EP1181010A4 - Formulations pharmaceutiques de gomme a macher - Google Patents

Formulations pharmaceutiques de gomme a macher

Info

Publication number
EP1181010A4
EP1181010A4 EP00919655A EP00919655A EP1181010A4 EP 1181010 A4 EP1181010 A4 EP 1181010A4 EP 00919655 A EP00919655 A EP 00919655A EP 00919655 A EP00919655 A EP 00919655A EP 1181010 A4 EP1181010 A4 EP 1181010A4
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
chewing gum
medicament
chewing
individual
agent
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP00919655A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1181010A1 (fr
Inventor
Ronald L Ream
Christine L Corriveau
William J Wokas
Thomas J Tongue
Michael J Greenberg
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
WM Wrigley Jr Co
Original Assignee
WM Wrigley Jr Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by WM Wrigley Jr Co filed Critical WM Wrigley Jr Co
Publication of EP1181010A1 publication Critical patent/EP1181010A1/fr
Publication of EP1181010A4 publication Critical patent/EP1181010A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2072—Pills, tablets, discs, rods characterised by shape, structure or size; Tablets with holes, special break lines or identification marks; Partially coated tablets; Disintegrating flat shaped forms
    • A61K9/2086—Layered tablets, e.g. bilayer tablets; Tablets of the type inert core-active coat
    • A61K9/209—Layered tablets, e.g. bilayer tablets; Tablets of the type inert core-active coat containing drug in at least two layers or in the core and in at least one outer layer
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
    • A23G3/00—Sweetmeats; Confectionery; Marzipan; Coated or filled products
    • A23G3/34—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof
    • A23G3/343—Products for covering, coating, finishing, decorating
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
    • A23G4/00—Chewing gum
    • A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
    • A23G4/08—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds of the chewing gum base
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
    • A23G4/00—Chewing gum
    • A23G4/18—Chewing gum characterised by shape, structure or physical form, e.g. aerated products
    • A23G4/20—Composite products, e.g. centre-filled, multi-layer, laminated
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • A61K9/0056—Mouth soluble or dispersible forms; Suckable, eatable, chewable coherent forms; Forms rapidly disintegrating in the mouth; Lozenges; Lollipops; Bite capsules; Baked products; Baits or other oral forms for animals
    • A61K9/0058—Chewing gums
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • A61P21/02—Muscle relaxants, e.g. for tetanus or cramps
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/02—Nutrients, e.g. vitamins, minerals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
    • A23G2200/00—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF containing organic compounds, e.g. synthetic flavouring agents
    • A23G2200/04—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF containing organic compounds, e.g. synthetic flavouring agents containing vitamins, antibiotics, other medicaments

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to the delivery of medicaments and other agents. More specifically, the present invention relates to the delivery of medicaments and agents using chewing gum formulations.
  • agents to individuals can be used to treat diseases and as such are typically referred to as drugs or medicaments.
  • the drugs or medicaments can be used for prophylactic purposes.
  • agents to an individual for a variety of non- medical purposes including enhancing performance or mamtaining or initiating alertness.
  • agents to an individual run the gamut from stimulants such as caffeine to drugs such as analgesics, tranquilizers, cardiovascular products, insulin, etc. Some such agents are taken on an as needed basis while other agents must be taken at regular intervals by the individual.
  • drugs are administered parenterally or enterally.
  • parenteral administration is the administration of the drug intravenously directly into the blood stream.
  • Enteral refers to the administration of the drug into the gastrointestinal tract.
  • the goal of the drug administration is to move the drug from the site of administration towards the systemic circulation.
  • Passive diffusion is the transport across the cell membrane wherein the driving force for the movement is the concentration gradient of the solute. In orally administered drugs, this absorption occurs in the small intestines.
  • Facilitated diffusion is believed to be based on a carrier component that combines reversibly with the substrate molecule at the cell membrane exterior. The carrier substrate complex diffuses rapidly across the membrane with release of the substrate at the interior surface.
  • Active transport requires an energy expenditure by the cell and appears to be limited to agents with structural similarities to normal body constituents. These agents are usually absorbed from specific sites in the small intestines. Pinocytosis refers to the engulfing of particulars or fluid by a cell. It is believed to play a minor role in drug transport. Merck Manual, 16th Edition, pp. 2598-2599.
  • Drug absorption refers to the process of drug movement from the site of administration toward the systemic circulation.
  • Oral administration of drugs is by far the most common method.
  • drug absorption usually occurs due to the transport of cells across the membranes of the epithelial cells within the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Absorption after oral administration is confounded by numerous factors. These factors include differences down the alimentary cannel in: the luminal pH; surface area per luminal volume; perfusion of tissue, bile, and mucus flow; and the epithelial membranes. See Merck Manual at page 2599.
  • a further issue effecting the absorption of orally administered drugs is the form of the drug.
  • Most orally administered drugs are in the form of tablets or capsules. This is primarily for convenience, economy, stability, and patient acceptance. Accordingly, these capsules or tablets must be disintegrated or dissolved before absorption can occur. There are a variety of factors capable of varying or retarding disintegration of solid dosage forms. Further, there are a variety of factors that effect the dissolution rate and therefore determine the availability of the drug for absorption. See Merck Manual at page 2600.
  • Parental administration allows for the direct placement of the drug into the blood stream. This usually insures complete delivery of the dose to the general circulation. However, administration by a route that requires drug transfer through one or more biologic membranes to reach the blood stream precludes a guarantee that all of the drug will eventually be absorbed. Even with parental administration, because capillaries tend to be highly porous, the perfusion (blood flow/gram of tissue) is a major factor in the rate of absorption. Thus, the injection site can markedly influence a drags' absorption rate; e.g., the absorption rate of diazepam injected LM into a site with poor blood flow can be much slower than following an oral dose. See Merck Manual at page 2601.
  • Bioavailability is defined as the rate at which and the extent to which the active moiety (drug or metabolite) enters the general circulation, thereby gaining access to the site of action. Bioavailability depends upon a number of factors, including how a drug product is designed and manufactured, its physicochemical properties, and factors that relate to the physiology and pathology of the patient. See Merck Manual at page 2602.
  • Bioavailability considerations are most often encountered for orally a ⁇ ninistered drugs. Differences in bioavailability can have profound clinical significance.
  • parental administration does provide a method for eliminating a number of the variables that are present with oral administration
  • parental administration is not a preferable route.
  • parental administration requires the use of medical personnel and is just not warranted nor practical for the administration of most agents and drugs, e.g., analgesics.
  • agents and drugs e.g., analgesics.
  • parenteral administration is not preferred due to patient concerns including comfort, infection, etc., as well as the equipment and costs involved.
  • certain therapies require parenterally injected drugs. For example, research for decades has focused on an attempt to deliver insulin to an individual through a non-parental means. Despite such efforts today insulin is still only administered intravenously.
  • the present invention provides improved methods for delivering a medicament or agent to an individual.
  • chewing gum including a medicament or agent.
  • the medicament or agent is present within the chewing gum composition (the water soluble portion and or insoluble base portion). It has been found that by chewing the gum, the medicament or agent is released from the chewing gum. Continuing to chew the chewing gum creates a pressure within the buccal cavity forcing the agent or medicament directly into the systemic system of the individual through the oral mucosa contained in the buccal cavity. This greatly enhances the absorption of the drug into the systemic system as well as the bioavailability of the drug within the system.
  • Improved chewing gum formulations including medicaments and agents are also provided by the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a method of drug delivery comprising the steps of: providing a chewing gum that includes a medicament in the chewing gum composition; chewing the chewing gum to cause the medicament to be released from the chewing gum composition into the buccal cavity of the chewer; and continuing to chew the chewing gum thereby creating a fluid pressure causing the medicament to enter the systemic system of the chewer through the oral mucosa contained in the buccal cavity.
  • the chewing gum is chewed for at least 2 minutes.
  • the medicament is chosen from the group consisting of: analgesics; muscle relaxants; antacids; antihistamines; decongestants; anti- inflammatories; antibiotics; antivirals; psychotherapeutic agents; insulin; and cardiovascular agents.
  • the chewing gum including the medicament is chewed at least twice a day. In an embodiment, two pieces of chewing gum are chewed at a time.
  • the present invention provides a method for reducing the amount of agent necessary to achieve an effect in an individual as compared to a typical agent that is swallowed.
  • the method comprises the steps of: providing a chewing gum including an agent that is typically swallowed by an individual to achieve a specific effect, the chewing gum including less than the typical amount of agent that is swallowed by the individual to achieve the effect; chewing the chewing gum and thereby causing the agent to be released into the salvia of the individual; and continuing to chew the chewing gum forcing the agent through the mucous membranes in a buccal cavity of the individual.
  • the agent is a medicament.
  • the medicament is chosen from the group consisting of: analgesics; muscle relaxants; antihistamines; decongestants; antacids; anti- inflammatories; antibiotics; antivirals; psychotherapeutic agents; and cardiovascular agents.
  • the chewing gum is chewed for at least 2 minutes.
  • the chewing gum creates a saliva content of agent of at least 0.5 to about 5000 ppm depending on the medicament.
  • the agent is a stimulant.
  • the present invention provides a method of enhancing an individual's performance comprising the steps of: providing chewing gum including a performance enhancing amount of caffeine; and chewing the chewing gum not more than ten minutes before the performance.
  • the performance to be enhanced is athletic.
  • the performance to be enhanced is cognitive. In an embodiment, the performance to be enhanced is alertness.
  • the chewing gum is chewed not more than 5 minutes before the performance.
  • the present invention provides a method of delivering a medicament comprising the steps of: providing a chewing gum including a medicament; and chewing the chewing gum for at least 2 minutes.
  • the medicament is chosen from the group consisting of: analgesics; muscle relaxants; antihistamines; decongestants; antacids; anti- inflammatories; antibiotics; antivirals; psychotherapeutic agents; insulin; and cardiovascular agents.
  • the present invention provides a method of increasing the stimulatory effect of a stimulant that has been previously ingested by an individual comprising the steps of: providing a chewing gum that contains the stimulant; and chewing the chewing gum causing the stimulant to be released by the chewing gum and forced into the oral mucosa of the individual. Accordingly, an advantage of the present invention is to provide new methods for delivering medicaments or agents to an individual.
  • an advantage of the present invention is to provide a method of delivering medicaments to an individual that provides for increase absorption and bioavailability as compared to medicaments that are designed to be absorbed in the GI tract.
  • an advantage of the present invention is to provide a method of administering a medicament or agent to an individual at a lower level than is typically administered orally while still achieving the same effect.
  • an advantage of the present invention is to provide a method for administering drags or agents to an individual that heretofore were administered parentally.
  • an advantage of the present invention is to provide a method for administering drags that is more palatable than current methods.
  • Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a method for enhancing the performance of an individual through the administration of an agent.
  • an advantage of the present invention is to provide an improved method for drag delivery.
  • an advantage of the present invention is to provide a method for creating a triggering effect that creates a synergistic effect with an agent that is present in the systemic circulation of the individual.
  • FIGURES Figure 1 illustrates graphically the results of Experiment No. 1 that is discussed supra.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates graphically the results of Experiment No. 2 that is discussed supra.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates graphically the results of Experiment No. 3 that is discussed supra.
  • the present invention provides improved methods for delivering medicaments and other agents to an individual as well as improved formulations including such medicaments and agents.
  • a medicament or agent is contained in a chewing gum formulation.
  • the medicament or agent is contained directly in the chewing gum composition, e.g., not in a coating around the chewing gum. Accordingly, as the chewing gum is chewed, the medicament or agent is released into the saliva. During continual chewing, the medicament or agent in the saliva is then forced due to the pressure created by the chewing through the oral mucosa in the buccal cavity.
  • the oral mucosa has a thin epithelium and a rich vascularity. Thus, the oral mucosa favors drag absorption.
  • caffeine is commonly used as a stimulant to alleviate the effects of sleep deprivation. It is almost completely metabolized in the liver and therefore classified as a low clearance, flow independent drug. This means its rate of inactivation is unaffected by delivery to the liver and can only be modified by a change in the hepatic enzyme activity.
  • medicaments and agents can be used in the chewing gum.
  • agents include, inter alia, stimulants such as caffeine.
  • medicaments include, inter alia, analgesics, antibiotics, antivirals, antiWstamines, anti-inflammatories, decongestants, antacids, muscle relaxants, psychotherapeutic agents, insulin, and cardiovascular agents.
  • the resultant chewing gum can be used to treat, inter alia: coughs; colds; motion sickness; allergies; fevers; pain; inflammation; sore throats; cold sores; sinus problems; diarrhea; diabetics; depression; anxiety; and other maladies and symptoms.
  • agents/medicaments include, by way of example and not limitation: caffeine; aspirin; acetaminophen; ibuprofen; hydroxycitric acid; chromium picolinate; phosphatidylserine; nicotine; insulin; Echinacea pu ⁇ urea; zinc; vitamin C; ginseng; kola nut; kaua kaua; and chamomile.
  • the agents or medicaments are contained in the chewing gum formulation at levels of approximately 50 micrograms to 500 milligrams. The specific levels will depend on the active ingredient.
  • chromium picolinate is the active ingredient in an embodiment, it would be present at a level of 50 micrograms per serving (2.8 grams stick of gum); aspirin would be preset at a level of 325 milligrams per 2.8/gram serving (stick).
  • the level of medicament or agent in the chewing gum formulation is selected so as to create, when the gum is chewed, a sufficiently high concentration of the medicament or agent in the saliva.
  • the level of the stimulant in the chewing gum should be such that it creates a saliva content of stimulant of approximately 15 to 440 ppm when the chewing gum is chewed for 2 minutes. At this level, a sufficient amount of stimulant will be delivered to the chewer to create the effects set forth in the application. If a medicament is used such as a medicinal (e.g., analgesics), sufficient medicinal should be present in the chewing gum to create a salvia content of approximately 1700 to approximately 4400 ppm after the chewing gum has been chewed for 2 minutes.
  • a medicament such as a medicinal (e.g., analgesics)
  • sufficient medicinal should be present in the chewing gum to create a salvia content of approximately 1700 to approximately 4400 ppm after the chewing gum has been chewed for 2 minutes.
  • the agent should be present in a sufficient amount to create a saliva content of approximately 85 to 1100 ppm when the chewing gum is chewed for 2 minutes.
  • the agents should be present in an amount to create a saliva content of approximately 0.5 to about 900 ppm when chewed for at least two minutes.
  • the agent is a vitamin or mineral (e.g., phosphatidy serine, vitamin C, and zinc)
  • the agent should be present in the amount to create a saliva content of the vitamin or mineral of approximately 10 to about 250 ppm when chewed for 2 minutes.
  • the dosing regiment will change.
  • the medicament is an analgesic
  • the chewing gum would be taken on an as needed basis.
  • the agent is a stimulant such as caffeine to be used to enhance performance than the chewing gum would be chewed, in a preferred embodiment ten minutes or less before the performance.
  • the medicament or agent can be contained in a variety of different chewing gum compositions.
  • the chewing gum including the medicament or agent may be based on a variety of different chewing gums that are known.
  • the chewing gums can be low or high moisture, sugar or sugarless, wax containing or wax free, low calorie (via high base or low calorie bulking agents), and/or may contain dental agents.
  • Chewing gum generally consists of a water insoluble gum base, a water soluble portion, and flavor.
  • the water soluble portion dissipates with a portion of the flavor of the gum over a period of time during chewing.
  • the gum base portion is retained in the mouth throughout the chew.
  • the insoluble gum base generally comprises elastomers, resins, fats and oils, softeners and inorganic fillers.
  • the gum base may or may not include wax.
  • the insoluble gum base can constitute approximately 5% to about 95% by weight of the chewing gum, more commonly the gum base comprises 10% to about 50% of the gum, and in some preferred embodiments approximately 25% to about 35%, by weight, of the chewing gum.
  • the chewing gum base of the present invention contains about 20% to about 60% by weight synthetic elastomer, about 0% to about 30% by weight natural elastomer, about 5% to about 55% by weight elastomer plasticizer, about 4% to about 35% by weight filler, about 5% to about 35% by weight softener, and optional minor amounts (about 1% or less by weight) of miscellaneous ingredients such as colorants, antioxidants, etc.
  • Synthetic elastomers may include, but are not limited to, polyisobutylene with GPC weight average molecular weight of about 10,000 to about 95,000, isobutylene- isoprene copolymer (butyl elastomer), styrene-butadiene, copolymers having styrene- butadiene ratios of about 1:3 to about 3:1, polyvinyl acetate having GPC weight average molecular weight of about 2,000 to about 90,000, polyisoprene, polyethylene, vinyl acetate - vinyl laurate copolymer having vinyl laurate content of about 5% to about 50% by weight of the copolymer, and combinations thereof.
  • Preferred ranges for polyisobutylene are 50,000 to 80,000 GPC weight average molecular weight and for styrene-butadiene are 1:1 to 1:3 bound styrene-butadiene, for polyvinyl acetate are 10,000 to 65,000 GBC weight average molecular weight with the higher molecular weight polyvinyl acetates typically used in bubble gum base, and for vinyl acetate- vinyl laurate, vinyl laurate content of 10-45%.
  • Natural elastomers may include natural rubber such as smoked or liquid latex and guayule as well as natural gums such as jelutong, lechi caspi, perillo, sorva, massaranduba balata, massaranduba chocolate, nispero, rosindinha, chicle, gutta hang kang, and combinations thereof.
  • the preferred synthetic elastomer and natural elastomer concentrations vary depending on whether the chewing gum in which the base is used is adhesive or conventional, bubble gum or regular gum, as discussed below.
  • Preferred natural elastomers include jelutong, chicle, sorva and massaranduba balata.
  • Elastomer plasticizers may include, but are not limited to, natural rosin esters such as glycerol esters or partially hydrogenated rosin, glycerol esters of polymerized rosin, glycerol esters of partially dimerized rosin, glycerol esters of rosin, pentaerythritol esters of partially hydrogenated rosin, methyl and partially hydrogenated methyl esters of rosin, pentaerythritol esters of rosin; synthetics such as te ⁇ ene resins derived from alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and/or d-limonene; and any suitable combinations of the foregoing.
  • the preferred elastomer plasticizers will also vary depending on the specific application, and on the type of elastomer which is used.
  • Fillers/texturizers may include magnesium and calcium carbonate, ground limestone, silicate types such as magnesium and aluminum silicate, clay, alumina, talc, titanium oxide, mono-, di- and tri-calcium phosphate, cellulose polymers, such as wood, and combinations thereof.
  • Softeners/emulsifiers may include tallow, hydrogenated tallow, hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, cocoa butter, glycerol monostearate, glycerol triacetate, lecithin, mono-, di- and triglycerides, acetylated monoglycerides, fatty acids (e.g. stearic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids), and combinations thereof.
  • Colorants and whiteners may include FD&C-type dyes and lakes, fruit and vegetable extracts, titanium dioxide, and combinations thereof.
  • the base may or may not include wax.
  • An example of a wax-free gum base is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,286,500, the disclosure of which is inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
  • a typical chewing gum composition includes a water soluble bulk portion and one or more flavoring agents.
  • the water soluble portion can include bulk sweeteners, high intensity sweeteners, flavoring agents, softeners, emulsifiers, colors, acidulants, fillers, antioxidants, and other components that provide desired attributes.
  • Softeners are added to the chewing gum in order to optimize the chewability and mouth feel of the gum.
  • the softeners which are also known as plasticizers and plasticizing agents, generally constitute between approximately 0.5% to about 15% by weight of the chewing gum.
  • the softeners may include glycerin, lecithin, and combinations thereof.
  • Aqueous sweetener solutions such as those containing sorbitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, corn syrup and combinations thereof, may also be used as softeners and binding agents in chewing gum.
  • Bulk sweeteners include both sugar and sugarless components. Bulk sweeteners typically constitute about 5% to about 95% by weight of the chewing gum, more typically, about 20% to about 80% by weight, and more commonly, about 30% to about 60% by weight of the gum. Sugar sweeteners generally include saccharide-containing components commonly known in the chewing gum art, including but not limited to, sucrose, dextrose, maltose, dextrin, dried invert sugar, fructose, levulose, glactose, corn syrup solids, and the like, alone or in combination.
  • Sugarless sweeteners include, but are not limited to, sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, maltitol, and the like, alone or in combination.
  • High intensity artificial sweeteners can also be used, alone or in combination, with the above.
  • Preferred sweeteners include, but are not limited to, sucralose, aspartame, salts of acesulfame, altitame, saccharin and its salts, cyclamic acid and its salts, glycerrhizinate, dihydrochalcones, thaumatin, monellin, and the like, alone or in combination.
  • Such techniques as wet granulation, wax granulation, spray drying, spray chilling, fluid bed coating, coacervation, and fiber extension may be used to achieve the desired release characteristics.
  • Combinations of sugar and/or sugarless sweeteners may be used in chewing gum. Additionally, the softener may also provide additional sweetness such as with aqueous sugar or alditol solutions.
  • a low caloric bulking agent can be used.
  • low caloric bulking agents include: polydextrose; Raftilose, Raftilin; Fructooligosaccharides (NutraFlora); Palatinose oligosaccharide; Guar Gum Hydrolysate (Sun Fiber); or indigestible dextrin (Fibersol).
  • other low calorie bulking agents can be used.
  • flavoring agents can also be used, if desired.
  • the flavor can be used in amounts of about 0.1 to about 15 weight percent of the gum, and preferably, about 0.2%) to about 5% by weight.
  • Flavoring agents may include essential oils, synthetic flavors or mixtures thereof including, but not limited to, oils derived from plants and fruits such as citrus oils, fruit essences, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, other mint oils, clove oil, oil of wintergreen, anise and the like. Artificial flavoring agents and components may also be used. Natural and artificial flavoring agents may be combined in any sensorially acceptable fashion.
  • the medicament or agent is water soluble in the chewing gum, it preferably will include a base/emulsifier system which leads to the desired concentration of the medicament in the saliva (more hydrophilic balance). If the medicament or agent is water insoluble, the chewing gum preferably includes a base/emulsifier system which leads to the desired concentration of the medicament in the saliva (more lipophilic balance).
  • the agent or medicament is added, preferably, early on in the mix. The smaller the amount of active ingredient used, the more necessary it becomes to preblend that particular ingredient to assume uniform distribution throughout the batch of gum. Whether a preblend is used or not, in a preferred embodiment, the agent or medicament should be added within the first five minutes of mixing.
  • examples of some chewing gum formulations including a medicament or agent are as follows:
  • Formula can be modified to include caffeine.
  • examples testing the chewing gum formulation of the present invention are as follows:
  • the subjects were instructed that they were to have caffeine, alcohol or other drug use for at least 8 hours prior to test. No tobacco products for at least 2 hours prior to test. Subjects must have been awake and active for at least 8 but no more than 16 hours prior to starting the test. Subjects will be required to complete a 10 part questionnaire at the following time points (-20, -10, -5 and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 1 hour after starting to chew the gum. Appropriate analysis of comparison of each individual item of the test and grouped analysis for both positive and negative affect.
  • Figure 1 graphically illustrates alertness versus time. These results demonstrate that by 5 minutes the subject reported that they were quite a bit alert. The alertness response was based on reference Panas feeling and emotion scale.
  • a randomized, single-dose, two-way crossover study was conducted with six (6) healthy, adult, non-tobacco-using male subjects.
  • a single 100 mg does of caffeine was administered in each study period after an overnight fast.
  • the test treatment was two 50mg caffeine chewing gum pieces (sticks), which were chewed for 15 minutes and removed.
  • the reference treatment was one 1 OOmg chewable No-Doz® tablet, which was chewed and swallowed.
  • One of the treatments was given in each period; the order of administration was according to the dosing randomization schedule. There was a 7-day washout between treatments.
  • Plasma samples were collected pre-dose and over 15 hours after each dose. Plasma concentrations of caffeine were measured by a fully validated chromatographic procedure. Samples from subject with measurable pre-dose levels of caffeine were corrected for these levels. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the adjusted data and statistical analyses were performed to compare the test and reference treatments.
  • the 6 subjects who participated in this study were healthy males, in the age range of 25 to 35 years, and within 15% of their ideal weight as specified in the protocol.
  • Test (A) Two 50mg chewing gum sticks, Amurol Confections Co.
  • Admimsfration The subjects received the test and reference after an overnight fast. The subjects randomized to the test first drank 240 ml of room temperature tap water. The chewing gum pieces were then chewed for 15 minutes and deposited into a labeled vial. The subjects randomized to the reference chewed the No-Doz® tablets and then drank 240 ml of room temperature tap water. The order of treatment administration was according to the randomization schedule. All doses were administered at one-minute intervals beginning at 0700 hours. A thorough mouth check was performed to ensure that the chewable tablet was swallowed.
  • Blood pressure (sitting), pulse rate, respiratory rate and oral temperature were measured before each dosing.
  • the investigator considered the measurements of all subjects as clinically acceptable for dosing.
  • Blood pressure and pulse rate measurements (sitting) were obtained approximately one hour after each dose and prior to release in each study period to monitor the health of the subjects. Measurements were repeated if clinically warranted.
  • a blood sample was collected at the time of the last sample of the study for a hematocrit determination. All hematocrit values were within 10% of the normal range (41-50%).
  • A. Quality Control. Standards and Controls Calibration standards were prepared spiking a pool of human, interference-free, heparinized plasma with caffeine (USP Reference, Lot I). The plasma was obtained from Interstate Blood Bank (Memphis, TN). The standards were prepared to contain 0.050, 0.100, 0.200, 0.500, 1.00, 2.00 and 5.00 ⁇ g/ml of caffeine. The caffeine standards and controls were divided into 2.5ml aliquots and stored in the laboratory in polypropylene snap-cap tubes frozen to at least -19°C. The pre-study within-run coefficient of variation ranged from 0.915% to 2.54%.
  • the response ratio for each remaining non-zero standard was plotted as a function of concentration.
  • a linear regression was calculated (R/S 1, version 4.3) by the method of least- squares using (1/CONC) 2 as a weighting factor. With this calibration line, a calculated concentration was determined for each standard sample. Any standard differing by more than ⁇ 25%) from its theoretical value was excluded from the regression and the regression was recalculated.
  • the analyte concentrations in the samples and the controls were estimated from the calibration line by use of the equation: (RATIO - LNTERCEPT)/SLOPE. The analytical run was considered acceptable if 4 of 6 controls passed established acceptance criteria and that at least one control sample was acceptable within each concentration range.
  • Controls within an analytical run were considered acceptable if the low control values differed by no more than ⁇ 20% and the middle and high controls differed by no more than ⁇ 15% from their theoretical values.
  • the concentrations o the controls were graphically displayed to permit visual confirmation of acceptability and identification of trends.
  • Sample Storage and Stability The plasma samples, which were collected in the clinic were transferred to the laboratory and stored frozen to at least -19°C until analyzed. Samples were not identified to the analysts by treatment group. All subjects' samples were analyzed within 19 days of the initial sampling. The frozen stability of caffeine in plasma has been confirmed for 138 days.
  • Peak Identification The retention times of the analyte and the internal standard were identified, in any given analytical run, by comparison to stock standards chromatographed at the beginning of the run and to processed standards chromatographed through the run.
  • Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the actual rather than the scheduled time of sample collection. Graphical presentations of individual subject results also used the exact times of sample collection. Graphical presentations of mean results used the scheduled times of sample collection.
  • Peak concentration (Cmax) was the observed maximum value (corrected for pre- dose levels, if necessary) during the collection period of 0 to 15 hours.
  • the time to peak concentration (Tmax) was the time at which Cmax was observed (or first observed, if more than one peak was present).
  • the apparent first-order elimination rate (Ke) was estimated as the absolute value of the slope of the regression line for the terminal log- linear concentration- time values. The values included in the regression analyses were determined by examination of the individual subject plots of natural logarithm of concentration against time. Elimination half-life (t-'/i) was calculated as 0.693/Ke.
  • AUC Area under the curve
  • C the time of the last non-zero concentration
  • AUCinf Area to infinite time
  • the caffeine chewing gum pieces appear to have a much faster rate of abso ⁇ tion that the No-Doz® chewable tablets.
  • the areas and peak concentrations of the chewing gum were less than half that of No-Doz®, and the time to reach a peak for the gum was
  • Table 1 Comparisons of caffeine results for 50mg chewing gum pieces (Test) vs. lOOmg No-Doz® chewable tablets (Reference) administered as a single lOOmg dose under fasting conditions to 6 subjects.
  • Test Ref Ratio calculated as Test mean divided by Reference mean. 3 Power to detect a difference of 20% (original data) or a ratio of 1.25 (In- transformed data).
  • Figure 3 illustrates graphically % caffeine remaining over chew-out time in minutes.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des procédés et des gommes à mâcher pour l'administration d'un médicament ou d'un agent à un sujet. La gomme à mâcher comprend un médicament ou un agent. Le médicament ou l'agent est présent dans la composition de gomme à mâcher (la portion hydrosoluble et /ou non hydrosoluble). Le médicament ou l'agent est libéré par mastication de la gomme à mâcher. La mastication continue génère une pression à l'intérieur de la cavité buccale permettant au médicament ou à l'agent de s'introduire par force dans l'organisme systémique du sujet à travers la muqueuse orale présente dans la cavité buccale, optimisant ainsi considérablement l'absorption du médicament dans l'organisme systémique de même que la biodisponibilité du médicament au sein de l'organisme.
EP00919655A 1999-04-06 2000-03-24 Formulations pharmaceutiques de gomme a macher Withdrawn EP1181010A4 (fr)

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Title
See also references of WO0121156A1 *

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JP2003509455A (ja) 2003-03-11
RU2001126555A (ru) 2003-06-20
WO2001021156A1 (fr) 2001-03-29
US7078052B2 (en) 2006-07-18
EP1181010A1 (fr) 2002-02-27
AU784112B2 (en) 2006-02-09
RU2219912C2 (ru) 2003-12-27
US20040180007A1 (en) 2004-09-16
CA2369515A1 (fr) 2001-03-29
AU4030800A (en) 2001-04-24

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