EP1259253A2 - Methods for promoting production of myelin by schwann cells - Google Patents

Methods for promoting production of myelin by schwann cells

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Publication number
EP1259253A2
EP1259253A2 EP01913120A EP01913120A EP1259253A2 EP 1259253 A2 EP1259253 A2 EP 1259253A2 EP 01913120 A EP01913120 A EP 01913120A EP 01913120 A EP01913120 A EP 01913120A EP 1259253 A2 EP1259253 A2 EP 1259253A2
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
zcyto7
schwann cells
myelin
demyelinating
cells
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EP01913120A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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Emma E. Moore
Julia E. Novak
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Zymogenetics Inc
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Zymogenetics Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
    • A61K38/20—Interleukins [IL]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/02—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for peripheral neuropathies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • the peripheral nervous system serves as a bridge between the environment and the central nervous system (CNS).
  • the PNS is comprised of primary afferent neurons, which sends information from sensory receptors to the CNS, somatic motor neurons, which transmit electrical stimuli from the CNS to voluntary muscles, and autonomic motor neurons, which transmit electrical stimuli to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or glands.
  • a neuron generally has a cell body, and an axon, which is a long nerve cell process extending from the cell body that is capable of rapidly conducting nerve impulses over long distances so as to deliver signals to cells.
  • the axons of many vertebrate neurons are insulated by a myelin sheath, which greatly increases the rate at which an axon can conduct an action potential.
  • Schwann cells are responsible for myelinating nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system.
  • the Schwann cells wrap layer upon layer of their own plasma membrane in a tight spiral around the axon thereby insulating the axonal membrane so that almost no current leaks across it.
  • Unmyelinated axons in the PNS are nonetheless embedded in Schwann cells although they are not ensheathed by myelin.
  • a number of neuropathies of the PNS are associated with demyelination or failure of the Schwann cells to properly ensheath the axons of the PNS. They are diabetic neuropathy, Guillain-Barre' disease (acute demyelinating polyneuropathy), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIPD), and HTV inflammatory demyelinating disease. Also axon damage due to physical trauma may result in demyelination of the PNS. Thus, there is a need to discover agents that can be used to promote the production of myelin by Schwann cells. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • the present invention fills this need by providing for a method for promoting production of myelin or P zero protein by Schwann cell comprising bringing a Zcyto7 polypeptide or IL-17 into contact with Schwann cells.
  • Zcyto7 polypeptides are the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 7, and 9-28.
  • the mammal treated will be a human and the Zcyto7 will be of the human allotypes.
  • the Zcyto7 will be administered in an amount of about 0.1 to 100 micrograms ( ⁇ g) per kilogram of body weight.
  • the term "effective amount" as used herein regarding the effective amount of Zcyto7 administered in accordance with the present invention means an amount of Zcyto7 that causes increased expression of myelin by Schwann cells.
  • the effective amount of Zcyto7 or IL-17 to be administered is from 0.1 ⁇ g to lmg of Zcyto7 or IL-17 per kilogram of body weight per day. More preferably, the effective amount is from 1 ⁇ g to 500 ⁇ g of Zcyto7 or IL-17 per kilogram of body weight.
  • Zcyto7 should be administered daily until the symptoms of neuropathy dissipate.
  • allelic variant denotes any of two or more alternative forms of a gene occupying the same chromosomal locus. Allelic variation arises naturally through mutation, and may result in phenotypic polymorphism within populations. Gene mutations can be silent (no change in the encoded polypeptide) or may encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequence.
  • allelic variant is also used herein to denote a protein encoded by an allelic variant of a gene.
  • Zcyto7 and a method for making Zcyto7 polypeptides have been disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT/US98/08212, Publication No. WO 98/49310. Introduction
  • the present invention is based upon the discovery that Zcyto7 or IL-17 can induce the production of myelin by Schwann cells.
  • the present invention is also based upon the discovery that Zcyto7 can induce the production of protein zero by Schwann Cells.
  • Protein zero is a major structural protein of peripheral myelin, and and is a homophilic immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecule, which mediates adhesion of Schwann cell membranes as they enwrap axons and generate compact myelin, Spiryda L. B Repeat J. Neurosci, Res. 54: 137-146 (1998).
  • the axons of many vertebrate neurons are insulated by a myelin sheath, which greatly increases the rate at which an axon can conduct an action potential.
  • Schwann cells which are supporting or glial cells, form myelin in the peripheral nerves.
  • the Schwann cells wrap layer upon layer of their own plasma membrane in a tight spiral around the axon, thereby insulating the axonal membrane so that almost no current leaks across it.
  • the sheath is interrupted at regularly spaced intervals called the "nodes of Ranvier', where almost all the Na + channels in the axon are concentrated.
  • Myelinated axons are also more efficient metabolically than nonmyelinated axons.
  • the sodium-potassium pump extrudes the sodium that enters and re-accumulates the potassium that leaves the cell during action potentials.
  • ionic currents are restricted to the small fraction of the membrane surface at the nodes of Ranvier. For this reason fewer Na + and K + ions traverse a unit area of membrane, and less ion pumping is required to maintain Na + and K + gradients.
  • the present invention is a method for inducing the expression of myelin or Protein zero by Schwann cells.
  • Zcyto.7 can be administered to treat a number of demyelinating PNS neuropathies, or to induce the production of myelin around regenerating peripheral nerve cells that have been injured by trauma.
  • sequences disclosed in SEQ ID NOS: 1, and 2 represent a single allele of the human Zcyto7.
  • a demyelinating disease of the PNS is acute demyelinating polyneuropathy.
  • This acute inflammatory polyneuropathy also known as Guillain-Barre' syndrome (GBS)
  • GBS Guillain-Barre' syndrome
  • a mild respiratory or gastrointestinal infection precedes the neuritic symptoms by 1 to 3 weeks in about 60 percent of the patients.
  • Other less common antecedent events include surgical procedures, viral exanthems and other viral illnesses such as cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), bacterial infections, e.g., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Lyme disease and particularly Campylobacter_/e/_.ra, and lymphoma, particularly Hodgkin's disease.
  • viral exanthems and other viral illnesses such as cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), bacterial infections, e.g., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Lyme disease and particularly Campylobacter_/e/_.ra, and lymphoma, particularly Hodgkin's disease.
  • GBS Global System for Mobile Communications
  • Proximal as well as distal muscles of the limbs are involved, usually the lower extremities before the upper trunk, intercostals, neck, and cranial muscles are affected later.
  • the weakness can progress to total motor paralysis with death from respiratory failure within a few days. More than half of the patients complain of pain and an aching discomfort in the muscles, mainly those of the hips, thighs, and back. Paresthesias (tingling, burning, numbness) are also a frequent and early symptom but tend to be evanescent; occasionally they are absent throughout the illness.
  • CSF cerebrospinal fluid
  • Zcyto7 should begin upon diagnosis of the disease at the dosages listed below. However, treatment with Zcyto7 may be delayed until the underlying inflammatory condition has subsided. Plasma exchange or intravenous administration of immunoglobulin can be employed to alleviate the inflammatory condition. For best results this should be done within two weeks of onset of symptoms.
  • the usual plasma exchange regimen removes 200 to 250 mlJkg in four to six treatments on alternate days.
  • the usual replacement fluid is saline and 5 percent albumin.
  • immunoglobulin can be administered at 0.4g kg/day for 5 consecutive days.
  • Zcyto7 can be administered at the onset of the disease, during treatment to alleviate the inflammatory process or after the treatment. Administration of Zcyto7 should be continued on a regular basis, at least 1-3 times a week until full neurologic recovery by the patient.
  • Zcyto7 can also be used to promote myelination expression in Schwann cells to treat diabetic neuropathies.
  • the demyelination that occurs in diabetes mellitus is believed to be caused by ischemia.
  • the patient should be administered Zcyto7 1 to 3 times a week at the dosages listed below.
  • the neurons of the PNS have the ability to regenerate or repair themselves after injury caused by trauma.
  • the proximal stump of the damaged axon develops sprouts.
  • these sprouts elongate and grow along the path of the original nerve if this route is available.
  • the Schwann cells in the distal stumps of the nerve not only survive the degeneration of the neuron, but they also proliferate and form rows along the course previously taken by the axons. Growth cones of the sprouting axons find their way along the rows of Schwann cells and may eventually reinnervate the original peripheral target structures.
  • the Schwann cells then remyelinate the axons.
  • Zcyto7 can be administered, preferably every one to three days until it becomes apparent the nerve is regenerated by means of the appropriate neurological test.
  • the proteins of the present invention are formulated for parenteral, particularly intravenous or subcutaneous, delivery according to conventional methods.
  • Intravenous administration will be by bolus injection or infusion over a typical period of one to several hours.
  • pharmaceutical formulations will include a Zcyto7 protein in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, such as saline, buffered saline, 5% dextrose in water or the like.
  • Formulations may further include one or more excipients, preservatives, solubilizers, buffering agents, albumin to prevent protein loss on vial surfaces, etc.
  • Therapeutic doses will generally be in the range of 0.1 to 100 ⁇ g kg of patient weight per day, preferably 0.5-20 ⁇ g/kg per day, with the exact dose determined by the clinician according to accepted standards determination of dose is within the level of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the proteins may be administered for acute treatment, over one week or less, often over a period of one to three days or may be used in chronic treatment, over several months or years.
  • Zcyto7 can be also administered by means of gene therapy.
  • a gene encoding a Zcyto7 polypeptide is introduced in vivo in a viral vector.
  • viral vectors include an attenuated or defective DNA virus, such as but not limited to herpes simplex virus (HSV), papillomavirus, Epstein Barr virus (EBV), adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and the like.
  • HSV herpes simplex virus
  • EBV Epstein Barr virus
  • AAV adeno-associated virus
  • Defective viruses which entirely or almost entirely lack viral genes, are preferred.
  • a defective virus is not infective after introduction into a cell.
  • Use of defective viral vectors allows for administration to cells in a specific, localized area, without concern that the vector can infect other cells.
  • vectors include, but are not limited to, a defective herpes virus 1 (HSVl) vector [Kaplitt et al, Molec. Cell. Neurosci.2: 320-330 (1991)], an attenuated adenovirus vector, such as the vector described by Stratford- Pemcaudet et al., J. Clin. Invest. 90 :626-630 (1992), and a defective adeno-associated virus vector [Samulski et al, J. Virol, 57:3096-3101 (1987); Samulski et al J. Virol, 55:3822-3828 (1989)].
  • HSVl herpes virus 1
  • the gene can be introduced in a retroviral vector, e.g., as described in Anderson et al, U.S. Patent No. 5,399,346; Mann et al, Cell, 33:153 (1983); Te in et al, U.S. Patent No. 4,650,764; Temin et al, U.S. Patent No. 4,980,289; Markowitz et al, J. Virol. 52:1120 (1988); Temin et al, U.S. Patent No. 5,124,263; International Patent Publication No. WO 95/07358, published March 16, 1995 by Dougherty et al. and Blood, S2:845 (1993).
  • a retroviral vector e.g., as described in Anderson et al, U.S. Patent No. 5,399,346; Mann et al, Cell, 33:153 (1983); Te in et al, U.S. Patent No. 4,650,764; Temin et al, U
  • the vector can be introduced by lipofection in vivo using liposomes.
  • Synthetic cationic lipids can be used to prepare liposomes for in vivo transfection of a gene encoding a marker [Feigner et al, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 84:7413-7417 (1987); see Mackey et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 35:8027-8031 (1988)].
  • the use of lipofection to introduce exogenous genes into specific organs in vivo has certain practical advantages. Molecular targeting of liposomes to specific cells represents one area of benefit. It is clear that directing transfection to particular cells represents one area of benefit.
  • Lipids may be chemically coupled to other molecules for the purpose of targeting.
  • Targeted peptides e.g., hormones or neurotransmitters, and proteins such as antibodies, or non-peptide molecules could be coupled to liposomes chemically.
  • DNA vector for gene therapy can be introduced into the desired host cells by methods known in the art, e.g., transfection, electroporation, microinjection, transduction, cell fusion, DEAE dextran, calcium phosphate precipitation, use of a gene gun or use of a DNA vector transporter [see, e.g., Wu etal, J. Biol Chem., 257:963-967 (1992); Wu et al, J. Biol Chem., 253:14621-14624 (1988)].
  • Zcyto7 was identified from expressed sequence tag (EST) 582069 (SEQ ID NO: 1
  • the EST582069 cDNA clone was obtained from the IMAGETM consortium Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory through Genome Systems, Inc. The cDNA was supplied as an agar stab containing E. coli transfected with the plasmid having the cDNA of interest and then streaked out on an LB 100 ⁇ g/ml a picillin and 100 ⁇ g/ml methicillin plate. The cDNA insert in EST582069 was sequenced. The insert was determined to be 717 base pairs long with a 180 amino acid open reading frame and a 22 amino acid signal peptide.
  • a 473 bp Zcyto7 PCR DNA fragment was generated with 1 ⁇ l of a dilution of the EST582069 plasmid prep of Example 2 and 20picomoles (pm) of primer SEQ ID NO: 4 and 20 pm primer SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the digested reaction mixture was electrophoresed on a 1 % TBE gel; the DNA band was excised with a razor blade and the DNA was extracted from the gel with the Qiaquick « Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen).
  • the excised DNA was subcloned into plasmid nfpzp9, which had been cut with Bam and Xho.
  • Nfpzp9 is a mammalian cell expression vector comprising an expression cassette containing the mouse metallothionein-1 promoter, a sequence encoding the tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) leader, then multiple restriction sites. These were followed by the human growth hormone terminator, an E. coli origin of replication and a mammalian selectable marker expression unit containing the S V40 promoter, enhancer and origin of replication, a dihydrofolate reductase gene (DHFR) and the SV40 terminator.
  • TPA tissue plasminogen activator
  • Zcyto7 was purified by means of affinity chromatography using anti- Zcyto7 antibodies.
  • EST660242 (SEQ ID NO: 8) by its homology to human Zcyto7.
  • EST660242 cDNA clone was obtained from the IMAGE consortium Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory through Genome Systems, Inc. The cDNA was supplied as an agar stab containing E. coli transfected with the plasmid having the cDNA of interest and then streaked out on an LB 100 ⁇ g/ml ampicillin, 25 ⁇ g/ml methicillin plate.
  • the cDNA insert in EST660242 was sequenced. The insert was determined to be 785 base pairs with an open reading frame of 180 amino acids and a putative 20 amino acid signal peptide. The sequences are defined by SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • the object of the present experiment was to determine if Zcyto7 could induce the expression of myelin by Schwann cells.
  • Rat primary Schwann cells were isolated as described by Einheber et al, J. Cell Biol. 123:1223-1236 (1994).
  • Schwann cells were grown in 100 mm poly-L-lysine coated plates in Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), pituitary extract (lmg/ml) and 10 ⁇ M forskolin; up to 80-90% confluency.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • pituitary extract lmg/ml
  • 10 ⁇ M forskolin up to 80-90% confluency.
  • Dissociated neuronal cultures from normal rats were established as described by Kleitman et al, Tissue culture methods for the study of myelination, in Culturing Nerve Cells, Banker and Goslin, Eds, pp. 338-378(MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992). Briefly, DRG were dissected out from the rats, treated with 0.25% trypsin, mechanically dissociated, washed, and resuspended in LI 5 medium with 10% fetal calf serum. The neurons were plated onto 12-mm glass coverslips coated with ammoniated rat tail collagen (Biomedical Technologies, Inc.) for microscopic evaluation.
  • Standard medium consisted of minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% FBS, 2mM glutamine, 0.4% glucose, and 50ng/ml ⁇ - nerve growth factor ( ⁇ -NGB).
  • Myelinating co-cultures were established by seeding the purified neurons with rat primary Schwann cells as described Einheber, et al, id.
  • Solution A258F contained human Zcyto7 at a concentration of 0.603 mg/ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 6.0.
  • Solution A258G contained human Zcyto7 at a concentration of 0.089 mg/ml of PBS + 0.1 % BS A at a pH of 6.0.
  • Solution A311 contained human Zcyto7 that had been dimerized by fusing an Immunoglobulin (Ig) Fc portion to the carboxy terminus of the polypeptide; the concentration of the Zcyto7 fusion protein was at 0.45 mg/ml of PBS at pH 7.0.
  • Solution A275F contained murine Zcyto7 at a concentration of lmg/ml of PBS at pH 6.0.
  • a control of PBS was also tested. Also tested was a solution of IL-17 at a concentration of 50 ⁇ g/ml of PBS, pH 7.0.
  • a solution of progesterone (Sigma) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml of ethanol was also prepared.
  • the effect of Zcyto7 was tested in pure Schwann cell culture and in a co- culture of DRG and Schwann cells.
  • Primary Schwann cells were grown to 80-90% confluency in 100mm plates as described above. 12 h before treatment media was changed to 10 ml of N2 (defined medium) with or without 1 ⁇ M progesterone.
  • the Zcyto7 solutions were added as 1.1 ml of 1 OX solution in N2 media, and cells were incubated for 48 hours (h). Cells were washed once with Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS).
  • HBSS Hanks balanced salt solution
  • the cell suspension was frozen on dry ice, thawed, pelleted and resuspended in 100 ⁇ l of lysis buffer, 125 mM tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane HC1 (Tris HC1) pH7.0, 15% sucrose, 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 10 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Lysates were boiled for 5 minutes (min) on a water bath and cooled on ice. The protein concentration was determined using 4 ⁇ l in a BioRad BCA assay.
  • DTT dithiothreitol
  • PMSF phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
  • Membranes were then incubated with 1:1000 dilution of anti-MBP mouse monoclonal IgG (Boehringer, Mannheim) in TBS/0.1% TWEEN-20, 0.5% BSA overnight, at 4°C. After washing 4 times for 30 min with TBS/0.1% TWEEN-20, membranes were incubated with anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase conjugate (1 :20,000 dilution in TBS/0.1% TWEEN-20, incubated with SUPERSIGNAL chemiluminescent HRP substrate (Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, ILL) and exposed to Kodak X-Ray film for 15-20 min.
  • MBP myelin basic protein
  • Myelin production was quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated, and myelin density was determined for each of the five replicates per condition.
  • Six representative regions in each sample were captured using a low-level light COHUE digital camera, and the density of fluorescent signal determined using the National Institutes of Health (NDH) Scion Image.
  • the mean and standard deviation of myelin density was calculated for each group and converted to a percentage by dividing by the density seen in the appropriate control culture. Morphometric measurements were carried out using double blind analysis.
  • experiment 1 the effect of the 4 different solutions of Zcyto7 on MBP accumulation was evaluated in pure Schwann cell cultures, with and without progesterone pretreatment.
  • Solution A275F was evaluated in experiment 1 at 1 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml and 1 ⁇ g/ml.
  • Solution A258F was chosen on the basis of the results of experiment 1 was evaluated in experiment 2 for myelin formation in DRG-Schwann co-cultures.
  • Concentrations of A258F of 1 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, and 100 ng/ml were tested without the addition of progesterone, and a sample having a concentration of 100 ng/ml with the addition of progesterone was tested.
  • Five controls were included: test vehicle alone, vehicle supplemented with ascorbate, vehicle supplemented with ascorbate plus progesterone and vehicle supplemented with ascorbate plus IL17, at 10 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml.
  • Table 1 shows the mean induction + standard deviation (SD) for each solution of Zcyto7.
  • SD standard deviation
  • the present example shows that Zcyto7 induces Schwann cells to produce Protein Zero. .
  • DMEM fetal bovine serum
  • PEX bovine pituitary extract
  • Li medium was comprised of DMEM/F12, 10 ⁇ g/ml tranferrin, 5 ⁇ g/ml insulin, 2 nM progesterone, 2 ⁇ M Forskolin, 20 ⁇ g/ml PEX, and 20 ng/ml Heregulin-beta-1 (R & D Systems).
  • the Schwann cells were grown to confluency in the low serum growth medium on poly-L-lysine-coated 10 cm tissue culture dishes.
  • the cell medium was changed to N2 medium + 1 ⁇ M progesterone with either Forskolin (Calbiochem) (10 ⁇ M and 25 ⁇ M) or 100 ng/ml of human Zcyto7.
  • Control medium was Schwann cells in N2 + 1 ⁇ M progesterone for the whole time. Cells were harvested and placed in lysis buffer (125 mM Tris HC1, pH 7.0, 15% sucrose, 4% SDS, 10 mM EDTA, plus added Roche Complete-EDTA-free, protease inhibitor cocktail).
  • Protein concentrations of cell lysates were determined by Pierce BCA protein assay (Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Illinois). Forty micrograms of each cell lysate sample was run on a 4-12% Tris-Glycine gel (Novex) at 125 V for 1 hour 30 minutes, and transferred onto a PVDF membrane in a Hoeffer unit a 550 mAmps for 1 hour. Mouse monoclonal antibody to protein zero was used at 1:1000 dilution (1 ⁇ g/ml final concentration) to probe the blot. A Vectastain biotin/streptavidin-HRP 2 nd antibody system was used for amplication. The blot was developed with Pierce SuperSignal West Pico chemiluminescent substrate and scanned on a Boehringer- Mannheim Lumi-Imager. Results:
  • the expression of myelin basic protein and protein zero was also determined by measuring the mRNA levels that encode myelin basic protein and protein zero. The results showed that the mRNA that encodes for myelin basic protein and the mRNA that encodes for protein zero were upregulated by Zcyto7.

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WO2002076386A2 (en) * 2001-03-26 2002-10-03 Zymogenetics, Inc. Method of inducing proliferation of retinal stem cells
WO2008073653A2 (en) * 2006-11-08 2008-06-19 Zymogenetics, Inc. Il- 17b for use in wound healing
EP3191108A4 (en) * 2014-09-12 2018-06-27 The Administrators of the Tulane Educational Fund Neural microphysiological systems and methods of using the same
EP3452598A4 (en) 2016-05-06 2020-04-29 Exicure, Inc. LIPOSOMAL SPHERICAL NUCLEIC ACID (ANS) CONSTRUCTS HAVING ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES (ASO) FOR THE SPECIFIC INACTIVATION OF INTERLEUKIN 17 RECEPTOR RNA
WO2018201090A1 (en) 2017-04-28 2018-11-01 Exicure, Inc. Synthesis of spherical nucleic acids using lipophilic moieties
CN120392966B (zh) * 2025-07-01 2025-10-21 华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院 糖尿病周围神经病变靶向治疗的药物及调控雪旺细胞增殖功能的神经保护药物

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WO2000073452A2 (en) * 1999-06-02 2000-12-07 Genentech, Inc. Compositions and methods for the treatment of immune related diseases
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