EP1209215B1 - Fuel oils with improved lubricating activity, containing blends of fatty acids with paraffin dispersants, and a lubricating activity improving additive - Google Patents

Fuel oils with improved lubricating activity, containing blends of fatty acids with paraffin dispersants, and a lubricating activity improving additive Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1209215B1
EP1209215B1 EP01126254A EP01126254A EP1209215B1 EP 1209215 B1 EP1209215 B1 EP 1209215B1 EP 01126254 A EP01126254 A EP 01126254A EP 01126254 A EP01126254 A EP 01126254A EP 1209215 B1 EP1209215 B1 EP 1209215B1
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Prior art keywords
weight
alkyl
structural units
formula
mol
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EP01126254A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1209215A3 (en
EP1209215A2 (en
Inventor
Matthias Dr. Krull
Werner Dr. Reimann
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Clariant Produkte Deutschland GmbH
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Clariant Produkte Deutschland GmbH
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Application filed by Clariant Produkte Deutschland GmbH filed Critical Clariant Produkte Deutschland GmbH
Priority to EP07005871A priority Critical patent/EP1801188B1/en
Priority to EP07005870A priority patent/EP1803791B1/en
Publication of EP1209215A2 publication Critical patent/EP1209215A2/en
Publication of EP1209215A3 publication Critical patent/EP1209215A3/en
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/143Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
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    • C10L10/00Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/04Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
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    • C10L10/00Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/08Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
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    • C10L10/14Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving low temperature properties
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    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1616Hydrocarbons fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine
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    • C10L1/1881Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
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    • C10L1/1966Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof poly-carboxylic
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    • C10L1/198Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
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    • C10L1/2387Polyoxyalkyleneamines (poly)oxyalkylene amines and derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to mixtures of fatty acids and paraffin dispersants having improved low-temperature stability, and to their use for improving the lubricity of middle distillate fuel oils.
  • Mineral oils and mineral oil distillates used as fuel oils generally contain 0.5% by weight and more sulfur which causes the formation of sulfur dioxide upon combustion. In order to reduce the resulting environmental impact, the sulfur content of fuel oils is lowered further and further.
  • the standard EN 590 relating to diesel fuels currently prescribes a maximum sulfur content of 350 ppm in Germany. In Scandinavia fuel oils of less than 50 ppm and in exceptional cases less than 10 ppm of sulfur are used. These fuel oils are usually prepared by hydrogenating the fractions obtained from the petroleum by distillation. In the desulfurization but other substances are removed, which give the fuel oils a natural lubricating effect. These substances include polyaromatic and polar compounds.
  • EP-A-0 798 364 discloses salts and amides of mono- to tetracarboxylic acids having 2 to 50 carbon atoms and aliphatic mono- / polyamines having 2 to 50 carbon atoms and 1 to 10 N atoms as lubricity additives for low-sulfur diesel fuel.
  • Preferred amines have 8-20 C-atoms, such as coco fatty amine, tallow fatty amine and oleylamine.
  • WO 95/33805 discloses the use of cold flow improvers to improve the lubricity of low sulfur middle distillates.
  • polar nitrogen-containing compounds which contain a group NR 13 , where R 13 is a hydrocarbon radical having 8 to 40 C atoms and may be present in the form of a cation.
  • WO-A-96/18706 disclosed in analogy to WO 95/33805 the use of the nitrogen-containing compounds mentioned therein in combination with lubricity additives.
  • WO-A-96/23855 disclosed in analogy to WO 95/33805 the use of the nitrogen-containing compounds mentioned therein in combination with detergent additives.
  • the fatty acids used in the prior art have the disadvantage that they solidify when stored at low temperatures, ie often at room temperature, usually at temperatures of 0 ° C at -5 ° C at the latest, or that deposit crystalline particles and problems prepare handling. This problem can only be partially solved by dilution with organic solvents, since components also crystallize out of these solutions or the solution gels and solidifies. For use as lubricity additives, they therefore have to be diluted considerably, or kept in heated storage containers and metered via heated lines.
  • the object underlying the present invention was to find lubricity additives which improve the lubricating effect of middle distillates at reduced metering rates, but remain homogeneous, clear and, in particular, free-flowing even in the cold.
  • Another object of the invention are cold-stabilized solutions of the additives of the invention in organic solvents, wherein the solutions contain 1 to 80 wt .-% of solvent.
  • Suitable solvents are aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures.
  • the additives according to the invention preferably contain from 10 to 70%, in particular from 25 to 60% of solvent.
  • the cold-stabilized solutions according to the invention have a pour point of below -40 ° C., preferably -45 ° C., especially -50 ° C.
  • Another object of the invention is the use of said mixtures of the components A and B to improve the lubricating properties of low-sulfur middle distillates with up to 0.05 wt .-% sulfur content.
  • Preferred fatty acids are those having 8-40 C atoms, in particular 12-22 C atoms.
  • the alkyl radicals of the fatty acids consist essentially of carbon and hydrogen. However, they may contain other substituents, e.g. Hydroxyl, halogen, amino or nitro groups, provided they do not affect the predominantly hydrocarbon character.
  • Component A2) may contain one or more double bonds and be of natural or synthetic origin. In the case of polyunsaturated carboxylic acids, their double bonds may be isolated or else conjugated.
  • the proportion of saturated fatty acids A1) in the mixture of A1) and A2) is preferably below 20% by weight, in particular below 10% by weight, especially below 5% by weight.
  • preferred fatty acid mixtures, which here the combination of A1) and A2) understood is at least 50 wt .-%, in particular at least 75 wt .-%, especially at least 90 wt .-% of the constituents one or more double bonds.
  • These preferred fatty acid (mixtures) have iodine numbers of at least 40 gl / 100 g, preferably at least 80 gl / 100 g, in particular at least 125 gl / 100 g.
  • Suitable fatty acids are, for example, lauric, tridecane, myristic, pentadecane, palmitic, margarine, stearic, isostearic, arachic and behenic acid, oleic and erucic acid, palmitoleic, myristoleic, linoleic, linolenic, elaeosterol - And arachidonic acid, ricinoleic acid and derived from natural fats and oils fatty acid mixtures, such as Coconut oil, peanut oil, fish, linseed oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, ricinine, castor oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil and tall oil fatty acid.
  • dicarboxylic acids such as dimer fatty acids and alkyl- and alkenylsuccinic acids with C 8 -C 50 -alk (en) yl radicals, preferably with C 8 -C 40 -, in particular with C 12 -C 22 -alkyl radicals.
  • the alkyl radicals can be linear or branched (oligomerized alkenes, PIB).
  • the fatty acids may further contain 1-40, especially 1-25% by weight of resin acids, based on the weight of A1) and A2) together.
  • the additives according to the invention contain as component B at least one polar nitrogen-containing compound which is effective as paraffin dispersant in middle distillates.
  • Paraffin dispersants reduce the size of paraffin crystals precipitated in the cold and cause the paraffin particles not to settle but to remain colloidally dispersed with significantly reduced sedimentation effort.
  • alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl radicals may optionally be substituted.
  • Suitable substituents of the alkyl and aryl radicals are, for example, (C 1 -C 6 ) -alkyl, halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, preferably chlorine and (C 1 -C 6 ) -alkoxy.
  • Alkyl here stands for a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical. Specific examples which may be mentioned are: n-butyl, tert-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, dodecenyl, tetrapropenyl, tetradecenyl, pentapropenyl, hexadecenyl, octadecenyl and eicosanyl or mixtures such as cocoalkyl , Tallow fatty alkyl and behenyl.
  • Cycloalkyl here stands for a cyclic aliphatic radical with 5-20 Carbon atoms.
  • Preferred cycloalkyl radicals are cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
  • Aryl here stands for an optionally substituted aromatic ring system having 6 to 18 carbon atoms.
  • the terpolymers consist of the bivalent structural units of the formulas 12 and 14 and 15 and 16 and optionally 13. They contain only in a conventional manner the end groups formed in the polymerization by initiation, inhibition and chain termination.
  • structural units of the formulas 12 to 14 are derived from ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydrides of the formulas 17 and 18 such as maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, preferably maleic anhydride.
  • the structural units of the formula 15 are derived from the ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated compounds of the formula 19.
  • the structural units of formula 16 are derived from polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower, unsaturated alcohols of formula 20.
  • ⁇ -olefin oxides such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide
  • polymerizable lower unsaturated alcohols are, for example, allyl alcohol, methallyl alcohol, butenols, such as 3-buten-1-ol and 1-buten-3-ol or methylbutenols, such as 2-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 2-methyl-3 -but-2-ol and 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol.
  • Preferred are addition products of ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide with allyl alcohol.
  • etherification products of the polyoxyalkylene ethers can also be prepared by reacting ⁇ -olefin oxides, preferably ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide, with alcohols of the formula 22 R 32 - OH (22) wherein R 32 is equal to C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 5 -C 20 cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 18 aryl, by known methods attached and with polymerizable lower unsaturated halides of the formula 23rd where W is a halogen atom.
  • the halides used are preferably the chlorides and bromides. Suitable production methods are mentioned, for example, in J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition, p. 377f (1977).
  • the esterification of the polyoxyalkylene ethers takes place by reaction with customary esterification agents, such as carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid halides, carboxylic anhydrides or carboxylic acid esters with C 1 -C 4 -alcohols.
  • esterification agents such as carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid halides, carboxylic anhydrides or carboxylic acid esters with C 1 -C 4 -alcohols.
  • the halides and anhydrides of C 1 -C 40 -alkyl, C 5 -C 10 -cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 18 -arylcarboxylic acids are preferred used.
  • the esterification is generally carried out at temperatures of 0 to 200 ° C, preferably 10 to 100 ° C.
  • the index m indicates the degree of alkoxylation, i. the number of moles of ⁇ -olefin, which are added per mole of formula 20 or 21.
  • Suitable secondary amines for preparing the terpolymers are: didecylamine, ditetradecylamine, distearylamine, dicocosfettamine, ditallow fatty amine and mixtures thereof.
  • the terpolymers have K values (measured according to Ubbelohde in 5% strength by weight solution in toluene at 25 ° C.) of 8 to 100, preferably 8 to 50, corresponding to average molecular weights (M w ) of between about 500 and 100,000. Suitable examples are in EP 606,055 listed.
  • the mixing ratio between A and B can vary within wide limits. Thus, even small amounts of B from 100 ppm to 50,000 ppm, preferably 1,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm, in fatty acid solutions as a cold additive for A. They are able to prevent self-crystallization of the fatty acid, which leads to a lowering of the cloud point, or sedimentation Prevent formed crystals and thus allow easy handling at reduced temperatures. However, for specific problem solutions, from 5% up to 50%, in special cases up to 90% of constituent B, based on the amount of constituent A, may also be present. In particular, the self-sticking point of the additive is lowered and the lubricity of the additized oil is improved. Consequently, the preferred mixing ratio of A: B is between 1:10 and 1: 0.0001, in particular between 1: 4 and 1: 0.0005, especially between 1: 1 and 1: 0.001.
  • the additives according to the invention are added to oils in amounts of from 0.001 to 0.5% by weight, preferably from 0.001 to 0.1% by weight. They may be used as such or dissolved in solvents, such as aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures such as toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, decane, pentadecane, gasoline fractions, kerosene or commercial solvent mixtures such as Solvent Naphtha, ® Shellsol AB, ® Solvesso 150 , ® Solvesso 200, ® Exxsol, ® Isopar and ® Shellsol D types.
  • solvents such as aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures such as toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, decane, pentadecane, gasoline fractions, kerosene or commercial solvent mixtures such as Solvent Naphtha, ® Shellsol
  • the additives according to the invention preferably contain 1 to 80%, especially 10 to 70%, in particular 25 to 60%, of solvent.
  • the additives which can be used without problems even at low temperatures of, for example, -40 ° C and lower, improve the lubricity of the additized oils and their cold and corrosion protection properties.
  • the additives according to the invention can also be used together with one or more oil-soluble co-additives, which in themselves improve the cold flow properties and / or lubricity of crude oils, lubricating oils or fuel oils.
  • oil-soluble co-additives are vinyl acetate-containing copolymers or terpolymers of ethylene, comb polymers, alkylphenol-aldehyde resins and oil-soluble amphiphiles.
  • the additives according to the invention are used in admixture with ethylene / vinyl acetate / vinyl neononanoate terpolymers or ethylene / vinyl acetate / vinyl neodecanoate terpolymers to improve the flowability of mineral oils or mineral oil distillates.
  • the terpolymers of vinyl neononanoate or vinyl neodecanoate contain, in addition to ethylene, 10 to 35% by weight of vinyl acetate and 1 to 25% by weight of the respective neo compound.
  • copolymers contain besides ethylene and 10 to 35% by weight of vinyl esters or from 0.5 to 20% by weight of olefins such as diisobutylene, 4-methylpentene or norbornene.
  • the mixing ratio of the additives according to the invention with the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers described above or the terpolymers of ethylene, vinyl acetate and the vinyl esters of neononanic or neodecanoic acid is (in parts by weight) 20: 1 to 1:20, preferably 10: 1 to 1: 10th
  • these alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins are those of the formula in which R 51 is C 4 -C 50 -alkyl or -alkenyl, R 50 is ethoxy- and / or propoxy, n is a number from 5 to 100 and p is a number from 0 to 50.
  • the additives according to the invention are used together with comb polymers.
  • This term refers to polymers in which hydrocarbon radicals having at least 8, in particular at least 10, carbon atoms are bonded to a polymer backbone.
  • they are homopolymers whose alkyl side chains contain at least 8 and in particular at least 10 carbon atoms.
  • at least 20%, preferably at least 30% of the monomers have side chains (cf. Comb-like Polymers-Structure and Properties; NA Platé and VP Shibaev, J. Polym. Sci. Macromolecular Revs. 1974, 8, 117 ff ).
  • Suitable comb polymers are, for example, fumarate / vinyl acetate copolymers (cf. EP 0 153 176 A1 ), Copolymers of a C 6 -C 24 ⁇ -olefin and a NC 6 -C 22 -alkylmaleimide (cf. EP 0 320 766 Further, esterified olefin / maleic anhydride copolymers, polymers and copolymers of ⁇ -olefins and esterified copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride.
  • the mixing ratio (in parts by weight) of the inventive additives with resins or comb polymers is 1:10 to 20: 1, preferably 1: 1 to 10: 1.
  • the additives according to the invention are suitable for improving the lubricating properties of animal, vegetable, mineral or synthetic fuel oils with only low dosing rates. Due to their improved cold properties can be dispensed with storage and application to a warming and / or dilution. In addition, they simultaneously improve the refrigeration and Corrosion protection properties of the additized oils. The emulsifying properties of the additized oils are less affected than is the case with the lubricating additives of the prior art.
  • the additives of the invention are particularly well suited for use in middle distillates. As middle distillates are in particular those mineral oils which are obtained by distillation of crude oil and boil in the range of 120 to 450 ° C, for example kerosene, jet fuel, diesel and fuel oil.
  • the oils may also contain or consist of alcohols such as methanol and / or ethanol.
  • the additives of the invention are used in middle distillates containing 0.05% by weight of sulfur and less, more preferably less than 350 ppm of sulfur, more preferably less than 200 ppm of sulfur and in special cases less than 50 ppm of sulfur. These are generally those middle distillates that have been subjected to a hydrogenating refining, and therefore contain only small amounts of polyaromatic and polar compounds that give them a natural lubricating effect.
  • the additives according to the invention are furthermore preferably used in middle distillates which have 95% distillation points below 370.degree. C., in particular 350.degree. C. and in special cases below 330.degree. They can also be used as components in lubricating oils.
  • the mixtures can be used alone or together with other additives, e.g. with other pour point depressants or dewaxing aids, with corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, sludge inhibitors, dehazers, conductivity improvers, lubricity additives, and cloud point depressant additives. Furthermore, they are successfully used in conjunction with additive packages, which i.a. known ashless dispersing additives, detergents, defoamers and corrosion inhibitors.
  • Table 1 Own point (pour point) of the additives of the invention Composition (parts by weight) Pour point example A1 A2 B1 B4 1 80 20 -9 2 50 50 -24 3 20 80 0 4 80 20 -9 5 50 50 -18 6 20 80 -15 7 80 20 -27 8th 50 50 -27 9 20 80 -6 10 80 20 -21 11 50 50 -21 12 20 80 -9 13 * 99.95 0.05 -36 14 * 99.95 0.05 -36 15 99.95 0.05 -15 V1 100 -9 V2 100 6 V3 100 9 V4 100 -6 V5 * 100 -36 * These examples are obtained with a 50% by weight adjustment of the fatty acid in solvent naphtha.
  • Composition (parts by weight) Cloud point example A1 A2 B1 B4 V6 * 100 -27.0 16. * 99.9995 0.0005 -33.0 17 * 99.9995 0.0005 -30.5 18 * 99,998 0,002 -33.5 19 * 99,998 0,002 -33.5 20 * 99.995 0.005 -31.0 21 * 99.995 0.005 -32.2 * These examples were obtained with a 50% by weight adjustment of the fatty acid in solvent naphtha.
  • MS is a mixture of a number of aliphatic and cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbons.
  • the main components of MS can be found in the following table: Table 6: Components of MS component Concentration range (wt%) Di-2-ethylhexyl 10 - 25 2-ethylhexyl acid-2-ethylhexyl 10 - 25 C 16 lactones 4 - 20 2-Ethylhexylbutyrat 3 - 10 2-ethylhexanediol- (1,3) glycol mono-n-butyrate 5 - 15 2-ethylhexanol 4 - 10 C 4 to C 8 acetates 2 - 10 2-ethylhexanediol- (1,3) 2 - 5 Ethers and esters ⁇ C 20 0 - 20
  • the lubricating effect of the additives was carried out using an HFRR instrument from PCS Instruments on additized oils at 60 ° C.
  • the High Frequency Reciprocating Rig Test (HFRR) is described in D. Wei, H. Spikes, Wear, Vol. 111, No.2, p.217, 1986 , The results are given as coefficient of friction and Wear Scar (WS1.4). A low coefficient of friction and a low Wear Scar show a good lubricating effect.
  • test oils having the following characteristics were used: Test oil 1 Test oil 2 boiling range: 170 - 344 ° C 182-304 ° C density 0.830 g / cm 3 0.821 g / cm 3 Cloud point -9 ° C -33 ° C sulfur content 45 ppm 6 ppm

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft Mischungen aus Fettsäuren und Paraffindispergatoren mit verbesserter Kältestabilität, sowie deren Verwendung zur Verbesserung der Schmierwirkung von Mitteldestillat-Brennstoffölen.The present invention relates to mixtures of fatty acids and paraffin dispersants having improved low-temperature stability, and to their use for improving the lubricity of middle distillate fuel oils.

Mineralöle und Mineralöldestillate, die als Brennstofföle verwendet werden, enthalten im allgemeinen 0,5 Gew.-% und mehr Schwefel, der bei der Verbrennung die Bildung von Schwefeldioxid verursacht. Um die daraus resultierenden Umweltbelastungen zu vermindern, wird der Schwefelgehalt von Brennstoffölen immer weiter abgesenkt. Die Dieseltreibstoffe betreffende Norm EN 590 schreibt in Deutschland zur Zeit einen maximalen Schwefelgehalt von 350 ppm vor. In Skandinavien kommen bereits Brennstofföle mit weniger als 50 ppm und in Ausnahmefällen mit weniger als 10 ppm Schwefel zur Anwendung. Diese Brennstofföle werden in der Regel dadurch hergestellt, dass man die aus dem Erdöl durch Destillation erhaltenen Fraktionen hydrierend raffiniert. Bei der Entschwefelung werden aber auch andere Substanzen entfernt, die den Brennstoffölen eine natürliche Schmierwirkung verleihen. Zu diesen Substanzen zählen unter anderem polyaromatische und polare Verbindungen.Mineral oils and mineral oil distillates used as fuel oils generally contain 0.5% by weight and more sulfur which causes the formation of sulfur dioxide upon combustion. In order to reduce the resulting environmental impact, the sulfur content of fuel oils is lowered further and further. The standard EN 590 relating to diesel fuels currently prescribes a maximum sulfur content of 350 ppm in Germany. In Scandinavia fuel oils of less than 50 ppm and in exceptional cases less than 10 ppm of sulfur are used. These fuel oils are usually prepared by hydrogenating the fractions obtained from the petroleum by distillation. In the desulfurization but other substances are removed, which give the fuel oils a natural lubricating effect. These substances include polyaromatic and polar compounds.

Es hat sich nun aber gezeigt, dass die reibungs- und verschleißmindernden Eigenschaften von Brennstoffölen mit zunehmendem Entschwefelungsgrad schlechter werden. Oftmals sind diese Eigenschaften so mangelhaft, dass an den vom Kraftstoff geschmierten Materialien, wie z.B. den Verteiler-Einspritzpumpen von Dieselmotoren schon nach kurzer Zeit mit Fraßerscheinungen gerechnet werden muss. Der gemäß EN 590 seit dem Jahr 2000 festgesetzte Maximalwert für den 95%-Destillationspunkt von maximal 360°C und die mittterweite in Skandinavien vorgenommene weitere Absenkung des 95%-Destillationspunkts auf unter 350°C und teilweise unter 330°C verschärft diese Problematik weiter.However, it has now been shown that the friction and wear-reducing properties of fuel oils deteriorate with increasing degree of desulfurization. Often, these properties are so poor that on the lubricated by the fuel materials, such as the distributor injection pumps of diesel engines after a short time must be expected with feeding phenomena. The maximum value set for the 95% distillation point of maximum 360 ° C according to EN 590 since the year 2000 and the further reduction in the mean value of the 95% distillation point to below 350 ° C made in Scandinavia and sometimes below 330 ° C further aggravates this problem.

Im Stand der Technik sind daher Ansätze beschrieben, die eine Lösung dieses Problems darstellen sollen (sogenannte Lubricity-Additive).The prior art therefore describes approaches which are intended to provide a solution to this problem (so-called lubricity additives).

EP-A-0 798 364 offenbart Salze und Amide aus Mono- bis Tetracarbonsäuren mit 2 bis 50 C-Atomen und aliphatischen Mono-/Polyaminen mit 2 bis 50 C-Atomen und 1 bis 10 N-Atomen als Lubricity-Additive für schwefelarmen Dieselkraftstoff. Bevorzugte Amine haben 8 - 20 C-Atome, wie z.B. Cocosfettamin, Talgfettamin und Oleylamin. EP-A-0 798 364 discloses salts and amides of mono- to tetracarboxylic acids having 2 to 50 carbon atoms and aliphatic mono- / polyamines having 2 to 50 carbon atoms and 1 to 10 N atoms as lubricity additives for low-sulfur diesel fuel. Preferred amines have 8-20 C-atoms, such as coco fatty amine, tallow fatty amine and oleylamine.

WO-A-95/33805 offenbart die Verwendung von Kaltfließverbesserern zur Verbesserung der Schmierwirkung von schwefelarmen Mitteldestillaten. Als geeignete Substanzen werden auch polare stickstoffhaltige Verbindungen genannt, die eine Gruppe NR13 enthalten, wobei R13 einen Kohlenwasserstoffrest mit 8 bis 40 C-Atomen darstellt, und in Form eines Kations vorliegen kann. WO 95/33805 discloses the use of cold flow improvers to improve the lubricity of low sulfur middle distillates. Also suitable as suitable substances are polar nitrogen-containing compounds which contain a group NR 13 , where R 13 is a hydrocarbon radical having 8 to 40 C atoms and may be present in the form of a cation.

WO-A-96/18706 offenbart in Analogie zu WO-A-95/33805 die Verwendung der dort genannten stickstoffhaltigen Verbindungen in Kombination mit Lubricity-Additiven. WO-A-96/18706 disclosed in analogy to WO 95/33805 the use of the nitrogen-containing compounds mentioned therein in combination with lubricity additives.

WO-A-96/23855 offenbart in Analogie zu WO-A-95/33805 die Verwendung der dort genannten stickstoffhaltigen Verbindungen in Kombination mit Detergent-Additiven. WO-A-96/23855 disclosed in analogy to WO 95/33805 the use of the nitrogen-containing compounds mentioned therein in combination with detergent additives.

Die nach dem Stand der Technik verwendeten Fettsäuren haben den Nachteil, dass sie bei der Lagerung bei niedrigen Temperaturen, d.h. oftmals bei Raumtemperatur, meistens bei Temperaturen von 0°C spätestens bei -5°C erstarren, bzw. dass sich kristalline Anteile abscheiden und Probleme beim Handling bereiten. Dieses Problem ist auch durch Verdünnen mit organischen Lösemitteln nur teilweise zu lösen, da auch aus diesen Lösungen Anteile auskristallisieren bzw. die Lösung geliert und erstarrt. Sie müssen für den Einsatz als Lubricity-Additive also stark verdünnt, oder in beheizten Lagerbehältern vorgehalten und über beheizte Leitungen dosiert werden.The fatty acids used in the prior art have the disadvantage that they solidify when stored at low temperatures, ie often at room temperature, usually at temperatures of 0 ° C at -5 ° C at the latest, or that deposit crystalline particles and problems prepare handling. This problem can only be partially solved by dilution with organic solvents, since components also crystallize out of these solutions or the solution gels and solidifies. For use as lubricity additives, they therefore have to be diluted considerably, or kept in heated storage containers and metered via heated lines.

Die Wirksamkeit von Kaltfließverbesserern als Lubricity-Additive ist alleine nicht ausreichend, so dass entweder sehr hohe Dosierraten oder Synergisten eingesetzt werden müssen.The effectiveness of cold flow improvers as lubricity additives alone is not sufficient, so that either very high dosage rates or synergists must be used.

Die vorliegender Erfindung zugrunde liegende Aufgabe bestand darin, Lubricity-Additive aufzufinden, die die Schmierwirkung von Mitteldestillaten mit verringerten Dosierraten verbessern, aber selbst in der Kälte homogen, klar und insbesondere fließfähig bleiben.The object underlying the present invention was to find lubricity additives which improve the lubricating effect of middle distillates at reduced metering rates, but remain homogeneous, clear and, in particular, free-flowing even in the cold.

Es wurde gefunden, dass Mischungen von Fettsäuren mit als Paraffindispergatoren in Mitteldestillaten wirksamen polaren stickstoffhaltigen Verbindungen auch bei deutlich niedrigeren Temperaturen, teilweise bis unter-20°C, in besonderen Fällen bis unter -30°C und in speziellen Fällen bis unter -40°C über längere Zeit fließfähig und klar bleiben und zudem die Schmierwirkung von Mitteldestillaten effizienter verbessern als reine Fettsäuren des Standes der Technik.It has been found that mixtures of fatty acids with paraffin dispersants in middle distillates effective polar nitrogen-containing compounds even at much lower temperatures, sometimes below -20 ° C, in special cases to below -30 ° C and in special cases to below -40 ° C. remain flowable and clear over a longer period of time and moreover improve the lubricating effect of middle distillates more efficiently than pure fatty acids of the prior art.

Gegenstand der Erfindung sind somit kältestabilisierte Additive für Brennstofföle mit bis zu 0,05 Gew.-% Schwefelgehalt, enthaltend Fettsäuregemische aus

  • A1) 1 bis 99 Gew.-% mindestens einer gesättigten Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure mit 6 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen,
  • A2) 1 bis 99 Gew.-% mindestens einer ungesättigten Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure mit 6 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen, sowie
  • B) mindestens einer als Paraffindispergator in Mitteldestillaten wirksamen polaren stickstoffhaltigen Verbindung in einer Menge von 0,01 bis 90 Gew.-% bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht von A1), A2) und B), welche Terpolymere auf Basis von α,β-ungesättigten Dicarbonsäureanhydriden, α,β-ungesättigten Verbindungen und Polyoxyalkylenethern von niederen, ungesättigten Alkoholen umfasst, die dadurch gekennzeichnet sind, dass sie
    20 - 80 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formeln 12 und/oder 14, sowie gegebenenfalls 13 enthalten, wobei die Struktureinheiten 13 von nicht umgesetzten Anhydridresten stammen,
    Figure imgb0001
    Figure imgb0002
    Figure imgb0003
    wobei
    • R22 und R23 unabhängig voneinander Wasserstoff oder Methyl,
    • a, b gleich Null oder Eins und a + b gleich Eins,
    • R24 und R25 gleich oder verschieden sind und für die Gruppen -NHR6, N(R6)2 und/oder -OR27 stehen, und R27 für ein Kation der Formel H2N(R6)2 oder H3NR6 steht,
    • 19 - 80 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formel 15
      Figure imgb0004
      worin
      • R28 Wasserstoff oder C1-C4-Alkyl und
      • R29 C6-C60-Alkyl oder C6-C18-Aryl bedeuten und
      • 1-30 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formel 16
        Figure imgb0005
        worin
      • R30 Wasserstoff oder Methyl,
      • R31 Wasserstoff oder C1-C4-Alkyl,
      • R33 C1-C4-Alkylen,
      • m eine Zahl von 1 bis 100,
      • R32 C1-C24-Alkyl, C5-C20-Cycloalkyl, C6-C18-Aryl oder -C(O)-R34 bedeuten, und wobei
      • R34 C1-C40-Alkyl, C5-C10-Cycloalkyl oder C6-C18-Aryl ist,
    enthalten.
The invention thus cold-stabilized additives for fuel oils with up to 0.05 wt .-% sulfur content, containing fatty acid mixtures
  • A1) 1 to 99% by weight of at least one saturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having 6 to 50 carbon atoms,
  • A2) 1 to 99 wt .-% of at least one unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having 6 to 50 carbon atoms, and
  • B) at least one polar nitrogen-containing compound effective as paraffin dispersant in middle distillates in an amount of 0.01 to 90% by weight based on the total weight of A1), A2) and B), which terpolymers based on α, β-unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydrides , α, β-unsaturated compounds and polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower, unsaturated alcohols, which are characterized in that they
    20 to 80 mol% of bivalent structural units of the formulas 12 and / or 14, and optionally 13, where the structural units 13 originate from unreacted anhydride radicals,
    Figure imgb0001
    Figure imgb0002
    Figure imgb0003
    in which
    • R 22 and R 23 independently of one another are hydrogen or methyl,
    • a, b is zero or one and a + b is one,
    • R 24 and R 25 are the same or different and are -NHR 6 , N (R 6 ) 2 and / or -OR 27 and R 27 is a cation of the formula H 2 N (R 6 ) 2 or H 3 NR 6 stands,
    • 19-80 mol% of bivalent structural units of the formula 15
      Figure imgb0004
      wherein
      • R 28 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and
      • R 29 is C 6 -C 60 -alkyl or C 6 -C 18 -aryl and
      • 1-30 mol% of bivalent structural units of formula 16
        Figure imgb0005
        wherein
      • R 30 is hydrogen or methyl,
      • R 31 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl,
      • R 33 is C 1 -C 4 -alkylene,
      • m is a number from 1 to 100,
      • R 32 is C 1 -C 24 -alkyl, C 5 -C 20 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 18 -aryl or -C (O) -R 34 , and wherein
      • R 34 is C 1 -C 40 -alkyl, C 5 -C 10 -cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 18 -aryl,
    contain.

Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung sind kältestabilisierte Lösungen der erfindungsgemäßen Additive in organischen Lösemitteln, wobei die Lösungen 1 bis 80 Gew.-% Lösemittel enthalten.Another object of the invention are cold-stabilized solutions of the additives of the invention in organic solvents, wherein the solutions contain 1 to 80 wt .-% of solvent.

Geeignete Lösemittel sind aliphatische und/oder aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe oder Kohlenwasserstoffgemische. Bevorzugt enthalten die erfindungsgemäßen Additive 10 - 70%, insbesondere 25 - 60 % Lösemittel. Die erfindungsgemäßen kältestabilisierten Lösungen haben einen Eigenstockpunkt (Pour Point) von unter - 40°C, vorzugsweise -45°C, insbesondere -50°C.Suitable solvents are aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures. The additives according to the invention preferably contain from 10 to 70%, in particular from 25 to 60% of solvent. The cold-stabilized solutions according to the invention have a pour point of below -40 ° C., preferably -45 ° C., especially -50 ° C.

Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung sind kältestabilisierte Fettsäuregemische aus

  • A1) 1 bis 99 Gew.-% mindestens einer gesättigten Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure mit 6 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen,
  • A2) 1 bis 99 Gew.-% mindestens einer ungesättigten Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure mit 6 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen, sowie
  • B) mindestens einer als Paraffindispergator in Mitteldestillaten wirksamen polaren stickstoffhaltigen Verbindung in einer Menge von 0,01 bis 90 Gew.-% bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht von A1), A2) und B), welche Terpolymere auf Basis von α,β-ungesättigten Dicarbonsäureanhydriden, α,β-ungesättigten Verbindungen und Polyoxyalkylenethern von niederen, ungesättigten Alkoholen umfasst, die dadurch gekennzeichnet sind, dass sie
    20 - 80 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formeln 12 und/oder 14, sowie gegebenenfalls 13 enthalten, wobei die Struktureinheiten 13 von nicht umgesetzten Anhydridresten stammen,
    Figure imgb0006
    Figure imgb0007
    Figure imgb0008
    wobei
    • R22 und R23 unabhängig voneinander Wasserstoff oder Methyl,
    • a, b gleich Null oder Eins und a + b gleich Eins,
    • R24 und R25 gleich oder verschieden sind und für die Gruppen -NHR6, N(R6)2 und/oder -OR27 stehen, und R27 für ein Kation der Formel H2N(R6)2 oder H3NR6 steht,
    • 19 - 80 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formel 15
      Figure imgb0009
      worin
      • R28 Wasserstoff oder C1-C4-Alkyl und
      • R29 C6-C60-Alkyl oder C6-C18-Aryl bedeuten und
      • 1-30 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formel 16
        Figure imgb0010
        worin
      • R30 Wasserstoff oder Methyl,
      • R31 Wasserstoff oder C1-C4-Alkyl,
      • R33 C1-C4-Alkylen,
      • m eine Zahl von 1 bis 100,
      • R32 C1-C24-Alkyl, C5-C20-Cycloalkyl, C6-C18-Aryl oder -C(O)-R34 bedeuten, und wobei
      • R34 C1-C40-Alkyl, C5-C10-Cycloalkyl oder C6-C18-Aryl ist,
      enthalten.
Another object of the invention are cold-stabilized fatty acid mixtures
  • A1) 1 to 99 wt .-% of at least one saturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid with 6 to 50 carbon atoms,
  • A2) 1 to 99 wt .-% of at least one unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having 6 to 50 carbon atoms, and
  • B) at least one polar nitrogen-containing compound effective as paraffin dispersant in middle distillates in an amount of 0.01 to 90% by weight based on the total weight of A1), A2) and B), which terpolymers based on α, β-unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydrides , α, β-unsaturated compounds and polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower, unsaturated alcohols, which are characterized in that they
    20 to 80 mol% of bivalent structural units of the formulas 12 and / or 14, and optionally 13, where the structural units 13 originate from unreacted anhydride radicals,
    Figure imgb0006
    Figure imgb0007
    Figure imgb0008
    in which
    • R 22 and R 23 independently of one another are hydrogen or methyl,
    • a, b is zero or one and a + b is one,
    • R 24 and R 25 are the same or different and are -NHR 6 , N (R 6 ) 2 and / or -OR 27 and R 27 is a cation of the formula H 2 N (R 6 ) 2 or H 3 NR 6 stands,
    • 19-80 mol% of bivalent structural units of the formula 15
      Figure imgb0009
      wherein
      • R 28 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and
      • R 29 is C 6 -C 60 -alkyl or C 6 -C 18 -aryl and
      • 1-30 mol% of bivalent structural units of formula 16
        Figure imgb0010
        wherein
      • R 30 is hydrogen or methyl,
      • R 31 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl,
      • R 33 is C 1 -C 4 -alkylene,
      • m is a number from 1 to 100,
      • R 32 is C 1 -C 24 -alkyl, C 5 -C 20 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 18 -aryl or -C (O) -R 34 , and wherein
      • R 34 is C 1 -C 40 -alkyl, C 5 -C 10 -cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 18 -aryl,
      contain.

Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung sind Brennstofföle, enthaltend neben einem Mitteldestillat mit bis zu 0,05 Gew.-% Schwefelgehalt Fettsäuregemische aus

  • A1) 1 bis 99 Gew.-% mindestens einer gesättigten Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure mit 6 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen,
  • A2) 1 bis 99 Gew.-% mindestens einer ungesättigten Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure mit 6 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen, sowie
  • B) mindestens einer als Paraffindispergator in Mitteldestillaten wirksamen polaren stickstoffhaltigen Verbindung in einer Menge von 0,01 bis 90 Gew.-% bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht von A1), A2) und B), welche Terpolymere auf Basis von α,β-ungesättigten Dicarbonsäureanhydriden, α,β-ungesättigten Verbindungen und Polyoxyalkylenethern von niederen, ungesättigten Alkoholen umfasst, die dadurch gekennzeichnet sind, dass sie
    20 - 80 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formeln 12 und/oder 14, sowie gegebenenfalls 13 enthalten, wobei die Struktureinheiten 13 von nicht umgesetzten Anhydridresten stammen,
    Figure imgb0011
    Figure imgb0012
    Figure imgb0013
    wobei
    • R22 und R23 unabhängig voneinander Wasserstoff oder Methyl,
    • a, b gleich Null oder Eins und a + b gleich Eins,
    • R24 und R25 gleich oder verschieden sind und für die Gruppen -NHR6, N(R6)2 und/oder -OR27 stehen, und R27 für ein Kation der Formel H2N(R6)2 oder H3NR6 steht,
    • 19 - 80 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formel 15
      Figure imgb0014
      worin
      • R28 Wasserstoff oder C1-C4-Alkyl und
      • R29 C6-C60-Alkyl oder C6-C18-Aryl bedeuten und
      • 1-30 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formel 16
        Figure imgb0015
        worin
      • R30 Wasserstoff oder Methyl,
      • R31 Wasserstoff oder C1-C4-Alkyl,
      • R33 C1-C4-Alkylen,
      • m eine Zahl von 1 bis 100,
      • R32 C1-C24-Alkyl, C5-C20-Cycloalkyl, C6-C18-Aryl oder -C(O)-R34 bedeuten, und wobei
      • R34 C1-C40-Alkyl, C5-C10-Cycloalkyl oder C6-C18-Aryl ist,
    enthalten.
Another object of the invention are fuel oils, containing in addition to a middle distillate with up to 0.05 wt .-% sulfur content of fatty acid mixtures
  • A1) 1 to 99% by weight of at least one saturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having 6 to 50 carbon atoms,
  • A2) 1 to 99 wt .-% of at least one unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having 6 to 50 carbon atoms, and
  • B) at least one polar nitrogen-containing compound effective as paraffin dispersant in middle distillates in an amount of 0.01 to 90% by weight based on the total weight of A1), A2) and B), which terpolymers based on α, β-unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydrides , α, β-unsaturated compounds and polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower, unsaturated alcohols, which are characterized in that they
    20 to 80 mol% of bivalent structural units of the formulas 12 and / or 14, and optionally 13, where the structural units 13 originate from unreacted anhydride radicals,
    Figure imgb0011
    Figure imgb0012
    Figure imgb0013
    in which
    • R 22 and R 23 independently of one another are hydrogen or methyl,
    • a, b is zero or one and a + b is one,
    • R 24 and R 25 are the same or different and are -NHR 6 , N (R 6 ) 2 and / or -OR 27 and R 27 is a cation of the formula H 2 N (R 6 ) 2 or H 3 NR 6 stands,
    • 19-80 mol% of bivalent structural units of the formula 15
      Figure imgb0014
      wherein
      • R 28 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and
      • R 29 is C 6 -C 60 -alkyl or C 6 -C 18 -aryl and
      • 1-30 mol% of bivalent structural units of formula 16
        Figure imgb0015
        wherein
      • R 30 is hydrogen or methyl,
      • R 31 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl,
      • R 33 is C 1 -C 4 -alkylene,
      • m is a number from 1 to 100,
      • R 32 is C 1 -C 24 -alkyl, C 5 -C 20 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 18 -aryl or -C (O) -R 34 , and wherein
      • R 34 is C 1 -C 40 -alkyl, C 5 -C 10 -cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 18 -aryl,
    contain.

Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung ist die Verwendung der genannten Mischungen aus den Bestandteilen A und B zur Verbesserung der Schmiereigenschaften schwefelarmer Mitteldestillate mit bis zu 0,05 Gew.-% Schwefelgehalt.Another object of the invention is the use of said mixtures of the components A and B to improve the lubricating properties of low-sulfur middle distillates with up to 0.05 wt .-% sulfur content.

Bevorzugte Fettsäuren (Bestandteil A) sind solche mit 8-40 C-Atomen, insbesondere 12-22 C-Atomen. Die Alkylreste der Fettsäuren bestehen im wesentlichen aus Kohlenstoff und Wasserstoff. Sie können jedoch weitere Substituenten wie z.B. Hydroxy-, Halogen-, Amino- oder Nitrogruppen tragen, sofern diese den vorwiegenden Kohlenwasserstoffcharakter nicht beeinträchtigen.Preferred fatty acids (constituent A) are those having 8-40 C atoms, in particular 12-22 C atoms. The alkyl radicals of the fatty acids consist essentially of carbon and hydrogen. However, they may contain other substituents, e.g. Hydroxyl, halogen, amino or nitro groups, provided they do not affect the predominantly hydrocarbon character.

Bestandteil A2) kann eine oder mehrere Doppelbindungen enthalten und natürlicher oder synthetischer Herkunft sein. Bei mehrfach ungesättigten Carbonsäuren können deren Doppelbindungen isoliert oder auch konjugiert sein. Der Anteil der gesättigten Fettsäuren A1) in der Mischung aus A1) und A2) liegt bevorzugt unter 20 Gew.-%, insbesondere unter 10 Gew.-%, speziell unter 5 Gew.-%. In bevorzugten Fettsäuremischungen, worunter hier die Kombination aus A1) und A2) verstanden wird, enthalten mindestens 50 Gew.-%, insbesondere mindestens 75 Gew.-%, speziell mindestens 90 Gew.-% der Bestandteile eine oder mehrere Doppelbindungen. Diese bevorzugten Fettsäure(mischungen) haben Jodzahlen von mindestens 40 g l/100 g, bevorzugt mindestens 80 g l/100 g, insbesondere mindestens 125 g l/100 g.Component A2) may contain one or more double bonds and be of natural or synthetic origin. In the case of polyunsaturated carboxylic acids, their double bonds may be isolated or else conjugated. The proportion of saturated fatty acids A1) in the mixture of A1) and A2) is preferably below 20% by weight, in particular below 10% by weight, especially below 5% by weight. In preferred fatty acid mixtures, which here the combination of A1) and A2) understood is at least 50 wt .-%, in particular at least 75 wt .-%, especially at least 90 wt .-% of the constituents one or more double bonds. These preferred fatty acid (mixtures) have iodine numbers of at least 40 gl / 100 g, preferably at least 80 gl / 100 g, in particular at least 125 gl / 100 g.

Geeignete Fettsäuren sind beispielsweise Laurin-, Tridecan-, Myristin-, Pentadecan-, Palmitin-, Margarin-, Stearin-, Isostearin-, Arachin- und Behensäure, Öl- und Erucasäure, Palmitolein-, Myristolein-, Linolsäure, Linolen-, Elaeosterin- und Arachidonsäure, Ricinolsäure sowie aus natürlichen Fetten und Ölen gewonnene Fettsäuremischungen, wie z.B. Cocosöl-, Erdnussöl-, Fisch-, Leinöl-, Palmöl-, Rapsöl-, Ricinen-, Ricinusöl-, Rüböl-, Sojaöl-, Sonnenblumenöl- und Tallölfettsäure.Suitable fatty acids are, for example, lauric, tridecane, myristic, pentadecane, palmitic, margarine, stearic, isostearic, arachic and behenic acid, oleic and erucic acid, palmitoleic, myristoleic, linoleic, linolenic, elaeosterol - And arachidonic acid, ricinoleic acid and derived from natural fats and oils fatty acid mixtures, such as Coconut oil, peanut oil, fish, linseed oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, ricinine, castor oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil and tall oil fatty acid.

Geeignet sind ebenfalls Dicarbonsäuren, wie Dimerfettsäuren und Alkyl- sowie Alkenylbernsteinsäuren mit C8-C50-Alk(en)ylresten, bevorzugt mit C8-C40-, insbesondere mit C12-C22-Alkylresten. Die Alkylreste können linear wie auch verzweigt (oligomerisierte Alkene, PIB) sein.Also suitable are dicarboxylic acids, such as dimer fatty acids and alkyl- and alkenylsuccinic acids with C 8 -C 50 -alk (en) yl radicals, preferably with C 8 -C 40 -, in particular with C 12 -C 22 -alkyl radicals. The alkyl radicals can be linear or branched (oligomerized alkenes, PIB).

Die Fettsäuren können weiterhin 1-40, speziell 1-25 Gew.-% Harzsäuren enthalten, bezogen auf das Gewicht von A1) und A2) zusammen.The fatty acids may further contain 1-40, especially 1-25% by weight of resin acids, based on the weight of A1) and A2) together.

Die erfindungsgemäßen Additive enthalten als Bestandteil B mindestens eine als Paraffindispergator in Mitteldestillaten wirksame polare stickstoffhaltige Verbindung. Paraffindispergatoren reduzieren die Größe der in der Kälte ausfallenden Paraffinkristalle und bewirken, dass die Paraffinpartikel sich nicht absetzen, sondern kolloidal mit deutlich reduziertem Sedimentationsbestreben, dispergiert bleiben.The additives according to the invention contain as component B at least one polar nitrogen-containing compound which is effective as paraffin dispersant in middle distillates. Paraffin dispersants reduce the size of paraffin crystals precipitated in the cold and cause the paraffin particles not to settle but to remain colloidally dispersed with significantly reduced sedimentation effort.

Erfindungsgemäß werden als Bestandteil B Terpolymere auf Basis von α,β-ungesättigten Dicarbonsäureanhydriden, α,β-ungesättigten Verbindungen und Polyoxyalkylenethern von niederen, ungesättigten Alkoholen, die dadurch gekennzeichnet sind, dass sie 20 - 80, bevorzugt 40 - 60 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formeln 12 und/oder 14, sowie gegebenenfalls 13 enthalten, wobei die Struktureinheiten 13 von nicht umgesetzten Anhydridresten stammen,

Figure imgb0016
Figure imgb0017
Figure imgb0018
wobei

  • R22 und R23 unabhängig voneinander Wasserstoff oder Methyl,
  • a, b gleich Null oder Eins und a + b gleich Eins,
  • R21 und R25 gleich oder verschieden sind und für die Gruppen -NHR6, N(R6)2 und/oder -OR27 stehen, und R27 für ein Kation der Formel H2N(R6)2 oder H3NR6 steht,
  • 19 - 80 Mol-%, bevorzugt 39-60 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formel 15
    Figure imgb0019
    worin
    • R28 Wasserstoff oder C1-C4-Alkyl und
    • R29 C6-C60-Alkyl oder C6-C18-Aryl bedeuten und
    • 1 - 30 Mol-%, bevorzugt 1 - 20 Mol-% an bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formel 16
      Figure imgb0020
    worin
    • R30 Wasserstoff oder Methyl,
    • R31 Wasserstoff oder C1-C4-Alkyl,
    • R33 C1-C4-Alkylen,
    • m eine Zahl von 1 bis 100,
    • R32 C1-C24-Alkyl, C5-C20-Cycloalkyl, C6-C18-Aryl oder -C(O)-R34, wobei
    • R34 C1-C40-Alkyl, C5-C10-Cycloalkyl oder C6-C18-Aryl,
    enthalten.
According to the invention as constituent B terpolymers based on α, β-unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydrides, α, β-unsaturated compounds and polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower, unsaturated alcohols, which are characterized in that they 20-80, preferably 40- 60 mol% of bivalent Structural units of the formulas 12 and / or 14, and optionally containing 13, wherein the structural units 13 come from unreacted Anhydridresten,
Figure imgb0016
Figure imgb0017
Figure imgb0018
in which
  • R 22 and R 23 independently of one another are hydrogen or methyl,
  • a, b is zero or one and a + b is one,
  • R 21 and R 25 are the same or different and for the groups -NHR 6 , N (R 6 ) 2 and / or -OR 27 , and R 27 is a cation of the formula H 2 N (R 6 ) 2 or H 3 NR 6 stands,
  • 19-80 mol%, preferably 39-60 mol% of bivalent structural units of the formula 15
    Figure imgb0019
    wherein
    • R 28 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and
    • R 29 is C 6 -C 60 -alkyl or C 6 -C 18 -aryl and
    • 1 - 30 mol%, preferably 1 - 20 mol% of bivalent structural units of the formula 16
      Figure imgb0020
    wherein
    • R 30 is hydrogen or methyl,
    • R 31 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl,
    • R 33 is C 1 -C 4 -alkylene,
    • m is a number from 1 to 100,
    • R 32 is C 1 -C 24 -alkyl, C 5 -C 20 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 18 -aryl or -C (O) -R 34 , wherein
    • R 34 is C 1 -C 40 -alkyl, C 5 -C 10 -cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 18 -aryl,
    contain.

Die vorgenannten Alkyl-, Cycloalkyl- und Arylreste können gegebenenfalls substituiert sein. Geeignete Substituenten der Alkyl- und Arylreste sind beispielsweise (C1-C6)-Alkyl, Halogene, wie Fluor, Chlor, Brom und Jod, bevorzugt Chlor und (C1-C6)-Alkoxy.The abovementioned alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl radicals may optionally be substituted. Suitable substituents of the alkyl and aryl radicals are, for example, (C 1 -C 6 ) -alkyl, halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, preferably chlorine and (C 1 -C 6 ) -alkoxy.

Alkyl steht hier für einen geradkettigen oder verzweigten Kohlenwasserstoffrest. Im einzelnen seien genannt: n-Butyl, tert.-Butyl, n-Hexyl, n-Octyl, Decyl, Dodecyl, Tetradecyl, Hexadecyl, Octadecyl, Dodecenyl, Tetrapropenyl, Tetradecenyl, Pentapropenyl, Hexadecenyl, Octadecenyl und Eicosanyl oder Mischungen, wie Cocosalkyl, Talgfettalkyl und Behenyl.Alkyl here stands for a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical. Specific examples which may be mentioned are: n-butyl, tert-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, dodecenyl, tetrapropenyl, tetradecenyl, pentapropenyl, hexadecenyl, octadecenyl and eicosanyl or mixtures such as cocoalkyl , Tallow fatty alkyl and behenyl.

Cycloalkyl steht hier für einen cyclischen aliphatischen Rest mit 5 - 20 Kohlenstoffatomen. Bevorzugte Cycloalkylreste sind Cyclopentyl und Cyclohexyl.Cycloalkyl here stands for a cyclic aliphatic radical with 5-20 Carbon atoms. Preferred cycloalkyl radicals are cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.

Aryl steht hier für einen gegebenenfalls substituiertes aromatisches Ringsystem mit 6 bis 18 Kohlenstoffatomen.Aryl here stands for an optionally substituted aromatic ring system having 6 to 18 carbon atoms.

Die Terpolymere bestehen aus den bivalenten Struktureinheiten der Formeln 12 und 14 sowie 15 und 16 und ggf. 13. Sie enthalten lediglich noch in an sich bekannter Weise die bei der Polymerisation durch Initiierung, Inhibierung und Kettenabbruch entstandenen Endgruppen.The terpolymers consist of the bivalent structural units of the formulas 12 and 14 and 15 and 16 and optionally 13. They contain only in a conventional manner the end groups formed in the polymerization by initiation, inhibition and chain termination.

Im einzelnen leiten sich Struktureinheiten der Formeln 12 bis 14 von α,β-ungesättigten Dicarbonsäureanhydriden der Formeln 17 und 18

Figure imgb0021
Figure imgb0022
wie Maleinsäureanhydrid, Itaconsäureanhydrid, Citraconsäureanhydrid, bevorzugt Maleinsäureanhydrid, ab.In detail, structural units of the formulas 12 to 14 are derived from α, β-unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydrides of the formulas 17 and 18
Figure imgb0021
Figure imgb0022
such as maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, preferably maleic anhydride.

Die Struktureinheiten der Formel 15 leiten sich von den α,β-ungesättigten Verbindungen der Formel 19 ab.

Figure imgb0023
The structural units of the formula 15 are derived from the α, β-unsaturated compounds of the formula 19.
Figure imgb0023

Beispielhaft seien die folgenden α,β-ungesättigten Olefine genannt:

  • Styrol, α-Methylstyrol, Dimethylstyrol, α-Ethylstyrol, Diethylstyrol, i-Propylstyrol, tert.-Butylstyrol, Diisobutylen und α-Olefine, wie Decen, Dodecen, Tetradecen, Pentadecen, Hexadecen, Octadecen, C20-α-Olefin, C24-α-Olefin, C30-α-Olefin, Tripropenyl, Tetrapropenyl, Pentapropenyl sowie deren Mischungen. Bevorzugt sind α-Olefine mit 10 bis 24 C-Atomen und Styrol, besonders bevorzugt sind α-Olefine mit 12 bis 20 C-Atomen.
By way of example, the following α, β-unsaturated olefins may be mentioned:
  • Styrene, α-methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, α-ethylstyrene, diethylstyrene, i-propylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene, diisobutylene and α-olefins such as decene, dodecene, tetradecene, pentadecene, hexadecene, octadecene, C 20 -α-olefin, C 24 -α-olefin, C 30 -α-olefin, tripropenyl, tetrapropenyl, pentapropenyl and mixtures thereof. Preference is given to α-olefins having 10 to 24 C atoms and styrene, particular preference being given to α-olefins having 12 to 20 C atoms.

Die Struktureinheiten der Formel 16 leiten sich von Polyoxyalkylenethern niederer, ungesättigter Alkohole der Formel 20 ab.

Figure imgb0024
The structural units of formula 16 are derived from polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower, unsaturated alcohols of formula 20.
Figure imgb0024

Bei den Monomeren der Formel 20 handelt es sich um Veretherungsprodukte (R32 = -C(O)R34) oder Veresterungsprodukte (R32 = -C(O)R34) von Polyoxyalkylenethern (R32 = H).The monomers of the formula 20 are etherification products (R 32 = -C (O) R 34 ) or esterification products (R 32 = -C (O) R 34 ) of polyoxyalkylene ethers (R 32 = H).

Die Polyoxyalkylenether (R32 = H) lassen sich nach bekannten Verfahren durch Anlagerung von α-Olefinoxiden, wie Ethylenoxid, Propylenoxid und/oder Butylenoxid an polymerisierbare niedere, ungesättigte Alkohole der Formel 21

Figure imgb0025
herstellen. Solche polymerisierbaren niederen ungesättigten Alkohole sind z.B. Allylalkohol, Methallylalkohol, Butenole, wie 3-Buten-1-ol und 1-Buten-3-ol oder Methylbutenole, wie 2-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol und 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol. Bevorzugt sind Anlagerungsprodukte von Ethylenoxid und/oder Propylenoxid an Allylalkohol.
Eine nachfolgende Veretherung dieser Polyoxyalkylenether zu Verbindungen der Formel 20 mit R32 = C1-C24-Alkyl, Cycloalkyl oder Aryl erfolgt nach an sich bekannten Verfahren. Geeignete Verfahren sind z.B. aus J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 2. Auflage, S. 357f (1977) bekannt. Diese Veretherungsprodukte der Polyoxyalkylenether lassen sich auch herstellen, indem man α-Olefinoxide, bevorzugt Ethylenoxid, Propylenoxid und/oder Butylenoxid an Alkohole der Formel 22

        R32 - OH     (22)

worin R32 gleich C1-C24-Alkyl, C5-C20-Cycloalkyl oder C6-C18-Aryl, nach bekannten Verfahren anlagert und mit polymerisierbaren niederen, ungesättigten Halogeniden der Formel 23
Figure imgb0026
umsetzt, wobei W für ein Halogenatom steht. Als Halogenide werden bevorzugt die Chloride und Bromide eingesetzt. Geeignete Herstellungsverfahren werden z.B. in J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 2.Auflage, S.357f (1977) genannt. Die Veresterung der Polyoxyalkylenether (R32 = -C(O)-R34) erfolgt durch Umsetzung mit gängigen Veresterungsmitteln, wie Carbonsäuren, Carbonsäurehalogeniden, Carbonsäureanhydriden oder Carbonsäureestern mit C1-C4-Alkoholen. Bevorzugt werden die Halogenide und Anhydride von C1-C40-Alkyl-, C5-C10-Cycloalkyl- oder C6-C18-Arylcarbonsäuren verwendet. Die Veresterung wird im allgemeinen bei Temperaturen von 0 bis 200°C, vorzugsweise 10 bis 100°C durchgeführt.The polyoxyalkylene ethers (R 32 = H) can be prepared by known processes by addition of α-olefin oxides, such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide to polymerizable lower, unsaturated alcohols of the formula 21
Figure imgb0025
produce. Such polymerizable lower unsaturated alcohols are, for example, allyl alcohol, methallyl alcohol, butenols, such as 3-buten-1-ol and 1-buten-3-ol or methylbutenols, such as 2-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 2-methyl-3 -but-2-ol and 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol. Preferred are addition products of ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide with allyl alcohol.
A subsequent etherification of these polyoxyalkylene ethers to give compounds of the formula 20 where R 32 = C 1 -C 24 -alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl is carried out by processes known per se. Suitable methods are known, for example, from J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 2nd edition, p. 357f (1977). These etherification products of the polyoxyalkylene ethers can also be prepared by reacting α-olefin oxides, preferably ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide, with alcohols of the formula 22

R 32 - OH (22)

wherein R 32 is equal to C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 5 -C 20 cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 18 aryl, by known methods attached and with polymerizable lower unsaturated halides of the formula 23rd
Figure imgb0026
where W is a halogen atom. The halides used are preferably the chlorides and bromides. Suitable production methods are mentioned, for example, in J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition, p. 377f (1977). The esterification of the polyoxyalkylene ethers (R 32 = -C (O) -R 34 ) takes place by reaction with customary esterification agents, such as carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid halides, carboxylic anhydrides or carboxylic acid esters with C 1 -C 4 -alcohols. The halides and anhydrides of C 1 -C 40 -alkyl, C 5 -C 10 -cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 18 -arylcarboxylic acids are preferred used. The esterification is generally carried out at temperatures of 0 to 200 ° C, preferably 10 to 100 ° C.

Bei den Monomeren der Formel 20 gibt der Index m den Alkoxylierungsgrad, d.h. die Anzahl der Mole an α-Olefin an, die pro Mol der Formel 20 oder 21 angelagert werden.For the monomers of formula 20, the index m indicates the degree of alkoxylation, i. the number of moles of α-olefin, which are added per mole of formula 20 or 21.

Als zur Herstellung der Terpolymere geeignete primäre Amine seien beispielsweise die folgenden genannt:

  • n-Hexylamin, n-Octylamin, n-Tetradecylamin, n-Hexadecylamin,
  • n-Stearylamin oder auch N,N-Dimethylaminopropylendiamin, Cyclohexylamin, Dehydroabietylamin sowie deren Mischungen.
Examples of suitable primary amines for the preparation of the terpolymers are the following:
  • n-hexylamine, n-octylamine, n-tetradecylamine, n-hexadecylamine,
  • N-stearylamine or N, N-dimethylaminopropylenediamine, cyclohexylamine, dehydroabietylamine and mixtures thereof.

Als zur Herstellung der Terpolymere geeignete sekundäre Amine seien beispielsweise genannt: Didecylamin, Ditetradecylamin, Distearylamin, Dicocosfettamin, Ditalgfettamin und deren Mischungen.Examples of suitable secondary amines for preparing the terpolymers are: didecylamine, ditetradecylamine, distearylamine, dicocosfettamine, ditallow fatty amine and mixtures thereof.

Die Terpolymeren besitzen K-Werte (gemessen nach Ubbelohde in 5 gew.-%iger Lösung in Toluol bei 25°C) von 8 bis 100, bevorzugt 8 bis 50, entsprechend mittleren Molekulargewichten (Mw) zwischen ca. 500 und 100.000. Geeignete Beispiele sind in EP 606 055 aufgeführt.The terpolymers have K values (measured according to Ubbelohde in 5% strength by weight solution in toluene at 25 ° C.) of 8 to 100, preferably 8 to 50, corresponding to average molecular weights (M w ) of between about 500 and 100,000. Suitable examples are in EP 606,055 listed.

Das Mischungsverhältnis zwischen A und B kann in weiten Grenzen variieren. So wirken schon geringe Mengen B von 100 ppm bis 50.000 ppm, bevorzugt 1.000 ppm bis 10.000 ppm, in Fettsäurelösungen als Kälteadditiv für A. Sie vermögen dabei die Eigenkristallisation der Fettsäure zu unterbinden, was zu einer Absenkung des Cloud Points führt, bzw. die Sedimentation gebildeter Kristalle zu verhindern und ermöglichen so ein problemloses Handling bei abgesenkten Temperaturen. Für spezielle Problemlösungen können aber auch von 5 % bis zu 50 %, in besonderen Fällen bis zu 90 % des Bestandteils B bezogen auf die Menge des Bestandteils A anwesend sein. Dabei werden insbesondere der Eigenstockpunkt des Additivs abgesenkt und die Schmierfähigkeit des additivierten Öls verbessert. Demzufolge liegt das bevorzugte Mischungsverhältnis von A:B zwischen 1:10 und 1 : 0,0001, insbesondere zwischen 1 : 4 und 1 : 0,0005, speziell zwischen 1:1 und 1 : 0,001.The mixing ratio between A and B can vary within wide limits. Thus, even small amounts of B from 100 ppm to 50,000 ppm, preferably 1,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm, in fatty acid solutions as a cold additive for A. They are able to prevent self-crystallization of the fatty acid, which leads to a lowering of the cloud point, or sedimentation Prevent formed crystals and thus allow easy handling at reduced temperatures. However, for specific problem solutions, from 5% up to 50%, in special cases up to 90% of constituent B, based on the amount of constituent A, may also be present. In particular, the self-sticking point of the additive is lowered and the lubricity of the additized oil is improved. Consequently, the preferred mixing ratio of A: B is between 1:10 and 1: 0.0001, in particular between 1: 4 and 1: 0.0005, especially between 1: 1 and 1: 0.001.

Die erfindungsgemäßen Additive werden Ölen in Mengen von 0,001 bis 0,5 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 0,001 bis 0,1 Gew.% zugesetzt. Dabei können sie als solche oder auch gelöst in Lösemitteln, wie z.B. aliphatischen und/oder aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen oder Kohlenwasserstoffgemischen wie z.B. Toluol, Xylol, Ethylbenzol, Decan, Pentadecan, Benzinfraktionen, Kerosin oder kommerziellen Lösemittelgemischen wie Solvent Naphtha, ®Shellsol AB, ®Solvesso 150, ®Solvesso 200, ®Exxsol-, ®Isopar- und ®Shellsol D-Typen eingesetzt werden. Bevorzugt enthalten die erfindungsgemäßen Additive 1 - 80 %, speziell 10 - 70 %, insbesondere 25 - 60 % Lösemittel. Die Additive, die auch bei niedrigen Temperaturen von beispielsweise -40°C und niedriger problemlos eingesetzt werden können, verbessern die Schmierfähigkeit der additivierten Öle sowie deren Kälte- und Korrosionsschutzeigenschaften.The additives according to the invention are added to oils in amounts of from 0.001 to 0.5% by weight, preferably from 0.001 to 0.1% by weight. They may be used as such or dissolved in solvents, such as aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures such as toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, decane, pentadecane, gasoline fractions, kerosene or commercial solvent mixtures such as Solvent Naphtha, ® Shellsol AB, ® Solvesso 150 , ® Solvesso 200, ® Exxsol, ® Isopar and ® Shellsol D types. The additives according to the invention preferably contain 1 to 80%, especially 10 to 70%, in particular 25 to 60%, of solvent. The additives, which can be used without problems even at low temperatures of, for example, -40 ° C and lower, improve the lubricity of the additized oils and their cold and corrosion protection properties.

Zur Herstellung von Additivpaketen für spezielle Problemlösungen können die erfindungsgemäßen Additive auch zusammen mit einem oder mehreren öllöslichen Co-Additiven eingesetzt werden, die bereits für sich allein die Kaltfließeigenschaften und/oder Schmierwirkung von Rohölen, Schmierölen oder Brennölen verbessern. Beispiele solcher Co-Additive sind Vinylacetat enthaltende Copolymerisate oder Terpolymerisate des Ethylens, Kammpolymere, Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze sowie öllösliche Amphiphile.For the preparation of additive packages for specific problem solutions, the additives according to the invention can also be used together with one or more oil-soluble co-additives, which in themselves improve the cold flow properties and / or lubricity of crude oils, lubricating oils or fuel oils. Examples of such co-additives are vinyl acetate-containing copolymers or terpolymers of ethylene, comb polymers, alkylphenol-aldehyde resins and oil-soluble amphiphiles.

So haben sich Mischungen der erfindungsgemäßen Additive mit Copolymerisaten hervorragend bewährt, die 10 bis 40 Gew.-% Vinylacetat und 60 bis 90 Gew.-% Ethylen enthalten. Nach einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung setzt man die erfindungsgemäßen Additive in Mischung mit Ethylen/Vinylacetat/Neononansäurevinylester-Terpolymerisaten oder Ethylen-Vinylacetat/Neodecansäurevinylester-Terpolymerisaten zur Verbesserung der Fließfähigkeit von Mineralölen oder Mineralöldestillaten ein. Die Terpolymerisate der Neononansäurevinylester bzw. der Neodecansäurevinylester enthalten außer Ethylen 10 bis 35 Gew.-% Vinylacetat und 1 bis 25 Gew.-% der jeweiligen Neoverbindung. Weitere bevorzugte Copolymere enthalten neben Ethylen und 10 bis 35 Gew.% Vinylestern noch 0,5 bis 20 Gew.% Olefin wie Diisobutylen, 4-Methylpenten oder Norbornen. Das Mischungsverhältnis der erfindungsgemäßen Additive mit den vorstehend beschriebenen EthylenNinylacetat-Copolymerisaten bzw. den Terpolymerisaten aus Ethylen, Vinylacetat und den Vinylestern der Neononan- bzw. der Neodecansäure beträgt (in Gewichtsteilen) 20:1 bis 1:20, vorzugsweise 10:1 bis 1:10.For example, mixtures of the additives according to the invention with copolymers which have 10 to 40% by weight of vinyl acetate and 60 to 90% by weight of ethylene have proven outstanding. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the additives according to the invention are used in admixture with ethylene / vinyl acetate / vinyl neononanoate terpolymers or ethylene / vinyl acetate / vinyl neodecanoate terpolymers to improve the flowability of mineral oils or mineral oil distillates. The terpolymers of vinyl neononanoate or vinyl neodecanoate contain, in addition to ethylene, 10 to 35% by weight of vinyl acetate and 1 to 25% by weight of the respective neo compound. Other preferred copolymers contain besides ethylene and 10 to 35% by weight of vinyl esters or from 0.5 to 20% by weight of olefins such as diisobutylene, 4-methylpentene or norbornene. The mixing ratio of the additives according to the invention with the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers described above or the terpolymers of ethylene, vinyl acetate and the vinyl esters of neononanic or neodecanoic acid is (in parts by weight) 20: 1 to 1:20, preferably 10: 1 to 1: 10th

So können die erfindungsgemäßen Additive zusammen mit Alkylphenol-Formaldehydharzen eingesetzt werden. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung handelt es sich bei diesen Alkylphenol-Formaldehydharzen um solche der Formel

Figure imgb0027
worin R51 für C4-C50-Alkyl oder -Alkenyl, R50 für Ethoxy- und/oder Propoxy,
n für eine Zahl von 5 bis 100 und p für eine Zahl von 0 bis 50 steht.Thus, the additives according to the invention can be used together with alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, these alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins are those of the formula
Figure imgb0027
in which R 51 is C 4 -C 50 -alkyl or -alkenyl, R 50 is ethoxy- and / or propoxy,
n is a number from 5 to 100 and p is a number from 0 to 50.

Schließlich werden in einer weiteren Ausführungsform der Erfindung die erfindungsgemäßen Additive zusammen mit Kammpolymeren verwendet. Hierunter versteht man Polymere, bei denen Kohlenwasserstoffreste mit mindestens 8, insbesondere mindestens 10 Kohlenstoffatomen an einem Polymerrückgrat gebunden sind. Vorzugsweise handelt es sich um Homopolymere, deren Alkylseitenketten mindestens 8 und insbesondere mindestens 10 Kohlenstoffatome enthalten. Bei Copolymeren weisen mindestens 20 %, bevorzugt mindestens 30 % der Monomeren Seitenketten auf (vgl. Comb-like Polymers-Structure and Properties; N.A. Platé and V.P. Shibaev, J. Polym. Sci. Macromolecular Revs. 1974, 8, 117 ff ).Finally, in a further embodiment of the invention, the additives according to the invention are used together with comb polymers. This term refers to polymers in which hydrocarbon radicals having at least 8, in particular at least 10, carbon atoms are bonded to a polymer backbone. Preferably, they are homopolymers whose alkyl side chains contain at least 8 and in particular at least 10 carbon atoms. In the case of copolymers, at least 20%, preferably at least 30% of the monomers have side chains (cf. Comb-like Polymers-Structure and Properties; NA Platé and VP Shibaev, J. Polym. Sci. Macromolecular Revs. 1974, 8, 117 ff ).

Beispiele für geeignete Kammpolymere sind z.B. Fumarat/Vinylacetat-Copolymere (vgl. EP 0 153 176 A1 ), Copolymere aus einem C6-C24-a-Olefin und einem N-C6-C22-Alkylmaleinsäureimid (vgl. EP 0 320 766 ), ferner veresterte Olefin/Maleinsäureanhydrid-Copolymere, Polymere und Copolymere von α-Olefinen und veresterte Copolymere von Styrol und Maleinsäureanhydrid.Examples of suitable comb polymers are, for example, fumarate / vinyl acetate copolymers (cf. EP 0 153 176 A1 ), Copolymers of a C 6 -C 24 α-olefin and a NC 6 -C 22 -alkylmaleimide (cf. EP 0 320 766 Further, esterified olefin / maleic anhydride copolymers, polymers and copolymers of α-olefins and esterified copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride.

Kammpolymere können beispielsweise durch die Formel

Figure imgb0028
beschrieben werden. Darin bedeuten

A
R', COOR', OCOR', R"-COOR' oder OR';
D
H, CH3 A oder R;
E
H oder A;
G
H, R", R"-COOR', einen Arylrest oder einen heterocyclischen Rest;
M
H, COOR", OCOR", OR" oder COOH;
N
H, R", COOR", OCOR, COOH oder einen Arylrest;
R'
einen Kohlenwasserstoffkette mit 8-150 Kohlenstoffatomen;
R"
eine Kohlenwasserstoffkette mit 1 bis 10 Kohlenstoffatomen;
m
einen Zahl zwischen 0,4 und 1,0; und
n
eine Zahl zwischen 0 und 0,6.
Comb polymers may, for example, be represented by the formula
Figure imgb0028
to be discribed. Mean in it
A
R ', COOR', OCOR ', R "-COOR' or OR ';
D
H, CH 3 A or R;
e
H or A;
G
H, R ", R" -COOR ', an aryl radical or a heterocyclic radical;
M
H, COOR ", OCOR", OR "or COOH;
N
H, R ", COOR", OCOR, COOH or an aryl radical;
R '
a hydrocarbon chain of 8-150 carbon atoms;
R "
a hydrocarbon chain of 1 to 10 carbon atoms;
m
a number between 0.4 and 1.0; and
n
a number between 0 and 0.6.

Das Mischungsverhältnis (in Gewichtsteilen) der erfindungsgemäßen Additive mit Harzen bzw. Kammpolymeren beträgt jeweils 1:10 bis 20:1, vorzugsweise 1:1 bis 10:1.The mixing ratio (in parts by weight) of the inventive additives with resins or comb polymers is 1:10 to 20: 1, preferably 1: 1 to 10: 1.

Die erfindungsgemäßen Additive sind geeignet, die Schmiereigenschaften von tierischen, pflanzlichen, mineralischen oder synthetischen Brennstoffölen mit nur geringen Dosierraten zu verbessern. Durch ihre verbesserten Kälteeigenschaften kann bei Lagerung und Anwendung auf eine Erwärmung und/oder Verdünnung verzichtet werden. Darüber hinaus verbessern sie gleichzeitig die Kälte- und Korrosionsschutzeigenschaften der additivierten Öle. Dabei werden die Emulgiereigenschaften der additivierten Öle weniger beeinträchtigt als es mit den Schmieradditiven des Standes der Technik der Fall ist. Die erfindungsgemäßen Additive sind für die Verwendung in Mitteldestillaten besonders gut geeignet. Als Mitteldestillate bezeichnet man insbesondere solche Mineralöle, die durch Destillation von Rohöl gewonnen werden und im Bereich von 120 bis 450°C sieden, beispielsweise Kerosin, Jet-Fuel, Diesel und Heizöl. Die Öle können auch Alkohole wie Methanol und/oder Ethanol enthalten oder aus diesen bestehen. Vorzugsweise werden die erfindungsgemäßen Additive in solchen Mitteldestillaten verwendet, die 0,05 Gew.-% Schwefel und weniger, besonders bevorzugt weniger als 350 ppm Schwefel, insbesondere weniger als 200 ppm Schwefel und in speziellen Fällen weniger als 50 ppm Schwefel enthalten. Es handelt sich dabei im allgemeinen um solche Mitteldestillate, die einer hydrierenden Raffination unterworfen wurden, und die daher nur geringe Anteile an polyaromatischen und polaren Verbindungen enthalten, die ihnen eine natürliche Schmierwirkung verleihen. Die erfindungsgemäßen Additive werden weiterhin vorzugsweise in solchen Mitteldestillaten verwendet, die 95 %-Destillationspunkte unter 370°C, insbesondere 350°C und in Spezialfällen unter 330°C aufweisen. Sie können auch als Komponenten in Schmierölen eingesetzt werden.The additives according to the invention are suitable for improving the lubricating properties of animal, vegetable, mineral or synthetic fuel oils with only low dosing rates. Due to their improved cold properties can be dispensed with storage and application to a warming and / or dilution. In addition, they simultaneously improve the refrigeration and Corrosion protection properties of the additized oils. The emulsifying properties of the additized oils are less affected than is the case with the lubricating additives of the prior art. The additives of the invention are particularly well suited for use in middle distillates. As middle distillates are in particular those mineral oils which are obtained by distillation of crude oil and boil in the range of 120 to 450 ° C, for example kerosene, jet fuel, diesel and fuel oil. The oils may also contain or consist of alcohols such as methanol and / or ethanol. Preferably, the additives of the invention are used in middle distillates containing 0.05% by weight of sulfur and less, more preferably less than 350 ppm of sulfur, more preferably less than 200 ppm of sulfur and in special cases less than 50 ppm of sulfur. These are generally those middle distillates that have been subjected to a hydrogenating refining, and therefore contain only small amounts of polyaromatic and polar compounds that give them a natural lubricating effect. The additives according to the invention are furthermore preferably used in middle distillates which have 95% distillation points below 370.degree. C., in particular 350.degree. C. and in special cases below 330.degree. They can also be used as components in lubricating oils.

Die Mischungen können allein oder auch zusammen mit anderen Additiven verwendet werden, z.B. mit anderen Stockpunkterniedrigern oder Entwachsungshilfsmitteln, mit Korrosionsinhibitoren, Antioxidantien, Schlamminhibitoren, Dehazern, Leitfähigkeitsverbesserern, Lubricity-Additiven, und Zusätzen zur Erniedrigung des Cloud-Points. Des weiteren werden sie erfolgreich zusammen mit Additivpaketen eingesetzt, die u.a. bekannte aschefreie Dispergieradditive, Detergentien, Entschäumer und Korrosionsinhibitoren enthalten.The mixtures can be used alone or together with other additives, e.g. with other pour point depressants or dewaxing aids, with corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, sludge inhibitors, dehazers, conductivity improvers, lubricity additives, and cloud point depressant additives. Furthermore, they are successfully used in conjunction with additive packages, which i.a. known ashless dispersing additives, detergents, defoamers and corrosion inhibitors.

Die verbesserte Kältestabilität und die Wirksamkeit der erfindungsgemäßen Additive als Lubricity-Additive wird durch die nachfolgenden Beispiele näher erläutert.The improved low-temperature stability and the effectiveness of the additives according to the invention as lubricity additives is further illustrated by the following examples.

BeispieleExamples

Folgende Substanzen wurden eingesetzt:

  • A1) Tallölfettsäure, enthaltend als Hauptbestandteile 30 % Ölsäure, 60 % Linol- und andere mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren und 4% gesättigte Fettsäuren. Jodzahl 155 gJ/100 g.
  • A2) Ölsäure (technisch) enthaltend als Hauptbestandteile 69 % Ölsäure, 12% Linolsäure, 5 % Hexadecensäure und 10 % gesättigte Fettsäuren. Jodzahl 90 gJ /100 g.
  • B1) Umsetzungsprodukt eines Terpolymers aus C14/16-α-Olefin, Maleinsäureanhydrid und Allylpolyglykol mit 2 Equivalenten Ditalgfettamin, 50 %ig in Solvent Naphtha
  • B4) Mischung aus 2 Teilen B1 und 1 Teil Umsetzungsprodukt eines Dodecenyl-Spirobislactons mit einer Mischung aus primärem und sekundärem Talgfettamin 60 %ig in Solvent Naphtha
The following substances were used:
  • A1) Tall oil fatty acid containing as main constituents 30% oleic acid, 60% linoleic and other polyunsaturated fatty acids and 4% saturated fatty acids. Iodine value 155 gJ / 100 g.
  • A2) Oleic acid (technical) containing as main constituents 69% oleic acid, 12% linoleic acid, 5% hexadecenoic acid and 10% saturated fatty acids. Iodine number 90 gJ / 100 g.
  • B1) Reaction product of a terpolymer of C 14/16 -α-olefin, maleic anhydride and di-tallow Allylpolyglykol with 2 equivalents, 50% in Solvent Naphtha
  • B4) Mixture of 2 parts B1 and 1 part reaction product of a dodecenyl spirobislactone with a mixture of primary and secondary tallow fatty amine 60% in solvent naphtha

Zur Beurteilung der Kälteeigenschaften wurde der Pour Point gemäß ISO 3016 (Tabelle 1) und der Cloud Point gemäß ISO 3015 (Tabelle 2) der erfindungsgemäßen Mischungen gemessen. Danach wurden die erfindungsgemäßen Additivmischungen über mehrere Tage bei verschiedenen Temperaturen gelagert und anschließend visuell beurteilt (Tabelle 3 bis 5). V kennzeichnet Vergleichsbeispiele. Tabelle 1: Eigenstockpunkte (Pour Point) der erfindungsgemäßen Additive Zusammensetzung (Gew.-Teile) Pour Point Beispiel A1 A2 B1 B4 1 80 20 -9 2 50 50 -24 3 20 80 0 4 80 20 -9 5 50 50 -18 6 20 80 -15 7 80 20 -27 8 50 50 -27 9 20 80 -6 10 80 20 -21 11 50 50 -21 12 20 80 -9 13* 99,95 0,05 -36 14* 99,95 0,05 -36 15 99,95 0,05 -15 V1 100 -9 V2 100 6 V3 100 9 V4 100 -6 V5* 100 -36 * Diese Beispiele werden mit einer 50 Gew.-% Einstellung der Fettsäure in Solvent Naphtha erhalten. Tabelle 2: Cloud Points der erfindungsgemäßen Additive Zusammensetzung (Gew.-Teile) Cloud Point Beispiel A1 A2 B1 B4 V6* 100 -27,0 16* 99,9995 0,0005 -33,0 17* 99,9995 0,0005 -30,5 18* 99,998 0,002 -33,5 19* 99,998 0,002 -33,5 20* 99,995 0,005 -31,0 21* 99,995 0,005 -32,2 * Diese Beispiele wurden mit einer 50 Gew.% Einstellung der Fettsäure in Solvent Naphtha erhalten. Tabelle 3: Lagerstabilität der Additive (3 Tage Lagerung bei -20°C) Beispiel Zusammensetzung (Gew.-Teile) Beurteilung A2 B1 22 50 50 viskos V7 100 fest, wachsig V8 100 fest Tabelle 4 : Lagerstabilität der erfindungsgemäßen Additive gelöst in Lösemitteln bei -20°C wenn nicht anders angegeben Beispiel Bestandteil A Bestandteil B Menge ppm nach 1 Tag nach 3 Tagen nach 5 Tagen nach 7 Tagen danach 1 Tag bei -28 °C V9 A1 (50 % in S.N.) ohne Zusatz klar, Sediment (kristallin) klar, Sediment (kristallin) klar, Sediment (kristallin) klar, Sediment (kristallin) klar, Sediment (kristallin) 23 " B1 100 klar, wenig Kristalle am Boden klar, wenig Kristalle am Boden klar, wenig Kristalle am Boden klar, wenig Kristalle am Boden klar, Sediment (kristallin) 24 " " 500 klar, kein Sediment klar, wenig Kristalle am Boden klar, wenig Kristalle am Boden klar, wenig Kristalle am Boden klar, Sediment (kristallin) 25 " " 1.000 klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment trüb, kein Sediment 26 " " 5.000 klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment 27 " " 10.000 klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment 28 " " 50.000 trüb, kein Sediment trüb, kein Sediment trüb, kein Sediment trüb, kein Sediment trüb, kein Sediment 29 " B4 100 klar, wenige Kristalle am Boden klar, wenige Kristalle am Boden klar, wenige Kristalle klar, am Boden wenige Kristalle am Boden klar, Sediment (kristallin) 30 " " 500 klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, wenige Kristalle am Boden klar, wenige Kristalle am Boden klar, Sediment (kristallin) 31 " " 1.000 klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment 32 " " 5.000 klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment 33 " " 10.000 klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment 34 " " 50.000 klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment leicht trüb, kein Sediment S.N. = Solvent Naphtha Tabelle 5: Lagerstabilität der erfindungsgemäßen Additive gelöst in Lösemitteln bei -20°C wenn nicht anders angegeben Beispiel Bestandteil A Bestandteil B Menge ppm nach 3 Tagen nach 7 Tagen danach 1 Tag bei -28 °C V10 A1 (50 % in MS) ohne Zusatz klar, Sediment (kristallin) klar, Sediment (kristallin) klar, Sediment (kristallin), fest 35 " B1 1.000 klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment trüb, Sediment 36 " " 5.000 trüb, kein Sediment trüb, kein Sediment trüb, kein Sediment 37 " " 10.000 trüb, kein Sediment trüb, kein Sediment trüb, kein Sediment 38 " B4 1.000 klar, kein Sediment klar,wenig Sediment leicht trüb, Sediment 39 " " 5.000 klar, kein Sediment klar, kein Sediment trüb, kein Sediment 40 " " 10.000 klar, leichte Trübung am Boden, kein Sediment trüb, kein Sediment trüb, kein Sediment 41 " " 50.000 trüb, kein Sediment trüb, kein Sediment trüb, kein Sediment To assess the cold properties, the pour point was measured according to ISO 3016 (Table 1) and the cloud point according to ISO 3015 (Table 2) of the mixtures according to the invention. Thereafter, the additive mixtures according to the invention were stored for several days at different temperatures and then assessed visually (Table 3 to 5). V denotes comparative examples. Table 1: Own point (pour point) of the additives of the invention Composition (parts by weight) Pour point example A1 A2 B1 B4 1 80 20 -9 2 50 50 -24 3 20 80 0 4 80 20 -9 5 50 50 -18 6 20 80 -15 7 80 20 -27 8th 50 50 -27 9 20 80 -6 10 80 20 -21 11 50 50 -21 12 20 80 -9 13 * 99.95 0.05 -36 14 * 99.95 0.05 -36 15 99.95 0.05 -15 V1 100 -9 V2 100 6 V3 100 9 V4 100 -6 V5 * 100 -36 * These examples are obtained with a 50% by weight adjustment of the fatty acid in solvent naphtha. Composition (parts by weight) Cloud point example A1 A2 B1 B4 V6 * 100 -27.0 16. * 99.9995 0.0005 -33.0 17 * 99.9995 0.0005 -30.5 18 * 99,998 0,002 -33.5 19 * 99,998 0,002 -33.5 20 * 99.995 0.005 -31.0 21 * 99.995 0.005 -32.2 * These examples were obtained with a 50% by weight adjustment of the fatty acid in solvent naphtha. example Composition (parts by weight) evaluation A2 B1 22 50 50 viscous V7 100 firm, waxy V8 100 firmly example Component A Component B Amount ppm after 1 day after 3 days after 5 days after 7 days then 1 day at -28 ° C V9 A1 (50% in SN) without addition clear, sediment (crystalline) clear, sediment (crystalline) clear, sediment (crystalline) clear, sediment (crystalline) clear, sediment (crystalline) 23 " B1 100 Clear, few crystals on the ground Clear, few crystals on the ground Clear, few crystals on the ground Clear, few crystals on the ground clear, sediment (crystalline) 24 " " 500 clear, no sediment Clear, few crystals on the ground Clear, few crystals on the ground Clear, few crystals on the ground clear, sediment (crystalline) 25 " " 1000 clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment cloudy, no sediment 26 " " 5000 clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment 27 " " 10,000 clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment 28 " " 50,000 cloudy, no sediment cloudy, no sediment cloudy, no sediment cloudy, no sediment cloudy, no sediment 29 " B4 100 Clear, few crystals on the ground Clear, few crystals on the ground clear, a few crystals clear, on the ground few crystals on the ground clear, sediment (crystalline) 30 " " 500 clear, no sediment clear, no sediment Clear, few crystals on the ground Clear, few crystals on the ground clear, sediment (crystalline) 31 " " 1000 clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment 32 " " 5000 clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment 33 " " 10,000 clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment 34 " " 50,000 clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment clear, no sediment slightly cloudy, no sediment SN = solvent naphtha example Component A Component B Amount ppm after 3 days after 7 days then 1 day at -28 ° C V10 A1 (50% in MS) without addition clear, sediment (crystalline) clear, sediment (crystalline) clear, sediment (crystalline), solid 35 " B1 1000 clear, no sediment clear, no sediment cloudy, sediment 36 " " 5000 cloudy, no sediment cloudy, no sediment cloudy, no sediment 37 " " 10,000 cloudy, no sediment cloudy, no sediment cloudy, no sediment 38 " B4 1000 clear, no sediment clear, little sediment slightly cloudy, sediment 39 " " 5000 clear, no sediment clear, no sediment cloudy, no sediment 40 " " 10,000 clear, slight cloudiness on the ground, no sediment cloudy, no sediment cloudy, no sediment 41 " " 50,000 cloudy, no sediment cloudy, no sediment cloudy, no sediment

MS ist eine Mischung aus einer Reihe von aliphatischen und cyclischen, nichtaromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen. Die Hauptbestandteile von MS können folgender Tabelle entnommen werden: Tabelle 6: Bestandteile von MS Bestandteil Konzentrationsbereich (Gew.-%) Di-2-ethylhexylether 10 - 25 2-Ethylhexylsäure-2-Ethylhexylester 10 - 25 C16-Lactone 4 - 20 2-Ethylhexylbutyrat 3 - 10 2-Ethylhexandiol-(1,3)-mono-n-butyrat 5 - 15 2-Ethylhexanol 4 - 10 C4- bis C8-Acetate 2 - 10 2-Ethylhexandiol-(1,3) 2 - 5 Ether und Ester ≥ C20 0 - 20 MS is a mixture of a number of aliphatic and cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbons. The main components of MS can be found in the following table: Table 6: Components of MS component Concentration range (wt%) Di-2-ethylhexyl 10 - 25 2-ethylhexyl acid-2-ethylhexyl 10 - 25 C 16 lactones 4 - 20 2-Ethylhexylbutyrat 3 - 10 2-ethylhexanediol- (1,3) glycol mono-n-butyrate 5 - 15 2-ethylhexanol 4 - 10 C 4 to C 8 acetates 2 - 10 2-ethylhexanediol- (1,3) 2 - 5 Ethers and esters ≥ C 20 0 - 20

Schmierwirkung in MitteldestillatenLubricating effect in middle distillates

Die Schmierwirkung der Additive wurde mittels eines HFRR-Geräts der Firma PCS Instruments an additivierten Ölen bei 60 °C durchgeführt. Der High Frequency Reciprocating Rig Test (HFRR) ist beschrieben in D. Wei, H. Spikes, Wear, Vol. 111, No.2, p.217, 1986 . Die Ergebnisse sind als Reibungskoeffizient und Wear Scar (WS1.4) angegeben. Ein niedriger Reibungskoeffizient und ein niedriger Wear Scar zeigen eine gute Schmierwirkung. Tabelle 7: Charakterisierung der Testöle: Zur Prüfung der Schmierwirkung wurden Testöle mit folgender Charakteristik eingesetzt: Testöl 1 Testöl 2 Siedebereich: 170 - 344°C 182-304°C Dichte 0,830 g/cm3 0,821 g/cm3 Cloud Point -9°C -33°C Schwefelgehalt 45 ppm 6 ppm The lubricating effect of the additives was carried out using an HFRR instrument from PCS Instruments on additized oils at 60 ° C. The High Frequency Reciprocating Rig Test (HFRR) is described in D. Wei, H. Spikes, Wear, Vol. 111, No.2, p.217, 1986 , The results are given as coefficient of friction and Wear Scar (WS1.4). A low coefficient of friction and a low Wear Scar show a good lubricating effect. Table 7: Characterization of the test oils: To test the lubricity, test oils having the following characteristics were used: Test oil 1 Test oil 2 boiling range: 170 - 344 ° C 182-304 ° C density 0.830 g / cm 3 0.821 g / cm 3 Cloud point -9 ° C -33 ° C sulfur content 45 ppm 6 ppm

Die Bestimmung der Siedekenndaten erfolgt gemäß ASTM D-86 und die Bestimmung des Cloud Points gemäß ISO 3015. Tabelle 8: Wear Scar in Testöl 1 Beispiel Additiv Wear Scar Friction V11 Ohne 555 µm 0,33 42 100 ppm A1+ 150 ppm B4 381 µm 0,18 V12 100 ppm A1 421 µm 0,18 V13 150 ppm B4 549 µm 0,34 Tabelle 9: Wear Scar in Testöl 2 Beispiel Additiv Wear Scar Friction V14 ohne 637 µm 0,30 43 200 ppm gemäß Bsp. 28 395 0,18 V15 200 ppm gemäß Bsp. V9 405 0,19 The boiling characteristics are determined according to ASTM D-86 and the determination of the cloud point according to ISO 3015. Table 8: Wear Scar in Test Oil 1 example additive Wear Scar Friction V11 Without 555 μm 0.33 42 100 ppm A1 + 150 ppm B4 381 μm 0.18 V12 100 ppm A1 421 μm 0.18 V13 150 ppm B4 549 μm 0.34 example additive Wear Scar Friction V14 without 637 μm 0.30 43 200 ppm according to Ex. 28 395 0.18 V15 200 ppm according to Example V9 405 0.19

Claims (16)

  1. Low-temperature-stabilized additives for fuel oils having a sulfur content of up to 0.05% by weight, comprising fatty acid mixtures of
    A1) from 1 to 99% by weight of at least one saturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having from 6 to 50 carbon atoms,
    A2) from 1 to 99% by weight of at least one unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having from 6 to 50 carbon atoms, and
    B) at least one polar nitrogen-containing compound which is effective as paraffin dispersant in middle distillates in an amount of from 0.01 to 90% by weight, based on the total weight of A1), A2) and B), which comprises terpolylmers based on α,β-unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydrides, α,β-unsaturated compounds and polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower unsaturated alcohols, which are characterized in that they comprise
    20-80 mol% of divalent structural units of the formulae 12 and/or 14 and, if desired, 13, where the structural units 13 originate from unreacted anhydride radicals,
    Figure imgb0039
    Figure imgb0040
    Figure imgb0041
    where
    R22 and R23, independently of one another, are hydrogen or methyl,
    a and b are zero or one and a + b is one,
    R24 and R25 are identical or different and are -NHR6, N(R6)2 and/or -OR27 groups, and R27 is a cation of the formula H2N (R6)2 or H3NR6,
    19-80 mol% of divalent structural units of the formula 15
    Figure imgb0042
    in which
    R28 is hydrogen or C1-C4-alkyl, and
    R29 is C6-C60-alkyl or C6-C18-aryl, and
    1-30 mol% of divalent structural units of the formula 16
    Figure imgb0043
    in which
    R30 is hydrogen or methyl,
    R31 is hydrogen or C1-C4-alkyl,
    R33 is C1-C4-alkylene,
    m is a number from 1 to 100,
    R32 is C1-C24-alkyl, C5-C20-cycloalkyl, C6-C18-aryl or -C (O)-R34, where
    R34 is C1-C40-alkyl, C5-C10-cycloalkyl or C6-C18-aryl.
  2. Additives according to claim 1, wherein constituent A comprises carboxylic acids having 12 to 22 carbon atoms.
  3. Additives according to claim 1 and/or 2, containing 1 to less than 20% by weight of A1) and from greater than 80 to 99% by weight of A2).
  4. Additives according to one or more of the claims 1 to 3, wherein the mixture of A1) and A2) has an iodine number of at least 40 g of 1/100 g.
  5. Additives according to one or more of the claims 1 to 4, wherein the mixture of A1) and A2) comprises 1 to 40% by weight of resin acids.
  6. Additives according to one or more of the claims 1 to 5, wherein constituent B) contains 40-60 mol% of divalent structural units of the formulae 12 and/or 14 and, if desired, 13, 39-60 mol% of divalent structural units of the formula 15 and 1-20 mol% of divalent structural units of the formula 16.
  7. Additives according to one or more of the claims 1 to 6, wherein the structural units of the formulae 12 to 14 are derived from maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride or citraconic anhydride.
  8. Additives according to one or more of the claims 1 to 7, wherein the structural units of the formula 15 are derived from styrene, α-methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, α-ethylstyrene, diethylstyrene, i-propylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene, diisobutylene, decene, dodecene, tetradecene, pentadecene, hexadecene, octadecene, C20-α-olefin, C24-α-olefin, C30-α-olefin, tripropenyl, tetrapropenyl, pentapropenyl and mixtures thereof.
  9. Additives according to one or more of the claims 1 to 8, wherein the monomers of the formula 20 are prepared by addition of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and butylene oxide onto allyl alcohol, methallyl alcohol, 3-buten-1-ol, 1-buten-3-ol, 2-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol.
  10. Additives according to one or more of the claims 1 to 9, wherein the amines used for preparing the terpolymers are selected from n-hexylamine, n-octylamine, n-tetradecylamine, n-hexadecylamine, n-stearylamine, N,N-dimethylaminopropylenediamine, cyclohexylamine, dehydroabietylamine, didecylamine, ditetradecylamine, distearylamine, dicoconut fatty amine, ditallow fatty amine and mixtures thereof.
  11. Additives according to one or more of the claims 1 to 10, wherein the terpolymers have K values (measured by the Ubbelohde method in 5% strength by weight solution in toluene at 25°C) of from 8 to 100.
  12. Low-temperature-stabilized solutions of the additives according to one or more of the claims 1 to 11 in organic solvents, the solutions containing 1 to 80% by weight of solvent.
  13. Low-temperature-stabilized solutions according to claim 12, wherein aliphatic and/or aromatic and/or oxygen-containing hydrocarbons are used as solvent.
  14. Low-temperature-stabilized fatty acid mixtures comprising
    A1) from 1 to 99% by weight of at least one saturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having from 6 to 50 carbon atoms,
    A2) from 1 to 99% by weight of at least one unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid having from 6 to 50 carbon atoms, and
    B) at least one polar nitrogen-containing compound which is effective as paraffin dispersant in middle distillates in an amount of from 0.01 to 90% by weight, based on the total weight of A1), A2) and B), which comprises terpolylmers based on α,β-unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydrides, α,β-unsaturated compounds and polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower unsaturated alcohols, which are characterized in that they comprise
    20-80 mol% of divalent structural units of the formulae 12 and/or 14 and, if desired, 13, where the structural units 13 originate from unreacted anhydride radicals,
    Figure imgb0044
    Figure imgb0045
    Figure imgb0046
    where
    R22 and R23, independently of one another, are hydrogen or methyl,
    a and b are zero or one and a + b is one,
    R24 and R25 are identical or different and are -NHR6, N(R6)2 and/or -OR27 groups, and R27 is a cation of the formula H2N (R6)2 or H3NR6,
    19 - 80 mol% of divalent structural units of the formula 15
    Figure imgb0047
    in which
    R28 is hydrogen or C1-C4-alkyl, and
    R29 is C6-C60-alkyl or C6-C18-aryl, and
    1-30 mol% of divalent structural units of the formula 16
    Figure imgb0048
    in which
    R30 is hydrogen or methyl,
    R31 is hydrogen or C1-C4-alkyl,
    R33 is C1-C4-alkylene,
    m is a number from 1 to 100,
    R32 is C1-C24-alkyl, C5-C20-cycloalkyl, C6-C18-aryl or -C (O) -R34, where
    R34 is C1-C40-alkyl, C5-C10-cycloalkyl or C6-C18-aryl.
  15. Fuel oils comprising, besides a middle distillate having a sulfur content of up to 0.05% by weight, an additive according to one or more of the claims 1 to 14.
  16. Use of additives according to one or more of the claims 1 to 14 for improving the lubrication properties of low-sulfur middle distillates having a sulfur content of up to 0.05% by weight.
EP01126254A 2000-11-24 2001-11-06 Fuel oils with improved lubricating activity, containing blends of fatty acids with paraffin dispersants, and a lubricating activity improving additive Expired - Lifetime EP1209215B1 (en)

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CA2363700C (en) 2010-04-06
CA2363700A1 (en) 2002-05-24
EP1209215A3 (en) 2003-08-13
JP5317380B2 (en) 2013-10-16
DE50114718D1 (en) 2009-04-02
EP1803791A2 (en) 2007-07-04
EP1801188A3 (en) 2007-10-03
EP1803791B1 (en) 2009-02-18
EP1801188A2 (en) 2007-06-27
EP1803791A3 (en) 2007-10-03
US20040083644A1 (en) 2004-05-06
ES2295098T3 (en) 2008-04-16
DE10058359B4 (en) 2005-12-22
EP1801188B1 (en) 2009-02-18
DE50113115D1 (en) 2007-11-22
US6610111B2 (en) 2003-08-26
US20020095857A1 (en) 2002-07-25
DE50114719D1 (en) 2009-04-02
USRE40758E1 (en) 2009-06-23
JP2002167586A (en) 2002-06-11
DE10058359A1 (en) 2002-06-06
EP1209215A2 (en) 2002-05-29

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