EP1342071A1 - Procede de caracterisation d'une surface, et dispositif pour sa mise en oeuvre - Google Patents
Procede de caracterisation d'une surface, et dispositif pour sa mise en oeuvreInfo
- Publication number
- EP1342071A1 EP1342071A1 EP01270759A EP01270759A EP1342071A1 EP 1342071 A1 EP1342071 A1 EP 1342071A1 EP 01270759 A EP01270759 A EP 01270759A EP 01270759 A EP01270759 A EP 01270759A EP 1342071 A1 EP1342071 A1 EP 1342071A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- prism
- angle
- incidence
- reflectivity
- optical
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
- G01N21/552—Attenuated total reflection
- G01N21/553—Attenuated total reflection and using surface plasmons
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y15/00—Nanotechnology for interacting, sensing or actuating, e.g. quantum dots as markers in protein assays or molecular motors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
- G01N21/552—Attenuated total reflection
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for characterizing a surface, and to a device making it possible to implement this method. This process allows in particular a qualitative and / or quantitative measurement of interactions which can be physical, chemical, biochemical or biological.
- the method of the invention allows the characterization of the surface of a sensitive layer, deposited on the basis of an optical prism, according to a technique based on the analysis of the variation of the reflectivity of the prism - sensitive layer interface. .
- This reflectivity is likely to vary with the angle of incidence of a light beam moving in the prism towards a part of the interface corresponding to a part to be characterized of said surface.
- This reflectivity also varies as a function of the optical thickness of the sensitive layer, so that the method of the invention makes it possible in particular to characterize the evolution of zones of the sensitive layer whose optical thickness is likely to vary over time .
- the part of the interface "corresponding" to the part to be characterized is of course the part which is opposite the part of the surface to be characterized.
- the method of the invention can be used in particular either in techniques based on the resonance of surface plasmons, or in techniques based on interferometry and using the coupling between a prism and a waveguide.
- the invention particularly relates to a method for characterizing the surface of a sensitive layer, said surface comprising active areas whose optical thickness is likely to vary over time, said sensitive layer being deposited on the basis of a optical prism, said method using a technique based on the analysis of the variation of the reflectivity of the prism-sensitive layer interface, in which; a) a light beam is brought into the prism through an entry face collimated with an angle of incidence allowing total reflection on the basis of the prism, said beam illuminating a fixed part of the interface corresponding to a part to be characterized, called useful part, of said surface, and the reflected beam emerging as an emerging beam by the exit surface of the prism, b) the useful part is scanned at an angle, by varying the angle of incidence of said beam, so as to identify an incidence for which the reflectivity of at least one part, or all of the active areas is minimum, c) an optimal angle of incidence is determined, for which the detection sensitivity of the active areas is maximum, d) the incidence is adjusted to the
- the prism is used, in the method and the device of the invention, as a coupling prism, which uses the phenomenon of total reflection on an interface.
- the surface to be characterized of the sensitive layer is that of the external face of the sensitive layer, in contact with the external medium.
- the sensitive thin layer can be deposited either on the base of the prism, or on a flat transparent blade with parallel faces, having the same index or an index close to that of the prism, and fixed, or capable of being fixed, on the base of the prism, with the sensitive layer deposited on the external face, which is not in contact with the base of the prism.
- This external face can be considered as the true base of the prism in such a case, when it is fixed to the prism.
- the sensitive layer can be a thin metallic layer, and in this case the method of the invention uses the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance.
- the metals used mention may in particular be made of gold and silver.
- An intermediate metallic thin layer, for example chromium, can be used to improve the adhesion of the gold layer to the glass of the prism.
- the metallic sensitive layer can be deposited on the base of the prism, or on a thin layer, deposited on the base of the prism, with a dielectric of low index (index equal to or close to that of the prism).
- the sensitive layer can also be a thin, transparent layer with a high index dielectric capable of serving as a waveguide.
- two thin dielectric layers are deposited on the base of the prism, first a thin layer (for example of silica) serving as a spacer medium, of intermediate index between that of the prism and that of the guiding layer, then the guiding layer, of high index.
- the guiding layer can be made for example with titanium or osmium oxides, stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric.
- the guide layer can itself be covered with a thin metallic layer.
- the method of the invention makes it possible in particular to use the waveguide as a resonant mirror system which requires a coherent light source.
- the principle and the applications of the resonant mirror are known; see for example R. Cush et al, Biosensors & Bioelectronics 8, 347-353 (1993); P. E. Buckle et al, Biosensors & Bioelectronics 8, 355-363 (1993); S. F Bier, Sensors & Actuators B, 29, 37-50 (1995); C. Stamm et al, Sensors & Actuators B, 31, 203-207 (1996); A. Bernard et al, Eur. J. Biochem., 230, 416-423 (1995).
- the content of these literature documents, as well as the documents mentioned below, is incorporated by reference into the present description.
- the thin layers used in the implementation of the process of the invention can be deposited according to known methods, for example by vacuum evaporation, sputtering, CND, MOCVD, etc.
- the method of the invention can be used in particular by exploiting the known phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (RPS). This phenomenon is observed when a light beam undergoes a reflection at the glass-metal interface of a thin metallic layer, deposited on the base of the prism.
- RPS surface plasmon resonance
- optical phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance was discovered around thirty years ago (E. KRETSCHMA N & H. RAETHER; Z.Natiirforsch., 23a (1968), 615-617) and was used first place for the quantitative characterization of non-organic thin layers (WP CHEN & JM CHEN, J. Opt.Soc.Am, 71 (1981), 189-191).
- the optical principle is based on access to the variation of the optical thickness (product of the refractive index by the geometric thickness) via the measurement of the variation of reflectivity on a metal / dielectric interface generated by the fixing of material. on the external face of a metallic layer.
- An advantage of the method and the device of the invention lies in the fact that it is possible to locally deposit different ligands, on a regular basis, on the sensitive layer, according to an ordered system (for example, matrix or hexagonal) in which each deposit confined to a small area, or spot, is spatially identifiable (so-called “addressed” ligands).
- an ordered system for example, matrix or hexagonal
- each deposit confined to a small area, or spot is spatially identifiable (so-called “addressed” ligands).
- the method of the invention can still have the characteristics, taken individually or, where appropriate, in combination, as defined in the claims.
- the reflectivity as a function of time is measured, either continuously or at predetermined intervals.
- the variation in reflectivity is proportional to the number of molecules which are fixed on the studs, this fixing corresponding to an increase in thickness on the stud considered.
- the useful part of the sensitive layer can be fixed, for example: - antigens (for the search for specific antibodies),
- the method of the invention can also be used to study any interactions between the immobilized molecules and the analytes, including cells.
- the process of the invention can also be used for the screening of small molecules which are immobilized on the active layer (for example oligosaccharides) which can inhibit the signaling or enzymatic role of a protein.
- the active layer for example oligosaccharides
- the analyte is then the protein.
- Small molecules are selected by biological or biochemical affinity for proteins or cells.
- the invention also relates to an imaging device making it possible to implement the method of the invention.
- This device can be used in particular for imaging the surface of a sensitive layer carrying multiple organic sensors, that is to say a surface on which immobilized one or more populations of ligands.
- These sensors can be deposited on the sensitive layer in the form of pads (or spots) forming a matrix of addressed ligands. These spots can be formed either by deposits on the surface of the sensitive layer, or by filling wells made on the surface of the sensitive layer (for example by laser abrasion).
- the device of the invention comprises an imaging device, making it possible to implement the method of any one of the preceding claims, including:
- an optical prism having an entry face, an exit face and a base provided with a sensitive layer, said prism being characterized by its angle at the top and by the refractive index of the material which constitutes it, - a first afocal optical conjugation system, disposed on the side of the entry face of the prism, and whose optical axis, fixed relative to the prism, is oriented so that a collimated incident light beam having passed through it goes towards said entry face, refracts then strikes the base of the prism where it undergoes a total reflection and emerges after refraction on the exit face by forming an emerging beam, said first conjugation system having an orientation and an opening such that said incident beam refracted on the entrance face comes to illuminate the totality of at least a part called useful of said sensitive layer, and to undergo a total reflection therein when the direction of the incident beam varies, on both sides tre of said optical axis, over an angular range of at least 10 ° in total, said useful part containing active areas
- a second afocal optical conjugation system arranged on the side of the exit face of the prism and whose optical axis, fixed relative to the prism, is oriented so that an incident beam parallel to the optical axis of the first conjugation gives an emerging beam parallel to the optical axis of the second conjugation system
- a detection system having a plane sensitive surface which is capable of receiving and analyzing the light having passed through said second conjugation system, and which is perpendicular to the optical axis thereof, in which: (i) said second the conjugation system has an opening such that all of the light from the useful area passes through it when the direction of the incident beam varies over said angular range, and the second conjugation system is such that all of the light from of the useful area illuminates the sensitive surface of the detection system, and (ii) the apex angle and the prism index are such that when the direction of the incident beam is parallel to the optical axis of the first conjugation system, the intermediate image of the useful part, through the exit face of the prism, which constitutes the object for the second detection system, is perpendicular to the optical axis of it.
- the angular scanning which must be carried out in order to be able to observe the resonance at various points in the active zone, and its displacement during the evolution of the system over time, varies in particular as a function of the metal, of the glass, of the length of wave, etc. It is generally at least around 10 °.
- the resonance for gold is broken, on all the parts of the sensitive layer bearing a stud, and the resonance then shifts towards the decreasing external angles of incidence.
- the resonance shifts by about 2 degrees. If the sensitive layer is then brought into contact with a fluid containing analytes capable of interacting with the biological species immobilized on the pads, a new shift in resonance can be observed which can go up to approximately 4 degrees.
- the light source is a coherent or non-coherent source. It is necessarily consistent in the case of a waveguide device.
- the collimation system can be any conventional optical system making it possible to transform a divergent light beam into a parallel beam.
- the deflector optical system comprises for example a rotating plane mirror, which can be mounted on a stepping motor or a direct current motor.
- a rotating plane mirror which can be mounted on a stepping motor or a direct current motor.
- One can also use a galvanometric type mirror. It is known that when a rotating mirror rotates by a given angle, the reflected ray from a fixed incident ray is deviated by an angle twice from said given angle.
- the rotating plane mirror can in particular be able to pivot about an axis parallel to an edge of the prism. The line of intersection of the two planes containing the entry and exit faces of the prism respectively is called the edge of the prism.
- the device of the invention may comprise a polarizing system, arranged for example between the collimation system and the rotating mirror, and making it possible to polarize the light parallel to the edge of the prism.
- the polarizing system is for example composed of a simple polarizer or a polarization splitter cube.
- a second polarizer is of course necessary after the prism.
- the device of the invention may also have the characteristics, taken in isolation or, where appropriate, in combination, as defined in the claims.
- the term “dioptric system” denotes a lens or a doublet.
- the device of the invention makes it possible to perform the detection at the best angle of incidence of the variation in optical thickness (product of the geometric thickness by the refractive index of the material) on the metal-external environment interface, without having to modify the position of the elements of the device which are all fixed with respect to each other, with the exception of the rotating mirror. It is thus very easy to vary the angle of incidence during a preliminary study, by actuating the only rotating mirror, to determine for each angle of incidence the reflectivity of the sensitive area, and we can then carry out the measurements. proper by immobilizing the rotating mirror in the - position corresponding to this predetermined optimum angle of incidence.
- the optical imaging device of the invention is such that the image of the useful area of the thin layer metal occupies a maximum surface of the CCD detection matrix, so that it is the entire surface of the useful area of the metal layer which can be analyzed simultaneously using the CCD matrix.
- the detection device can receive all the light rays coming from the image of the useful surface of the metallic thin layer, although the imaging system and the detection system are fixed relative to the prism, is that the device of the invention comprises an optical conjugation system such as the beam which, after entering the prism, strikes the thin metallic layer, illuminates the entire useful surface of the CCD matrix, and this whatever the angle of incidence of said beam on said angular range up to at least about 16 °.
- an optical conjugation system such as the beam which, after entering the prism, strikes the thin metallic layer, illuminates the entire useful surface of the CCD matrix, and this whatever the angle of incidence of said beam on said angular range up to at least about 16 °.
- the conjugation system can for example consist of a first focal lens 80 mm and diameter 31.5 mm and a second focal lens 65 mm and diameter 25 mm (the assembly having an opening of 2, 6), said lenses being arranged in such a way that the image of the useful part by the exit face of the prism is approximately in the focal plane object of the first lens, that the focal plane image of the first lens is coincident with the object focal plane of the second lens and finally that the CCD matrix is located in the image focal plane of the second lens; in this way, an afocal device has been created which combines.
- field lens a third lens
- the angle at the top and the index of the prism are chosen to be so that the intermediate image of the useful area formed in the prism (i.e. the image of the useful surface through the plane diopter formed by the exit face of the prism, and which constitutes the object for the optical imaging system receiving the beam emergent) provides in the optical imaging system an image coinciding with the focal plane of the detection system (CCD matrix), or an image very close to this plane and parallel to it, or having an inclination relative to this plane low enough to avoid blurring the image over the entire surface.
- CCD matrix focal plane of the detection system
- any optical imaging system has a certain depth of field, that is to say a longitudinal range, along the optical axis defined by the detector (this optical axis being perpendicular to the plane of the detector) for which the the image will appear sharp on the detector.
- the depth of field depends directly on the focal length of the optical system and its aperture.
- the depth of field increases with the number of apertures (ratio of the focal length to the diameter of an optic).
- the number of openings must also be as small as possible to allow a maximum of rays to pass through the system, and thus allow significant angular acceptance.
- the inclination of the image of the useful area by the exit face of the prism relative to a plane perpendicular to the optical axis must be sufficiently small so that it is not not outside the depth of field defined by the detection system.
- the inclination of the incident beam in this system makes it necessary to straighten the image by an appropriate optical device, which can be achieved either by tilting the optics of the imaging system, or by tilting the detection system ( CCD camera) in order to have the image of the entire net surface on the CCD detector.
- the problem of the inclination of the optic implies that said optic is very open to let all the rays pass through this optic, since the angles involved can be relatively large; for example, for an isosceles prism with an index 1.515 and an angle at the apex 60 °, this requires an opening number of the detection system of 0.55, which is prohibitive because such a system has many aberrations and very shallow depth of field.
- the tilt of the camera would cause a loss of sharpness due to the fact that the system would no longer work under good imaging conditions, because we can no longer speak of planarism.
- the originality of the prism and of the optics used in an embodiment of the device of the present application resides in the fact that, whatever the angle beam incidence at the prism / sensitive layer interface (within the variation limits indicated for the angle of incidence on the entry face of the prism), the inclination of the intermediate image by the face output from the prism varies little and remains almost perpendicular to the optical axis of the detection system.
- a completely reflected ray starting from the center of the useful area will present at the exit of the prism a small angle compared to the optical axis of the imaging system, while the corresponding image point on the detector will remain approximately in the limits of the depth of field defined by this system.
- a major advantage of the device of the invention is that all of the optical elements are fixed (with the exception of the rotating mirror) and the optics are not very open.
- FIG. 1 represents a diagram of the device according to the invention
- FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the reaction cell according to the invention.
- the device according to the invention comprises:
- reaction cell 3 comprising at least one prism 4, - an imaging and detection system 5 of the beam reflected by the base of the prism.
- the non-coherent light source 1 is for example a light emitting diode of narrow spectral width. It may for example be a light-emitting diode with a wavelength of 660 nanometers and a spectral width of 30 nanometers.
- the beam emitted by the light source 1 is collimated by a collimation system 2.
- This collimation system 2 is for example a system of two microscope objectives making it possible to make the light beam parallel.
- the light is then polarized by a polarizer 6 in order to be able to excite the surface plasmon.
- This polarized light illuminates the entry face of a glass prism 4 of the reaction cell 3.
- the polarized light is reflected by an oscillating galvanometric mirror 7 towards the entry face of the prism 4 such as shown in FIG. 1.
- the oscillating mirror 7 is conjugated on the base of the prism using two lenses 8 and 9. It is thus possible to vary the angle of incidence of the beam on the prism by the rotation of the mirror oscillating 7 around an axis 7a perpendicular to the plane of the drawing.
- the oscillating mirror 7 undergoes a partial rotation, controlled for example by a low frequency generator.
- the rotational movement of the oscillating mirror rotation device 7 can be discretized using a continuous component in order to be able to fix the angle at which one wishes to carry out the experiments.
- the diameter of the mirror 7 is such that it allows the entire incident beam to be reflected on the prism 4.
- the diameter is at least 10 mm.
- the total travel of the mirror 7 is 16 ° for a frequency of 300 megahertz.
- the oscillating mirror 7 has a continuous stroke with a fixed equivalence.
- Figure 1 there is shown in solid lines the limits of the light beam for the position of the mirror 7 shown, and in broken lines the extreme limits of this beam when the mirror 7 occupies the extreme positions of its angular travel.
- the angle of incidence of the beam reflected by the mirror 7 on the prism 4 can be determined in two different ways.
- the part of the beam reflected by the entry face of the prism is collected by a strip of CCD charge coupled circuits 10 of sufficient length.
- This CCD strip 10 makes it possible to detect the incidence of the beam.
- the beam thus reflected by the entry face of the prism is focused on the CCD strip 10 using a lens 11 whose focal length is chosen so as to use the entire surface of the strip 10.
- the rotation of the oscillating mirror 7 is ensured by a motor making it possible to determine the position of incidence for each position of the mirror.
- a motor making it possible to determine the position of incidence for each position of the mirror.
- the reaction cell 3 comprises at least one glass prism 4 whose geometry and index are such that the intermediate image of the object plane in the prism 4 is almost parallel to the detection plane of the imaging and detection system 5 .
- the prism is made of glass of index 1.8 and has the characteristic of an apex angle of 40 °, a base of 10 mm in width and 25 mm in height. The distance between the two parallel faces of the prism is 8 mm.
- a glass slide of 12 with the same index as the prism 4 is fixed to the base of the prism by means of an index adaptation oil.
- a thin layer of chromium 13, a thin layer of gold 14, and a layer to be characterized 15 are successively deposited.
- the layer of chromium 13 ensures the adhesion of the gold layer 14 on the glass slide 12 in the presence of an aqueous medium.
- the thickness of the thin layer of chromium 13 is for example between 1.5 and 2 nanometers.
- the thickness of the thin layer of gold 14 is for example between 40 and 50 nanometers and preferably of the order of 45 nanometers.
- the layer to be characterized is, for example, an organic layer 15.
- the organic layer 15 can be deposited in the form of a continuous layer or in the form of spots or studs, as indicated above.
- a continuous layer containing a single kind of ligand (for example an antibody), it solutions of analytes (for example peptides for the search for minotopes) should be deposited from time to time in the form of spots, then rinsed to remove the analytes which are not specifically bound.
- analytes for example peptides for the search for minotopes
- the sensitive layer in contact with a fluid containing an analyte to be studied.
- the ligands are immobilized on the gold layer in a known manner.
- This polymer has the advantage of being very stable, which makes it possible to reuse the organic layer 15 comprising the probes (immobilized oligonucleotides) several times.
- the production and deposition of such a layer of polypyrrole grafted onto a layer of gold are for example described in patents EP 0 691 978 and FR 2 789 401.
- This tank 16 is for example made of Teflon and makes it possible to pass solutions of analytes using one or more pipes 17.
- a peristaltic pump 18 with variable flow rate can then be used to circulate these solutions.
- the peristaltic pump 18 meets the following criteria:
- the entire reaction cell 3 (prism 4 and tank 16) can be enclosed in an adiabatic enclosure 19 shown in FIG. 2, in order to control and fix the temperature of the system and of the products injected.
- the temperature will for example be maintained at 37 ° in order to allow the detection of any type of biological molecules.
- the adiabatic enclosure 19 preferably comprises an opening (not shown) allowing easy access to the detection cell 3.
- a heating base 20 such as for example a copper resistor, to which the Teflon reaction vessel 16 will be fixed.
- This base 20 is covered with a cover 21 encompassing the entire detection cell 3.
- Side portholes 22, 23 are provided in the cover 21 in order to allow the light beams to pass on either side of the prism. They are for example made of glass or any other material allowing light beams to pass through without disturbing them.
- a winding (not shown) wound around the pipe 17 of the tank 16 keeps the products injected at the temperature of the cell.
- An imaging and detection system 5 is arranged on the side of the outlet face of the prism 4 in order to recover the beam reflected by the base of the latter.
- This system includes an afocal conjugation and magnification system 24 and a CCD camera 25.
- the afocal magnification system 24 makes it possible here to enlarge the image of the useful area of the gold blade 14 on the entire CCD camera 25.
- the useful area of the gold strip 14 is for example of the order of approximately 25 mm 2.
- the lens 26 is arranged so that the image of the useful part of the active layer after refraction on the exit face of the prism is located in the object focal plane of 26. As a result, the image is formed in the focal plane image of the lens 27.
- the conjugation system can also consist, for example, of a first focal lens 80 mm and of diameter 31.5 mm, and of a second focal lens 65 mm and of diameter 25 mm (the assembly having an opening of 2.6).
- a first focal lens 80 mm and of diameter 31.5 mm and of a second focal lens 65 mm and of diameter 25 mm (the assembly having an opening of 2.6).
- commercial optical calculation software such as CODE V (Optical Research Associates) can be used.
- the CCD camera 25 (or simply a CCD matrix) can for example have a sensitive surface of 6.4 mm x 5.8 mm composed of 768 x 576 pixels.
- the CCD detector can also be, for example, a 1.5 inch format remote head camera, with a 6.4 x 4.8 mm 2 sensitive surface, comprising 751 x 582 active pixels, with a signal sampled on 8 bits, or else a compact camera 2/3 inch format, sensitive surface 8.57 x 6.86 mm 2 , comprising 1280 x 1024 active pixels with a 12-bit sampled signal. These are commercial cameras.
- the method of using said device comprises the following steps:
- the device is then used to characterize the surface of the active areas to be characterized of layer 15.
- the device can be applied to the study of molecular interactions.
- the step of measuring the reflectivity is carried out simultaneously with the introduction into the reaction cell 3 of (unlabeled) analytes, including the interactions with the ligands of the organic layer 15 are to be analyzed. The evolution of the interactions between the organic layer 15 and the analytes introduced is thus measured.
- the imaging and detection system 5 makes it possible to measure the optical thickness, product of the geometric thickness and the refractive index of the medium, at all points of the useful part of the gold layer 14.
- the system 5 makes it possible to determine the geometric thickness of each point of the layer 14 and therefore to check the state of surface of it.
- the contrast measured during scanning also serves as a reference level for real-time measurement.
- the imaging and detection system 5 measures the variation of the reflectivity relative to the reference level recorded during the angular scanning. This measurement of the variation of the reflectivity is carried out at every point of the useful part of the gold layer 14.
- the reflectivity varying according to the molecular species present on the surface allows a qualitative analysis by determining the different interactions between the organic layer 15, the gold layer 14 and the molecules introduced.
- a positive variation in the reflectivity signifies the presence of analytes interacting with the ligands of the organic layer 15, a null variation signifying the absence of interacting analyte.
- a negative variation then represents on the contrary a loss of material, that is to say a degradation of the layer 15.
- Measuring the amplitude of the variation in reflectivity in real time allows access to the number of analyte molecules per unit area and therefore to the concentration at each point (on each spot) of the layer d or 14 of the analyte molecules introduced.
- the device according to the invention therefore also allows a quantitative analysis of the molecules having interacted with the ligands of layer 15.
- the number of probes (ligands) per spot is sufficiently high to be distinguished from the background noise of the measured signal, without the probes being too close to each other. Indeed, a large number of probes results in a large steric hindrance and hinders the interaction of molecules with neighboring probes.
- the interactions are studied under non-selective hybridization conditions, for example at a temperature of the order of 37 ° C., so that all of the interactions between the reagents can be observed simultaneously.
- the device makes it possible to follow several hundreds of molecular interactions at the same time and without markers. In particular, it is capable of discriminating the presence of a point mutation within a DNA fragment.
- the discrimination technique is based on the fact that the molecular association can either be total if the DNA sequence is strictly complementary to that of the oligonucleotide, or partial if the DNA sequence has a mutated base.
- thermodynamics applied to DNA shows that depending on the type of mutation, for a fixed location in the sequence, the optical thickness varies. It follows that the device can precisely determine the type of mutation. Under non-selective conditions, if a normal sequence and the three sequences carrying the mutation of one of the bases of said sequence, that is to say the four sequences of which one of the bases has been mutated, are deposited in the form of four different pads on the gold layer 14, the device can measure a different signal for each of the immobilized sequences. Indeed, whatever the sequence of the fragment to be analyzed, the device measures a total interaction and three partial interactions.
- the device according to the invention following in real time and directly the molecular interactions, it is not necessary to carry out the measurement at a temperature promoting a single interaction as in the case of the methods using fluorescent markers.
- lithium niobate LiNbO (supplier: CRYSTAL TECHNOLGY, Inc., Palo Alto CA).
- GaAs GaAs (supplier: AXT, Inc., Palo Alto CA).
- the dimensioning of the prisms was carried out using the MATLAB software (MATH WORKS company), which makes it possible to establish appropriate algorithms, according to known methods. For a given index n, there is at least an angle at the top allowing the intermediate image of the base of the prism across the exit face to be perpendicular to the optical axis of the second afocal conjugation system. We then seek in the same way the couples (index - angle at the top) which give a minimum angular clearance for this intermediate image.
- the prisms can also be produced using single crystals such as lithium tantalate (LiTaO 3 ), lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ).
- birefringent materials that is to say that they may have a different index depending on the state of light polymerization.
- This drawback can be overcome for example by orienting the axes of the crystal so that the effective refractive index, in transverse magnetic polarization, is the same regardless of the angle of incidence of the beam on the useful area.
- Another solution is to use semiconductor materials such as gallium arsenide, germanium (index of the order of 4) or even silicon (index of approximately 3.9).
- the first step is to study the reflectivity of the sensitive area as a function of the external incidence, to determine the angle where to stand to observe the hybridizations with maximum sensitivity.
- the complementary sequence of CP is injected into a hybridization buffer at 22 ° C (BPS, 137 mM NaCl), in order to demonstrate that only the CP pad reacts, which is the case.
- BPS 137 mM NaCl
- the experiment having guaranteed by the preceding stage that the system is selective, one injects then, after having regenerated the system with a 50 mM sodium hydroxide solution, the complementary sequence of WT, which reacts very well with the WT plot, little with the two plots corresponding to the mutated sequences and not at all with the CP plot.
- bovine serum albumin is injected, which limits the passive adsorption of molecules not specifically recognized, until saturation.
- the hCG is then injected into a PBS buffer.
- the stud carrying only polymer has zero kinetics (no change in reflectivity as a function of time).
- the pad carrying the anti-rabbit antibody has a decreasing kinetics; this means that the antibodies, weakly bound to the polymers, are desorbed and evacuated from the reaction vessel.
- the two other studs each have an exponential kinetics, a sign of the recognition of hCG by the antibodies.
- the two anti-hCG antibodies being different, there is a difference in the slope at the origin of the interaction kinetics. Indeed, their affinity for hCG is not the same. For one of the antibodies, it has been deduced from the reflectivity results that the affinity is 8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 , ie the same value as that measured. independently by an ELISA technique.
- the invention also relates to the application of the method described above to the qualitative and quantitative measurement of molecular interaction as described in the present application.
Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR0016248 | 2000-12-13 | ||
FR0016247 | 2000-12-13 | ||
FR0016248A FR2817962B1 (fr) | 2000-12-13 | 2000-12-13 | Procede de caracterisation de surface, application et dispositif mettant en oeuvre le procede |
FR0016247A FR2817963B1 (fr) | 2000-12-13 | 2000-12-13 | Dispositif d'imagerie par plasmon d'une surface metallique et procede d'utilisation du dispositif |
PCT/FR2001/003991 WO2002048689A1 (fr) | 2000-12-13 | 2001-12-13 | Procede de caracterisation d'une surface, et dispositif pour sa mise en oeuvre |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP1342071A1 true EP1342071A1 (fr) | 2003-09-10 |
Family
ID=26212772
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP01270759A Withdrawn EP1342071A1 (fr) | 2000-12-13 | 2001-12-13 | Procede de caracterisation d'une surface, et dispositif pour sa mise en oeuvre |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7678584B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1342071A1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2002219304A1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2431399C (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2002048689A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE10163657B4 (de) * | 2001-12-21 | 2008-05-08 | Gedig, Erk, Dr. | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Untersuchung dünner Schichten |
EP1555523A1 (fr) * | 2004-01-19 | 2005-07-20 | CSEM Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique S.A. - Recherche et Développement | Dispositif de balayage de l'angle d'incidence d'un faisceau lumineux |
JP5068121B2 (ja) * | 2007-08-27 | 2012-11-07 | 株式会社ミツトヨ | 顕微鏡および三次元情報取得方法 |
FR2982027B1 (fr) | 2011-10-26 | 2014-01-03 | Thibaut Mercey | Puce microstructuree pour analyse par resonance des plasmons de surface, dispositif d'analyse comprenant ladite puce microstructuree et utilisation dudit dispositif |
FR2982028B1 (fr) | 2011-10-26 | 2020-02-21 | Aryballe Technologies | Puce microstructuree comprenant des surfaces convexes pour analyse par resonance des plasmons de surface, dispositif d'analyse contenant ladite puce microstructuree et utilisation dudit dispositif |
CN103411888B (zh) * | 2013-08-27 | 2016-01-20 | 南京信息工程大学 | 一种气体浓度测量方法及测量装置 |
US11000853B2 (en) | 2016-03-22 | 2021-05-11 | Washington State University | Prism array based portable microplate reader |
Family Cites Families (23)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE3135196A1 (de) * | 1981-09-05 | 1983-03-17 | Merck Patent Gmbh, 6100 Darmstadt | Verfahren, mittel und vorrichtung zur bestimmung biologischer komponenten |
US5017009A (en) * | 1986-06-26 | 1991-05-21 | Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Inc. | Scattered total internal reflectance immunoassay system |
US6020015A (en) * | 1988-09-22 | 2000-02-01 | Gaull; Gerald E. | Infant formula compositions and nutrition containing genetically engineered human milk proteins |
JPH0710875B2 (ja) * | 1989-03-10 | 1995-02-08 | 雪印乳業株式会社 | シアル酸類含有脱塩乳糖の製造方法 |
DE59109246D1 (de) * | 1990-05-03 | 2003-04-03 | Hoffmann La Roche | Mikrooptischer Sensor |
EP0543831B1 (fr) * | 1990-08-17 | 1995-12-13 | FISONS plc | Dispositif analyseur |
DE69110032T2 (de) * | 1991-06-08 | 1995-12-21 | Hewlett Packard Gmbh | Verfahren und Gerät zur Feststellung und/oder Konzentrationsbestimmung von Biomolekülen. |
US5220397A (en) * | 1992-03-25 | 1993-06-15 | Peisen Huang | Method and apparatus for angle measurement based on the internal reflection effect |
GB9212416D0 (en) * | 1992-06-11 | 1992-07-22 | Medical Res Council | Reversible binding substances |
US5575916A (en) * | 1994-11-07 | 1996-11-19 | Neose Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Method of processing a cheese processing waste stream |
US5888731A (en) * | 1995-08-30 | 1999-03-30 | Visible Genetics Inc. | Method for identification of mutations using ligation of multiple oligonucleotide probes |
GB9602542D0 (en) * | 1996-02-08 | 1996-04-10 | Fisons Plc | Analytical device |
DE19615366B4 (de) * | 1996-04-19 | 2006-02-09 | Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh | Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Nachweis physikalischer, chemischer, biologischer oder biochemischer Reaktionen und Wechselwirkungen |
JPH09292335A (ja) * | 1996-04-30 | 1997-11-11 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 表面プラズモンセンサー |
US6454946B1 (en) * | 1996-10-10 | 2002-09-24 | Neose Technologies, Inc. | Carbohydrate purification using ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis and nanofiltration |
SE9700384D0 (sv) * | 1997-02-04 | 1997-02-04 | Biacore Ab | Analytical method and apparatus |
AU5134100A (en) * | 1999-05-17 | 2000-12-05 | Florida International University | Surface plasmon resonance detection with high angular resolution and fast response time |
CA2381568A1 (fr) * | 1999-07-30 | 2001-02-08 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Instruments, methodes et reactifs pour resonance plasmonique de surface |
EP1236034A4 (fr) * | 1999-11-12 | 2006-05-03 | Surromed Inc | Biodetection par resonance plasmonique de surface |
JP2001185628A (ja) * | 1999-12-22 | 2001-07-06 | Nec Corp | 半導体装置及びその製造方法 |
US6731388B1 (en) * | 2001-08-31 | 2004-05-04 | The University Of Toledo | Method of measuring surface plasmon resonance using interference structure of reflected beam profile |
US6875459B2 (en) * | 2001-09-10 | 2005-04-05 | Henry B. Kopf | Method and apparatus for separation of milk, colostrum, and whey |
US7867541B2 (en) * | 2003-04-14 | 2011-01-11 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Compositions and methods of formulation for enteral formulas containing sialic acid |
-
2001
- 2001-12-13 WO PCT/FR2001/003991 patent/WO2002048689A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2001-12-13 AU AU2002219304A patent/AU2002219304A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-12-13 CA CA002431399A patent/CA2431399C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-12-13 EP EP01270759A patent/EP1342071A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
2006
- 2006-11-03 US US11/592,221 patent/US7678584B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
LYON L A ET AL: "AN IMPROVED SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE IMAGING APPARATUS", REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, AIP, MELVILLE, NY, US, vol. 70, no. 4, 1 April 1999 (1999-04-01), pages 2076 - 2081, XP000875403, ISSN: 0034-6748, DOI: 10.1063/1.1149716 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2002219304A1 (en) | 2002-06-24 |
CA2431399C (fr) | 2009-04-28 |
CA2431399A1 (fr) | 2002-06-20 |
WO2002048689A1 (fr) | 2002-06-20 |
US7678584B2 (en) | 2010-03-16 |
US20070054392A1 (en) | 2007-03-08 |
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