EP1307417A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von hydroxyaromaten - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von hydroxyaromatenInfo
- Publication number
- EP1307417A1 EP1307417A1 EP01969401A EP01969401A EP1307417A1 EP 1307417 A1 EP1307417 A1 EP 1307417A1 EP 01969401 A EP01969401 A EP 01969401A EP 01969401 A EP01969401 A EP 01969401A EP 1307417 A1 EP1307417 A1 EP 1307417A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- zeolite
- zeolites
- cresol
- carried out
- calcination
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C37/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C37/60—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by oxidation reactions introducing directly hydroxy groups on a =CH-group belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring with the aid of other oxidants than molecular oxygen or their mixtures with molecular oxygen
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
- Y10S977/773—Nanoparticle, i.e. structure having three dimensions of 100 nm or less
- Y10S977/775—Nanosized powder or flake, e.g. nanosized catalyst
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
- Y10S977/773—Nanoparticle, i.e. structure having three dimensions of 100 nm or less
- Y10S977/775—Nanosized powder or flake, e.g. nanosized catalyst
- Y10S977/776—Ceramic powder or flake
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
- Y10S977/778—Nanostructure within specified host or matrix material, e.g. nanocomposite films
- Y10S977/779—Possessing nanosized particles, powders, flakes, or clusters other than simple atomic impurity doping
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/84—Manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructure
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/84—Manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructure
- Y10S977/895—Manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructure having step or means utilizing chemical property
- Y10S977/896—Chemical synthesis, e.g. chemical bonding or breaking
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of hydroxyaromatics by oxidation of aromatics with dinitrogeninone oxide in the gas phase
- Hydroxyaromatics are valuable intermediates in organic chemistry. They are used for the synthesis of numerous other intermediate and end products. Hydroxybenzenes are used in photography, as antioxidants and as stabilizers in plastics. Phenol is further processed, for example, to phenolic resins, caprolactam, bisphenol A, adipic acid or alkylphenols. Cresols are used to produce antioxidants, herbicides, insecticides, colorants, as well as odors and flavors. Of the three cresol isomers, p-cresol is the most interesting methylphenol from an economic point of view. P-cresol is used for the synthesis of plastics, lubricating oils, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and for the production of fragrances and flavors. However, it is mainly used for the production of BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene), an important anti-aging agent and antioxidant.
- BHT 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluen
- cresol from alkaline melts of toluenesulfonates is carried out in four reaction steps.
- toluene is sulfonated with concentrated sulfuric acid
- the resulting sulfonic acid mixture is neutralized with sodium sulfite or sodium hydroxide solution and then melted at about 300 ° C with sodium hydroxide.
- an aqueous solution of the melt with sulfur acidified with dioxide or sulfuric acid which releases the cresols.
- a cresol mixture with 6 to 12% o-cresol, 6 to 12% m-cresol and 80 to 85% p-cresol is obtained.
- the latter can be separated by means of fractional crystallization.
- this method has the disadvantage that large amounts of sodium sulfite are obtained, which have to be disposed of.
- Chlorotoluene hydrolysis is used primarily for m-cresol production.
- toluene is chlorinated in the presence of iron chlorides and disulfur dichloride, whereby an o- / p-chlorotoluene mixture is formed in a ratio of 1: 1. If the hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide solution is carried out immediately afterwards, o-, m- and p-cresol fall in
- Ratio 1: 2 1. After rectification, an o-cresol fraction and a difficult to separate m- / p-cresol mixture in a ratio of 3: 1 are obtained. For this reason, the chlorotoluene isomers are usually isolated and separated and only then hydrolyzed. Pure o- and m-cresol can be obtained from o-chlorotoluene after hydrolysis and subsequent distillation, and p-chlorotoluene still produces a 1: 1 mixture of m- and p-cresol. In addition to the low yield of p-cresol, this process also has the disadvantage of by-products such as tolyl cresols and tolyl ethers.
- DE-A-196 34 406 describes a process for reacting aromatics with nitrous oxide to the corresponding hydroxyaromatics, a catalyst being used as a pentasil or ⁇ -type zeolite which is subjected to a hydrothermal pretreatment with steam.
- a selectivity for cresol 27% was achieved with a conversion of 24%.
- a disadvantage of this process is that the p-cresol content in the cresol fraction is only 16%.
- EP-A-889 081 describes a process for the preparation of hydroxyaromatics which is carried out in the presence of zeolites which have undergone a special two-stage calcification process. In the hydroxylation of toluene, a conversion of 25% and a selectivity for cresol of 22% were achieved. No information is given about the isomer distribution.
- Nitrous oxide which provides p-cresol in high yield and selectivity.
- Ar represents benzene or naphthalene
- R represents Br, Cl, F, NO 2 , CN, NH 2 , OH, C r C 6 alkyl or phenyl and
- n zero, 1 or 2
- Pentasile, ferrierite and zeolite-ß found, which is characterized in that the zeolites have a crystallite size ⁇ 100 nm and are calcined before use at temperatures of 500 to 1350 ° C.
- Aromatics of the formula (I) are used in the process according to the invention. These are optionally substituted benzene or optionally sub- substituted naphthalene. Benzene, Ci-Cg-alkylbenzene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, benzonitrile, naphthalene or biphenyl are preferably used. Ci-Cg-Alkylbenzene is particularly preferably used, very particularly preferably toluene.
- zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates that have a highly ordered structure with a rigid three-dimensional network of SiO 4 and AlO ⁇ tetrahedra, which are connected by common oxygen atoms.
- the electrovalence of the tetrahedra containing aluminum is balanced by the inclusion of cations in the crystal, for example by those of the first, second or third main group of the periodic table or by hydrogen ions. A cation exchange is possible.
- the spaces between the tetrahedra are occupied by drying or calcining water molecules before dehydration.
- nanocrystalline zeolites become out of date
- Pentasile, ß-zeolite and ferrierite used they have a crystallite size ⁇ 100 nm.
- Zeolite-ß has 4, 5 and 6 rings built from SiO ⁇ tetrahedra, which form a three-dimensional structure.
- This three-dimensional framework creates channels made up of 12 rings that are straight in two spatial directions and sinusoidal in the third spatial direction.
- the material forms elipsoid pores that have a size of approx. 5.5 x 7.6 ⁇ .
- Zeolites of the pentasil type are also used for the process according to the invention.
- the basic building block is a 5-ring made of SiO ⁇ tetrahedra. They are due to a high Si / Al ratio and due to pore sizes which, with dimensions of approx. 5.3 x 5.6 ⁇ and 5.1 x 5.5 ⁇ , are below that of zeolite-ß and in the range of the molecular sizes of the cresols , marked.
- a preferred pentasil zeolite is ZSM-5. Ferrierite has 8 and 10 rings built from SiO ⁇ tetrahedra as the basic building block. The channels are elipsoid, the dimension in the [001] plane is approx. 4.2 x 5.5 ⁇ (10-ring), the dimension in the [010] plane is approx.4.8 x 3.5 ⁇ ( 8-rings).
- one or more other elements can be built into the grid in the zeolites instead of aluminum and silicon.
- aluminum can be replaced by elements such as B, Ga, Fe, Cr, V, As, Sb, Bi, Be and their mixtures and silicon by a tetravalent element such as Ge, Ti, Zr, Hf or their mixtures.
- the above-mentioned zeolites are preferably used in the acidic form in the process according to the invention.
- the acidic forms of zeolites are preferably prepared by exchanging cations that Ammom umionen ', or carrying out the exchange with mineral acids.
- partially acidic zeolites in which some of the hydrogen ions have been replaced by cations from the first, second and third main groups of the periodic table and the subgroups Ia, Ha, IVa, Va, Via, Vlla and Villa.
- Preferred cations are cations of the elements Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Ba, Fe, Co, V, Zn, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pd and Cu
- particularly preferred cations are cations of the elements Li, K, Rb , Mg, Ca, Ba, Fe, Co, V, Ni and Zn.
- Zeolites are preferably used in the process according to the invention in which 50 to 100%, particularly preferably 80 to 100% of the cations originally present are replaced by hydrogen ions.
- the zeolites used in the process according to the invention preferably have
- the zeolites used in the process according to the invention which have a crystallite size of ⁇ 100 nm, can be produced, for example, as described in WO 93/08124 or in EP-A-178 687.
- the crystallite size of the Zeolites used in the process are preferably 20-100 nm, particularly preferably between 30 and 40 nm.
- the zeolites used in the process according to the invention are calcined before they are used.
- the calcination takes place at a temperature of 500 to
- the calcination is preferably carried out over a period of 0.5 to 18 hours, preferably from 1 to 10 hours.
- the calcination is preferably carried out in a nitrogen or nitrogen / oxygen atmosphere with an oxygen content of preferably 1 to
- the zeolites are very particularly preferably calcined in air at 700 to 1200 ° C. over a period of 1 to 10 hours.
- the zeolites can be used in the form of powders, granules, particles or else in the form of extrudates. Furthermore, the zeolites used in the process according to the invention can be embedded in an inorganic matrix, which is preferably inert. Suitable inorganic matrix materials are, for example, conventional carrier materials such as silica, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum silicates, synthetic porous materials or clay.
- Non-acidic carrier materials are preferably used.
- the loading of the catalyst with aromatics expressed by the WHSV (weight hourly space velocity; kg / h aromatics per kg catalyst), is preferably 0.1-10 h “ 1 , particularly preferably 0.2 - 5 h " 1 , very particularly preferably 0.5-3 h -1 .
- the zeolites used are subjected to modification with silanes or boranes before the calcination.
- Silanes or boranes are preferably used in a CVD
- Disilane, alkylsilanes such as methylsilane or ethylsilane or silane are preferably used as silanes.
- Diborane and borane are preferably used as boranes.
- the deposition is preferably carried out at temperatures of 150-300 ° C, particularly preferably at 200-270 ° C.
- the duration of the deposition is preferably 30 to 300 min, particularly preferably 150 to 250 min.
- the zeolites used are modified after the calcination
- alkoxysilanes are separated in the gas phase, preferably in the reactor in which the process according to the invention is carried out.
- C1-C4-alkoxysilanes such as, for example, tetramethoxysilane or tetraethoxysilane are preferably used, and tetraethoxysilane is particularly preferably used.
- the deposition is preferably carried out at temperatures of
- the duration of the deposition is preferably 5 to 180 min, particularly preferably 10 to 80 min.
- the deposition preferably takes place in several cycles, preferably 5 to 25 deposition cycles are carried out.
- the deposition is particularly preferably carried out in such a way that tetraethoxysilane is deposited with a partial pressure of 30 to 60 mbar in 10 to 20 deposition cycles at 180 to 220 ° C. and a duration per cycle of 20 to 40 min.
- thermal post-treatment of the zeolite is preferably carried out in an oxygen, oxygen / air atmosphere or in air
- the reaction temperatures in the process according to the invention are preferably 300-560 ° C., preferably 350-540 ° C., very particularly preferably -400-500 ° C.
- the operating pressure is preferably between 0.1 and 15 bar, particularly preferably between 0.2 and 6 bar, very particularly preferably between 0.5 and 2 bar.
- the molar ratio of aromatic: dinitrogeninone oxide is preferably 12: 1 to 1:10, particularly preferably 10: 1 to 1: 5, very particularly preferably 8: 1 to 1: 4.
- the reaction is usually carried out in the gas phase.
- the conversion of the aromatics and the calcination of the zeolites and the modification of the zeolites with alkoxysilanes, if necessary, can be carried out in a conventional reactor suitable for heterogeneous catalysis, such as, for example, in a fixed bed or a fluidized bed reactor.
- Loop reactors, tray reactors, and in particular tubular reactors, for example, can be used as fixed bed reactors. If the reaction is carried out in a fixed bed reactor, the use of zeolite catalysts which have an average particle diameter of 500-2000 ⁇ m has proven to be particularly advantageous.
- the fluidized bed reactor also called a fluidized bed reactor, has a reaction space in which a granular solid bed is loosened by a gas flowing through from below and is maintained in this state of suspension.
- This highly loosened gas-permeable layer is called a fluidized bed. It behaves similarly to a boiling liquid with strong mixing.
- the individual components can be mixed or fed separately via a pre-evaporator or directly into the fluidized bed.
- the use of zeolite catalysts in extruded form with an average particle diameter of 80-250 ⁇ m has proven to be particularly favorable. Examples
- the zeolites were pressed into tablets of 0.5 cm in diameter without a binder and then crushed to a particle size of 1.0 to 1.4 mm and fractionated.
- Example 2 2 g each of the catalysts described above were used in a fixed bed reactor at 450 ° C. for the reaction of toluene with nitrous oxide.
- the length of the bed was 20-30 cm.
- the WHSV was chosen to be 2.5 h _1 (g toluene h and g catalyst).
- Toluene and nitrous oxide were used in a molar ratio of 1: 3. All samples were taken after 32 min TOS (Time on Stream) and analyzed by gas chromatography using a CP-Chirasil-Dex® column. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Examples 5 to 7 were carried out analogously to Examples 2 to 4, the catalysts B, E and F being calcined in air at 900 ° C. for 2 hours before the reaction. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Examples 8 to 11 were carried out analogously to Examples 2 to 4, the catalysts being calcined in air at 1000 ° C. for 2 hours before the reaction. The results are shown in Table 3.
- the catalyst B was treated with silane (partial pressure 500 mbar) for 3 hours at 200 ° C. for 200 minutes and then calcined in air at 1000 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the crystallite size was 20-100 nm.
- the reaction of toluene with nitrous oxide was carried out analogously to Examples 2 to 4. A degree of conversion of toluene of 16.0%, a selectivity of 47.0% and a proportion of p-cresol of 44.0% were achieved.
- the catalyst C was calcined in air at 1100 ° C. for 2 hours and then treated with tetraethoxysilane (partial pressure 40 mbar) in 14 cycles of 30 minutes each at 200 ° C. After each separation cycle, the catalyst was left in air at 500 ° C
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10036953A DE10036953A1 (de) | 2000-07-28 | 2000-07-28 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Hydroxyaromaten |
| DE10036953 | 2000-07-28 | ||
| PCT/EP2001/008226 WO2002010102A1 (de) | 2000-07-28 | 2001-07-17 | Verfahren zur herstellung von hydroxyaromaten |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1307417A1 true EP1307417A1 (de) | 2003-05-07 |
Family
ID=7650629
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP01969401A Withdrawn EP1307417A1 (de) | 2000-07-28 | 2001-07-17 | Verfahren zur herstellung von hydroxyaromaten |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6476277B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1307417A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2004505099A (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2001289667A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE10036953A1 (de) |
| RU (1) | RU2266892C2 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2002010102A1 (de) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200300703B (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7781622B2 (en) * | 2008-01-25 | 2010-08-24 | Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research | Process for direct hydroxylation of aromatic hydrocarbons |
| US8791040B2 (en) * | 2010-11-03 | 2014-07-29 | Fina Technology, Inc. | Catalysts containing nano-materials and methods of making and using same |
| WO2016054506A1 (en) | 2014-10-02 | 2016-04-07 | Monsanto Technology Llc | Processes for preparing 2,5-dichlorophenol |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5110995A (en) * | 1991-03-12 | 1992-05-05 | Institute Of Catalysis | Preparation of phenol or phenol derivatives |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4851605A (en) | 1984-07-13 | 1989-07-25 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Process for synthesizing a zeolite catalyst on a pH controlled sodium free basis |
| FR2648810B1 (fr) * | 1989-06-22 | 1992-02-28 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Procede de preparation de phenols |
| GB9122498D0 (en) | 1991-10-23 | 1991-12-04 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Process for preparing uniform mfitype zeolite crystals |
| RU2058286C1 (ru) * | 1994-04-12 | 1996-04-20 | Институт катализа им.Г.К.Борескова СО РАН | Способ получения фенола или его производных |
| RU2074164C1 (ru) * | 1994-04-12 | 1997-02-27 | Институт катализа им.Г.К.Борескова СО РАН | Способ получения фенола или его производных |
| DE19634406C2 (de) * | 1996-08-26 | 1998-11-26 | Hoechst Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Hydroxyaromaten durch Umsetzung von Aromaten mit N¶2¶O |
| DE19727920C2 (de) | 1997-07-01 | 1999-05-06 | Textar Gmbh | Verfahren zur Wiederverwendung von bei der Herstellung von Reibbelägen entstehenden Stäuben |
| RU2127721C1 (ru) * | 1997-07-29 | 1999-03-20 | Институт органической химии им.Зелинского РАН | Способ получения фенола и его производных |
| CA2240612A1 (en) * | 1997-07-29 | 1999-01-29 | Vladimir Borisovich Kazansky | Preparation of phenol and its derivatives |
| DE19738141C2 (de) | 1997-09-01 | 2003-06-05 | Wagner Int | Steuersystem einer Beschichtungsanlage mit einer LON-Busstruktur |
| US6573413B2 (en) * | 2000-04-19 | 2003-06-03 | Solutia Inc. | Process for activating catalyst for the hydroxylation of aromatics |
-
2000
- 2000-07-28 DE DE10036953A patent/DE10036953A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-07-17 EP EP01969401A patent/EP1307417A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-07-17 WO PCT/EP2001/008226 patent/WO2002010102A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2001-07-17 AU AU2001289667A patent/AU2001289667A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-07-17 JP JP2002516235A patent/JP2004505099A/ja active Pending
- 2001-07-17 RU RU2003105604/04A patent/RU2266892C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-07-24 US US09/915,079 patent/US6476277B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-01-27 ZA ZA200300703A patent/ZA200300703B/xx unknown
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5110995A (en) * | 1991-03-12 | 1992-05-05 | Institute Of Catalysis | Preparation of phenol or phenol derivatives |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See also references of WO0210102A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US6476277B2 (en) | 2002-11-05 |
| JP2004505099A (ja) | 2004-02-19 |
| WO2002010102A1 (de) | 2002-02-07 |
| AU2001289667A1 (en) | 2002-02-13 |
| ZA200300703B (en) | 2004-02-09 |
| RU2266892C2 (ru) | 2005-12-27 |
| US20020115889A1 (en) | 2002-08-22 |
| DE10036953A1 (de) | 2002-02-07 |
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