Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M13/244—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus
  • D06M13/282—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus with compounds containing phosphorus
  • D06M13/292—Mono-, di- or triesters of phosphoric or phosphorous acids; Salts thereof
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M13/10—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing oxygen
  • D06M13/144—Alcohols; Metal alcoholates
  • D06M13/148—Polyalcohols, e.g. glycerol or glucose
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M23/00—Treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, characterised by the process
  • D06M23/10—Processes in which the treating agent is dissolved or dispersed in organic solvents; Processes for the recovery of organic solvents thereof
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M2200/00—Functionality of the treatment composition and/or properties imparted to the textile material

Definitions

• Nonwoven fabrics are commonly used for a variety of applications, such as in medical products, e.g., lab coats, head wear, gowns, drapes, towels, sterilization wraps, and the like.
• medical products e.g., lab coats, head wear, gowns, drapes, towels, sterilization wraps, and the like.
• conductive fabrics that reduce the build-up of static electricity may be particularly useful in surgical environments because sparking can pose a danger of explosion when pure oxygen is utilized in the operating room.
• various antistatic compositions that contain an antistatic agent have been topically applied to nonwoven fabrics to reduce static build-up.
• some antistatic compositions also contain a humectant.
• U.S. Patent No. 3,898,166 to Coonev describes an antistatic composition containing a textile antistatic agent and 10 to 50 parts by weight of humectant.
• Coonev a preferred dry coating weight for textiles was stated to be from 0.8% to about 3.0% based on fabric weight.
• antistatic compositions can often adversely affect certain properties of a substrate to which they are applied. For example, due to the high levels of humectant utilized, the water repellancy of the resulting textile may be reduced. Accordingly, a need currently exists for an antistatic composition that can further reduce static build-up without substantially adversely affecting certain properties of the substrate, such as a nonwoven web, to which it is applied.
• the present invention is generally directed to an antistatic composition that can be applied to a nonwoven fabric.
• the antistatic composition contains an antistatic agent and a humectant.
• the humectant of the present invention can "boost" the ability of the antistatic agent to absorb water from the surrounding environment, thereby further reducing static build-up without substantially adversely affecting certain properties (e.g., water repellancy) of the nonwoven fabric to which it is applied.
• the antistatic composition contains a humectant, such as glycerin, in an amount such that the resulting add-on level of the humectant is less than about 0.05 wt.% of the fabric when applied thereto.
• humectant such as glycerin
• the term "add-on level” refers to the weight of a fabric treated with an antistatic composition subtracted by the weight of the fabric prior to treatment, wherein this calculated weight is divided by the weight of the treated fabric and then multiplied by 100. Any compound that aids in reducing the electrostatic charges of a surface when applied thereto can be utilized as an antistatic agent in the composition of the present invention.
• suitable antistatic agents can include, but are not limited to, organic phosphate esters, inorganic salts (e.g., lithium nitrate), etc.
• the antistatic agent is an organic phosphate salt, such as mono- or disubstituted potassium n-butyl phosphate.
• the add-on level of the antistatic agent is typically less than about 1 wt.%.
• the add-on level of the antistatic agent is between about 0.005 wt.% to about 0.03 wt.%, and particularly between about 0.015 wt.% to about 0.03 wt.%.
• an antistatic composition of the present invention also contains a humectant.
• suitable humectants include, but are not limited to, glycerin, propylene glycol, alkyl phosphate esters, quaternary amines, inorganic salts (e.g., potassium polymetaphosphate, sodium chloride, etc.), polyethylene glycols, and the like.
• glycerin is used as the humectant.
• the add-on level of the humectant is generally low enough so that the water repellancy properties of the nonwoven web applied therewith are not substantially adversely affected.
• the humectant used in the antistatic composition typically has an add-on level of less than about 0.05 wt.%.
• the add-on level of the humectant is between about 0.02 wt.% to about 0.05 wt.%.
• the add-on level of the humectant is between about 0.02 wt.% to about 0.03 wt.%.
• the antistatic composition of the present invention can be applied to any of a variety of substrates, such as textiles, nonwoven webs, etc.
• the antistatic composition is applied to a multilayer nonwoven laminate, such as an (spunbond/meltblown/spunbond (SMS) or spunbond/meltblown (SM) material.
• SMS spunbond/meltblown/spunbond
• SM spunbond/meltblown
• an SMS material contains a meltblown web sandwiched between two exterior spunbond webs.
• an SM laminate is essentially a spunbond layer laminated to a meltblown layer.
• the antistatic composition of the present invention may be printed, sprayed, coated, saturated, foamed, etc., onto the nonwoven fabric.
• the composition may be applied by a "dip and squeeze" process, i.e., running a web into a bath of the composition and removing any excess solution by applying pressure and squeeze rolls.
• the antistatic composition may be atomized and sprayed onto the fabric.
• the term “antistatic” generally refers to the reduction or minimization of electrostatic charges.
• the term “biconstituent fibers” refers to fibers which have been formed from at least two polymers extruded from the same extruder as a blend. Biconstituent fibers do not have the various polymer components arranged in relatively constantly positioned distinct zones across the cross-sectional area of the fiber and the various polymers are usually not continuous along the entire length of the fiber, instead usually forming fibrils or protofibrils which start and end at random. Biconstituent fibers are sometimes referred to as multiconstituent fibers. Fibers of this general type are discussed in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,108,827 and 5,294,482 to Gessner. Biconstituent fibers are also discussed in the textbook
• conjugate fibers refers to fibers which have been formed from at least two polymers extruded from separated extruders but spun together to form one fiber. Conjugate fibers are also sometimes referred to as multicomponent or bicomponent fibers.
• the polymers are usually different from each other though conjugate fibers may be monocomponent fibers.
• the polymers are arranged in substantially constantly positioned distinct zones across the cross-section of the conjugate fibers and extend continuously along the length of the conjugate fibers.
• conjugate fiber may be, for example, a sheath/core arrangement, wherein one polymer is surrounded by another or may be a side-by-side arrangement, a pie arrangement or an "islands-in-the-sea" arrangement.
• Conjugate fibers are taught by U.S. Patent Nos. 5,108,820 to Kaneko et a and 4,795,668 to Krue ⁇ er et al.. 5,336,552 to Strac et aL Conjugate fibers are also taught in U.S. Patent No. 5,382,400 to Pike et al. and may be used to produced crimp in the fibers by using the differential rates of expansion and contraction of the two (or more) polymers.
• Crimped fibers may also be produced by mechanical means and by the process of German Patent DT 25 13 251 A1.
• the polymers may be present in ratios of 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, or any other desired ratios.
• the fibers may also have shapes such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,277,976 to Ho ⁇ le et al..
• a “humectant” generally refers to compounds that have an affinity for water.
• meltblown fibers refers to fibers formed by extruding a molten thermoplastic material through a plurality of fine, usually circular, die capillaries as molten threads or filaments into converging high velocity, usually hot gas (e.g. air) streams which attenuate the filaments of thermoplastic material to reduce their diameter, which may be to microfiber diameter. Thereafter, the meltblown fibers are carried by the high velocity gas stream and are deposited on a collecting surface to form a web of randomly disbursed meltblown fibers.
• hot gas e.g. air
• microfibers means small diameter fibers having a diameter not greater than about 75 micrometers, for example, having a diameter of about 0.5 micrometers to about 50 micrometers. More particularly, microfibers may have a diameter from about 2 micrometers to about 40 micrometers.
• denier is defined as grams per 9000 meters of a fiber and may be calculated as fiber diameter in micrometers squared, multiplied by the density in grams/cc, multiplied by 0.00707. A lower denier indicates a finer fiber and a higher denier indicates a thicker or heavier fiber.
• the diameter of a polypropylene fiber given as 15 micrometers may be converted to denier by squaring and then multiplying the result by 0.00707.
• a 15 micrometer polypropylene fiber has a denier of about 1.42.
• the unit of measurement for average fiber diameter is more expressed as the "tex”, which is defined as the grams per kilometer of fiber. "Tex" may be calculated as denier/9.
• the term “monocomponent” fiber refers to a fiber formed from one or more extruders using only one polymer. This is not meant to exclude fibers formed from one polymer to which small amounts of additives have been added for coloration, anti-static properties, lubrication, hydrophilicity, etc. These additives, e.g., titanium oxide for coloration, are generally present in an amount less than about 5 weight percent and more typically less than about 2 weight percent.
• nonwoven web or “nonwoven” refers to a web having a structure of individual fibers or threads which are interlaid, but not in an identifiable manner as in a knitted fabric.
• Nonwoven webs or fabrics have been formed from many processes, such as, for example, meltblowing processes, spunbonding processes, and bonded carded web processes.
• the basis weight of nonwoven fabrics is usually expressed in ounces of material per square yard (osy) or grams per square meter (gsm) and the fibers diameters are usually expressed in microns. (Note that to convert from osy to gsm, multiply osy by 33.91).
• spunbond fibers refers to small diameter fibers which are formed by extruding molten thermoplastic material as filaments from a plurality of fine, usually circular capillaries of a spinneret with the diameter of the extruded filaments then being rapidly reduced as by, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,340,563 to Appel et a 3,692,618 to Dorschner et al.. 3,802,817 to Matsuki et a , 3,338,992 to Kinney. 3,341 ,394 to Kinney, 3,502,763 to Hartman. and 3,542,615 to Dobo et al..
• Spunbond fibers are generally not tacky when they are deposited on a collecting surface. Spunbond fibers are generally continuous and have diameters larger than about 7 microns, and more particularly, between about 10 and 40 microns. It should be noted that any given range presented herein is intended to include any and all lesser included ranges. For example, a range of from 45-90 would also include 50-90; 45-80; 46-89 and the like. Thus, the range of 95% to 99.999% also includes, for example, the ranges of 96% to 99.1%, 96.3% to 99.7%, and 99.91 to 99.999%.
• the present invention is directed to an antistatic composition containing an antistatic agent and a humectant.
• a humectant and an antistatic agent By utilizing a humectant and an antistatic agent, it has been discovered that the resulting antistatic composition can better inhibit the build-up of static electricity on a nonwoven web applied therewith.
• a humectant of the present invention can "boost" the ability of the antistatic agent to absorb water from the surrounding environment, thereby further reducing static build-up.
• the antistatic composition of the present invention generally contains an antistatic agent. Any compound that aids in reducing the electrostatic charges of a surface when applied thereto can be utilized as an antistatic agent in the composition of the present invention. In particular, antistatic agents that reduce static-build up by absorbing water from the surrounding environment may be utilized.
• antistatic agents commonly applied to textiles, tissues, and/or other materials can be used in the present invention.
• Some conventional antistatic agents are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3.898.166 to Coonev: 4.115,605 to Hultman. et al.: and 5,001 ,015 to Havens, which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference thereto.
• suitable antistatic agents can include, but are not limited to, organic phosphate esters, inorganic salts (e.g., lithium nitrate), etc.
• the antistatic agent is an alkyl phosphate ester.
• suitable alkyl phosphate esters include "ZELEC KC” from Stepan Chemical (mono- and disubstituted potassium n-butyl phosphate); "ALKANOL MP” from Stepan Chemical (mono- and disubstituted potassium n-propyl phosphate); "POLYFIX N” from Schill & Seilacher (mono- and disubstituted potassium i-butyl phosphate);
• Suitable antistatic agents can include, but are not limited to, quaternary amines, inorganic salts (e.g., potassium polymetaphosphate, sodium chloride, etc.), polyethylene glycols, and the like.
• the antistatic composition of the present invention also contains a humectant.
• a humectant of the present invention can act as a "booster" for the antistatic agent in absorbing water from the surrounding environment, thereby further enhancing the reduction of static build-up.
• humectants include, but are not limited to, glycerin, propylene glycol, capric acid; caproic acid; caprylic acid; caprylic/capric mixed acids; cholesterol; lauric acid; magnesium stearate; myristic acid; oleic acid; palmitic acid; pentaerythritol; sorbitol; stearic acid; sterols (vegetable); various humectants available from Lipo Chemicals (e.g., acetamide MEA, ethoxylated glycerin, lactamide MEA, etc.); and the like.
• glycerin which was obtained from Fisher Scientific, was utilized as a humectant in the antistatic composition.
• propylene glycol which was obtained from Fisher
• a solvent such as water or alcohol-based solvents
• wetting agents such as low-molecular weight alcohols
• a wetting agent can generally be any compound that aids in initially wetting the nonwoven fabric without affecting the ability of the antistatic composition to effectively reduce static build-up.
• hexanol is used as a wetting agent in the antistatic composition.
• the desired add-on level of various components of the antistatic composition can be varied to achieve fabrics having different antistatic properties.
• the antistatic agent used in the antistatic composition can, in some embodiments, be provided to have a resulting add-on level of less than about 1.0 wt.%.
• the desired add-on level of the antistatic agent may vary depending on the particular antistatic agent and/or the particular nonwoven fabric.
• a sterile wrap can be applied with the antistatic composition such that the resulting add-on level of the antistatic agent is between about 0.005 wt.% to about 0.03 wt.%, and particularly between about 0.01 wt.% to about 0.015 wt.%.
• a surgical fabric containing fluorocarbon treatment such as a surgeon's gown, can be applied with the antistatic composition such that the resulting add-on level of the antistatic agent is between about 0.4 wt.% to about 1.0 wt.%, and particularly between about 0.5 wt.% to about 0.6 wt.%.
• the add-on level of the humectant may also be varied as desired.
• the humectant used in the composition can, in some embodiments, have an add-on level of less than about 0.05 wt.%.
• the humectant is incorporated into the antistatic composition such that the resulting add-on level of the humectant is between about 0.02 wt.% to about 0.05 wt.%, and particularly between about 0.02 wt.% to about 0.03 wt.%. It should be understood, however, that the desired add-on level of the humectant may vary depending on the particular humectant.
• an antistatic composition of the present invention can be applied to any of a variety of substrates, such as textiles, woven fabrics, nonwoven webs, etc.
• the antistatic composition can be applied to a nonwoven fabric. Fibers commonly used in the art to manufacture nonwoven webs, such as pulp fibers, synthetic fibers, thermomechanical pulp fibers, or mixtures thereof, can be utilized.
• the fibers used in making the nonwoven web may have any suitable morphology and may include hollow or solid, straight or crimped, single component, conjugate or biconstituent fibers or filaments, and blends or mixtures of such fibers, as are well known in the art.
• the nonwoven fabric applied with an antistatic composition of the present invention is a multilayer laminate.
• the multilayer laminate may be a spunbond/meltblown/spunbond (SMS) or a spunbond/meltblown (SM) material.
• SMS laminate may be made by sequentially depositing onto a moving forming belt first a spunbond fabric layer, then a meltblown fabric layer and last another spunbond layer and then bonding the laminate in a manner described below.
• the fabric layers may be made individually, collected in rolls, and combined in a separate bonding step.
• Such fabrics usually have a basis weight of from about 0.1 to 12 ounces per square yard (osy), or more particularly from about 0.75 to about 3 osy.
• SMS laminates are available from Kimberly-Clark Corporation under marks such as Spunguard® and Evolution®. Moreover, SMS materials are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,041 ,203 to Brock et al.; 5,464,688 to Timmons. et al.; 4,374,888 to Bornslae ⁇ er: 5,169,706 to Collier, et al.: and 4,766,029 to Brock et al., all of which are also incorporated herein in their entireties by reference thereto.
• the spunbonded layers on the SMS laminates provide durability and the internal meltblown barrier layer provides porosity. Similar to an SMS laminate, an SM laminate is essentially a spunbond layer laminated to a meltblown layer.
• nonwoven fabrics may also be used.
• a fabric containing a single layer of spunbond fibers can be applied with an antistatic composition of the present invention.
• any of a variety of methods can be employed to apply the antistatic composition of the present invention to a substrate, such as a nonwoven web.
• the antistatic composition may be printed, sprayed, coated, saturated, foamed, etc., onto a nonwoven fabric.
• the composition may be applied by running a web into a bath of the composition and removing any excess solution by applying pressure and squeeze rolls. This process, also known as a "dip and squeeze" process, is described in more detail in U.S. Patent No.
• the "dip and squeeze" may be particularly desired when applying the composition to certain types of fabrics, such as surgical fabrics.
• Various atomizers may be used, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,270,913, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto.
• a WEKO sprayer can be utilized to spray the composition onto the fabric. Spraying may be particularly desired when applying the composition to certain types of fabrics, such as sterilization wraps.
• the antistatic composition may be applied, either uniformly or non-uniformly, to one or both sides of a substrate. Further, when utilizing a multilayer laminate, the antistatic composition may also be applied to any number of the laminate layers. For instance, in one embodiment, the antistatic composition can be applied only to an internal meltblown layer of an SMS laminate. In other embodiments, the antistatic composition can be applied to the internal meltblown layer, as well as to one or more of the outer spunbond layers, such as, for example, by saturating the entire fabric with the composition. When applied to one or more multiple layers, the add-on level of the antistatic composition is typically less than about 0.05 wt.% of the total weight of the fabric.
• the composition is typically formed as an aqueous solution.
• the above-mentioned components are combined with water to form a solution that can applied to the fabric.
• the amount of each component added to the solution can generally vary depending on the desired add-on level, the wet pick-up of the application method utilized, and/or the amount of other components utilized.
• the aqueous solution can contain 0.0133 wt.% "ZELEC KC", 0.007 wt.% glycerin, 0.50 wt.% hexanol, and 99.4797% water to obtain a target add-on level of 0.02 wt.%
• SMS nonwoven laminates having a basis weight of 1.8 ounces per square yard and formed from polypropylene (available from Kimberly-Clark under the tradename WORKWEAR® ), were treated with various solutions of antistatic compositions.
• Four sets of samples were developed from the solutions. Each set included one sample containing only water, an antistatic agent, and hexanol (Samples 1 , 4, 7, and 10). The remaining samples within each set contained water, an antistatic agent, glycerin (humectant), and hexanol (Samples 2-3,
• the antistatic composition solutions were applied to the substrates utilizing a "dip and squeeze" process, such as described above.
• the liquid pick-up i.e., the ratio of liquid weight on a sheet to the weight of the dry sheet, multiplied by 100
• the characteristics of the solutions utilized to form the samples are given below in Table 1.
• hexanol was present in an amount of 0.50 wt.% and water constituted the balance of the solution.
• Hydrohead is generally a measure of the liquid barrier properties of a fabric. The hydrohead test determines the height of water (in centimeters) that the fabric will support before a predetermined amount of liquid passes through. A fabric with a higher hydrohead reading indicates it has a greater repellancy to liquid penetration than a fabric with a lower hydrohead. The hydrohead test is performed in accordance with Federal Test Standard No. 191 A, Method 5514.
• the surface resistivity of the fabric was determined in accordance with National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 99A. For example, a 4" x 1" sample of the fabric was placed between two 1" metal poles. A weight was then put on top of the fabric. Thereafter, the resistance was measured using a resistivity meter.
• NFPA National Fire Protection Association
• Static Decay generally refers to the amount of time it takes to dissipate a given electrical charge. "90% Decay” represents the time (seconds) it takes for a sample to decay from +5000 volts to +500 volts. The 90% static decay values were determined in accordance with National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 99A. In particular, a 6" x 3" section of each sample was placed into a Faraday cage. Thereafter, a 5000 volt positive charge was imposed on each sample and the decay time measured for that sample when the its charge reached 500 positive volts. A 5000 volt negative charge was then imposed on that sample and the decay time measured for that sample when its charge reached 500 negative volts.
• NFPA National Fire Protection Association
• 50% Decay represents the time (seconds) it takes a sample to decay from +5000 volts to +2500 volts.
• the 50% static decay values were also determined using National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 99A, except that the samples were allowed to decay from +5000 volts to +2500 volts before recording the decay time.
• NFPA National Fire Protection Association
• the surface resistivity of the samples containing a humectant varied from 4.7 x 10 10 to > 3.4 x 10 13 ohms/square.
• the 90% static decay times for the samples containing a humectant ranged from 0.02 to 1.42 seconds.
• NFPA National Fire Protection Association
• a fabric in order to be considered conductive, a fabric must generally have a 90% static decay time less than 0.50 seconds or a surface resistivity less than 1 x 10 11 ohms/square.
• the use of a humectant can decrease the surface resistivity and static decay of a fabric sample. Moreover, such a decrease can be accomplished without substantially adversely affecting the liquid repellancy of the fabric, e.g., a hydrohead increase of greater than about 20%. In fact, as indicated, the liquid repellancy is actually improved in some instances.
• SMS laminate fabrics having a basis weight of 2.2 ounce per square yard (osy) and made from polypropylene (available from Kimberly- Clark under the tradename KIMGUARD ®), were treated with various solutions of antistatic compositions.
• Four sets of samples were developed from the solutions. Each set included one sample containing only water, an antistatic agent, and hexanol (Samples 13, 16, 19, and 22). The remaining samples within each set contained water, an antistatic agent, glycerin (humectant), and hexanol (Samples 14-15, 17-18, 20-21 , and 23-24).
• the antistatic composition solutions were applied to the substrates utilizing a "dip and squeeze" process, such as described above.
• the liquid pick-up i.e., the ratio of liquid weight on a sheet to the weight of the dry sheet, multiplied by 100
• the characteristics of the solutions utilized to form the samples are given below in Table 4.
• the surface resistivity of the samples containing a humectant varied from 6.7 x 10 11 to > 1 x 10 14 ohms/square.
• the 90% static decay times for the samples containing a humectant ranged from 0.01 to 5.52 seconds.
• the use of a humectant can decrease the surface resistivity and static decay of a fabric sample, without substantially adversely affecting the liquid repellancy of the fabric. In fact, as indicated, the liquid repellancy is actually improved in some instances.
• humectant may somewhat decrease conductivity by inhibiting the ability of the antistatic particles from residing close to each other for conductive purpose.
• certain methods of application that can apply the antistatic composition in smaller particle sizes may be more desirable. For example, atomized spraying and the "dip-and-squeeze" methods may sometimes provide better conductivity results than WEKO spraying.
• the data referred to above may also have been the result of testing error.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Textile Engineering (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Emergency Medicine (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
• Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
• Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)

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  • 2001-07-11 EP EP01951045A patent/EP1307616A2/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2001-07-11 CA CA002415489A patent/CA2415489A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2001-07-11 JP JP2002509586A patent/JP2004502885A/ja active Pending
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