EP1348501B1 - Method for the manufacture of a forged connecting rod and tool for carrying out the method - Google Patents
Method for the manufacture of a forged connecting rod and tool for carrying out the method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1348501B1 EP1348501B1 EP03290765A EP03290765A EP1348501B1 EP 1348501 B1 EP1348501 B1 EP 1348501B1 EP 03290765 A EP03290765 A EP 03290765A EP 03290765 A EP03290765 A EP 03290765A EP 1348501 B1 EP1348501 B1 EP 1348501B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- connecting rod
- blank
- foot
- head
- lower die
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 claims 4
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
- B21K1/00—Making machine elements
- B21K1/76—Making machine elements elements not mentioned in one of the preceding groups
- B21K1/766—Connecting rods
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a forged connecting rod for an internal combustion engine as well as a manufacturing tool for carrying out this method.
- a tool and a method of manufacturing a connecting rod are known from JP4-59147.
- the connecting rods are engine elements responsible for transmitting the forces of the pistons to the crankshaft and comprise a head provided with a bore, a body and a foot also provided with a bore.
- These rods are generally manufactured by a hot or medium-hot forging process which comprises several steps consisting in particular in the manufacture of a pre-blank by rolling a billet previously heated to an appropriate temperature, to the stamping or pre-blanking and machining of the head and foot bores to obtain a rough rod.
- this method has drawbacks which mainly reside in the presence of burrs that require an additional machining operation consisting in forming the side faces of the raw rod to eliminate these burrs which may cause during this operation a deformation of the piece. .
- the weak point in fatigue stress is located at the burrs which are located in the joint plane located at the middle portion of the connecting rod.
- the connecting rods must have a general geometric dispersion of increasingly weak, in particular as regards the deformations, and very fine alternating and rotational mass distributions.
- these rods must be obtained from a raw connecting rod inexpensive and requiring the least possible machining operations.
- the object of the invention is to avoid these drawbacks by proposing a method of forming a forged connecting rod making it possible to save material and to reduce machining operations, while obtaining more and more precise tolerances. and a good accuracy in weight as well as a repetitive distribution of the material for mass production.
- the invention therefore relates to a method of manufacturing a forged connecting rod according to claim 1.
- the blank is heated to a temperature between 0 and 1250 ° C.
- the bores of the head and the foot are made on a stamping press or by machining with a burr tool.
- the invention also relates to a tool for manufacturing a forged connecting rod for implementing the method mentioned above, according to claim 4.
- FIGs. 1 and 2 schematically shows a connecting rod designated by the general reference 1 and which consists of a head 2 having a bore 3 and two lugs 4a and 4b, a body 5 and a foot 6 having a bore 7.
- This rod 2 is formed from a blank 10 shown in FIG. 3 and which presents a general external form approaching the external form of said rod 1.
- the blank 10 comprises a head 11, a body 12 and a foot 13.
- the blank 10 is obtained from a profile 15 shown in FIG. 4 and which has a cross section corresponding to the profile of the blank 10.
- the profile 15 is formed for example by rolling or profiling.
- the profile 15 obtained for example by rolling, is cut transversely for example by shearing or sawing into a multitude of elements, as shown in FIG. 5, each forming a blank 10 of predetermined thickness.
- Each blank 10 is then converted into a raw rod by a set of dies 20 shown in Figs. 6-8.
- the set of dies 20 comprises a lower die 21 provided on its upper face with a closed cavity 22 whose shape corresponds to the shape of the raw rod to be obtained, ie to the general shape of the connecting rod 1 shown in FIG. Figs. 1 and 2, without the bores 3 and 7.
- the set of dies 20 also comprises an upper die 23 which forms a punch intended to slide in the cavity 22 and, for this purpose, this upper die 23 has an external profile (FIG.7) corresponding to the internal profile of the impression. 22 of the lower die 21 (Fig. 8).
- the lower face of the upper die 23 has the shape shown in FIG. 7 and which corresponds to the shape of one of the main faces of the raw rod to obtain. It is the same for the bottom of the footprint 22 of the lower die 21 which has a shape that corresponds to the shape of the other main face of this raw link.
- the clearance between the lower 21 and upper 23 matrices is between 0.3 and 0.05 mm and the cavity 22 of the lower die 21 and the upper die 23 have the smallest possible connecting radii which are between 0 , 5 and 1,5mm.
- the side walls of the cavity 22 of the lower die 21 have an ejection slope of between 0.5 and 3 °.
- the blank 10 is placed in the cavity 22 of the lower die 21 and the lowering of the upper die 23 prints the final shapes of the raw rod into the material.
- the bores 3 and 7 respectively of the head 2 and the foot 6 of the rod 1 are made for example on a stamping press or by machining with a router tool.
- the blank 10 is heated by appropriate means of conventional type at a temperature of between 0 and 1250 ° C. before it is positioned in the set of dies 20.
- the rods obtained by the process according to the invention are made of steel. This process also makes it possible to obtain cast iron rods and by sintering.
- the method according to the invention as well as the tooling for the implementation of this method make it possible to save material during the manufacture of the connecting rods which is important since in the calculation of the cost price of a connecting rod , the price of the material is between one third and half of the total cost price.
Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne un procédé de fabrication d'une bielle forgée pour moteur à combustion interne ainsi qu'un outillage de fabrication pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé.The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a forged connecting rod for an internal combustion engine as well as a manufacturing tool for carrying out this method.
Un outillage et un procédé de fabrication de bielle sont connus de JP4-59147.A tool and a method of manufacturing a connecting rod are known from JP4-59147.
Les bielles sont des éléments du moteur chargées de transmettre les efforts des pistons au vilebrequin et comportent une tête munie d'un alésage, un corps et un pied également muni d'un alésage.The connecting rods are engine elements responsible for transmitting the forces of the pistons to the crankshaft and comprise a head provided with a bore, a body and a foot also provided with a bore.
Ces bielles sont généralement fabriquées par un procédé de forgeage à chaud ou à mi-chaud qui comporte plusieurs étapes consistant notamment à la fabrication d'une pré-ébauche par laminage d'un lopin préalablement chauffé à une température appropriée, à l'estampage ou au matriçage de la pré-ébauche et à une opération d'usinage des alésages de la tête et du pied pour obtenir une bielle brute.These rods are generally manufactured by a hot or medium-hot forging process which comprises several steps consisting in particular in the manufacture of a pre-blank by rolling a billet previously heated to an appropriate temperature, to the stamping or pre-blanking and machining of the head and foot bores to obtain a rough rod.
Mais, ce procédé présente des inconvénients qui résident principalement dans la présence de bavures qui nécessitent une opération d'usinage supplémentaire consistant à réaliser le dressage des faces latérales de la bielle brute pour éliminer ces bavures pouvant entraîner lors de cette opération une déformation de la pièce. De plus, pour certaines géométries de bielles, le point faible en sollicitation de fatigue est situé au niveau des bavures qui sont localisées dans le plan de joint situé au niveau de la partie médiane de la bielle.However, this method has drawbacks which mainly reside in the presence of burrs that require an additional machining operation consisting in forming the side faces of the raw rod to eliminate these burrs which may cause during this operation a deformation of the piece. . In addition, for some rod geometries, the weak point in fatigue stress is located at the burrs which are located in the joint plane located at the middle portion of the connecting rod.
Or, il s'avère que la taille et la localisation de ces bavures sont difficilement contrôlables et sont inhérentes à l'estampage en matrice ouverte utilisée dans le procédé précédemment mentionné.However, it turns out that the size and location of these burrs are difficult to control and are inherent in the open die stamping used in the previously mentioned method.
Mais, la tendance actuelle des constructeurs automobiles est d'alléger les véhicules et de réduire les coûts ce qui les amènent à demander des bielles brutes de plus en plus précises.But, the current trend of automakers is to lighten vehicles and reduce costs which leads them to ask for rods raw more and more precise.
En effet, les bielles doivent présenter une dispersion géométrique générale de plus en plus faible, en particulier en ce qui concerne les déformations, et des répartitions de masses alternative et rotative très fines. En plus, ces bielles doivent être obtenues à partir d'une bielle brute peu onéreuse et nécessitant le moins d'opérations d'usinage possible.Indeed, the connecting rods must have a general geometric dispersion of increasingly weak, in particular as regards the deformations, and very fine alternating and rotational mass distributions. In addition, these rods must be obtained from a raw connecting rod inexpensive and requiring the least possible machining operations.
Ces exigences sont difficilement réalisables avec les procédés utilisés jusqu'à présent.These requirements are difficult to achieve with the methods used so far.
L'invention a pour but d'éviter ces inconvénients en proposant un procédé de mise en forme d'une bielle forgée permettant de réaliser une économie de matière et de diminuer les opérations d'usinage, tout en obtenant des tolérances de plus en plus précises et une bonne précision en poids ainsi qu'une répartition répétitive de la matière pour une fabrication en grande série.The object of the invention is to avoid these drawbacks by proposing a method of forming a forged connecting rod making it possible to save material and to reduce machining operations, while obtaining more and more precise tolerances. and a good accuracy in weight as well as a repetitive distribution of the material for mass production.
L'invention a donc pour objet un procédé de fabrication d'une bielle forgée selon la revendication 1.The invention therefore relates to a method of manufacturing a forged connecting rod according to
Selon une autre caractéristique de l'invention, on chauffe l'ébauche à une température comprise entre 0 et 1250°C.According to another characteristic of the invention, the blank is heated to a temperature between 0 and 1250 ° C.
Selon encore une autre caractéristique de l'invention, les alésages de la tête et du pied sont réalisés sur une presse à estamper ou par usinage avec un outil à défoncer.According to yet another characteristic of the invention, the bores of the head and the foot are made on a stamping press or by machining with a burr tool.
L'invention concerne également un outillage de fabrication d'une bielle forgée pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé précédemment mentionné, selon la revendication 4.The invention also relates to a tool for manufacturing a forged connecting rod for implementing the method mentioned above, according to claim 4.
L'invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture de la description qui va suivre, donnée uniquement à titre d'exemple et faite en se référant aux dessins annexés, sur lesquels :
- la Fig. 1 est une vue de dessus d'une bielle forgée,
- la Fig. 2 est une vue schématique en coupe selon la ligne 2-2 de la Fig. 1,
- la Fig. 3 est une vue schématique en perspective d'une ébauche de bielle,
- la Fig. 4 est une vue schématique en perspective d'un profilé à partir duquel sont formées les ébauches de bielle,
- la Fig. 5 est une vue schématique en perspective des ébauches de bielles obtenues à partir du profilé,
- la Fig. 6 est une vue schématique en coupe verticale d'un jeu de matrices d'un outillage pour réaliser une bielle brute,
- la Fig. 7 est une vue schématique de dessous de la matrice supérieure du jeu de matrices,
- la Fig. 8 est une vue de dessus de la matrice inférieure du jeu de matrices.
- FIG. 1 is a top view of a forged connecting rod,
- FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view along line 2-2 of FIG. 1
- FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view of a rod blank,
- FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of a profile from which are formed the rod blanks,
- FIG. 5 is a schematic perspective view of the rod blanks obtained from the section,
- FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view in vertical section of a set of dies of a tool to produce a raw rod,
- FIG. 7 is a schematic view from below of the upper die of the die set,
- FIG. 8 is a top view of the lower matrix of the die set.
Sur les Figs. 1 et 2, on a représenté schématiquement une bielle désignée par la référence générale 1 et qui est constituée d'une tête 2 comportant un alésage 3 et deux oreilles 4a et 4b, d'un corps 5 et d'un pied 6 comportant un alésage 7.In Figs. 1 and 2, schematically shows a connecting rod designated by the
Cette bielle 2 est formée à partir d'une ébauche 10 représentée à la Fig. 3 et qui présente une forme externe générale approchant la forme externe de ladite bielle 1. Ainsi, l'ébauche 10 comporte une tête 11, un corps 12 et un pied 13.This
L'ébauche 10 est obtenue à partir d'un profilé 15 représenté à la Fig. 4 et qui présente une section transversale correspondant au profil de cette ébauche 10. Le profilé 15 est formé par exemple par laminage ou par profilage.The blank 10 is obtained from a
Le profilé 15 obtenu par exemple par laminage, est découpé transversalement par exemple par cisaillage ou par sciage en une multitude d'éléments, comme montré à la Fig. 5, formant chacun une ébauche 10 d'épaisseur déterminée.The
Chaque ébauche 10 est ensuite transformée en une bielle brute par un jeu de matrices 20 représenté sur les Figs. 6 à 8.Each blank 10 is then converted into a raw rod by a set of
Le jeu de matrices 20 comprend une matrice inférieure 21 munie sur sa face supérieure d'une empreinte 22 fermée dont la forme correspond à la forme de la bielle brute à obtenir, c'est à dire à la forme générale de la bielle 1 représentée sur les Figs. 1 et 2, sans les alésages 3 et 7.The set of
Le jeu de matrices 20 comprend également une matrice supérieure 23 qui forme un poinçon destiné à coulisser dans l'empreinte 22 et, à cet effet, cette matrice supérieure 23 présente un profil externe (Fig. 7) correspondant au profil interne de l'empreinte 22 de la matrice inférieure 21 (Fig. 8).The set of
La face inférieure de la matrice supérieure 23 a la forme représentée à la Fig. 7 et qui correspond à la forme de l'une des faces principales de la bielle brute à obtenir. Il en est de même pour le fond de l'empreinte 22 de la matrice inférieure 21 qui a une forme qui correspond à la forme de l'autre face principale de cette bielle brute.The lower face of the
Le jeu entre les matrices inférieure 21 et supérieure 23 est compris entre 0,3 et 0,05mm et l'empreinte 22 de la matrice inférieure 21 et la matrice supérieure 23 présentent des rayons de raccordement les plus petits possibles et qui sont compris entre 0,5 et 1,5mm.The clearance between the lower 21 and upper 23 matrices is between 0.3 and 0.05 mm and the
De plus, les parois latérales de l'empreinte 22 de la matrice inférieure 21 présentent une pente d'éjection comprise entre 0,5 et 3°.In addition, the side walls of the
L'ébauche 10 est placée dans l'empreinte 22 de la matrice inférieure 21 et la descente de la matrice supérieure 23 imprime dans la matière les formes finales de la bielle brute.The blank 10 is placed in the
Au cours de cette étape de finition, il se produit une répartition de la matière longitudinalement, transversalement et surtout verticalement pour faire monter la matière dans les gravures des faces en vis à vis de la matrice inférieure 21 et de la matrice supérieure 23 avec un déplacement vertical de cette matière.During this finishing step, there is a distribution of the material longitudinally, transversely and above all vertically to raise the material in the etchings of the faces facing the
Après cette étape de finition, les alésages 3 et 7 respectivement de la tête 2 et du pied 6 de la bielle 1 sont réalisés par exemple sur une presse à estamper ou par usinage avec un outil à défoncer.After this finishing step, the
Selon une variante, l'ébauche 10 est chauffée par des moyens appropriés de type classique à une température comprise entre 0 et 1250°C avant son positionnement dans le jeu de matrices 20.According to one variant, the blank 10 is heated by appropriate means of conventional type at a temperature of between 0 and 1250 ° C. before it is positioned in the set of
L'utilisation d'une matrice fermée dans le procédé selon l'invention permet d'éviter la formation de bavures extérieures ainsi que les variations de masse au cours de la formation de la bielle brute, car la matière, au lieu de partir dans les bavures comme dans les procédés d'estampage utilisés jusqu'à maintenant, ira se loger dans l'espace laissé par les rayons de raccordement plus petits.The use of a closed die in the process according to the invention makes it possible to avoid the formation of external burrs as well as the variations in mass during the formation of the raw rod, because the material, instead of going into the Burrs as in the stamping processes used until now, will be housed in the space left by the smaller connecting radii.
Les bielles obtenues par le procédé selon l'invention sont en acier. Ce procédé permet d'obtenir également des bielles en fonte et par frittage.The rods obtained by the process according to the invention are made of steel. This process also makes it possible to obtain cast iron rods and by sintering.
Le procédé selon l'invention ainsi que l'outillage pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé permettent de réaliser une économie de matière lors de la fabrication des bielles ce qui est important étant donné que dans le calcul du prix de revient d'une bielle, le prix de la matière est compris entre un tiers et la moitié du prix de revient total.The method according to the invention as well as the tooling for the implementation of this method make it possible to save material during the manufacture of the connecting rods which is important since in the calculation of the cost price of a connecting rod , the price of the material is between one third and half of the total cost price.
De plus, ils permettent de réaliser une économie d'usinage puisque de nombreuses surfaces usinées jusqu'à présent sont obtenues sans bavure sur la bielle brute assurant ainsi une simplification de la gamme d'usinage et les tolérances obtenues sont de plus en plus précises ce qui permet de dimensionner les bielles au plus juste entraînant de ce fait un allègement du moteur à combustion interne, en évitant de surdimensionner les pièces moteurs afin de tenir compte de la dispersion de la matière dans les bielles obtenues suivant les procédés de fabrication selon l'état de la technique.In addition, they make it possible to achieve a saving in machining since many machined surfaces up to now are obtained without burr on the raw connecting rod thus ensuring a simplification of the machining range and the tolerances obtained are more and more accurate. which makes it possible to size the connecting rods as accurately as possible, thereby reducing the weight of the internal combustion engine, avoiding oversizing the engine parts to account for the dispersion of the material in the rods obtained according to the manufacturing processes according to the state of the art.
Claims (4)
- Process for manufacturing a forged connecting rod (1) comprising a head (2), a body (5) and a foot (6), said head (2) and said foot (6) having different thicknesses, from a blank (10) itself having a head (11), a body (12) and a foot (13), characterised in that:- the blank (10) is formed by transverse cutting of a section (15) having a cross-section corresponding to the section of said blank (10),- the blank thus formed is placed in a closed indentation (22) of a bottom die (21) of a set of finishing dies (20) comprising an upper die (23) forming the punch, said upper die (23) having connecting radii between the sides of between 0.5 and 1.5 mm and sliding into the lower die (21) with a clearance of between 0.3 and 0,05 mm and the indentation (22) of the lower die (21) having an ejection gradient of between 0.5 and 3°,- a finishing step is carried out in said set of dies (20) by distribution of the material in the longitudinal, transverse and widthways directions of the blank in order to obtain an unfinished connecting rod without a burr, and- a bore (3) is formed in the head and a bore (7) is formed in the foot of the unfinished connecting rod in order to obtain the forged connecting rod (1).
- Process according to claim 1, characterised in that the blank (10) is heated to a temperature of between 0 and 1250°C.
- Process according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the bores (3, 7) in the head and foot are produced in a stamping press or by machining with a recessing tool.
- Tooling for manufacturing a forged connecting rod (1) for carrying out the process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that it comprises a set of finishing dies (20) operating by distributing the material in the longitudinal, transverse and widthways directions of a blank (10) for a connecting rod, comprising a head (11), a body (12) and a foot (13), in order to obtain an unfinished connecting rod without a burr, comprising a head (2), a body (5) and a foot (6), said head (2) and said foot (6) having different thicknesses, the set of dies comprising a lower die (21) having a closed indentation (22) and an upper die (23) having connecting radii between the sides of between 0.5 and 1.5 mm and sliding in the lower die (21) with a clearance of between 0.3 and 0.05 mm and the indentation (22) of said lower die (21) having an ejection gradient of between 0.5 and 3°.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0204035 | 2002-03-29 | ||
| FR0204035A FR2837731B1 (en) | 2002-03-29 | 2002-03-29 | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A FORGED CONNECTING ROD AND TOOLS FOR IMPLEMENTING THIS METHOD |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1348501A1 EP1348501A1 (en) | 2003-10-01 |
| EP1348501B1 true EP1348501B1 (en) | 2006-11-29 |
Family
ID=27799296
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP03290765A Expired - Lifetime EP1348501B1 (en) | 2002-03-29 | 2003-03-26 | Method for the manufacture of a forged connecting rod and tool for carrying out the method |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1348501B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE346703T1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE60309950T2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2276024T3 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2837731B1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102338151A (en) * | 2010-07-19 | 2012-02-01 | 江海青 | Novel method for manufacturing aluminium connecting rod |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0459147A (en) * | 1990-06-27 | 1992-02-26 | Kubota Corp | Method for forging connecting rod |
| DE4329371A1 (en) * | 1993-09-01 | 1995-03-09 | Brockhaus Soehne Gmbh & Co Kg | Method for the production of connecting rods by flash-free forging |
| US5544413A (en) * | 1994-06-10 | 1996-08-13 | Omni Forge, Inc. | Method and apparatus for manfacturing a flashless metal connecting rod |
| JP3553344B2 (en) * | 1997-11-11 | 2004-08-11 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Forming method of connecting rod |
| US6151948A (en) * | 1999-02-26 | 2000-11-28 | Msp Industries Corporation | Methods and apparatuses for producing complex-shaped metal parts by forging |
-
2002
- 2002-03-29 FR FR0204035A patent/FR2837731B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-03-26 ES ES03290765T patent/ES2276024T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-03-26 EP EP03290765A patent/EP1348501B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-03-26 AT AT03290765T patent/ATE346703T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-03-26 DE DE60309950T patent/DE60309950T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102338151A (en) * | 2010-07-19 | 2012-02-01 | 江海青 | Novel method for manufacturing aluminium connecting rod |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2837731A1 (en) | 2003-10-03 |
| FR2837731B1 (en) | 2004-10-01 |
| ES2276024T3 (en) | 2007-06-16 |
| DE60309950T2 (en) | 2007-09-20 |
| DE60309950D1 (en) | 2007-01-11 |
| ATE346703T1 (en) | 2006-12-15 |
| EP1348501A1 (en) | 2003-10-01 |
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| JPH0679392A (en) | Gear forging method |
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