with state-of-the-art systems.
- thermo cameras thermo cameras
- the heat flow flowing into the test object can be displayed on a screen with a correspondingly high resolution. Accordingly, conclusions can be drawn about the slightest changes or differences in the material. It has proven to be particularly advantageous if the temperature changes in the test area are observed in real time on a screen.
- live images can additionally be stored digitally with appropriate software on a computer in the manner of a video film and later processed with additional software with regard to the desired presentation or results. For example, a good representation of the change in temperature of the test area can be achieved by playing a certain film sequence in succession several times or an unlimited number of times in succession (so-called loop representation). With a correspondingly high refresh rate, a
- thermographic camera records the heat flow from the side of the test object facing away from the thermographic camera in the direction of the thermographic camera based on the heat development on the surface facing the thermographic camera.
- thermographic camera is "blind" to visible light.
- the laser device is arranged very close to the thermographic camera or is directly connected to the thermographic camera, for example via a linkage
- a conventional heat source for example a halogen spotlight
- the temperature of the thermographic camera due to the proximity of the laser device is almost impossible, but at least the influence is significantly less.
- the examination of the test object can also be improved, for example, by previously determining the heat absorption capacity of the test area.
- the test area is first briefly heated over the entire area and then the reflected image of the test area is recorded using a CCD camera.
- the resulting image shows areas of high reflection bright and areas of low reflection dark.
- the subsequent heat input by the laser, which is ultimately intended to examine the test area can then be adjusted accordingly by the intensity or dwell time of the laser beam that a
- thermographic camera itself can also measure the reflected portion and thus corresponding to the absorbed portion of a first heating for a subsequent adjustment of the heat supply. Immediately after the first heating, the test area is recorded by the thermographic camera. The resulting image also shows the locations or areas of the test area that reflect or dissipate the heat more or less strongly.
- test area over the entire area, for example with coal or graphite dust.
- the coating standardizes the reflectivity of the test area and can then be removed quickly and easily. This method is particularly suitable for small test objects, for example.
- the coating can also be carried out using another suitable material.
- a significant advantage of the use of a laser beam according to the invention is also that large areas can also be heated centrally. Since the laser beam has only relatively low power losses even over long distances, a single, central installation of the laser device is sufficient. With large ship hulls, for example, it is not necessary to incur additional expenses to ensure even heat supply (such as erecting accessible scaffolding).
- a major advantage of the method according to the invention is that a reliable determination of the quality of spot weld seams is possible.
- Welding lenses created during spot welding have a high thermal conductivity and dissipate the heat supplied.
- the method according to the invention or the device according to the invention is particularly suitable for checking boat hulls made of glass fiber plastic (GRP). It has been found that salt or fresh water penetrates and passes through more or less protected glass fiber laminate through solid-state diffusion. This happens depending on the temperature, age and composition of the water / GRP media. As a result, undesirable end lamination, water ingress and ultimately destruction of the boat hull occur. With the aid of the method according to the invention or the device according to the invention, it is now possible to detect this undesirable change in the boat hull at any stage. The procedure thus serves to assess the condition of a fuselage or to prove the above. Defects and can be used as a decision-making aid for the valuation of a boat, especially after repairs after accidents, etc. When manufacturing new boats or ships, the flawless quality of the boat hull with the inventive
- the invention can be used in a similar way for checking steel-made objects such as, for example, motor vehicles or airplanes.
- vehicle bodies can be examined from outside without contact for repairs that are not visible. Due to the different thermal conductivity of steel and filler, the latter appears clearly when using the method according to the invention.
- Another interesting area of application for the method according to the invention or the device according to the invention is the marking or identification of objects.
- motor vehicles or boats can have a marking, for example an identification number, at any point below their paint layer, that is to say they are not visible to the naked eye from the outside, which can be checked quickly and easily using the method according to the invention.
- a marking for example an identification number
- FIG. 1 a basic illustration of a device according to the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a basic illustration of the scanning path of the laser beam
- FIG. 4 a simplified representation of the sequence of the test method according to the invention
- FIG. 5 a basic illustration of an automated examination device
- FIG. 6 a basic illustration of a device according to the invention with an additional camera for recording the reflections of the test area.
- Figure 1 shows the testing device 1 according to the invention, consisting of
- the laser beam 4 is used to heat a test area 14 facing the thermographic camera 10 of the surface of a test object 8. Depending on the size of the test object to be tested 8, the test area 14 can contain the surface facing the thermographic camera 10 completely or only partially.
- the use of a diode laser device has proven to be particularly advantageous as laser device 2, but the use of other types of laser device is also conceivable.
- the associated scan head 6 has one, two or more mirrors and serves to align and control the laser beam 4.
- thermography camera 10 When choosing a suitable thermography camera 10, the smallest possible temperature differences (threshold value) should be able to be displayed within the test area 14. Good results were achieved with a camera from FLIR Systems AB. With this camera, the display of threshold values or temperature differences of 100 mK is possible. The camera is also able to measure temperature ranges from - 40 ° C to + 120 ° C (measuring range 1) or 0 ° C to + 500 ° C (measuring range 2) and optionally temperatures up to 2000 ° C. An infrared detector "Focal Plane Array (FPA)" with an uncooled microbolometer with a resolution of 320 x 240 pixels and a spectral range from 7.5 to 13 ⁇ m is used.
- FPA Fluor
- the image frequency is 50/60 Hz PAL / NTSC non-interlaced.
- test object 8 made of CFRP is meandered by a diode laser with a wavelength of 808 nm and a scan head 6 with two mirrors for the X and Y direction (see FIG. 2).
- a meandering scanning ensures a defined and exactly repeatable scanning of the test area 14.
- the wavelength of the laser beam can vary between 750 and 900 nm depending on the requirements, in particular depending on the material.
- the laser beam 4 can be bundled or not bundled by a lens. If the laser beam 4 is not focused, a focal spot 16 is formed which has an area of approximately 1.5 cm ⁇ 1.5 cm. The area of the focal spot 16 can also be varied depending on the requirements.
- the speed of the laser beam 2 or the focal spot 16 on the test object 8 can be between 1 mm and 10,000 mm / s. In order to achieve sufficient heating of metal, a speed of 100 mm / s, for heating CFRP of 500 mm / s and of polyethylene of 1000 mm / s has proven to be suitable.
- Any change in temperature of the surface of the test object 8 can be observed in real time and at the same time, for example, recorded or stored in an IMG format.
- test objects 8 components can be tested in any position relative to the laser device 2.
- Figure 3 illustrates the principle of pictorial representation.
- the test area 14 is divided by the thermographic camera 10 (represented by dashed lines, a lens 18 and image elements 20) into object elements 22.
- the temperatures of the individual object elements 22 are determined by the camera and then represented as image elements 20 via a beam path 24.
- the display can be in color or in grayscale, with each threshold being assigned a specific color or grayscale. This results in an image of the test area 8, shown on the basis of the temperature differences between the object elements 22. If the object elements 22 have no temperature difference, no contrast can be seen in the 4-based pictorial representation, for example by the monitor 12. However, if the object elements 22 have different temperatures, they can be clearly recognized.
- FIG. 4 illustrates the procedure for a test according to the invention.
- the test object 8 is in this exemplary representation in thermal equilibrium with the environment and has a surface temperature of 20 ° C (see Fig. 4a).
- a grayscale wedge 26 is shown.
- This grayscale wedge 26 describes the representation of the temperature differences (threshold values) by the thermographic camera 10.
- a colored representation can also be selected.
- the thermographic camera 10 is now set in a first step in such a way that the minimum temperature T m to be measured lies above the average temperature T me d (here 20 ° C.) of the test area to be tested.
- the minimum temperature Tmin is 25 ° C.
- a so-called span is set, which ranges from the minimum temperature Tmin to the maximum temperature T max to be measured (here 35 ° C).
- the test area 14 thus appears in the monitor 12 as a white area.
- the test area 14 is now heated with the aid of the laser beam 4 in such a way that the surface temperature of the test area increases by at least one, preferably several threshold values.
- the average temperature T me d rises to 25 ° C.
- test area 14 There are 14 areas within the test area that deviate from the average temperature Tmed. Such faults 28 appear when they have a higher temperature than T me d on the monitor 12 as dark spots. Since the average temperature Tmed has also risen from the original temperature due to the heating, the test area 14 also appears darker overall. In order to achieve a clearer and clearer representation of the faults 28, the gray-level wedge 26, which causes the display on the monitor 12, is adapted to the now higher average temperature Tmed by raising the minimum displayable temperature T m -n such that it is greater or equal the average temperature is T me d. The test area 14 thus again appears on the monitor 12 as a white area, only the faults 28 which make it more difficult to dissipate heat appear as clearly recognizable dark spots (see FIG. 4 b).
- the thermographic camera 10 permanently determines the average temperature T me d cooling due to the heat flow and sets the gray scale wedge 26 in such a way that the average temperature T me d is shown in white (FIGS. 4 b and c).
- air pockets for example, which make it difficult to dissipate heat into the test object 8, can be localized as dark areas.
- a recording of the change in the surface temperature in the test area 14 over a certain period of time allows the calculation and display of a three-dimensional image of the test area 8 or the test object 10.
- the location and the course of faults 28 within the test object 10 can be determined using the essential material characteristics possible.
- the grayscale wedge 16 In order to facilitate the representation of those faults 28 which facilitate the dissipation of the heat into the test object 8, for example metallic inclusions in glass fiber plastic plates, the grayscale wedge 16 must be set such that those areas which have a temperature higher than the average temperature m ed are also visible are. This can be done, in particular, in that the average temperature Tmed is shown as a medium shade of gray and the disturbances 28 that facilitate heat dissipation are accordingly shown as lighter areas. It is therefore possible either to adjust the gray-scale wedge 26 in such a way that both the faults 28 that facilitate heat dissipation and those that hinder the heat dissipation can be seen.
- thermographic camera 10 is equipped with a marking device for marking within the test area 8. This can be done, for example, using a targeted ink or color jet. Depending on the application, however, other types of marking are also conceivable. Such a marking is particularly useful when the test objects 10 are to be processed or repaired after the test.
- test object 8 is initially recorded in the original state and then both the heating and the subsequent cooling of test object 10 with the help of thermographic camera 10 are recorded in the manner of a video film.
- This film which is as digital as possible, can then be processed on a computer 30 using appropriate software.
- the gray components of the gray scale wedge 16 can be adjusted to improve the contrast.
- a good representation of the temperature change of the test area 8 is also achieved if a certain film sequence is played back several times or at an increased number of times in succession at an increased speed (so-called loop representation). With a correspondingly high image repetition rate, a quasi standing image can thus be generated, on which the components or material differences influencing the heat dissipation are clearly visible. Digitized data generated in this way can also be archived easily and easily.
- FIG. 5 illustrates that the method according to the invention and the device according to the invention can also be used in an automated process.
- test objects 8 on a conveyor belt 32 For example, test objects 8 on a conveyor belt 32
- thermographic camera 10 which measures their surface temperature.
- the thermographic camera 10 can be arranged movably on a rail 34 in such a way that it can move parallel to the conveyor belt 32 at the same speed.
- the gray-level wedge 26 is set fully automatically, for example, and the measurement data, or their representation and evaluation, is determined using a computer 30 connected to the thermography camera 10 with a monitor 12. Faulty test objects 8 can be identified and sorted out. In order to ensure an appropriate speed of the testing process, it can also be useful to arrange a plurality of thermographic cameras 10 which check areas of the test objects 8 one after the other.
- the examination of the test object 8 can also be improved, for example, by previously determining the heat absorption capacity of the test area.
- a CCD camera 34 is additionally provided, by means of which the reflected image of the test area 14 is recorded after it has first been briefly heated over the entire area. In the resulting image (photo), areas of high reflection are bright and areas of low reflection are darker.
- the subsequent supply of heat by the laser beam 4, which is ultimately intended to examine the test area 14, can then be adjusted accordingly by the intensity or dwell time of the laser beam 4 are so that a uniform heating of the deeper layers is achieved regardless of the surface of the test area 14.
- test results can be displayed in different ways.
- a colored or more or less high-resolution representation in adaptation to the test object 8 can be useful.
- the test procedure is suitable for contactless, non-destructive testing of test objects 8 in the broadest sense. Use of the examination procedure in medicine is also conceivable.
- the Peltier effect instead of or in addition to a light beam or laser beam 4. If the two ends of a metal (or semiconductor) are brought into contact with another metal and a direct electrical current is passed through them, one contact point heats up while the other cools down. If you reverse the direction of the current, the hot and cold points are also reversed. It does not therefore generate a current difference, but a temperature gradient is established by applying a direct current, which can be demonstrated or checked with the aid of the method according to the invention or the device according to the invention. For example, the quality of weld seams can be checked using the Peltiers effect.
- the test object 8 can also be heated by means of inductive heating.
- the method according to the invention can also be used in such a way that only partial areas of the surface of the test object 8 are specifically heated or cooled. Based on the subsequent spread of temperature, conclusions can also be drawn about the material properties. Ideally, with a homogeneous body, the heat spreads in a circle starting from the point of warming. However, if, for example, a crack or material is present in the area of the heat spread, the uniform circular spread of the heat is disturbed. With the aid of the method according to the invention, such heat profiles and thus anomalies can be clearly demonstrated.
- the device according to the invention or the method according to the invention is simple to carry out and can be used for examining a large number of objects or materials.
- banknotes can also be checked quickly and easily.
- Banknotes consist of different materials and therefore have a characteristic behavior which can be demonstrated with the aid of the method according to the invention when the temperature changes. For example, this "correct" behavior could be stored in a computer and the temperature behavior of a bill to be examined could be compared with this reference behavior. Deviations would then indicate counterfeit money.
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE2001103689 DE10103689A1 (de) | 2001-01-26 | 2001-01-26 | Thermographieverfahren |
DE10103689 | 2001-01-26 | ||
DE10153592 | 2001-11-02 | ||
DE2001153592 DE10153592A1 (de) | 2001-11-02 | 2001-11-02 | Thermografieverfahren |
PCT/DE2002/000235 WO2002059587A2 (de) | 2001-01-26 | 2002-01-24 | Thermographieverfahren |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1360477A2 true EP1360477A2 (de) | 2003-11-12 |
EP1360477B1 EP1360477B1 (de) | 2006-04-05 |
Family
ID=26008346
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02700165A Expired - Lifetime EP1360477B1 (de) | 2001-01-26 | 2002-01-24 | Thermographieverfahren |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7044634B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1360477B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE322677T1 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2435772A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE50206308D1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2002059587A2 (de) |
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US20050169346A1 (en) * | 2004-01-29 | 2005-08-04 | Trw Automotive U.S. Llc | Method for monitoring quality of a transmissive laser weld |
US20050207468A1 (en) * | 2004-03-16 | 2005-09-22 | Mccullough Robert W | Inductively heated transient thermography method and apparatus for the detection of flaws |
US7828478B2 (en) * | 2004-09-29 | 2010-11-09 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and method for thermal detection |
US7795583B1 (en) | 2005-10-07 | 2010-09-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Long range active thermal imaging system and method |
DE102006043339B4 (de) * | 2006-09-15 | 2010-11-11 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung von Bauteilwandstärken mittels Thermographie |
US20080112460A1 (en) * | 2006-11-14 | 2008-05-15 | Ncr Corporation | Detecting intaglio print |
DE102006061794B3 (de) * | 2006-12-21 | 2008-04-30 | Thermosensorik Gmbh | Verfahren zur automatischen Prüfung einer Schweißverbindung |
EP3248702B1 (de) * | 2008-03-31 | 2021-07-28 | Jfe Steel Corporation | Stahlplattenqualitätssicherungssystem und seine verwendung |
US8167483B2 (en) * | 2009-01-15 | 2012-05-01 | Fluke Corporation | Temperature measurement instruments and methods for identifying a selected target area |
US20100277298A1 (en) * | 2009-04-29 | 2010-11-04 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Detection system and method thereof |
US8896701B2 (en) * | 2010-02-23 | 2014-11-25 | Ratheon Company | Infrared concealed object detection enhanced with closed-loop control of illumination by.mmw energy |
CN101995359A (zh) * | 2010-09-18 | 2011-03-30 | 中国兵器工业集团第七○研究所 | 一种气缸盖激光热冲击测试装置及其测试方法 |
US10229348B2 (en) * | 2011-07-05 | 2019-03-12 | Bernard Fryshman | Induction detector systems |
US10956794B2 (en) * | 2011-07-05 | 2021-03-23 | Bernard Fryshman | Induction heating systems |
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- 2002-01-24 DE DE50206308T patent/DE50206308D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-01-24 EP EP02700165A patent/EP1360477B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2002059587A2 (de) | 2002-08-01 |
CA2435772A1 (en) | 2002-08-01 |
WO2002059587A3 (de) | 2002-10-17 |
EP1360477B1 (de) | 2006-04-05 |
US20040081221A1 (en) | 2004-04-29 |
US7044634B2 (en) | 2006-05-16 |
ATE322677T1 (de) | 2006-04-15 |
DE50206308D1 (en) | 2006-05-18 |
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