EP1348032A2

EP1348032A2 - Method for determining homeostasis of the skin

Info

Publication number: EP1348032A2
Application number: EP01272661A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Dirk Petersohn; Marcus Conradt; Kay Hofmann
Original assignee: Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Current assignee: Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Priority date: 2001-01-03
Filing date: 2001-12-20
Publication date: 2003-10-01
Also published as: WO2002053774A3; DE10100127A1; WO2002053774A2; AU2001297856A1; US20070020623A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for determining homeostasis of the skin in the skin of humans or animals in vitro. The invention also relates to test kits and biochips for determining homeostasis of the skin, in addition to the use of proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules as markers for homeostasis of the skin. The invention further relates to a test method for determining the efficacy of cosmetic or pharmaceutical active substances in order to maintain or promote homeostasis of the skin or in order to treat pathological conditions of the skin, as well as a screening method for the identification of cosmetic or pharmaceutical active substances for the maintenance or promotion of homeostasis of the skin or in order to treat pathological conditions of the skin and to a method for producing a cosmetic or pharmaceutical preparation in order to maintain or promote homeostasis of the skin or in order to treat pathological conditions of the skin.

Description

Procedure for determining the homeostasis of the skin

The present invention relates to a method for determining the homeostasis of the skin in humans or animals in vitro, test kits and biochips for determining the homeostasis of the skin and the use of proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules as markers for skin homeostasis; Furthermore, a test procedure for the detection of the effectiveness of cosmetic or pharmaceutical agents for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for the treatment of pathological conditions of the skin, as well as a screening procedure for the identification of cosmetic or pharmaceutical agents for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for the treatment of pathological conditions of the skin and a method for producing a cosmetic or pharmaceutical preparation for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for treating pathological conditions of the skin.

The development of eukaryotic life, apart from vegetative reproduction, begins with the fusion of two gametes. A zygote is created, which is the origin of every cell of a eukaryote. The spatially and temporally ordered differentiation of the daughter cells of a zygote is decisive for the ontogenesis of a multicellular organism. It leads to a wide variety of cell types that differ in their morphology and their function. If you compare a nerve cell with a cell of the epidermis in humans, for example, the cells are very different, although both have the same origin and the same genome. The differentiation of cells goes hand in hand with changes in gene expression patterns. In a differentiated state, cells express their genes. Which genes play a role in the morphologies and functions of skin cells, for example, remains to this day largely unclear. The orderly regulation of gene expression in the skin is of crucial importance for the maintenance of the homeostasis of the organ. Every living cell is able to react to signals from its environment. The reactions of the cells are realized by an orderly regulation of the gene expression, so that the metabolism of cells is not static but very dynamic.

The expression of the genes in differentiated cells of the skin is not static but very dynamic. Extracellular stimuli act on the transcription of living cells via partially complex signal transduction cascades. The regulation of transcription in response to extracellular signals is referred to as stimulus-transcription coupling. Influencing this sensitive regulatory mechanism can lead to disruption of the homeostasis of the skin and possibly to the emergence and manifestation of pathogenic conditions in the skin.

According to recent estimates, the human genome comprises approximately 140,000 genes. Of this immense amount of information, however, each cell uses only a small, specific part for the synthesis of proteins, which is reflected in the gene expression pattern. Which genes play a role, especially in the skin, has so far been largely unclear.

The skin is the largest organ in the human body. It is a very complex organ, which consists of a variety of different cell types and forms the body's interface with the environment. This fact makes it clear that the cells of the skin are particularly exposed to exogenous signals of the environment, physical and chemical in nature. To understand skin responses to exogenous stimuli, analyzing skin gene expression is critical.

A crucial characteristic of the skin is that with increasing age, under the influence of skin-damaging stimuli or in the case of pathological conditions of the Skin cells lose their ability to maintain the organ's homeostasis. So far it is largely unclear which molecular mechanisms underlie this development. The identification of new skin-specific markers makes it possible to understand the complex state of homeostasis, the emergence and manifestation of skin-pathogenic conditions. Only with this knowledge can new concepts for products for skin treatment be developed.

Each cell type of the skin expresses approximately 15,000 different genes and synthesizes a corresponding number of proteins from it. So far, which genes play a role in the homeostasis of the skin or are involved in pathogenic processes is largely unclear.

The skin consists of several different cell types (fibroblasts, keratinocytes in different differentiation states, melanocytes, Merkel cells, Langerhans cells, hair follicle cells, sweat gland cells etc.), so that the complexity of genes expressed in the skin is very great. It has never been possible to describe this immense complexity. It has also not been possible to identify genes from this complexity that are exclusively or particularly strongly expressed in the skin.

In living cells, mRNA molecules occur in concentrations between a few and several hundred copies. The weakly expressed genes have so far not been available or have been very difficult to access. However, these molecules can definitely play a decisive role in the homeostasis of the skin or be involved in the development or manifestation of pathogenic processes in the skin.

The entirety of all mRNA molecules that are synthesized by a cell or a tissue at a specific point in time is referred to as a "transcriptome". To date, it has not been possible to describe the complete transcriptome, i.e. the entirety of all transcribed genes, in human skin. The analysis of gene expression is possible with the quantification of specific mRNA molecules (eg Northern blot, RNase protection experiments). However, only a relatively limited number of genes can be measured using these techniques.

There is therefore a need to identify as many, preferably all, genes active in human or animal skin as possible.

The object of the present invention is therefore to identify as large a part of the genes as possible expressed in human or animal skin; furthermore to identify the genes which are important for the homeostasis of the skin. In addition, methods for determining the homeostasis of the skin are to be provided by means of the identified genes.

This first object is achieved according to the invention by a method (1) for identifying the genes expressed in skin in humans or animals in vitro, which is characterized in that a) a mixture of expressed in human or animal skin, d. H. transcribed genetically coded factors, i.e. of mRNA molecules or fragments of mRNA molecules from human or animal skin, and b) subjecting the mixture obtained in a) to a serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), and thereby expressing those expressed in human or animal skin Genes identified and their expression quantified.

The second object is achieved according to the invention by a method (2) for identifying the genes which are important for the homeostasis of the skin in humans or animals in vitro, which is characterized in that a) a mixture of, that is to say transcribed, is expressed in human or animal skin genetically coded factors, i.e. mRNA molecules or Extracts fragments of mRNA molecules from human or animal skin, b) subjects the mixture obtained in a) to a serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), and thereby identifies the genes expressed in human or animal skin and quantifies their expression, and c) the analysis results from b) compared with expression patterns of other tissues and thus identifying the genes which are expressed differently (differentially) in skin and other tissues.

Expression patterns of other tissues are available, for example, in the databases of the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP) on the Internet at the following address: http://cgap.nci.nih.gov/

The technique of "serial analysis of gene expression" (SAGE ™) was used to record the transcriptome of the skin. This technique simultaneously allows the identification and quantification of all genes expressed in the skin. The comparison of the transcriptome of the skin with the transcriptome of other tissues allows the distinction between relevant and irrelevant genes for the homeostasis of the skin.

Human skin from healthy female donors was used for SAGE ™ analysis. The SAGE ™ analysis was carried out as in EP-A-0 761 822 and at Velculescu, V.E. et al., 1995 Science 270, 484-487, and identified the genes active in skin.

These genes are suitable for determining the homeostasis of the skin or for detecting pathological processes or conditions.

Table 6 contains a detailed list of the genes which are determined with the aid of the method (1) according to the invention and which are active in human skin

• a serial number in column 1,

The tag sequence used in column 2, The determined relative expression frequency in skin in column 3,

The significance in column 4,

• the UniGene Accession Number in column 5 and

• a brief description of the gene or gene product in column 6.

Tables 1 to 5 contain a detailed list of the genes determined with the aid of the method (2) according to the invention, which are differentially expressed in skin and in other tissues, specifying a serial number in column 1, the tag sequence used in column 2, and the relative numbers determined Expression frequency in CGAP (Cancer Genome

Anatomy Project) in column 3, the determined relative expression frequency in skin in column 4, the quotient of the frequencies (from column 3 and column 4) in column 5, the significance in column 6, the UniGene accession number in column 7 and one Brief description of the gene or gene product in column 8.

The quotient in column 5 indicates the strength of the differential expression, i. i.e. by which factor the respective gene is expressed more strongly in skin than in other tissues.

In Table 7 are given

• a serial number in column 1,

The tag sequence used in column 2,

The determined relative expression frequency in the CGAP (Cancer Genome Anatomy Project) in column 3,

The determined relative expression frequency in skin in column 4,

The quotient of the frequencies (from column 3 and column 4) in column 5,

• the UniGene Accession Number in column 6 and

A brief description of the gene or gene product in column 7, Genes listed that are differentially expressed between 13.33 and 211.11 times. The assignment of the tags to the genes, which are defined by your UniGene Accession Number in column 6, was done by manual annotation.

The following databases were used for the annotation:

1. Unigene version from 10/30/01 with the following database entries: a. the known genes from Genbank (as of October 12, 2001) b. the EST's from dbEST (as of 10/19/01)

2. mRNA version released on 10/17/01

The databases were downloaded from the NCBI, formatted for a local version of the BLAST program (also NCBI) and compared with the tags detected in the SAGE analysis for identical hits.

The genes / clones found were checked for redundancy and reworked as follows:

1. Tag sequences with several different hits: Evaluation as not annotable.

2. Tag sequences with double or more identical hits: Elimination of the hits that were furthest away from the poly-A-tail.

First, the results from the Unigene database were evaluated and then compared with the results from the mRNA database. The latter do not appear in Table 7 because they can also be called up via the Unigene entries.

All links listed in the results table were checked on the following documented database of 10/30/2001 (Unigene database release: UniGene Build # 143): Sequences Included in UniGene

Known genes are from Gen Bank (Oct 12, 2001) ESTs are from dbEST through 19-Oct-2001

69367 mRNAs + gene CDSs

1147828 EST, 3'reads

1196006 EST, 5'reads

+ 598081 EST, other / unknown

3011282 total sequences in clusters

Final Number of Clusters (sets)

96,332 sets total

20516 sets contain at least one known gene 95 171 sets contain at least one EST 19 355 sets contain both genes and ESTs

Release notes

The respective genes or gene products are disclosed in the database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) under their UniGene Accession Number. This database is accessible on the Internet at the following address: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. The genes or gene products are also available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/UniGene/Hs.Home.html or http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/ guide directly accessible.

Cancer Genome Anatomy Project data is available online at: http://cgap.nci.nih.gov/

Table 1 lists all genes that are at least 2-fold and less than 5-fold differentially expressed.

Table 2 lists all genes that are differentially expressed at least 5-fold and less than 10-fold.

Table 3 lists all genes that are at least 10-fold and less than

Are 20 times differentially expressed.

Table 4 lists all genes that are at least 20-fold and less than

Are 100 times differentially expressed.

Table 5 lists all genes that are at least 100-fold differentially expressed.

The third object underlying the present invention is achieved according to the invention by a method (3) for determining the homeostasis of the skin in humans or animals, especially in women, in vitro, which is characterized in that a) a mixture of proteins, mRNA Molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules from human or animal skin is obtained, b) the mixture obtained is examined for the presence and, if appropriate, the amount of at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules, which are determined by means of serials Analysis of gene expression (SAGE) can be identified as being expressed differently (differentially) in skin and other tissues, c) comparing the test results from b) with the expression patterns identified by means of serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and d) assigns the mixture examined in b) to healthy skin or skin in homeostasis if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules that are expressed more strongly in skin than in other tissues, or that in b ) examines the mixture of diseased skin or skin in disturbed homeostasis if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules that are expressed more strongly in other tissues than in skin.

In step b) of the method for determining the homeostasis of the skin, it may be sufficient to examine the mixture obtained for the presence of at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which can be determined by means of serial analysis of the gene expression ( SAGE) can be identified as differentially expressed in skin and other tissues if these are expressed exclusively in skin or only in other tissues. In all other cases, the amount of differentially expressed molecules must also be examined in step b). that is, expression must be quantified.

In step d) of the method for determining the homeostasis of the skin, the mixture examined in b) of healthy skin or skin located in homeostasis is assigned if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules that are stronger in skin expressed than in other tissues, that is, the mixture either contains more different compounds typically expressed in skin than those typically expressed in other tissues (qualitative differentiation), or contains more copies of compounds typically expressed in skin than typically are present in other tissues (quantitative differentiation). The assignment to diseased skin or skin in disturbed homeostasis is carried out in a complementary manner. A preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention for determining the homeostasis of the skin is characterized in that in step b) the mixture obtained is examined for the presence and optionally the amount of at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules , which are defined in tables 1 to 5 in column 7 and in table 7 in column 6 by their UniGene accession number, in step c) the test results from b) with those in tables 1 to 5 in columns 3 and 4, the relative expression frequencies indicated and the expression quotients indicated in column 5, and in step d) assigns the mixture of healthy skin or skin located in homeostasis, if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules, which are expressed at least twice as strongly in skin as in other tissues, or that examined in b) Mixture of diseased skin or skin in disturbed homeostasis if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules that are expressed in other tissues at least twice as strongly as in skin.

Another preferred embodiment of the inventive method for

Determination of the homeostasis of the skin is characterized in that in step b) the mixture obtained is examined for the presence and, if appropriate, the amount of at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are shown in Tables 2 to 5 in

Column 7 and in Table 7 in Column 6 are defined by their UniGene Accession Number, in step c) the test results from b) with the relative expression frequencies given in Tables 2 to 5 in Columns 3 and 4 as well as in

Column 5 compares the expression quotient and assigns in step d) the mixture examined in b) of healthy skin or skin in homeostasis if it is predominantly proteins, mRNA molecules or

Contains fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules in skin at least 5 times as strongly expressed as in other tissues, or assigns the mixture examined in b) to diseased or disturbed homeostasis if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules that are found in others Tissues are expressed at least 5 times as strongly as in skin.

A further preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention for determining the homeostasis of the skin is characterized in that in step b) the mixture obtained is checked for the presence and, if appropriate, the amount of at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are defined in tables 3 to 5 in column 7 and in table 7 in column 6 by their UniGene accession number, in step c) the test results from b) with those in tables 3 to 5 in columns 3 and 4 indicated relative expression frequencies and the expression quotient indicated in column 5 and in step d) assigned the mixture examined in b) of healthy skin or skin in homeostasis if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are expressed at least 10 times as strongly in skin as in other tissues, or that in b) below Searches for a mixture of diseased skin or skin in disturbed homeostasis if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules that are expressed at least 10 times as strongly in other tissues as in skin.

A further preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention for determining the homeostasis of the skin is characterized in that in step b) the mixture obtained is checked for the presence and, if appropriate, the amount of at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules examined, which are defined in Tables 4 and 5 in column 7 by their UniGene Accession Number, in step c) compares the test results from b) with the relative expression frequencies given in tables 4 and 5 in columns 3 and 4 and with the expression quotients given in column 5 and in step d) the mixture examined in b) is healthy or in homeostasis assigned skin if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are expressed in skin at least 20 times as strongly as in other tissues, or the mixture examined in b) of sick or disturbed Assigns homeostasis to skin if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules that are expressed in other tissues at least 20 times as strongly as in skin.

A further preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention for determining the homeostasis of the skin is characterized in that in step b) the mixture obtained is checked for the presence and, if appropriate, the amount of at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules examined, which are defined in Table 5 in column 7 by their UniGene Accession Number, in step c) compares the test results from b) with the relative expression frequencies given in table 5 in columns 3 and 4 and the expression quotients given in column 5 and in step d) assigns the mixture examined in b) to healthy skin or skin in homeostasis if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are expressed in skin at least 100 times as strongly as in other tissues, or the mixture of diseased or disturbed homeost examined in b) assigned to the skin if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules that are expressed in other tissues at least 100 times as strongly as in skin.

The condition of the skin can also be described in that several markers (expression products of the genes which are important for the homeostasis of the skin) quantified, which must then be active in a certain ratio to each other to represent skin in homeostasis. All deviations from this indicate that the examined skin is not in homeostasis.

Another object of the present invention is therefore a method (4) for determining the homeostasis of the skin in humans or animals, especially in women, in vitro, which is characterized in that a) a mixture of proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules from human or animal skin, b) quantified in the mixture obtained at least two of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are significant by means of method (2) for the homeostasis of the skin are identified, c) the expression ratios of the at least two proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules to one another are determined, d) the expression ratios from c) are compared with the expression ratios, which are typical for the molecules quantified in b) in homeostatic skin are present, in particular with the expression ratios, which are shown in Table 6, column 3 or from Tables 1 to 5, column 4, and e) assigns the mixture obtained in a) to healthy skin or skin in homeostasis if the expression ratios of the examined skin correspond to the expression ratios in skin located in homeostasis, or that in a ) obtained mixture of diseased skin or skin in disturbed homeostasis if the expression ratios of the examined skin differ from the expression ratios of skin located in homeostasis.

In step a) of the method according to the invention for determining the homeostasis of the skin, the mixture is preferably obtained from a skin sample, in particular from a whole skin sample or from an epidermis sample. Here, the whole skin sample opens up more extensive comparison options with the SAGE libraries also obtained from whole skin. The epidermis sample, on the other hand, is easier to obtain, for example by applying an adhesive tape to the skin and tearing it off, as described in WO 00/10579, to which reference is hereby made in full.

In a further embodiment of the method according to the invention for determining the homeostasis of the skin, the mixture is obtained in step a) by means of microdialysis. The technique of microdialysis is described, for example, in "Microdialysis: A method for measurement of local tissue metabolism", Nielsen PS, Winge K, Petersen LM; Ugeskr Laeger 1999 Mar 22 161: 12 1735-8; and in "Cutaneous microdialysis for human in vivo dermal absorption studies ", Anderson, C. et al. ; Drugs Pharm. Sci., 1998, 91, 231-244; and also described on the Internet at http://www.microdialysis.se/techniqu.htm, to which reference is hereby made in full.

When using microdialysis, a probe is typically inserted into the skin and the probe is slowly rinsed with a suitable carrier solution. After the acute reactions have subsided after the puncture, the microdialysis provides proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which occur in the extracellular space and which can then be isolated and analyzed in vitro, for example by fractionation of the carrier liquid. Microdialysis is less invasive than taking a full skin sample; however, it is disadvantageously limited to the extraction of compounds occurring in the extracellular space.

A further preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention for determining the homeostasis of the skin is characterized in that in step b) in method (3) the examination for the presence and optionally the amount of at least one of the proteins or protein fragments; or in method (4) the quantification of at least two proteins or protein fragments is carried out by means of a method which is selected from

• One- or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis • Affinity chromatography

• Protein-protein complexation in solution

• Mass spectrometry, especially matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and in particular

• Use of protein chips, or by means of suitable combinations of these methods.

These methods which can be used according to the invention are described in the review article by Akhilesh Pandey and Matthias Mann: "Proteomics to study genes and genomes", Nature, Volume 405, Number 6788, 837 - 846 (2000), and the references given there, which are hereby fully described Scope is referred to.

2D gel electrophoresis is described, for example, in L.D. Adams, Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis using the Isodalt System or in L.D. Adams & S.R. Gallagher, Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis using the O'Farrell System; both in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (1997, Eds. F.M. Ausubel et al.), Unit 10.3.1 - 10.4.13; or in 2-D electrophoresis manual; T. Berkelman, T. Senstedt; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, 1998 (Order No. 80-6429-60).

The mass spectrometric characterization of the proteins or protein fragments is carried out in a manner known in the art, for example as described in the following references:

Methods in Molecular Biology, 1999; Vol 112; 2-D Proteome Analysis Protocols; Editor: A. J. Link; Humana Press; Totowa; New Jersey. In particular: Courchesne, P.L. and Patterson, S. D .; Pp. 487-512.

Carr, SA and Annan, RS; 1997; in: Current Protocols in Molecular Biology; Editor: Ausubel, FM et al .; John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 10.2.1-10.21.27. A further preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention for determining the homeostasis of the skin is characterized in that in step b) in method (3) the examination for the presence and, if appropriate, the amount of at least one of the mRNA molecules or mRNA molecule fragments; or in method (4) performs the quantification of at least two mRNA molecules or mRNA molecule fragments by means of a method which is selected from Northern blots,

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), RNase protection experiments, iv. Dot blots, v. cDNA sequencing, vi. Clone hybridization, vii. Differential display, viii. Subtractive hybridization, ix. cDNA fragment fingerprinting, x. Total Gene Expression Analysis (TOGA) xi. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and especially xii. Use of nucleic acid chips, or by means of suitable combinations of these methods.

These methods which can be used according to the invention are described in the review articles by Akhilesh Pandey and Matthias Mann: "Proteomics to study genes and genomes", Nature, Volume 405, Number 6788, 837 - 846 (2000), and "Genomics, gene expression and DNA arrays", Nature, Volume 405, Number 6788, 827-836 (2000), and the references given therein, to which reference is hereby made in full.

The TOGA method is described in "J. Gregor Sutcliffe et al, TOGA: An automated parsing technology for analyzing expression of nearly all genes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), Vol. 97, No . 5, pp. 1976-1981 (2000) ", to which reference is hereby made in full. However, according to the invention, other methods known to the person skilled in the art can also be used for examining the presence and, if appropriate, the amount of at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules.

Another preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention for determining the homeostasis of the skin is characterized in that in step b) the presence and optionally the amount of 1 to about 5000, preferably 1 to about 1000, in particular about 10 to about 500, preferably about 10 to about 250, particularly preferably about 10 to about 100 and very particularly preferably about 10 to about 50 of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules that are examined in Tables 1 to 5 in column 7 and in Table 7 in column 6 are defined by their UniGene Accession Number.

The present invention further provides a test kit for determining the homeostasis of the skin in humans or animals in vitro, comprising means for carrying out the method according to the invention for determining the homeostasis of the skin.

Another object of the present invention is a biochip for determining the homeostasis of the skin in humans or animals in vitro, comprising i. a solid, ie rigid or flexible support and ii. on this immobilized probes which are capable of specific binding to at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are listed in Tables 1 to 5 in column 7 and in Table 7 in column 6 by their UniGene Accession number can be defined. A BioChip is a miniaturized functional element with molecules immobilized on a surface, in particular biomolecules, which can serve as specific interaction partners.

The structure of these functional elements often has rows and columns; one then speaks of chip “arrays”. Since thousands of biological or biochemical functional elements can be arranged on a chip, they usually have to be manufactured using microtechnical methods. The following are particularly suitable as biological and biochemical functional elements: DNA, RNA, PNA (in the case of nucleic acids and their chemical derivatives, for example, single strands, triplex structures or combinations thereof can be present), saccharides, peptides, proteins (for example antibodies , Antigens, receptors) and derivatives of combinatorial chemistry (e.g. organic molecules). In general, BioChips have a 2D base area for coating with biologically or biochemically functional materials. The base surfaces can, for example, also be formed by walls of one or more capillaries or by channels.

The prior art can e.g. For example, reference is made to the following publications: Nature Genetics, Vol. 21, Supplement (overall), Jan. 1999 (BioChips); Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 16, pp. 981-983, Oct. 1998 (BioChips); Trends in Biotechnology, Vol. 16, pp. 301-306, Jul. 1998 (BioChips) as well as the previously mentioned reviews by Akhilesh Pandey and Matthias Mann: "Proteomics to study genes and genomes", Nature, Volume 405, Number 6788, 837 - 846 (2000) and "Genomics, gene expression and DNA arrays", Nature, Volume 405, Number 6788, 827-836 (2000), and the references given therein, to which reference is hereby made in full.

The books "DNA Microarrays: A Practical Approach" (editor: Mark Schena, 1999, Oxford University Press) and "Microarray Biochip Technology" (editor: Mark Schena, 2000, Eaton Publishing) provide a clear overview of the practical application methods of DNA chip technology. , to which reference is hereby made in full. The DNA chip technology which is particularly preferred in the context of the present invention is based on the ability of nucleic acids to enter into complementary base pairings. This technical principle, known as hybridization, has been used for years in Southern blot and Northern blot analysis. Compared to these conventional methods, in which only a few genes are analyzed, DNA chip technology allows a few hundred to several tens of thousands of genes to be examined in parallel. A DNA chip essentially consists of a carrier material (eg glass or plastic) on which single-stranded, gene-specific probes are immobilized in a high density at a defined location (spot). The technique of probe application and the chemistry of probe immobilization are considered problematic.

According to the current state of the art, several methods of probe immobilization are implemented:

E. M. Southern (EM Southern et al. (1992), Nucleic Acid Research 20, 1679-1684 and EM Southern et al. (1997), Nucleic Acid Research 25, 1155-1161) describes the production of oligonucleotide arrangements by direct synthesis on a glass surface, which was derivatized with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and then with a glycol.

A similar method realizes the in situ synthesis of oligonucleotides using a photosensitive, combinatorial chemistry that can be compared with photolithographic techniques (Pease, A.C. et al. (1994), Proc. NatI Acad Sei USA 91, 5022-5026).

In addition to these techniques based on the s / ϊu synthesis of oligonucleotides, existing DNA molecules can also be bound to surfaces of support material.

PO Brown (DeRisi et al. (1997), Science 278, 680-686) describes the immobilization of DNA on glass surfaces coated with polylysine. The publication by LM Smith (Guo, Z. et al. (1994), Nucleic Acid Research 22, 5456-5465) discloses a similar process: oligonucleotides which carry a 5'-terminal amino group can be bound to a glass surface which was treated with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and then with 1, 4-phenyldiisothiocyanate.

The DNA probes can be applied to a carrier using a so-called “pin spotter”. For this purpose, thin metal needles, for example with a diameter of 250 μm, are immersed in probe solutions and then transfer the attached sample material with defined volumes to the carrier material of the DNA Crisps.

However, the probe is preferably applied by means of a piezo-controlled nanodispenser, which, similar to an inkjet printer, applies probe solutions with a volume of 100 picoliters to the surface of the carrier material in a contact-free manner.

The probes are immobilized e.g. as described in EP-A-0 965 647: The generation of DNA probes takes place here by means of PCR using a sequence-specific primer pair, a primer being modified at the 5 'end and carrying a linker with a free amino group. This ensures that a defined strand of the PCR products can be bound to a glass surface that has been treated with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and then with 1,4-phenyldiisothiocyanate. The gene-specific PCR products should ideally have a defined nucleic acid sequence with a length of 200-400 bp and contain non-redundant sequences. After the immobilization of the PCR products via the derivatized primer, the counter strand of the PCR product is removed by incubation at 96 ° C. for 10 minutes.

In a typical application for DNA chips, mRNA is isolated from two cell populations to be compared. The isolated mRNAs are analyzed using reverse transcription converted into cDNA using, for example, fluorescence-labeled nucleotides. The samples to be compared are marked with, for example, red or green fluorescent nucleotides. The cDNAs are then hybridized with the gene probes immobilized on the DNA chip and the bound fluorescence is then quantified.

The biochip according to the invention preferably comprises 1 to approximately 5000, preferably 1 to approximately 1000, in particular approximately 10 to approximately 500, preferably approximately 10 to approximately 250, particularly preferably approximately 10 to approximately 100 and very particularly preferably approximately 10 to approximately 50 different probes. The different probes can each be present in duplicate on the chip.

The biochip according to the invention preferably comprises nucleic acid probes, in particular RNA or PNA probes, particularly preferably DNA probes. The nucleic acid probes preferably have a length of approximately 10 to approximately 1000, in particular approximately 10 to approximately 800, preferably approximately 100 to approximately 600, particularly preferably approximately 200 to approximately 400 nucleotides.

In a further preferred form, the biochip according to the invention comprises peptide or protein probes, in particular antibodies.

Another object of the present invention is the use of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules, which are defined in Tables 1 to 5 in column 7 and in Table 7 in column 6 by their UniGene Accession Number , as a marker for the homeostasis of the skin in humans or animals.

Another object of the present invention is a test method for demonstrating the effectiveness of cosmetic or pharmaceutical active ingredients for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for treating pathological conditions of the skin, such as neurodermatitis, sunburn, Psoriasis, scleroderma, ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis, acne, seborrhea, lupus erythematosus, rosacea, melanoma, basalioma, skin carcinoma, skin sarcoma in vitro, characterized in that a) the skin status by an inventive method for determining the homeostasis of the skin, or by means of of a test kit according to the invention for determining the homeostasis of the skin, or determined by means of a biochip according to the invention, b) applying an active substance to the skin once or several times to maintain or promote the homeostasis of the skin or to treat pathological conditions of the skin, c) again the skin status is determined by a method according to the invention for determining the homeostasis of the skin, or by means of a test kit according to the invention for determining the homeostasis of the skin, or by means of a biochip according to the invention, and d) the effectiveness of the active ingredient by comparing the results from a) and c) determined.

To accelerate the test procedure, it is also possible to apply different active substances or placebos in parallel to different skin areas; for example, an active ingredient on the left forearm and a placebo on the right forearm, or vice versa.

Another object of the present invention is a test kit for demonstrating the effectiveness of cosmetic or pharmaceutical active ingredients for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for treating pathological conditions of the skin in vitro, comprising means for carrying out the test method according to the invention.

Another object of the present invention is the use of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules, which are defined in Tables 1 to 5 in column 7 and in Table 7 in column 6 by their UniGene Accession Number to demonstrate the effectiveness of cosmetic or pharmaceutical active ingredients for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for treating pathological conditions of the skin, such as neurodermatitis, sunburn, psoriasis, scleroderma, ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis, acne, seborrhea, lupus erythematosus, rosacea, melanoma, basalioma, skin carcinoma, Hautsarkom.

Another object of the present invention is a screening method for the identification of cosmetic or pharmaceutical active ingredients for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for treating pathological conditions of the skin, such as neurodermatitis, sunburn, psoriasis, scleroderma, ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis, acne , Seborrhea, lupus erythematosus, rosacea, melanoma, basalioma, skin carcinoma, skin sarcoma in vitro, characterized in that a) the skin status by an inventive method for determining the homeostasis of the skin, or by means of a test kit according to the invention for determining the homeostasis of the Skin, or determined by means of a biochip according to the invention, b) applies a potential active ingredient for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for treating pathological conditions of the skin to the skin one or more times, c) again the skin status by a method according to the invention for B determination of the homeostasis of the skin, or by means of a test kit according to the invention for determining the homeostasis of the skin, or by means of a biochip according to the invention, and d) active ingredients determined by comparing the results from a) and c).

Another object of the present invention is the use of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules, which are defined in Tables 1 to 5 in column 7 and in Table 7 in column 6 by their UniGene Accession Number , for the identification of cosmetic or pharmaceutical active ingredients to maintain or promote the Homeostasis of the skin or for the treatment of pathological conditions of the skin, such as neurodermatitis, sunburn, psoriasis, scleroderma, ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis, acne, seborrhea, lupus erythematosus, rosacea, melanoma, basalioma, skin carcinoma, skin sarcoma.

Another object of the present invention is a method for producing a cosmetic or pharmaceutical preparation for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for treating pathological conditions of the skin, such as neurodermatitis, sunburn, psoriasis, scleroderma, ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis, acne, seborrhea , Lupus erythematosus, rosacea, melanoma, basalioma, skin carcinoma, skin sarcoma, characterized in that a) effective active ingredients with the help of the screening method according to the invention, or the use for the identification of cosmetic or pharmaceutical active ingredients for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or determined for the treatment of pathological conditions of the skin and b) active ingredients found to be effective are mixed with cosmetically and pharmacologically suitable and compatible carriers.

tables:

Table 6:

1372 GTGAAGCCCCG 22.00 5.34 Hs. 285592 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA DKFZp564M113 (from clone DKF

1373 CCACTGTACTC 53.00 11, 94 Hs. 220261 ESTs, Moderately similar to ALU4 HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY

1374 GTGGTGGGCGC 50.00 11, 28 Hs. 136810 ESTs, Weakly similar to ALU1JHUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY J S

1375 AGTATGACCTA 3.00 0.96 Hs. 74649 cytochrome c oxidase subunit Vlc

1376 GTGACAGCCAC 3.00 0.96 Hs.74441 chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4

1377 GGGCTTTTGAG 3.00 0.96 Hs.29893 Homo sapiens mRNA fill length insert cDNA clone EURO

1378 GTGAGACCCCT 3.00 0.96 Hs. 269952 ESTs, Weakly similar to ALU1JHUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY J S

I379 GTGGTGCACAT 3.00 0.96 Hs. 269030 ESTs

1380 CCTGTAGTCAC 3.00 0.96 Hs. 268 900 ESTs

1381 TGGTAACTGGC 3.00 0.96 Hs. 108741 ESTs

1382 GTGGTATGTGC 5.00 1, 47 Hs. 277102 ESTs, Weakly similar to ALU1_HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY J S

1383 GTAAGATTAGC 5.00 1, 47 Hs. 250705 ESTs

I384 GCGAAACCCCA 72.00 15.71 Hs. 210682 ESTs, weakly similar to ALU6_HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY SP

1385 ATCGTGCCACT 20.00 4.81 Hs. 7615 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA DKFZp434N2030 (from clone DK

1386 TCTGTAATCCC 44.00 9.85 Hs.142 sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1A, phenol-prefe

1387 TTAGCCAGGCT 11, 00 2.85 Hs. 71367 ESTs, Moderately similar to ALU7 HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY

1388 ACAAAACCCTG 4.00 1, 21 Hs. 268591 ESTs

1389 ATCTCGGCTCA 14.00 3.49 Hs. 29809 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA DKFZp434C185 (from clone DKF

1390 CCTGTAATGCC 13.00 3.26 Hs.7179 RAD1 (S. pombe) homolog

1391 CCACCGCACTC 22.00 5.18 Hs. 222666 ESTs, Moderately similar to ALU4 HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY

I392 GTGGTGTGTGC 38.00 8.50 Hs. 27038 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA DKFZp434G2127 (from clone DK

I393 ATGAAACCCCA 27.00 6.22 Hs. 285341 ESTs, Weakly similar to ALUC_HUMAN ALU CLASS C

1394 CCTGTAGCCCC 7.00 1, 92 Hs.277320 EST, Weakly similar to ALU6_HUMAN ALU SUBFAMILY SP S

1395 ΓΠ TAAAAAA 2.00 0.66 Hs.77840 annexin A4

1396 AAGGAGCAAGT 2.00 0.66 Hs. 76688 carboxylesterase 1 (monocyte / macrophage serine ester

1397 ACTTTTTTATG 2.00 0.66 Hs.697 cytochrome c-1

1398 ATTGAGCCACA 2.00 0.66 Hs.63290 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase

1399 ACCACAAAAAA 2.00 0.66 Hs.469 succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavopro

1400 ATCACAGCTCA 2.00 0.66 Hs. 29590 ESTs

1401 TGGTTCCAGCT 2.00 0.66 Hs. 278541 ESTs, Weakly similar to alternatively spliced produc

1402 TGACTGGCTTT 2.00 0.66 Hs. 274439 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ11265 fis, clone

3490 GCCTGGACCAT 1.00 0.15 Hs.10964 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA DKFZp434L0816 (from clone DK

3491 TAGCAGCAACC 1.00 0.15 Hs. 106070 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (P57, Kip2)

3492 CCTTTCACACA 16.00 0.82 Hs. 278589 general transcription factor II,

3493 CAGAGACGTGG 5.00 0.50 Hs.76111 dystroglycan 1 (dystrophin-associated glycoprotein 1

3494 ΓTTTCAAGAAG 4.00 0.44 Hs.75447 ralA binding protein 1

3495 TCTACTTTTGT 4.00 0.44 Hs.74598 polymerase (DNA directed), delta 2, regulatory subun

3496 TAACAGCCAGG 11, 00 0.70 Hs. 81328 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhan

3497 TCAGATCTTTG 117.00 1.95 Hs.75344 ribosomal protein S4, X-linked

3498 CACCAGCATTG 9.00 0.65 Hs.75847 chromosome 15 open reading frame 3

3499 GCATACCTGCA 3.00 0.37 Hs. 8258 DKFZP434D1335 protein

3500 CTGCCCCCACC 3.00 0.37 Hs. 164410 chromosome 16 open reading frame 7

3501 GTGCAGGCTCC 3.00 0.37 Hs. 158164 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR / TAP), member

3502 TCAGTGAACGC 5.00 0.49 Hs. 78504 inner membrane protein, mitochondrial (mitofilin)

3503 GCCCCTGCGCA 4.00 0.44 Hs.267200 ESTs, Moderately similar to T20D3.3 [C.elegans]

3504 AAGAGGCTTCG 2.00 0.28 Hs. 90017 ESTs, weakly similar to Ig-like membrane protein [H.

3505 ATTTAGCAAGC 2.00 0.28 Hs. 83213 fatty acid binding protein 4, adipocyte

3506 CACTGAGCCAA 2.00 0.28 Hs. 7960 hypothetical protein FLJ20027

3507 GGATGATGTCT 2.00 0.28 Hs.74861 activated RNA polymerase II transcription eofactor 4

3508 TGTTTCAGGAT 2.00 0.28 Hs. 6216 tumorous imaginal dises (Drosophila) homolog

3509 TCTGTGCTGTC 2.00 0.28 Hs. 231301 ESTs

3510 AAGAACTAAAA 2.00 0.28 Hs. 18778 hypothetical protein

3511 CCCTGCTTCCA 2.00 0.28 Hs. 181077 KIAA1306 protein

3512 GCTACTCTTTG 2.00 0.28 Hs.171807 Human clone 23652 mRNA sequence

3513 CATTGAGCTCC 2.00 0.28 Hs. 12820 SnRNP assembly defective 1 homolog

3514 GCACTTACAAA 2.00 0.28 Hs. 100407 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA DKFZp564H2416 (from clone DK

3515 TTCTGCTCTTG 5.00 0.49 Hs. 110802 from Willebrand factor

3516 GCTGAACGCGT 6.00 0.53 Hs.99029 CCAAT / enhancer binding protein (C / EBP), beta

3517 GGGAAACCCCG 6.00 0.53 Hs. 254283 EST

3518 CCACTTCCTCT 3.00 0.37 Hs.77495 KIAA0242 protein

3519 TTCAGCGTTCT 3.00 0.37 Hs. 109929 hypothetical protein MPMGp800B12492Q3

3520 AGCCAAAAAAA 11.00 0.69 Hs. 63525 poly (rC) -binding protein 2

3521 ATGGCCTCCTC 4.00 0.44 Hs. 83734 syntaxin 4A (placental)

3522 ATTTCAAGATG 4.00 0.44 Hs. 155097 carbonic anhydrase II

3523 GTGATGGATGG 5.00 0.49 Hs. 181046 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA DKFZp586O1919 (from clone DK

Table 5:

Table 4:

Table 3:

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

Table 2:

Table 1:

Table 7:

Claims

claims:

1. A method for identifying the genes expressed in skin in humans or animals in vitro, characterized in that a) a mixture of genetically coded factors expressed in human or animal skin is obtained from human or animal skin and b) that obtained in a) Mixture subjected to a serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), thereby identifying the genes expressed in human or animal skin and quantifying their expression.

2. A method for identifying the genes which are important for the homeostasis of the skin in humans or animals in vitro, characterized in that a) a mixture of genetically coded factors expressed in human or animal skin is obtained from human or animal skin, b) the in a) the mixture obtained is subjected to a serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), thereby identifying the genes expressed in human or animal skin and quantifying their expression, and c) comparing the analysis results from b) with expression patterns of other tissues and thus identifying the genes which are present in Skin and other tissues are expressed differently (differentially).

3. A method for determining the homeostasis of the skin in humans or animals in vitro, characterized in that a) a mixture of proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules from human or animal skin is obtained, b) the obtained Mixture for the presence and optionally the amount of at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or Fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules investigated which are identified by means of serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) as being expressed differently (differentially) in skin and other tissues, c) the test results from b) with those by means of serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) compares identified expression patterns and d) assigns the mixture examined in b) to healthy or homeostasised skin if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are expressed more strongly in skin than in other tissues, or assigns the mixture examined in b) to diseased or disturbed homeostasis if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are expressed more strongly in other tissues than in skin.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that in step b) the mixture obtained is examined for the presence and, if appropriate, the amount of at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are listed in Tables 1 to 5 in column 7 and in table 7 in column 6 are defined by their UniGene Accession Number, in step c) the test results from b) with the relative expression frequencies given in tables 1 to 5 and 7 in columns 3 and 4 as well as the expression quotient given in column 5 and in step d) assigns the mixture examined in b) of healthy skin or skin in homeostasis if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which at least in skin are expressed twice as strongly as in other tissues, or assigns the mixture examined in b) to diseased skin or skin in disturbed homeostasis, if there are predominantly proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules contains that are expressed in other tissues at least twice as strongly as in skin.

5. The method according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that in step b) the mixture obtained for the presence and optionally the amount of at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are examined in the Tables 2 to 5 in column 7 and table 7 in column 6 are defined by their UniGene Accession Number, in step c) the test results from b) with the relative expression frequencies given in tables 2 to 5 in columns 3 and 4 as well as the expression quotient given in column 5 and in step d) assigns the mixture examined in b) of healthy skin or skin in homeostasis if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which at least in skin Are expressed 5 times as strongly as in other tissues, or assigns the mixture examined in b) to diseased skin or skin in disturbed homeostasis, if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules that are expressed in other tissues at least 5 times as strongly as in skin.

6. The method according to any one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that in step b) the mixture obtained is examined for the presence and optionally the amount of at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which in tables 3 to 5 in column 7 and in table 7 in column 6 by their UniGene Accession Number, in step c) the test results from b) with those given in tables 3 to 5 in columns 3 and 4 compares relative expression frequencies and the expression quotients indicated in column 5 and in step d) assigns the mixture examined in b) to healthy skin or skin in homeostasis if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are expressed at least 10 times as strongly in skin as in assigns it to other tissues or to the mixture of diseased skin or skin in disturbed homeostasis if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules that are expressed at least 10 times as strongly in other tissues like in skin.

7. The method according to any one of claims 3 to 6, characterized in that in step b) the mixture obtained is examined for the presence and optionally the amount of at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which in tables 4 and 5 in column 7 are defined by their UniGene accession number, in step c) the test results from b) with the relative expression frequencies given in tables 4 and 5 in columns 3 and 4 as well as in column 5 compares the given expression quotient and in step d) assigns the mixture examined in b) to healthy skin or skin in homeostasis if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are at least 20 times as strong in skin are expressed as in other tissues, or assigns the mixture examined in b) to diseased or disturbed homeostasis if it predominates egend contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules that are expressed in other tissues at least 20 times as strongly as in skin.

8. The method according to any one of claims 3 to 7, characterized in that in step b) the mixture obtained is examined for the presence and optionally the amount of at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which in Table 5 in column 7 are defined by their UniGene accession number, in step c) the test results from b) are compared with the relative expression frequencies given in table 5 in columns 3 and 4 and the expression quotients given in column 5 and in step d) assigns the mixture examined in b) to healthy skin or skin in homeostasis if it predominantly contains proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are expressed at least 100 times as strongly in skin as in other tissues , or assigns the mixture examined in b) to diseased or disturbed homeostasis if it contains predominantly proteins, mRNA-M contains molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules that are expressed in other tissues at least 100 times as strongly as in skin.

9. A method for determining the homeostasis of the skin in humans or animals in vitro, characterized in that a) a mixture of proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules from human or animal skin is obtained, b) in which obtained mixture quantifies at least two of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are identified as being important for the homeostasis of the skin by means of a method according to claim 2, c) the expression ratios of the at least two proteins, mRNA molecules or Fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules determined to each other, d) compares the expression ratios from c) with the expression ratios which are typically present in the homeostatic skin for the molecules quantified in b), in particular with the expression ratios which can be found in table 6, column 3 or in tables 1 to 5, column 4 and e) assigns the mixture obtained in a) to healthy skin or skin in homeostasis if the expression ratios of the examined skin correspond to the expression ratios in skin located in homeostasis, or assigns the mixture obtained in a) to diseased skin or skin in disturbed homeostasis if the expression ratios of the examined skin differ from the expression ratios of skin located in homeostasis.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that in step a) the mixture is obtained from a skin sample, in particular from a whole skin sample or from an epidermis sample.

11. The method according to any one of claims 3 to 9, characterized in that in step a) the mixture is obtained by means of microdialysis.

12. The method according to any one of claims 3 to 8, 10 and 11, characterized in that one carries out the investigation in step b) for the presence and optionally the amount of at least one of the proteins or protein fragments by means of a method which is selected from

• One- or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

• Affinity chromatography

• Protein-protein complexation in solution

Use of protein chips, or by means of suitable combinations of these methods.

13. The method according to any one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that in step b) the quantification of at least two proteins or protein fragments is carried out by means of a method which is selected from

• One- or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

• Affinity chromatography

• Protein-protein complexation in solution

14. The method according to any one of claims 3 to 8, 10 and 11, characterized in that one carries out the investigation in step b) for the presence and optionally the amount of at least one of the mRNA molecules or mRNA molecule fragments by a method which is selected under

Northern blots,

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), RNase protection experiments, dot blots,

CDNA sequencing, clone hybridization, differential display, subtractive hybridization, cDNA fragment fingerprinting, total gene expression analysis (TOGA), serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and in particular the use of nucleic acid chips, or by means of suitable combinations of these methods.

15. The method according to any one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that in step b) the quantification of at least two mRNA molecules or mRNA molecule fragments is carried out by means of a method which is selected from

Northern blots,

16. The method according to any one of claims 3 to 8, 10, 11, 12 and 14, characterized in that in step b) the presence and optionally the amount of 1 to about 5000, preferably 1 to about 1000, in particular about 10 up to about 500, preferably about 10 to about 250, particularly preferably about 10 to about 100 and very particularly preferably about 10 to about 50 of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules which are listed in Tables 1 to 5 in column 7 and in table 7 in column 6 by their UniGene Accession Number.

17. The method according to any one of claims 9 to 11, 13 and 15, characterized in that in step b) 1 to about 5000, preferably 1 to about 1000, in particular approximately 10 to approximately 500, preferably approximately 10 to approximately 250, particularly preferably approximately 10 to approximately 100 and very particularly preferably approximately 10 to approximately 50 of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules quantified in Tables 1 to 5 in column 7 and Table 7 in column 6 are defined by their UniGene Accession Number.

18. Test kit for determining the homeostasis of the skin in humans or animals in vitro, comprising means for carrying out the method according to one of claims 3 to 17.

19. Biochip for determining the homeostasis of the skin in humans or animals in vitro, comprehensively

• a carrier and

• on this immobilized probes, which are capable of specific binding to at least one of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules, in Tables 1 to 5 in column 7 and in Table 7 in column 6 by their UniGene -Accession- number can be defined.

20. Biochip according to claim 19, comprising 1 to about 5000, preferably 1 to about 1000, in particular about 10 to about 500, preferably about 10 to about 250, particularly preferably about 10 to about 100 and very particularly preferably about 10 to about 50 of each other different probes.

21. Biochip according to claim 19 or 20, comprising nucleic acid probes, in particular RNA or PNA probes, particularly preferably DNA probes.

22. The biochip according to claim 21, comprising probes with a length of approximately 10 to approximately 1000, in particular approximately 10 to approximately 800, preferably approximately 100 to approximately 600, particularly preferably approximately 200 to approximately 400 nucleotides.

23. Biochip according to claim 19 or 20, comprising peptide or protein probes, in particular antibodies.

24. Use of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules, which are defined in Tables 1 to 5 in column 7 and in Table 7 in column 6 by their UniGene accession number, as markers for homeostasis the skin in humans or animals.

25.Test method for demonstrating the effectiveness of cosmetic or pharmaceutical active ingredients for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for treating pathological conditions of the skin, such as neurodermatitis, sunburn, psoriasis, scleroderma, ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis, acne, seborrhea, lupus erythematosus, Rosacea, melanoma, basalioma, skin carcinoma, skin sarcoma, in vitro, characterized in that a) the skin status by a method according to one of claims 3 to 17, or by means of a test kit according to claim 18, or by means of a biochip according to one of the Determines claims 19 to 23, b) applies an active ingredient for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for treating pathological conditions of the skin to the skin one or more times, c) again the skin status by a method according to one of claims 3 to 17, or by means of a test kit according to claim 18, or by means of a biochip according to one of claims 1 9 to 23, and d) determined the effectiveness of the active ingredient by comparing the results from a) and c).

26. Test kit for proving the effectiveness of cosmetic or pharmaceutical active ingredients for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for treating pathological conditions of the skin in vitro, comprising means for carrying out the method according to claim 25.

27. Use of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules, which are defined in Tables 1 to 5 in column 7 and in Table 7 in column 6 by their UniGene accession number, to demonstrate the effectiveness of cosmetic or pharmaceutical active ingredients for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for treating pathological conditions of the skin, such as neurodermatitis, sunburn, psoriasis, scleroderma, ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis, acne, seborrhea, lupus erythematosus, rosacea, melanoma, basalioma, skin carcinoma, Hautsarkom.

28. Screening method for identifying cosmetic or pharmaceutical active ingredients for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for treating pathological conditions of the skin, such as neurodermatitis, sunburn, psoriasis, scleroderma, ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis, acne, seborrhea, lupus erythematosus, Rosacea, melanoma, basalioma, skin carcinoma, skin sarcoma in vitro, characterized in that a) the skin status by a method according to one of claims 3 to 17, or by means of a test kit according to claim 18, or by means of a biochip according to one of claims 19 to 23, b) applies a potential active ingredient for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for treating pathological conditions of the skin to the skin one or more times, c) again the skin status by a method according to any one of claims 3 to 17, or by means of a test kit according to claim 18, or by means of a biochip according to one of the claims uch 19 to 23 determined, and d) active ingredients identified by comparing the results from a) and c).

29. Use of the proteins, mRNA molecules or fragments of proteins or mRNA molecules, which are defined in Tables 1 to 5 in column 7 and in Table 7 in column 6 by their UniGene accession number for Identification of cosmetic or pharmaceutical active ingredients for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for treating pathological conditions of the skin, such as neurodermatitis, sunburn, psoriasis, scleroderma, ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis, acne, seborrhea, lupus erythematosus, rosacea, melanoma, basalioma, Skin carcinoma, skin sarcoma.

30. A method for producing a cosmetic or pharmaceutical preparation for maintaining or promoting the homeostasis of the skin or for treating pathological conditions of the skin, such as neurodermatitis, sunburn, psoriasis, scleroderma, ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis, acne, seborrhea, lupus erythematosus, rosacea, Melanoma, basalioma, skin carcinoma, skin sarcoma, characterized in that a) active ingredients are determined using the method according to claim 28 or the use according to claim 29 and b) active ingredients found to be effective are mixed with cosmetically and pharmacologically suitable and compatible carriers.