EP1308687B1 - Rohr für Plattenwärmetauscher - Google Patents

Rohr für Plattenwärmetauscher Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1308687B1
EP1308687B1 EP02021612A EP02021612A EP1308687B1 EP 1308687 B1 EP1308687 B1 EP 1308687B1 EP 02021612 A EP02021612 A EP 02021612A EP 02021612 A EP02021612 A EP 02021612A EP 1308687 B1 EP1308687 B1 EP 1308687B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
tube
exchanger tube
section
plates
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP02021612A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1308687A1 (de
Inventor
Frédéric Bousquet
Patrick Samy
Sylvain Moreau
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Valeo Climatisation SA
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Valeo Climatisation SA
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Publication of EP1308687A1 publication Critical patent/EP1308687A1/de
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
    • F28F3/02—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations
    • F28F3/04—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being integral with the element
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B39/00—Evaporators; Condensers
    • F25B39/02—Evaporators
    • F25B39/022—Evaporators with plate-like or laminated elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/03—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits
    • F28D1/0308—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits the conduits being formed by paired plates touching each other
    • F28D1/0325—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits the conduits being formed by paired plates touching each other the plates having lateral openings therein for circulation of the heat-exchange medium from one conduit to another
    • F28D1/0333—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits the conduits being formed by paired plates touching each other the plates having lateral openings therein for circulation of the heat-exchange medium from one conduit to another the plates having integrated connecting members
    • F28D1/0341—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits the conduits being formed by paired plates touching each other the plates having lateral openings therein for circulation of the heat-exchange medium from one conduit to another the plates having integrated connecting members with U-flow or serpentine-flow inside the conduits

Definitions

  • the technical sector of the present invention is that of heat exchangers and more particularly tubes to disruptive plates that equip them. These exchangers are used especially as an evaporator in a system of air conditioning of a motor vehicle or as radiator in the cooling circuit of such a vehicle.
  • Heat exchangers called plate heat exchangers in form of I or U, are generally constituted by the assembly of several flat tubes juxtaposing with each other others and connected to each other by an interlayer whose purpose is to promote the thermal exchange. Each of these tubes is formed by the face-to-face assembly of two plates that define thus a circulation conduit in which the fluid passes.
  • This fluid can be a coolant in the case of a evaporator or a coolant in the case of a radiator.
  • disruptors are often part of the plates forming the tube.
  • the purpose of these disrupters is to create turbulence during the passage of the fluid so, on the one hand to increase the heat exchange between the fluid and the plates and on the other hand to ensure the mechanical strength of the tube bundle of the exchanger.
  • the purpose of the present invention is therefore to solve the disadvantages described above mainly by arranging the disruptive on the plates so as to maintain a section of passage of the substantially constant fluid in the circuit while retaining the benefits of the turbulence created by these last. It is therefore a question of optimizing the reduction of load losses / favoring heat exchange.
  • the subject of the invention is therefore a heat exchanger tube traveled by a fluid, intended to promote heat exchange between an external medium and said fluid, formed by at least two plates connected together to define a conduit of circulation whose cross section is a section of passage of said fluid, said circulation duct having a fluid inlet port and a fluid outlet port, characterized in that said tube comprises an occultation means partial circulation duct intended to maintain substantially constant the passage section of said duct between the inlet port and the outlet port.
  • the tube is in general form of "U" having a base connected to two branches, said branches being separated by a rib of which the end is terminated by a junction, the passage section to keep constant being any of the ones that extends between the rib and a peripheral edge of the U-shaped tube Passing through the partial occultation means.
  • the shape of the junction is circular with a diameter greater than twice the width of the rib.
  • the peripheral edge has connection areas connecting the two branches at the base of the U-shaped tube, areas being circular in shape and radius allowing keep the passage section constant.
  • the partial occultation means is defined by the positioning of disrupters with respect to others so that their cross sections cumulative occultation are substantially constant on the the entire length of the circulation duct.
  • the crossing section is constant when the difference between a minimum passage section and a passage section determined maximum in the circulation duct does not exceed 20 percent.
  • This means of occultation is also defined by the shape of disruptive to each other in the conduit of circulation.
  • the disrupters are arranged on at least one of the plates.
  • the disturbers are arranged on at least one plates so that the direction of the axis supporting their larger dimensions is substantially parallel to the flow direction of the fluid.
  • the disrupters are present on both plates.
  • At least one disruptor of one of the plates is arranged next to at least one disruptor of the other plate.
  • the disrupters of each plate are arranged opposite facing each other, the directions of their axes supporting their larger dimensions being substantially parallel between them.
  • the Disturbants are oval or circular in shape.
  • the disruptors are in the shape of a rhombus, advantageously rounded at its angles.
  • Disrupters are pyramidal in shape, the basis of the pyramidal shape being common with one of the plates.
  • a heat exchanger comprises at least a tube defined according to any of the features preceding.
  • the heat exchanger is a radiator or an evaporator.
  • a first advantage of the device according to the invention lies in the lowering of noise nuisances of this type exchanger.
  • Another advantage lies in the optimization of the combination of performance with respect to noise.
  • Another advantage of the invention lies in the possibility to optimize the internal pressure drop of the tube.
  • Another advantage is to improve the combination of performance characteristics with respect to mechanical strength.
  • Figure 1 illustrates the use that can be made of a tube 1 according to the invention mounted here in a heat exchanger 2.
  • the latter may be an evaporator, a radiator or a condenser.
  • evaporator which consists of a multitude of tubes 1.
  • the number of tubes 1 forming the exchanger 2 is a function of a required heat exchange characteristic, this number is represented in this figure for illustrative purposes and not limiting.
  • a fin spacer 6 is installed between each tube 1 so as to optimize the heat exchange.
  • the tube 1 is generally formed by two plates 4 and 5 arranged against each other.
  • the juxtaposition of several tubes thus formed makes it possible to constitute a heat exchanger, whose purpose is to promote the heat transfer between a interior medium, preferably a fluid 3, and a medium outside 7 which may be for example air.
  • Both plates 4 and 5 are in contact with each other on their edges 8 devices so as to define, with their inner walls 9, a circulation conduit 10.
  • the latter transports the fluid 3 which may be, for example, coolant in the case of a radiator, or a refrigerant in the case of a evaporator or condenser.
  • This duct 10 is characterized by a passage section 11 which corresponds to the surface filled by the fluid at specific locations in the conduit of circulation. This section of passage 11 will be illustrated more details in the description of FIGS. 4, 5, 7, 8, 9.
  • FIG. 2 shows more precisely a plate of the tube 1 of the heat exchanger 2.
  • This tube comprises a means partial occultation 12 of the circulation duct 10 of in order to keep the passage section 11 constant at all along the circuit which extends from an inlet 13 of the fluid 3 to an outlet 14 of said fluid.
  • the plate 4 front view can highlight the positioning of disrupters 15, 16, 17, some by relationship to others and their possible forms.
  • a disruptive axis 18 illustrating the disruptive positioning on a horizontal plane and an axis 19 by disruptor illustrating its positioning on a plane vertical.
  • the judicious combination of positioning two interferers, for example 15 and 16, on a vertical plane and on a horizontal plane thus allows the partial occultation means 12 thus formed to keep the passage section 11 constant.
  • the positioning of these disrupters is such that they are in staggered, that is to say that the axes 18 of the disrupters are staggered with a constant pitch or not along a vertical axis in the flow direction of the fluid.
  • disrupters can present all appropriate forms able to limit the speed of a fluid. In particular, these may take a form oval, circular, diamond-shaped or diamond-shaped, rounded to its angles. These disrupters are manufactured, for example, by stamping and may present, inter alia, a form pyramid. The base of the pyramidal form of the disrupters is common with the plate 4 or 5, in particular according to its wall internal 9.
  • FIG 3 is a sectional view F-F of Figure 2 illustrating a tube 1 according to the invention.
  • the two plates 4 and 5 forming this tube are arranged face to face.
  • the disrupter 15, present on the plate 4 is next to another disruptor 15a present on the plate 5.
  • These two disruptors are in contact within the circulation duct 12 and can therefore participate in the mechanical relationship that connects the two plates 4 and 5. That is to say that the latter can be united to one another, for example by welding or brazing, and thus strengthen the tube structure 1.
  • Disturbators 16 and 16a shown respectively on plate 4 and 5 have a particularity with respect to in the sense that their ends do not touch each other.
  • the combination of characteristics of positioning and forms of disrupters described above and the gap that separates at least one from their ends with respect to the opposite wall is a function of the level required acoustic efficiency in the heat exchanger 2. This yield is dependent on the speed of fluid 3 inside of the tube 1, speed made substantially constant by the means Partial occultation 12.
  • FIGS 4 and 5 are illustrations of the constancy of the passage section 11 throughout the course followed by the fluid 3 in the circulation duct 10 of a tube 1 in form "I" or in the straight portions of a shaped tube of "U".
  • Constant section means a difference of the order of 20% between a mini section and a maxi performed anywhere on the tube.
  • Figure 5 shows the common elements already referenced in during the description of Figure 4.
  • performed according to B-B in Figure 2 illustrates the progressivity pyramidal disturbers 15, 15a and 17, 17a.
  • the occultation was caused by two disturbers in contact, we are here in the presence of four disturbers either of lesser depth or of pyramid.
  • occultation section of a disruptor with the concealment section of the neighboring disrupter (s) 15a, 16, 16a, 17, 17a must be substantially constant.
  • occultation section the volume encroached in the circulation duct 12 by a disrupter, limiting volume the passage of the fluid 3.
  • This sum deduced from the total section of the circulation duct 10 is then constant whatever the place where a cut is made between the inlet orifice 13 and the outlet port 14.
  • the passage section 11 of the fluid is illustrated by the hatched part.
  • Figure 6 is particular to a tube 1 in the form of "U".
  • This form has two branches 24 and 25 interconnected by a base 26.
  • a circulation duct 10 is thus formed. whose inlet port 13 and the outlet port 14 are substantially aligned.
  • the branch 24 of the "U” is separated of the branch 25 by a rib 20.
  • the circulation duct 10 is then delimited by the peripheral edge 8, the walls internal 9 of the two plates 4 and 5, the form of the disrupters and by the rib 20.
  • the latter is finished on the base side 26 by a preferably circular junction.
  • the diameter of this circular junction 21 is greater than twice the width of the rib 20.
  • the circulation duct 10 is limited by the peripheral edge 8, it presents a particular shape illustrated by two connecting zones 22 and 23 of circular and radius general shapes allowing keep a constant section. Junction 21, the disturbances and the connection zones 22 and 23 are of the partial occultation means 12. Their combinations of shapes, positioning and dimensions contribute to maintain substantially constant the passage section 11 in the part bottom of tube 1 in the shape of "U".
  • the orientation of disruptors is arranged in such a way that their sections cumulative cross-sections are constant and therefore indirectly the passage section of the circulation duct 10, despite the particularity of this area of the "U" tube. Indeed, in this case some disrupters, for example 27 and 27a, may have an axis supporting their largest non parallel dimensions with the axis of circulation of the fluid.
  • FIG. 7 is a representation showing the references common elements described in Figures 4 and 5. This figure illustrates a section C-C of FIG. substantially horizontally at the junction 21. The radius of this junction 21, the positioning and / or the shape of the or disrupters create a blocking section that will limit the fluid velocity in this part of the duct circulation 10. The passage section 11 in this part of the duct is illustrated by hatching.
  • FIG. 8 shows a passage section 11 in a cross section D-D of Figure 2. This section is obscured by the combination of characteristics dimensions of the junction 21, of the connection zone 22 and disturbers 27, 27a and 28, 28a.
  • the disrupters 27 and 27a have their ends in contact so as to create a maximum concealment section.
  • the disturbers 28 and 28a are of lower depth or pyramidal shape, the occultation section is reduced.
  • the sum of the sections of occultation of the interferers 27, 27a, 28, 28a, junctions 21 and connection areas 22 tends to maintain substantially constant the passage section 11.
  • the latter is illustrated in this figure by a hatched area.
  • Figure 9 is a variant of layout and shape of disturbers 30, 30a and 29, 29a. Indeed, in this cup Vertical according to E-E, disrupters take a shape Circular particularly suitable for this part of the duct 10. Their occultation sections added to that of the junction 21 contribute to prevent the overspeed of the fluid which is at the origin of certain noise nuisances heat exchangers.
  • the description above is in no way limited to disruptors face to face with their ends in contact. he is of course reminded that these may not be in contact, be arranged along different axes or be arranged on one or the other or both plates 4 or 5 forming the tube 1.
  • the combination of the characteristics of positioning and / or shape of the elements constituting the means of blackout 12 depends on the necessities required heat exchange and the reduction of pollution sound.
  • the occultation means 12 is of course applicable to a heat exchanger tube having a generally "U" shape, but it is easy to apply this means of occultation to I-shaped plates or other forms of conduit of circulation.
  • the tube defined above is particularly adapted to the radiators and evaporator of an installation of air conditioning of a motor vehicle.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Making Paper Articles (AREA)

Claims (21)

  1. Rohr (1) eines wärmetauschers (2), der von einem Fluid (3) durchflossen wird und dazu bestimmt ist, den Wärmeaustausch zwischen einer Außenumgebung (7) und dem Fluid zu begünstigen, das von mindestens zwei Platten (4, 5) gebildet wird, die miteinander verbunden sind, um eine Zirkulationsleitung (10) zu definieren, deren Querschnitt ein Durchlassquerschnitt (11) für das Fluid ist, wobei die Zirkulationsleitung eine Eingangsöffnung (13) für das Fluid und eine Ausgangsöffnung (14) für das Fluid aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Rohr ein Mittel für den teilweisen Verschluss (12) der Zirkulationsleitung (10) aufweist, das dazu bestimmt ist, den Durchlassquerschnitt (11) der Leitung zwischen der Eingangsöffnung (13) und der Ausgangsöffnung (14) im Wesentlichen konstant zu halten.
  2. Wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Rohr allgemein "U"-förmig ist und eine mit zwei Schenkeln (24, 25) verbundene Basis (26) aufweist, wobei die Schenkel durch eine Rippe (20) getrennt werden, deren Ende in einer Verbindung (21) endet, wobei der Durchlassquerschnitt (11), der konstant gehalten werden muss, ein beliebiger von denen ist, die sich zwischen der Rippe (20) und einem Umfangrand (8) des U-förmigen Rohrs erstrecken, indem sie durch das Mittel (12) zum teilweisen Verschluss verlaufen.
  3. Wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Form der Verbindung (21) kreisförmig mit einem Durchmesser ist, der mehr als doppelt so groß wie die Breite der Rippe (20) ist.
  4. Wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Umfangsrand (8) Anschlusszonen (22, 23) aufweist, die die beiden Schenkel (24, 25) mit der Basis (26) des U-förmigen Rohrs verbinden, wobei die Zonen kreisförmig sind und einen Radius aufweisen, der es ermöglicht, den Durchlassquerschnitt (11) konstant zu halten.
  5. Wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Mittel zum teilweisen Verschluss (12) durch die zueinander versetzte Positionierung von Störmitteln (15, 15a, 16, 16a) derart, dass ihre kumulierten Verschluss-Querschnitte über die Gesamtheit der Länge der Zirkulationsleitung (10) im Wesentlichen konstant sind, definiert wird.
  6. Wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Durchlassquerschnitt (11) konstant ist, wenn der Unterschied zwischen einem bestimmten minimalen Durchlassquerschnitt und einem bestimmten maximalen Durchlassquerschnitt in der Zirkulationsleitung (10) 20 Prozent nicht überschreitet.
  7. Wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Mittel zum teilweisen Verschluss (12) durch die Form der Störmittel (15, 15a, 16, 16a) zueinander in der Zirkulationsleitung definiert wird.
  8. Wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Störmittel (15, 15a, 16, 16a) auf mindestens einer der Platten (4) oder (5) angeordnet sind.
  9. Wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Störmittel (15, 15a, 16, 16a) auf mindestens einer der Platten (4) oder (5) so angeordnet sind, dass die Richtung der Achse (19), die ihre größten Abmessungen trägt, im Wesentlichen parallel zur Zirkulationsrichtung des Fluids ist.
  10. Wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Störmittel auf den beiden Platten (4, 5) vorhanden sind.
  11. Wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens ein Störmittel (15) einer der Platten gegenüber mindestens einem Störmittel (15a) der anderen Platte angeordnet ist.
  12. wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Störmittel (15, 15a) jeder Platte einander gegenüber angeordnet sind, wobei die Richtungen ihrer Achsen (18, 19), die ihre größten Abmessungen stützen, im Wesentlichen parallel zueinander sind.
  13. Wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Platten (4, 5) durch die Störmittel (15, 15a, 16, 16a) fest miteinander verbunden werden.
  14. Wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Störmittel (15, 15a, 16, 16a) von ovaler Form sind.
  15. wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Störmittel (15, 15a, 16, 16a) im Wesentlichen kreisförmig sind.
  16. wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Störmittel (15, 15a, 16, 16a) die Form einer Raute haben.
  17. Wärmetauscherrohr (1) nach Anspruch 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Störmittel (15, 15a, 16, 16a) die Form einer an ihren Ecken abgerundeten Raute haben.
  18. wärmetauscherrohr nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 17, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Störmittel (15, 15a, 16, 16a) Pyramidenform haben, wobei die Basis der Pyramidenform zu einer der Platten (4, 5) gehört.
  19. Wärmetauscher, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass er mindestens ein Rohr (1) aufweist, das gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche definiert ist.
  20. Wärmetauscher nach Anspruch 19, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass er ein Radiator ist.
  21. wärmetauscher nach Anspruch 20, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass er ein Verdampfer ist.
EP02021612A 2001-10-31 2002-09-27 Rohr für Plattenwärmetauscher Expired - Lifetime EP1308687B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0114185 2001-10-31
FR0114185A FR2831654B1 (fr) 2001-10-31 2001-10-31 Tubes d'echangeur thermique a plaques optimisees

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1308687A1 EP1308687A1 (de) 2003-05-07
EP1308687B1 true EP1308687B1 (de) 2005-12-28

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EP02021612A Expired - Lifetime EP1308687B1 (de) 2001-10-31 2002-09-27 Rohr für Plattenwärmetauscher

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Country Link
US (1) US6786276B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1308687B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2003185374A (de)
AT (1) ATE314618T1 (de)
DE (1) DE60208307T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2831654B1 (de)

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JP2000146477A (ja) * 1998-11-17 2000-05-26 Calsonic Corp 積層型熱交換器
US6318455B1 (en) * 1999-07-14 2001-11-20 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Heat exchanger

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE60208307D1 (de) 2006-02-02
DE60208307T2 (de) 2006-08-17
JP2003185374A (ja) 2003-07-03
EP1308687A1 (de) 2003-05-07
US6786276B2 (en) 2004-09-07
FR2831654B1 (fr) 2004-02-13
ATE314618T1 (de) 2006-01-15
FR2831654A1 (fr) 2003-05-02
US20030079871A1 (en) 2003-05-01

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