EP1330598A1 - Installation d'epuration de gaz d'echappement equipee d'un ensemble catalyseur et procede d'epuration des gaz d'echappement - Google Patents

Installation d'epuration de gaz d'echappement equipee d'un ensemble catalyseur et procede d'epuration des gaz d'echappement

Info

Publication number
EP1330598A1
EP1330598A1 EP01987841A EP01987841A EP1330598A1 EP 1330598 A1 EP1330598 A1 EP 1330598A1 EP 01987841 A EP01987841 A EP 01987841A EP 01987841 A EP01987841 A EP 01987841A EP 1330598 A1 EP1330598 A1 EP 1330598A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
catalytic converter
exhaust gas
storage catalytic
storage
exhaust
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP01987841A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Stefan Unger
Wilhelm Polach
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP1330598A1 publication Critical patent/EP1330598A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0871—Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
    • F01N3/0878—Bypassing absorbents or adsorbents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9431—Processes characterised by a specific device
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/011—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more purifying devices arranged in parallel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/103—Oxidation catalysts for HC and CO only
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/30—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a fuel reformer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2290/00—Movable parts or members in exhaust systems for other than for control purposes
    • F01N2290/02—Movable parts or members in exhaust systems for other than for control purposes with continuous rotary movement
    • F01N2290/06—Movable parts or members in exhaust systems for other than for control purposes with continuous rotary movement driven by auxiliary drive
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2410/00—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device
    • F01N2410/12—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device in case of absorption, adsorption or desorption of exhaust gas constituents
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
    • F01N2570/14—Nitrogen oxides
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an exhaust gas purification system with a catalytic converter arrangement, which comprises a storage catalytic converter for reducing nitrogen oxides, and a supply device for supplying a reducing agent to the inlet side of the storage catalytic converter.
  • the invention further relates to a method for purifying exhaust gases, in which the exhaust gas is passed through a storage catalytic converter for the reduction of nitrogen oxides, a reducing agent being passed through the storage catalytic converter for regeneration thereof.
  • a reducing environment (rich mixture) with a prevailing air ratio of ⁇ ⁇ 1 is necessary for this emptying or regeneration process.
  • An air ratio of ⁇ ⁇ 1 can be generated internally in the engine directly by controlling the combustion or externally by metering a reducing agent (e.g. diesel fuel) into the exhaust system.
  • a reducing agent e.g. diesel fuel
  • the ratio of fuel to combustion air is regulated internally in the engine, producing a rich mixture ( ⁇ ⁇ 1).
  • a regeneration of the storage catalytic converter in the entire map is currently associated with an increased particle emission or with a smoke burst.
  • Fuel consumption is responsible because of the fuel must be catalytically burned during regeneration in order to achieve air conditions below 1.0.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a generic exhaust gas purification system which also helps to regenerate the aforementioned problem of additional fuel consumption in the case of catalytic converter arrangements
  • the invention proposes to arrange a return line through which at least part the exhaust gases leaving the storage catalytic converter can be returned to the input side of this storage catalytic converter.
  • At least some of the exhaust gases leaving this storage catalyst are returned to its inlet in the regeneration phase of the storage catalyst.
  • the invention has the effect that the oxygen content in the exhaust gas can be reduced during the regeneration of the storage catalytic converter by returning part of the exhaust gases to the catalytic converter.
  • the oxygen content in the exhaust gas can be reduced in a defined manner during the regeneration phase by suitable design of the recirculated partial flow.
  • the exhaust gas can then be returned to the catalyst at a predetermined pressure and / or in a predetermined amount.
  • a check valve can prevent a short circuit current through the return line.
  • a further catalytic converter into the bypass line or into a parallel line.
  • This can in turn be a storage catalytic converter or a known DENOX catalytic converter. If a further storage catalytic converter is used, it can be provided via its own return line for returning a partial exhaust gas stream during its regeneration.
  • a return line and any other components that may be present can be saved.
  • a common exhaust gas recirculation line for regeneration is particularly useful, since a simultaneous regeneration of both storage generators must be avoided anyway in order to ensure continuous exhaust gas purification.
  • the exhaust gas purification system according to the invention can also be used for continuous storage catalytic converters. These work with a rotating pinhole through which the reducing agent is fed into the exhaust gas flow.
  • the Pinhole covers the entire cross-sectional area of the storage catalytic converter, so that a regeneration phase has run through after a complete revolution.
  • a part of the exiting exhaust gases is returned to the pinhole during the regeneration phase, through which the reducing agent is metered in, whereby it makes sense to rotate the storage catalytic converter about an axis such that its entire cross-sectional area - as is the case when rotating the pinhole - can be painted over. Furthermore, it makes sense to arrange the return line in the partial flow which is acted upon by the reducing agent on the inlet side of the storage catalytic converter.
  • reducing agent fuel
  • reducing agent fuel
  • the invention is based on an external regeneration principle, no throttle valve is required on the engine side during the regeneration phase and no direct intervention in the engine control is required.
  • the invention allows the regeneration of storage catalytic converters with drastically reduced reducing agent / fuel consumption.
  • Figure 1 shows a first embodiment of the exhaust gas purification system according to the invention.
  • Figure 2 shows a further embodiment (dual system) of the invention
  • FIG. 3 schematically shows a continuously operating storage catalytic converter which can be used for the exhaust gas cleaning system according to the invention
  • FIG. 4 shows the continuous storage catalytic converter from FIG. 3 in a front view.
  • FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of an exhaust gas purification system according to the invention in a schematic representation.
  • Exhaust gases coming from an internal combustion / diesel engine are catalytically cleaned These exhaust gases mainly consist of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water, and to a lesser extent from pollutants.
  • pollutants include carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and particles (soot).
  • Oxidation catalysts oxidize incompletely burned constituents, CO and HC (hydrocarbons) to carbon dioxide and water. Existing nitrogen oxides are removed by reduction catalysts. Conventional active DENOX catalysts and / or storage catalysts are used for this.
  • the latter can absorb nitrogen oxides over a certain period of time (up to about 2 minutes) and then have to be regenerated for a relatively short period of time (a few seconds). With this regeneration, the nitrogen oxides are reduced to nitrogen and released back into the exhaust gas flow. This reduction process requires a low oxygen environment (rich mixture) in one
  • Air ratio of ⁇ ⁇ 1 for which purpose a reducing agent is metered into the exhaust gas flowing to the storage catalytic converter.
  • Fuel is often used as a reducing agent.
  • Exhaust gas cleaning system suitable. It consists of a storage catalytic converter 1 with a feed device
  • part of the exhaust gas stream leaving the storage catalytic converter 1 can be returned to its input side via a return line 3.
  • a return line 3 In the return line
  • an exhaust gas feed pump 4 is provided.
  • An exhaust flap 6 regulates the inflow of the exhaust gases to the storage catalytic converter on one side and into the bypass line 5 running parallel thereto to the other. This arrangement is followed by an oxidation catalyst 11.
  • the storage catalytic converter 1 is loaded when the bypass line 5 is closed by the exhaust gas flap 6.
  • the exhaust gas flap 6 is adjusted in such a way that only a partial stream reaches the catalytic converter.
  • the exhaust gas flap can be adjusted by means of EDC depending on the operating conditions or the operating point.
  • the reducing agent in this case diesel fuel, is injected into the exhaust gas.
  • the downstream catalytic mixer 12 mixes the reducing agent with the exhaust gas and initiates the first cracking and oxidation processes.
  • An exhaust gas feed pump 4 in the return line 3 is used to recirculate the exhaust gas at the catalytic converter 1 in order to lower the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas during regeneration.
  • the exhaust gas pump 4 is equipped with a check valve, so that no short-circuit current at the loading of the storage catalyst 1
  • Storage catalyst 1 can occur over the return line 3.
  • FIG. 2 shows a further variant of the exhaust gas purification system according to the invention.
  • This shows a dual system comprising two storage catalytic converters 1 and 7 arranged in parallel. While one storage catalytic converter 1, 7 is being loaded, regeneration in the partial flow of the exhaust gas takes place in the second storage catalytic converter 7, 1. In this case, parallel loading of the storage catalytic converters 1 and 7 is possible, the loading state of the two catalytic converters being different.
  • Those components which correspond to those in FIG. 1 are provided with the same reference symbols.
  • Both storage catalytic converters 1, 7 have a common return line 3 for returning a partial exhaust gas flow.
  • a dosing system 2, a catalytic mixer 12 and an exhaust gas pump 4 are provided in this return line 3 as additional components (as in FIG. 1).
  • An exhaust gas flap 6 regulates the exhaust gas inflow to the storage catalytic converter 1 and to the storage catalytic converter 7.
  • An oxidation catalytic converter 11 is also connected downstream of the two catalytic converters in this embodiment.
  • exhaust gas recirculation takes place exclusively during regeneration at the storage catalytic converter to be emptied.
  • Exhaust flaps 8 and 9 the return line 3 is assigned to the storage catalyst 1, 7 to be regenerated. This ensures that only one metering system 2, a catalytic mixer 12 and only one exhaust gas pump 4 are required for both storage catalytic converters 1 and 7.
  • each individual storage catalytic converter 1, 7 with its own exhaust gas recirculation including reducing agent supply device. This would make it possible to dispense with the two exhaust flaps 8 and 9.
  • FIG. 3 shows a continuously operating storage catalytic converter 10 with a supply device 2 for supplying a reducing agent (HC).
  • HC reducing agent
  • the feed device 2 consists essentially of a perforated diaphragm 13 which is rotatably arranged so that the entire cross-sectional area of the storage catalytic converter 10 can be covered.
  • the reducing agent is fed to the pinhole via a line coaxial with the axis of rotation.
  • the arrow 14 indicates the inflow direction of the exhaust gases.
  • the reducing agent emerging from the pinhole is captured by the exhaust gas stream and passed through the interior of the storage catalytic converter 10.
  • There is a reducing atmosphere ( ⁇ ⁇ 1) so that stored nitrogen oxides are reduced to nitrogen and leave the storage catalytic converter 10 as a volume flow V R.
  • the exhaust gases flow into the interior of the storage catalytic converter 10, which is thereby loaded with nitrogen oxides.
  • the regeneration phase takes place after a storage time dependent on the rotational speed of the pinhole.
  • part of the exhaust gas flow, in particular the exhaust gas flow V R, is returned to the pinhole 13.
  • the storage catalytic converter is advantageously rotated about its longitudinal axis instead of the pinhole.
  • the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate the possibility of using the invention in existing catalyst arrangements.
  • the invention reduces the additional fuel consumption in the case of catalytic converter arrangements with storage catalytic converters without having to intervene in the regulation of the engine combustion.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une installation d'épuration de gaz d'échappement comprenant un ensemble catalyseur, constitué d'un catalyseur accumulateur (1, 10) pour la réduction d'oxydes d'azote, et un dispositif d'alimentation (2) conçu pour amener un agent de réduction côté entrée du catalyseur accumulateur (1) pendant une phase de régénération. Pour le recyclage d'au moins une partie du flux de gaz d'échappement quittant le catalyseur accumulateur (1), ladite installation est équipée d'une conduite de recyclage (3), dans laquelle une pompe de circulation des gaz (4) peut être agencée. Le recyclage des gaz d'échappement au niveau du catalyseur accumulateur (1) pendant la phase de régénération permet de réduire la teneur en oxygène des gaz d'échappement et ainsi de diminuer la quantité d'agent de réduction amené, tel que du carburant.
EP01987841A 2000-10-17 2001-10-16 Installation d'epuration de gaz d'echappement equipee d'un ensemble catalyseur et procede d'epuration des gaz d'echappement Withdrawn EP1330598A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10051358 2000-10-17
DE10051358A DE10051358A1 (de) 2000-10-17 2000-10-17 Abgasreinigungsanlage mit einer Katalysatoranordnung und Verfahren zur Reinigung von Abgasen
PCT/DE2001/003911 WO2002033231A1 (fr) 2000-10-17 2001-10-16 Installation d'epuration de gaz d'echappement equipee d'un ensemble catalyseur et procede d'epuration des gaz d'echappement

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1330598A1 true EP1330598A1 (fr) 2003-07-30

Family

ID=7660047

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP01987841A Withdrawn EP1330598A1 (fr) 2000-10-17 2001-10-16 Installation d'epuration de gaz d'echappement equipee d'un ensemble catalyseur et procede d'epuration des gaz d'echappement

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20040076566A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1330598A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2004511711A (fr)
DE (1) DE10051358A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2002033231A1 (fr)

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DE10051358A1 (de) 2002-06-20
WO2002033231A1 (fr) 2002-04-25
US20040076566A1 (en) 2004-04-22
JP2004511711A (ja) 2004-04-15

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