EP1174524A2 - Surface layer for forming a running layer on a cylinder wall, coating powder therefor and process for producing such a surface layer - Google Patents
Surface layer for forming a running layer on a cylinder wall, coating powder therefor and process for producing such a surface layer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1174524A2 EP1174524A2 EP01810455A EP01810455A EP1174524A2 EP 1174524 A2 EP1174524 A2 EP 1174524A2 EP 01810455 A EP01810455 A EP 01810455A EP 01810455 A EP01810455 A EP 01810455A EP 1174524 A2 EP1174524 A2 EP 1174524A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- percent
- weight
- surface layer
- weight percent
- spray powder
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/06—Metallic material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/14—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying for coating elongate material
- C23C4/16—Wires; Tubes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/06—Metallic material
- C23C4/08—Metallic material containing only metal elements
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
- Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
- Y10T428/12063—Nonparticulate metal component
Definitions
- patent application EP 99 81 1122.3 describes a method for so-called “reactive spraying", in which FeO (wustite) and Fe 3 O 4 crystals (magnetite) are formed in the plasma spray layer by controlled addition of oxygen during the plasma spraying. This improves the coefficient of friction and machinability.
- the added substances mentioned form when the plasma spray is applied Layer the separate phases according to the invention.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
- Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine gemäss dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 ausgebildete Oberflächenschicht zur Bildung einer Lauffläche auf einer Zylinderwandung, ein im Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 8 definiertes Spritzpulver zur Erzeugung der Oberflächenschicht sowie ein im Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 18 umschriebenes Verfahren zur Erzeugung solcher Oberflächenschichten.The invention relates to a trained according to the preamble of claim 1 Surface layer to form a tread on a cylinder wall, an im Preamble of claim 8 defined spray powder for producing the surface layer and a method for generating circumscribed in the preamble of claim 18 such surface layers.
Das thermische Beschichten von Zylinderlaufflächen mittels Plasmaspritzverfahren ist bereits bekannt, z.B. aus der Veröffentlichung EP-B1-0 716 156, "Brennkraftmaschinenblock mit beschichteten Zylinderbüchsen".The thermal coating of cylinder running surfaces by means of plasma spraying is already known, e.g. from publication EP-B1-0 716 156, "Internal combustion engine block with coated cylinder liners ".
Die Zerspanbarkeit solcher Plasmaspritzschichten durch Honen, Läppen, Feinspindeln oder Schleifen war jedoch bis anhin beschränkt, so dass die Bearbeitungskosten relativ hoch lagen, insbesondere was die Bearbeitungszeit und die Lebensdauer der Werkzeuge anbelangt.The machinability of such plasma spray coatings by honing, lapping, fine spindles However, grinding has been limited so far, making processing costs relative were high, especially in terms of machining time and tool life As.
Die Zerspanbarkeit solcher Plasmaspritzschichen kann durch Zugabe von Festschmierstoffen deutlich erhöht werden, z.B. durch Zugabe von hexagonalem Bornitrid BN, von MoS2 oder von WS2. Bornitrid und die genannten Sulfide lassen sich jedoch nur schlecht in die Schichten einbringen, weil sie mit dem Sauerstoff der Luft reagieren oder durch die hohe Temperatur des Plasmas zersetzt werden. Sie müssen durch kostspielige Umhüllung geschützt werden.The machinability of such plasma spray layers can be increased significantly by adding solid lubricants, for example by adding hexagonal boron nitride BN, MoS 2 or WS 2 . However, boron nitride and the sulfides mentioned can only be introduced into the layers with difficulty because they react with the oxygen in the air or are decomposed by the high temperature of the plasma. They have to be protected by expensive wrapping.
Weiter ist in der Patentanmeldung EP 99 81 1122.3 ein Verfahren zum sog. "Reaktivspritzen" beschrieben, bei welchem durch kontrollierte Sauerstoffzugabe während des Plasmaspritzens in der Plasmaspritzschicht FeO- (Wustite) und Fe3O4-Kristalle (Magnetite) gebildet werden. Dadurch werden der Reibungskoeffizient und die Zerspanbarkeit verbessert.Furthermore, the patent application EP 99 81 1122.3 describes a method for so-called "reactive spraying", in which FeO (wustite) and Fe 3 O 4 crystals (magnetite) are formed in the plasma spray layer by controlled addition of oxygen during the plasma spraying. This improves the coefficient of friction and machinability.
Schliesslich sind aus der GB-A-2 297 053 Einsatzbüchsen für Zylinderlaufflächen bekannt, welche aus supereutektischen Aluminium/Silizium-Legierungen bestehen. Die Einsatzbüchse wird nach dem Einsetzen in den Motorblock einer mechanischen Bearbeitung unterzogen, indem deren Oberfläche zuerst grob und dann fein bearbeitet wird. In einer letzten Bearbeitungsphase wird die Oberfläche gehont. Nach dem Hohnen stehen diejenigen Partikel, die härter sind als die Mikrostruktur der Basislegierung, namentlich Silikon Kristalle und intermetallische Phasen, etwas über die eigentliche Oberfläche vor. Durch diese exponierten Partikel soll die Verschleissfestigkeit verbessert werden.Finally, from GB-A-2 297 053 insert liners for cylinder running surfaces are known, which consist of super eutectic aluminum / silicon alloys. The Insert sleeve is subjected to mechanical processing after being inserted into the engine block subjected to a first rough processing and then finishing. The surface is honed in a final processing phase. Stand after honing those particles that are harder than the microstructure of the base alloy, namely Silicon crystals and intermetallic phases, slightly above the actual surface in front. These exposed particles are said to improve wear resistance become.
Ausgehend vom bekannten Stand der Technik besteht die Aufgabe der Erfindung darin, eine Oberflächenschicht zur Bildung einer Lauffläche auf einer Zylinderwandung gemäss dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 vorzuschlagen, welche einfach auf die Zylinderwandung aufbringbar und deutlich besser zerspanbar ist, ohne dass die anderen wichtigen Funktionen des Schichtwerkstoffs negativ beeinflusst werden. Insbesondere sollen die Verschleissfestigkeit und der niedrige Reibungskoeffizient gegenüber den mit der Oberflächenschicht in Berührung kommenden Kolbenringwerkstoffen erhalten bleiben oder sogar verbessert werden.Starting from the known prior art, the object of the invention is according to a surface layer for forming a tread on a cylinder wall propose the preamble of claim 1, which simply on the cylinder wall can be applied and is much easier to machine without the others important functions of the layer material can be negatively affected. In particular the wear resistance and the low coefficient of friction compared to the piston ring materials that come into contact with the surface layer or even be improved.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch die im Kennzeichen des Anspruchs 1 genannten Massnahmen gelöst.This object is achieved by the measures mentioned in the characterizing part of claim 1 solved.
Erfindungsgemäss ist die separate Phasen von Bestandteilen auweisende Oberflächenschicht zur Bildung einer Lauffläche auf einer Zylinderwandung durch Plasmaspritzen eines eisenhaltigen Spritzpulvers erzeugt, welches alle Bestandteile der zu erzeugenden Oberflächenschicht enthält.According to the invention, the separate phases of constituent surface layer to form a tread on a cylinder wall by plasma spraying an iron-containing wettable powder, which contains all components of the Contains surface layer.
Die Oberflächenschicht kann entweder direkt auf die Zylinderwandung aufgebracht werden oder auf eine Einsatzbüchse, welche zur Bildung der Lauffläche in die Zylinderbohrung eingesetzt wird.The surface layer can either be applied directly to the cylinder wall or on an insert sleeve, which is used to form the tread in the cylinder bore is used.
Nebst einem überwiegenden Anteil an Eisen sind bevorzugte Zugabestoffe Chrom, Mangan, Schwefel und Kohlenstoff. Geeignet sind z.B. aber auch Bismut, Blei, Tellur und Selen. Die genannten Stoffe können in elementarer Form oder in Form von Verbindungen zugegeben werden.In addition to a predominant proportion of iron, preferred addition substances are chromium, Manganese, sulfur and carbon. Suitable are e.g. but also bismuth, lead, tellurium and selenium. The substances mentioned can be in elemental form or in the form of compounds be added.
Die erwähnten Zugabestoffe bilden beim Abkühlen der durch Plasmaspritzen aufgebrachten Schicht die erfindungsgemässen separaten Phasen.The added substances mentioned form when the plasma spray is applied Layer the separate phases according to the invention.
Naturgemäss weisen die erzeugten Spritzschichten dieselbe Zusammensetzung auf wie die eingesetzten Spritzpulver.Naturally, the spray layers produced have the same composition as the wettable powder used.
Im Anspruch 8 wird zudem ein Spritzpulver zur Erzeugung von Oberflächenschichten nach Anspruch 1 und im Anspruch 17 ein Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Oberflächenschichten nach Anspruch 1 vorgeschlagen. Bevorzugte Zusammensetzungen des Pritzpulvers sind in den Ansprüchen 9 bis 16 umschrieben während ein bevorzugtes Ausführungsbeispiel des Verfahrens zur Erzeugung der Oberflächenschichten im Anspruch 18 definiert ist.In claim 8 is also a wettable powder for the production of surface layers according to claim 1 and in claim 17, a method for producing surface layers proposed according to claim 1. Preferred compositions of the Spray powders are described in claims 9 to 16 while a preferred one Embodiment of the method for producing the surface layers in the claim 18 is defined.
Die Spritzpulver weisen zweckmässigerweise eine Teilchengrösse von 5 bis 60 µm, vorzugsweise eine solche von 10 bis 45 µm, auf.The wettable powders expediently have a particle size of 5 to 60 μm, preferably that of 10 to 45 µm.
Ein Spritzpulver der folgenden Zusammensetzung wird gasverdüst und durch Plasmaspritzen
auf die Zylinderlauffläche aufgebracht:
Vorzugsweise weist das Spritzpulver folgende Zusammensetzung auf:
Ein Spritzpulver der folgenden Zusammensetzung wird gasverdüst und durch Plasmaspritzen
auf die Zylinderlauffläche aufgebracht:
Die so erzeugten Schichten sind korrosionsbeständig gegenüber Schwefel- und Ameisensäure, d.h. Kondensaten die sich in Verbrennungskraftmaschinen bilden können.The layers produced in this way are corrosion-resistant to sulfuric and formic acid, i.e. Condensates that can form in internal combustion engines.
Die vorgeschlagenen Oberflächenschichten sowie die vorgeschlagenen Pulver eignen sich insbesondere zum direkten Aufbringen auf die Zylinderwandung von Motorblöcken, insbesondere von Motorblöcken aus Leichtmetall. Natürlich können auch in die Zylinderbohrung einzusetzende bzw. eingesetzte Einsatzbüchsen mit der vorgeschlagenen Oberflächenschicht versehen werden. Vorzugsweise wird das Spritzpulver mittels einer Plasmaspritzvorrichtung mit einem rotierenden Plasmatron aufgetragen.The proposed surface layers and the proposed powders are suitable especially for direct application to the cylinder wall of engine blocks, especially of light metal engine blocks. Of course you can also in the cylinder bore Insert rifles to be used or inserted with the proposed Be provided on the surface layer. The wettable powder is preferably by means of a Plasma spraying device applied with a rotating plasma matron.
Claims (18)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH11742000 | 2000-06-14 | ||
CH01174/00A CH694664A5 (en) | 2000-06-14 | 2000-06-14 | By plasma spraying a powder spray applied iron-containing layer on a cylinder surface. |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1174524A2 true EP1174524A2 (en) | 2002-01-23 |
EP1174524A3 EP1174524A3 (en) | 2009-03-11 |
EP1174524B1 EP1174524B1 (en) | 2016-12-21 |
Family
ID=4561420
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP01810455.4A Expired - Lifetime EP1174524B1 (en) | 2000-06-14 | 2001-05-10 | Surface layer for forming a running layer on a cylinder wall, coating powder therefor and process for producing such a surface layer |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6578539B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1174524B1 (en) |
JP (2) | JP2002047550A (en) |
KR (1) | KR100596124B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2347980C (en) |
CH (1) | CH694664A5 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2619929T3 (en) |
PT (1) | PT1174524T (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2011147526A1 (en) * | 2010-05-22 | 2011-12-01 | Daimler Ag | Wire-like spray material, functional layer which can be produced therewith and process for coating a substrate with a spray material |
FR2974610A1 (en) * | 2011-04-26 | 2012-11-02 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Method for producing surfaces of combustion chamber of engine block of vehicle, involves mechanically applying aqueous solution of stable salt on surface of barrels for enhancing chemical bonding between iron and aluminum alloy |
EP2829713A1 (en) | 2013-07-26 | 2015-01-28 | Sulzer Metco AG | Workpiece with a recess for holding a piston |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH695339A5 (en) | 2002-02-27 | 2006-04-13 | Sulzer Metco Ag | Cylinder surface layer for internal combustion engines and methods for their preparation. |
DE10324279B4 (en) * | 2003-05-28 | 2006-04-06 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Use of FeC alloy to renew the surface of cylinder liners |
JP2005307857A (en) * | 2004-04-21 | 2005-11-04 | Toyota Motor Corp | Cylinder block and its manufacturing method |
US7487840B2 (en) * | 2004-11-12 | 2009-02-10 | Wear Sox, L.P. | Wear resistant layer for downhole well equipment |
WO2007135683A2 (en) * | 2006-05-23 | 2007-11-29 | Perspective D.S.S Ltd. | Credit management system and method |
KR100878878B1 (en) * | 2007-06-14 | 2009-01-15 | 주식회사뉴테크 | Coating method of engine block liner outside using thermal spray technology |
US20120048227A1 (en) * | 2008-11-20 | 2012-03-01 | Volvo Aero Corproation | Method for coating an exhaust port and apparatus for performing the method |
EP2417324B1 (en) | 2009-04-07 | 2017-05-17 | Frank's International, Inc. | Friction reducing wear band and method of coupling a wear band to a tubular |
DE102012015405B4 (en) * | 2012-08-03 | 2014-07-03 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Cylinder liner and method for its production |
US9920412B2 (en) | 2013-08-28 | 2018-03-20 | Antelope Oil Tool & Mfg. Co. | Chromium-free thermal spray composition, method, and apparatus |
JP7437607B2 (en) | 2020-03-26 | 2024-02-26 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Thermal spray coatings and materials |
Citations (4)
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---|---|---|---|---|
EP0607779A1 (en) * | 1993-01-22 | 1994-07-27 | Sulzer Metco (US) Inc. | Thermal spray method for coating cylinder bores for internal combustion engines |
EP0716156A1 (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1996-06-12 | Ford Motor Company Limited | An engine block using coated cylinder bore liners |
GB2297053A (en) * | 1994-10-28 | 1996-07-24 | Daimler Benz Ag | .Cylinder liner for a reciprocating piston engine and method of producing such a cylinder liner. |
GB2320033A (en) * | 1996-12-05 | 1998-06-10 | Fmc Corp | Improvements in strength and wear resistance of mechanical components by adhering an alloy |
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-
2000
- 2000-06-14 CH CH01174/00A patent/CH694664A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2001
- 2001-05-10 ES ES01810455.4T patent/ES2619929T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-05-10 PT PT1810455T patent/PT1174524T/en unknown
- 2001-05-10 EP EP01810455.4A patent/EP1174524B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-05-15 US US09/855,471 patent/US6578539B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-05-17 CA CA002347980A patent/CA2347980C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-06-07 JP JP2001172095A patent/JP2002047550A/en active Pending
- 2001-06-13 KR KR1020010033134A patent/KR100596124B1/en active IP Right Grant
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2005
- 2005-06-21 JP JP2005180905A patent/JP2005325452A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP0607779A1 (en) * | 1993-01-22 | 1994-07-27 | Sulzer Metco (US) Inc. | Thermal spray method for coating cylinder bores for internal combustion engines |
GB2297053A (en) * | 1994-10-28 | 1996-07-24 | Daimler Benz Ag | .Cylinder liner for a reciprocating piston engine and method of producing such a cylinder liner. |
EP0716156A1 (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1996-06-12 | Ford Motor Company Limited | An engine block using coated cylinder bore liners |
GB2320033A (en) * | 1996-12-05 | 1998-06-10 | Fmc Corp | Improvements in strength and wear resistance of mechanical components by adhering an alloy |
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Title |
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2011147526A1 (en) * | 2010-05-22 | 2011-12-01 | Daimler Ag | Wire-like spray material, functional layer which can be produced therewith and process for coating a substrate with a spray material |
US9487660B2 (en) | 2010-05-22 | 2016-11-08 | Daimler Ag | Wire-like spray material, functional layer which can be produced therewith and process for coating a substrate with a spray material |
FR2974610A1 (en) * | 2011-04-26 | 2012-11-02 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Method for producing surfaces of combustion chamber of engine block of vehicle, involves mechanically applying aqueous solution of stable salt on surface of barrels for enhancing chemical bonding between iron and aluminum alloy |
EP2829713A1 (en) | 2013-07-26 | 2015-01-28 | Sulzer Metco AG | Workpiece with a recess for holding a piston |
US9556819B2 (en) | 2013-07-26 | 2017-01-31 | Oerlikon Metco Ag, Wohlen | Workpiece having a cut-out for receiving a piston |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20010112649A (en) | 2001-12-20 |
KR100596124B1 (en) | 2006-07-05 |
CA2347980A1 (en) | 2001-12-14 |
CA2347980C (en) | 2004-12-07 |
JP2005325452A (en) | 2005-11-24 |
EP1174524A3 (en) | 2009-03-11 |
US20020011243A1 (en) | 2002-01-31 |
JP2002047550A (en) | 2002-02-15 |
CH694664A5 (en) | 2005-05-31 |
US6578539B2 (en) | 2003-06-17 |
PT1174524T (en) | 2017-01-23 |
ES2619929T3 (en) | 2017-06-27 |
EP1174524B1 (en) | 2016-12-21 |
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