EP1157869A2 - Additional electrical heating device for vehicles - Google Patents

Additional electrical heating device for vehicles Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1157869A2
EP1157869A2 EP00112395A EP00112395A EP1157869A2 EP 1157869 A2 EP1157869 A2 EP 1157869A2 EP 00112395 A EP00112395 A EP 00112395A EP 00112395 A EP00112395 A EP 00112395A EP 1157869 A2 EP1157869 A2 EP 1157869A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heating
heating elements
power
elements
control device
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP00112395A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1157869B1 (en
EP1157869B2 (en
EP1157869A3 (en
Inventor
Klaus Dr. Beetz
Franz Bohlender
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Catem GmbH and Co KG
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Catem GmbH and Co KG
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Application filed by Catem GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Catem GmbH and Co KG
Priority to EP00112395A priority Critical patent/EP1157869B2/en
Publication of EP1157869A2 publication Critical patent/EP1157869A2/en
Publication of EP1157869A3 publication Critical patent/EP1157869A3/en
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/22—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant
    • B60H1/2215—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant the heat being derived from electric heaters
    • B60H1/2225—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant the heat being derived from electric heaters arrangements of electric heaters for heating air
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/22—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant
    • B60H1/2215—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant the heat being derived from electric heaters
    • B60H1/2218—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant the heat being derived from electric heaters controlling the operation of electric heaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H3/00—Air heaters
    • F24H3/02—Air heaters with forced circulation
    • F24H3/04—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element
    • F24H3/0405—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element using electric energy supply, e.g. the heating medium being a resistive element; Heating by direct contact, i.e. with resistive elements, electrodes and fins being bonded together without additional element in-between
    • F24H3/0429—For vehicles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H3/00—Air heaters
    • F24H3/02—Air heaters with forced circulation
    • F24H3/04—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element
    • F24H3/0405—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element using electric energy supply, e.g. the heating medium being a resistive element; Heating by direct contact, i.e. with resistive elements, electrodes and fins being bonded together without additional element in-between
    • F24H3/0429—For vehicles
    • F24H3/0441—Interfaces between the electrodes of a resistive heating element and the power supply means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H9/00—Details
    • F24H9/18—Arrangement or mounting of grates or heating means
    • F24H9/1854—Arrangement or mounting of grates or heating means for air heaters
    • F24H9/1863—Arrangement or mounting of electric heating means
    • F24H9/1872—PTC
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
    • H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
    • H05B1/0227—Applications
    • H05B1/023—Industrial applications
    • H05B1/0236—Industrial applications for vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
    • H05B3/48—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material
    • H05B3/50—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material heating conductor arranged in metal tubes, the radiating surface having heat-conducting fins
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/02—Heaters using heating elements having a positive temperature coefficient
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K1/00—Printed circuits
    • H05K1/02—Details
    • H05K1/0201—Thermal arrangements, e.g. for cooling, heating or preventing overheating
    • H05K1/0203—Cooling of mounted components
    • H05K1/0204—Cooling of mounted components using means for thermal conduction connection in the thickness direction of the substrate

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electric auxiliary heater for motor vehicles according to the Preamble of claim 1.
  • Electric heaters are used in motor vehicles, for example, to heat the Indoor air, for preheating cooling water in water-cooled engines or Heating of fuel used.
  • Such additional heaters exist usually from at least one heating level with heating elements and one Control device.
  • the heating elements are usually an electrical heating resistor, especially designed as a PTC element.
  • the heater and the control unit can both formed as separate functional units as well as a structural unit be summarized.
  • a disadvantage of a separate design is that connecting lines between Heating and control unit are required, some of which conduct significant currents to have.
  • the power loss generated in the control unit must be separate be dissipated.
  • An electrical heating device for motor vehicles is known from EP-A2-0 901 311.
  • the additional heater described comprises several to a heating block composite heating elements.
  • the heating block is combined with a Control device for controlling the heating elements in a common frame held. In this way, the control device forms with that in the frame held heating block a structural unit.
  • the control device includes one Power electronics with electronic switches that have heat sinks.
  • EP-A2-0 837 381 describes an electric heater in which both the heating elements and a control device are arranged in a structural unit.
  • this Document are various control concepts for additional electrical heaters described.
  • the simplest power control for an additional heating consisting of several individual separate heating circuits consists of simultaneous activation of the Heating levels.
  • Such a control using the example of three heating levels is shown in Fig. 5a shown.
  • the outputs P1, P2 and P3 of the individual heating levels are each separate shown. If the heating requirement increases, the heating levels are controlled evenly, so that each of the individual stages produces an increasingly greater heating output.
  • the Total heating power P is shown in the bottom diagram in FIG. 5a.
  • the Total output P corresponds to the sum of the individual heating outputs P1 to P3.
  • Such control enables a uniformly distributed heating of the entire Additional heating.
  • a disadvantage of such a power control is that in the Control device for all heating levels creates a high power loss at the same time.
  • the power loss that arises in the control device can then be reduced if the power to be delivered by each heating circuit or heating element is separate is adjustable.
  • the individual heating levels are independent of each other controlled and sequentially regulated with increasing heating requirements.
  • Fig. 5b except for one heating level, all others are either with No load or operated at full load. If the heating requirement is low, the first one Heating level up to full load operation. If heating requirements continue to increase additionally a second heating level adjusted. Then the third can Heating level can be adjusted until all heating levels are operated at full heating power become.
  • the total heating power P increases, as in the bottom diagram in Fig. 5b shown in the same way as for the simultaneous control of the heating levels acc. Fig. 5a.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a further improved additional heating.
  • the heating power is varied in that the current that flows through heating elements with a pulse width modulation is modulated.
  • Such a power regulation has the advantage that the Power loss can be reduced particularly effectively.
  • the heating output results from the Duty cycle with which the current is clocked.
  • the duty cycle is Adaptation to a requested heating output variable. This allows one Achieve continuous power control of the auxiliary heating.
  • the uniformity of the Heat generation by the heating elements is improved in that a Control of the heating levels takes place at different times.
  • The varies Switching between zero load and full load operation of adjacent heating levels in time.
  • the time offset is controlled so that the total current drawn remains as constant as possible in order to load the To cause energy supply, for example in a car's electrical system.
  • the uniformity of the heat generation by the heating elements can thereby further be improved that a timing of the heating levels offset in time he follows.
  • the switch between zero load and full load operation varies neighboring heating levels in time.
  • Peak loads can also be avoided if the heating levels are not synchronized, but only one of the heating levels at a time is switched on or off by the clocking.
  • FIG. 1a is a side view of the electrical auxiliary heater 1 according to the invention shown, which is particularly suitable for use in motor vehicles.
  • Fig. 1b shows a supervision of the electric auxiliary heater 1.
  • the electric auxiliary heater 1 contains a heating block made up of a plurality of layered or stacked Heating elements 2 exists. Each heating element 2 consists of one Resistance heating element and adjacent radiators or Heat conducting plates. PTC elements are preferably used as resistance heating elements used.
  • the heating block from the heating elements 2 is held in a frame. This frame consists of opposite longitudinal bars 3 and perpendicular to it arranged side rails 4 and 5.
  • the rails of the frame are either made Made of metal or plastic.
  • longitudinal bars 3 are constructed essentially symmetrically, differentiate the two side rails 4 and 5 in the embodiment shown in Fig. 1.
  • the side rail 5 is a box open on one side educated.
  • the opening of this box-shaped side member 5 is on the Heating elements 2 opposite side of the side member 5.
  • this box is one Control device can be used, the heat output of the individual heating elements 2 by Control of the current supplied to the heating elements 2 controls.
  • the open side of the formed as a box side spar 5 is after inserting the control circuit closed with a clip-on or clip-on lid.
  • the board 10 of the control device is preferably perpendicular to after insertion Arranged frame level, but a parallel arrangement is also possible (not shown).
  • the auxiliary heater 1 is supplied with power via two connecting bolts 8. You are so trained that they can easily conduct the required heating currents.
  • connecting bolts 8 protrude on the side out, on which the box-shaped side member 5 is open.
  • the side rail 5 has on the sides that lie in the plane of the frame, Window openings 7 on. These window openings are arranged so that they too lie in the air flow to be heated. Between the opposite Window openings 7, cooling elements 6 are arranged, which to the Power electronics components of the control circuit belong. In operation it will not only the heating block from the heating elements 2, but also the window openings 7 interspersed with air to be heated.
  • the choice of the size of the window openings 7 allows the proportion of the air volume to increase determine which flows past the cooling elements 6.
  • the air flow becomes like this that the air flowing through the heating block and that at the heat sinks 6 air flowing past should show as little temperature difference as possible. Only if the temperature of the air flowing through the window openings 7 that of the Heating block comes as close as possible to the air flowed, the highest possible efficiency reached when operating the auxiliary heater.
  • FIG. 3 shows a detailed view of the box-shaped side member 5 and the in this applicable control circuit.
  • the side rail 5 is on one side with the Longitudinal bars 3 and the heating block connected to the heating elements 2.
  • the window-shaped openings 7 can be seen through the top of the side member 5 that the air to be heated passes through.
  • the underside is on the side of the control device 5a facing the side rail 5 to recognize the circuit board 10.
  • Three cooling elements 6 protrude from this circuit board 10. Each of these cooling elements or cooling plates is one of the power transistors 11 Assigned heating level.
  • each cooling element 6 there are corresponding window openings 7 in the surface of the Side spar 5 provided. As a result, each cooling element is targeted during operation Airflow supplied.
  • a further connecting bolt 8b can be seen on the side facing outwards.
  • This connection pin serves as an electrical ground pole when power is supplied.
  • the connecting bolt 8b is connected to the line rail 13 shown in FIG. 4, which supplies the heating current to individual heating levels. Each of the heating levels is removed via their power transistor 11 up to about 40 amperes via the line rail 13 amount of electricity supplied.
  • Fig. 4 is a further detailed perspective view of the side rail 5 and in the box-shaped opening of the side member 5 insertable control circuit shown.
  • Window openings 7 can be seen. These window openings are arranged so that they are above and below the cooling elements 6 when the control circuit in the Side rail 5 is inserted. For targeted control of the air flow between the Window openings 7 can be provided in the side rail 5 additional walls, which are not shown in the figures.
  • the connecting straps 15 are inside the box-shaped opening of the side rail 5 to recognize the heating elements 2. There is a connecting strap 15 for each heating level intended.
  • Control electronics On a circuit board 10, in addition to the power electronics components 11 Control electronics provided.
  • the control electronics determine that of the Power electronics components 11, in particular the power transistors, to the amount of electricity to be delivered to each associated heating element 2.
  • the amount of electricity the control circuit from one of the connecting bolts 8 via a line rail 13 fed.
  • the output of the power transistor 11 is soldered to the circuit board 10 and connected to the spring element 14 assigned to this transistor.
  • the spring elements 14 are attached to the circuit board so that they Put the control device in the side rails 5 with the Terminal lugs 15 of the heating elements 2 are connected.
  • the terminal lugs 15 are through the board 10 inserted into the spring elements 14.
  • Such an arrangement allows a fixed one mechanical fixation of the circuit board 10 with the control electronics in the frame. At the same time, electrical contact is made with the respective heating elements causes.
  • the circuit board 10 is only equipped with components on one side. According to the number of The circuit board has heating stages horizontally on power transistors 11 fastened thereon on. In the exemplary embodiment there are three heating levels and accordingly three Power transistors provided. Each power transistor 11 is on its Output connection soldered to the circuit board 10.
  • a terminal lug protrudes from the transistor, to which a cooling element 6 is attached is.
  • the cooling element 6 is advantageously not electrically conductive with the heating element connected.
  • the cooling element 6 has cooling fins which lie in a plane which is perpendicular to the Circuit board stands. In the exemplary embodiment shown, the cooling fins are also not on the assembled side of the board. Only one leg of the cooling element 6 protrudes the populated side of the board and is with the terminal lug of the transistor 11th connected to dissipate the heat generated by the transistor. In the shown Embodiment protrudes the leg of the connected to the transistor 11 Cooling element 6 through an opening in the board 10 on the populated side of the board 10. These openings in FIG. 4 are each arranged to the left of the transistors 11 detect. However, it can also protrude over the edge of the board, so that a Opening in the board 10 is not required.
  • a corresponding arrangement of the components of transistor 11, spring element 14 and cooling element 6 is provided for each heating level on the board.
  • FIG. A computing unit 16 preferably a Microcomputer, controls the heating power of several electrical heating resistors 17.
  • the high currents to achieve a total heating output in the range of 1000 to 2000 Watts are required via power semiconductors 11, in particular Power transistors, the electrical heating resistors 17 supplied.
  • Which Amount of current from the transistors 11 to the resistors 17 is determined
  • Control device 16 depending on the control method used and predetermined target values.
  • the computing unit 16 is connected separately via lines 18 each of the power transistors 11 connected.
  • the total heating power generated by the heating resistors 17 regulates the Computing unit 16 as a function of the desired heating output.
  • the maximum generator power available in a motor vehicle of the control system can also be the maximum generator power available in a motor vehicle of the control system.
  • each of the individual heating resistors contributes to the total heating output depends on the selected performance control concept. Unlike known ones According to the invention, linear control concepts become a clocked control used. 6a and 6b are examples of a clocked power control reproduced.
  • the additional heater in turn preferably consists of three separate heating circuits with electrical heating resistors 17. The The heating power of each individual resistor 17 is indicated by P1, P2 and P3. The The resulting total heating output is shown in the bottom diagram for P.
  • Each heating circuit is controlled by the control device 1 with a fixed frequency f Period T clocked.
  • the performance of each individual heating element 17 results from the duty cycle.
  • By modulating the width of the pulses it is possible to Infinitely variable heating output.
  • the inertia of the heating elements from heating resistors and heat-conducting elements (for example radiators) in the heat conduction causes one temperature corresponding to the average heating output.
  • the fluctuations in The temperature of the heating elements is therefore wide compared to that of the currents less strong.
  • the power control shown in FIG. 6a corresponds in principle to that with reference linear modulation described in FIG. 5a. Accordingly, for generation a predetermined total heating output all heating elements evenly controlled. With increasing total heating output, the heating output of all individuals decreases Heating elements accordingly.
  • a duty cycle of 70% is given for each of the pulses. Accordingly, 70% of the maximum possible heating output is generated.
  • the dashed line labeled P 70% indicates the average effective heating output of all heating elements, while the solid line shows the instantaneous output.
  • a corresponding control for a 30% total heating output is shown in FIG. 6b.
  • the different heating elements are keyed synchronously in time with every cycle to a sudden increase in the additional heating withdrawn generator power or to an abrupt drop.
  • This Switching between zero load and full load with every cycle leads to a irregular and disturbing load on the generator.
  • Correspondingly pulsates also the total amount of heat given off by the additional heating.
  • the strong Fluctuations in the momentary total output is shown by the solid lines in the bottom diagrams shown in Fig. 6a and 6b.
  • FIG. 7a and 7b show examples of such a time offset.
  • the three Heating levels are clocked with a time offset t.
  • the respective one is active Pulse width of the individual heating stages distributed over an entire period T of a cycle. In this way, the total heating output is generated much more evenly over time.
  • 7a and 7b is a relatively constant instantaneous total heating power compared to FIGS. 6a and 6b recognizable in the bottom diagram.
  • the various heating circuits are controlled sequentially with a predetermined time offset within a frequency period. In this way, a simultaneous doubling of current and thus an increased load on a (motor vehicle) generator is avoided.
  • the activation of a further heating stage takes place in each case during the pauses in the further heating stages, as shown in FIG. 7b.
  • 7b is a seamless one Connection of the total current in the bottom diagram, which shows the total heating power P reproduces, at the transition from the last pulse of a period T from the third heating element to recognize the first pulse of a new period T from the first heating element.
  • Fig. 5b Control concept is further improved.
  • the heating levels increase The heating power requirement is not increased sequentially, but only one
  • the heating level is adjustable. All other additional heating levels are either can only be operated under full load or no load. These heating levels can be increased or decreased as required. be switched off.
  • the heating power of this heating level is continuously adjustable (usually over a variety of discrete values).
  • This concept can also be applied to clocked modulation. This is the Heating output of a stage continuously by setting the duty cycle TV adjustable. Additional heating levels are switched on or off as required.
  • Such Regulation has the advantage that only one stage is clocked and thus the Control effort is reduced. Doubling of electricity, like the first Embodiment can not occur.
  • Fig. 8 an example of an alternative waveform is shown to the current that a heating element is fed to modulate. Different from that Rectangular functions of the previous examples can also use modulation functions be used with less sudden increases or decreases in the current flow. As 8 shows a sinusoidal timing. More, not functions shown are also possible. Such curves are characterized by it from that the current is not just between a no-load and a full-load operation is switched, but also accepts intermediate values.

Abstract

The heater has heating elements (2) in a block in a rectangular frame (3-5) and a controller forming a unit with the block. The heating power of the heating elements can be adjusted via the current flowing through them and the controller contains power transistors for setting the current. The controller pulse width modulates the current flowing through the heating elements; only one heating element at a time can be driven by a current rise or fall.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine elektrische Zusatzheizung für Kraftfahrzeuge gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.The invention relates to an electric auxiliary heater for motor vehicles according to the Preamble of claim 1.

Elektrische Heizungen werden in Kraftfahrzeugen beispielsweise zur Erwärmung der Innenraumluft, zur Vorheizung von Kühlwasser bei wassergekühlten Motoren oder Erwärmung von Kraftstoff verwendet. Derartige Zusatzheizungen bestehen üblicherweise aus mindestens einer Heizstufe mit Heizelementen und einer Steuervorrichtung. Die Heizelemente sind in der Regel als elektrischer Heizwiderstand, insbesondere als PTC-Element ausgebildet. Die Heizung und die Steuereinheit können sowohl als getrennte Funktionseinheiten ausgebildet als auch zu einer Baueinheit zusammengefasst sein.Electric heaters are used in motor vehicles, for example, to heat the Indoor air, for preheating cooling water in water-cooled engines or Heating of fuel used. Such additional heaters exist usually from at least one heating level with heating elements and one Control device. The heating elements are usually an electrical heating resistor, especially designed as a PTC element. The heater and the control unit can both formed as separate functional units as well as a structural unit be summarized.

Nachteilig an einer getrennten Ausbildung ist, dass Verbindungsleitungen zwischen Heizung und Kontrolleinheit erforderlich sind, die zum Teil erhebliche Ströme zu leiten haben. Außerdem muss die in der Steuereinheit erzeugte Verlustleistung gesondert abgeführt werden.A disadvantage of a separate design is that connecting lines between Heating and control unit are required, some of which conduct significant currents to have. In addition, the power loss generated in the control unit must be separate be dissipated.

Aus EP-A2-0 901 311 ist eine elektrische Heizeinrichtung für Kraftfahrzeuge bekannt. Die beschriebene Zusatzheizung umfasst mehrere zu einem Heizblock zusammengesetzte Heizelemente. Der Heizblock wird zusammen mit einer Steuervorrichtung zur Ansteuerung der Heizelemente in einem gemeinsamen Rahmen gehalten. Auf diese Weise bildet die Steuervorrichtung mit dem in dem Rahmen gehaltenen Heizblock eine bauliche Einheit. Die Steuervorrichtung umfasst eine Leistungselektronik mit elektronischen Schaltern, die Kühlkörper aufweisen.An electrical heating device for motor vehicles is known from EP-A2-0 901 311. The additional heater described comprises several to a heating block composite heating elements. The heating block is combined with a Control device for controlling the heating elements in a common frame held. In this way, the control device forms with that in the frame held heating block a structural unit. The control device includes one Power electronics with electronic switches that have heat sinks.

EP-A2-0 837 381 beschreibt eine elektrische Heizung, bei der sowohl die Heizelemente als auch eine Steuereinrichtung in einer Baueinheit angeordnet sind. In diesem Dokument sind verschiedene Steuerungskonzepte für elektrische Zusatzheizungen beschrieben. EP-A2-0 837 381 describes an electric heater in which both the heating elements and a control device are arranged in a structural unit. In this Document are various control concepts for additional electrical heaters described.

Die einfachste Leistungsregelung für eine Zusatzheizung aus mehreren einzelnen, voneinander getrennten Heizkreisen besteht aus einer gleichzeitigen Ansteuerung der Heizstufen. Eine solche Ansteuerung am Beispiel von drei Heizstufen ist in Fig. 5a dargestellt. Die Leistungen P1, P2 und P3 der einzelnen Heizstufen sind jeweils separat dargestellt. Bei steigendem Heizbedarf werden die Heizstufen gleichmäßig ausgesteuert, so dass jede der einzelnen Stufen eine zunehmend größere Heizleistung erbringt. Die Gesamtheizleistung P ist im untersten Diagramm der Fig. 5a dargestellt. Die Gesamtleistung P entspricht der Summe der Einzelheizleistungen P1 bis P3.The simplest power control for an additional heating consisting of several individual separate heating circuits consists of simultaneous activation of the Heating levels. Such a control using the example of three heating levels is shown in Fig. 5a shown. The outputs P1, P2 and P3 of the individual heating levels are each separate shown. If the heating requirement increases, the heating levels are controlled evenly, so that each of the individual stages produces an increasingly greater heating output. The Total heating power P is shown in the bottom diagram in FIG. 5a. The Total output P corresponds to the sum of the individual heating outputs P1 to P3.

Eine solche Ansteuerung ermöglicht eine gleichmäßig verteilte Aufheizung der gesamten Zusatzheizung. Nachteilig an einer solchen Leistungsregelung ist jedoch, dass in der Steuervorrichtung für alle Heizstufen gleichzeitig eine hohe Verlustleistung entsteht.Such control enables a uniformly distributed heating of the entire Additional heating. A disadvantage of such a power control, however, is that in the Control device for all heating levels creates a high power loss at the same time.

Die Verlustleistung, die in der Steuerungsvorrichtung entsteht, kann dann vermindert werden, wenn die von jedem Heizkreis bzw. Heizelement abzugebende Leistung separat einstellbar ist. Dazu werden die einzelnen Heizstufen unabhängig voneinander angesteuert und bei steigendem Heizbedarf sequentiell aufgeregelt.The power loss that arises in the control device can then be reduced if the power to be delivered by each heating circuit or heating element is separate is adjustable. The individual heating levels are independent of each other controlled and sequentially regulated with increasing heating requirements.

Wie in Fig. 5b dargestellt, werden bis auf eine Heizstufe alle anderen entweder mit Nulllast oder mit Volllast betrieben. Bei geringem Heizbedarf wird zunächst eine erste Heizstufe bis zum Volllastbetrieb aufgeregelt. Bei weiter steigendem Heizbedarf wird zusätzlich eine zweite Heizstufe aufgeregelt. Anschließend kann auch noch die dritte Heizstufe aufgeregelt werden, bis alle Heizstufen mit voller Heizleistung betrieben werden. Die Gesamtheizleistung P steigt dabei, wie im untersten Diagramm in Fig. 5b dargestellt, in derselben Weise, wie bei der gleichzeitigen Ansteuerung der Heizstufen gem. Fig. 5a, an.As shown in Fig. 5b, except for one heating level, all others are either with No load or operated at full load. If the heating requirement is low, the first one Heating level up to full load operation. If heating requirements continue to increase additionally a second heating level adjusted. Then the third can Heating level can be adjusted until all heating levels are operated at full heating power become. The total heating power P increases, as in the bottom diagram in Fig. 5b shown in the same way as for the simultaneous control of the heating levels acc. Fig. 5a.

Vorteilhaft an dieser Leistungsregelung ist, dass nur jeweils die nicht im Volllastbetrieb befindliche Heizstufe eine höhere Verlustleistung erzeugt, während die anderen Heizstufen nur eine geringe Verlustleistung verursachen.The advantage of this power control is that only those that are not in full load operation located heating stage generates a higher power loss, while the others Heating levels cause only a low power loss.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, eine weiter verbesserte Zusatzheizung anzugeben.The object of the invention is to provide a further improved additional heating.

Diese Aufgabe wird mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs 1 gelöst. This object is achieved with the features of patent claim 1.

Bei der erfindungsgemäßen Zusatzheizung wird die Heizleistung dadurch variiert, dass der Strom, der jeweils durch Heizelemente fließt, mit einer Puls-Breiten-Modulation moduliert ist. Eine solche Leistungsregelung hat den Vorteil, dass sich die Verlustleistung besonders effektiv vermindern lässt. Die Heizleistung ergibt sich aus dem Tastverhältnis, mit dem der Strom jeweils getaktet wird. Das Tastverhältnis ist zur Anpassung an eine jeweils angeforderte Heizleistung variabel. Dadurch lässt sich eine stufenlose Leistungsregelung der Zusatzheizung erreichen. Die Gleichmäßigkeit der Wärmeerzeugung durch die Heizelemente wird dadurch verbessert, dass eine Ansteuerung der Heizstufen zeitlich voneinander versetzt erfolgt. Dabei variiert die Umschaltung zwischen Nulllast- und Volllastbetrieb benachbarter Heizstufen zeitlich. Der zeitliche Versatz wird dabei so gesteuert, dass der insgesamt entnommene Strom möglichst konstant bleibt, um eine möglichst gleichmäßige Belastung der Energieversorgung zu bewirken, beispielsweise im Bordnetz eines Autos.In the additional heater according to the invention, the heating power is varied in that the current that flows through heating elements with a pulse width modulation is modulated. Such a power regulation has the advantage that the Power loss can be reduced particularly effectively. The heating output results from the Duty cycle with which the current is clocked. The duty cycle is Adaptation to a requested heating output variable. This allows one Achieve continuous power control of the auxiliary heating. The uniformity of the Heat generation by the heating elements is improved in that a Control of the heating levels takes place at different times. The varies Switching between zero load and full load operation of adjacent heating levels in time. The The time offset is controlled so that the total current drawn remains as constant as possible in order to load the To cause energy supply, for example in a car's electrical system.

Da jede Heizstufe von der Puls-Breiten-Modulation nur zwischen Nulllast- und Volllastbetrieb umgeschaltet wird, kann die von der Steuervorrichtung erzeugte Verlustleistung wirksam reduziert werden.Since each heating level from pulse width modulation only between zero load and Full load operation is switched, can be generated by the control device Power loss can be reduced effectively.

In einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist jeweils nur eine Heizstufe mit dem Maximalstrom getaktet, während die verbleibenden Heizstufen je nach Bedarf zu- bzw. abschaltbar sind. Eine solche Leistungsregelung, bei der eine stufenlose Leistungsregelung durch den getakteten Maximalstrom nur einer einzelnen Stufe bestimmt wird, hat eine insgesamt geringe Verlustleistung und zudem noch einen einfachen Aufbau. Eine Taktung ist nämlich nur für eine der Heizstufen erforderlich.In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, only one heating stage with the Maximum current clocked, while the remaining heating levels increase or decrease as required can be switched off. Such a power regulation, in which a stepless Power control through the clocked maximum current of only a single stage is determined, has an overall low power loss and also one simple construction. A clocking is only required for one of the heating levels.

Um eine größere Homogenität der Wärmeerzeugung bei nebeneinander angeordneten Heizelementen zu erreichen, werden vorteilhafterweise alle Heizstufen getaktet.To achieve greater homogeneity of heat generation when arranged side by side To achieve heating elements, all heating levels are advantageously clocked.

Die Gleichmäßigkeit der Wärmeerzeugung durch die Heizelemente kann dadurch weiter verbessert werden, dass eine Taktung der Heizstufen zeitlich voneinander versetzt erfolgt. Dabei variiert die Umschaltung zwischen Nulllast- und Volllastbetrieb benachbarter Heizstufen zeitlich. The uniformity of the heat generation by the heating elements can thereby further be improved that a timing of the heating levels offset in time he follows. The switch between zero load and full load operation varies neighboring heating levels in time.

Belastungsspitzen lassen sich weiter dann vermeiden, wenn die Heizstufen nicht synchron getaktet werden, sondern zu einem Zeitpunkt jeweils nur eine der Heizstufen durch die Taktung zu- oder abgeschaltet wird.Peak loads can also be avoided if the heating levels are not synchronized, but only one of the heating levels at a time is switched on or off by the clocking.

Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind Gegenstand der Unteransprüche.Advantageous embodiments of the invention are the subject of the dependent claims.

Die Erfindung wird im folgenden anhand der beiliegenden Figuren beschrieben, in denen:

  • Fig. 1 a und 1 b eine Aufsicht bzw. Seitenansicht einer erfindungsgemäßen elektrischen Zusatzheizung zeigen,
  • Fig. 2 die Grundschaltung einer erfindungsgemäßen elektrischen Schaltvorrichtung mit drei elektrischen Heizelementen zeigt,
  • Fig. 3 eine Detailansicht des kastenförmig ausgebildeten Seitenholms und der in diesen einsetzbaren Steuervorrichtung zeigt,
  • Fig. 4 eine weitere Detailansicht des kastenförmig ausgebildeten Seitenholms und der in diesen einsetzbaren Steuervorrichtung zeigt,
  • Fig. 5a, 5b und 5c unterschiedliche Steuerungskonzepte für die Ansteuerung von drei Heizelementen bei zunehmender Heizleistung zeigen,
  • Fig. 6a und 6b Beispiele für eine getaktete Steuerung der Heizleistung angeben,
  • Fig. 7a und 7b Beispiele für eine zeitversetzte Ansteuerung wiedergeben, und
  • Fig. 8 ein Beispiel für eine Modulation mit einer alternativen Kurvenformen zeigt.
    • The invention is described below with reference to the accompanying figures, in which:
  • 1 a and 1 b show a top view and side view of an additional electrical heater according to the invention,
  • 2 shows the basic circuit of an electrical switching device according to the invention with three electrical heating elements,
  • 3 shows a detailed view of the box-shaped side member and the control device that can be used in it,
  • 4 shows a further detailed view of the box-shaped side member and the control device that can be used in it,
  • 5a, 5b and 5c show different control concepts for the control of three heating elements with increasing heating power,
  • 6a and 6b give examples of a clocked control of the heating power,
  • 7a and 7b show examples of a time-shifted control, and
  • 8 shows an example of a modulation with an alternative curve shape.

    • In Fig. 1a ist eine Seitenansicht der erfindungsgemäßen elektrischen Zusatzheizung 1 gezeigt, die insbesondere für den Einsatz in Kraftfahrzeugen geeignet ist. Fig. 1b zeigt eine Aufsicht auf die elektrische Zusatzheizung 1. Die elektrische Zusatzheizung 1 enthält einen Heizblock, der aus einer Mehrzahl geschichteter oder gestapelter Heizelemente 2 besteht. Jedes Heizelement 2 besteht aus einem Widerstandsheizelement und benachbart dazu angeordneten Radiatoren oder Wärmeleitblechen. Als Widerstandsheizelemente werden vorzugsweise PTC-Elemente verwendet. Der Heizblock aus den Heizelementen 2 wird in einem Rahmen gehalten. Dieser Rahmen besteht aus gegenüberliegenden Längsholmen 3 und senkrecht dazu angeordneten Seitenholmen 4 und 5. Die Holme des Rahmens werden entweder aus Metall oder aus Kunststoff gefertigt.1a is a side view of the electrical auxiliary heater 1 according to the invention shown, which is particularly suitable for use in motor vehicles. Fig. 1b shows a supervision of the electric auxiliary heater 1. The electric auxiliary heater 1 contains a heating block made up of a plurality of layered or stacked Heating elements 2 exists. Each heating element 2 consists of one Resistance heating element and adjacent radiators or Heat conducting plates. PTC elements are preferably used as resistance heating elements used. The heating block from the heating elements 2 is held in a frame. This frame consists of opposite longitudinal bars 3 and perpendicular to it arranged side rails 4 and 5. The rails of the frame are either made Made of metal or plastic.

    Während die Längsholme 3 im wesentliche symmetrisch aufgebaut sind, unterscheiden sich die beiden Seitenholme 4 und 5 in der in Fig. 1 dargestellten Ausführungsform.While the longitudinal bars 3 are constructed essentially symmetrically, differentiate the two side rails 4 and 5 in the embodiment shown in Fig. 1.

    Im Gegensatz zum Seitenholm 4 ist der Seitenholm 5 als einseitig offener Kasten ausgebildet. Die Öffnung dieses kastenförmigen Seitenholms 5 liegt auf der den Heizelementen 2 gegenüberliegenden Seite des Seitenholms 5. In diesen Kasten ist eine Steuervorrichtung einsetzbar, die die Wärmeabgabe der einzelnen Heizelemente 2 durch Steuerung des den Heizelementen 2 zugeführten Stromes steuert. Die offene Seite des als Kasten ausgebildeten Seitenholms 5 wird nach dem Einsetzen der Steuerschaltung mit einem aufsteckbaren oder aufklipsbaren Deckel verschlossen.In contrast to the side rail 4, the side rail 5 is a box open on one side educated. The opening of this box-shaped side member 5 is on the Heating elements 2 opposite side of the side member 5. In this box is one Control device can be used, the heat output of the individual heating elements 2 by Control of the current supplied to the heating elements 2 controls. The open side of the formed as a box side spar 5 is after inserting the control circuit closed with a clip-on or clip-on lid.

    Die Platine 10 der Steuervorrichtung ist nach dem Einsetzen vorzugsweise senkrecht zur Rahmenebene angeordnet, es ist jedoch auch eine parallele Anordnung möglich (nicht dargestellt).The board 10 of the control device is preferably perpendicular to after insertion Arranged frame level, but a parallel arrangement is also possible (not shown).

    Die Zusatzheizung 1 wird über zwei Anschlussbolzen 8 mit Strom versorgt. Sie sind so ausgebildet, dass sie problemlos die geforderten Heizströme leiten können. Die Anschlussbolzen 8 ragen in der in Fig. 1 dargestellten Ausführungsform auf der Seite heraus, auf der der kastenförmige Seitenholm 5 offen ist.The auxiliary heater 1 is supplied with power via two connecting bolts 8. You are so trained that they can easily conduct the required heating currents. The In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, connecting bolts 8 protrude on the side out, on which the box-shaped side member 5 is open.

    Auf derselben Seite ist ein weiterer Steckersockel zur Ansteuerung der Steuervorrichtung vorgesehen, der in Fig. 1 nicht dargestellt ist.On the same side there is another connector base for controlling the Control device is provided, which is not shown in Fig. 1.

    Der Seitenholm 5 weist auf den Seiten, die in der Flächenebene des Rahmens liegen, Fensteröffnungen 7 auf. Diese Fensteröffnungen sind so angeordnet, dass sie ebenfalls in dem zu erwärmenden Luftstrom liegen. Zwischen den sich gegenüberliegenden Fensteröffnungen 7 sind Kühlelemente 6 angeordnet, die zu den Leistungselektronikbauelementen der Steuerschaltung gehören. Beim Betrieb wird nicht nur der Heizblock aus den Heizelementen 2, sondern ebenfalls die Fensteröffnungen 7 von zu erwärmender Luft durchsetzt.The side rail 5 has on the sides that lie in the plane of the frame, Window openings 7 on. These window openings are arranged so that they too lie in the air flow to be heated. Between the opposite Window openings 7, cooling elements 6 are arranged, which to the Power electronics components of the control circuit belong. In operation it will not only the heating block from the heating elements 2, but also the window openings 7 interspersed with air to be heated.

    Die Wahl der Größe der Fensteröffnungen 7 erlaubt, den Anteil der Luftmenge zu bestimmen, die an den Kühlelementen 6 vorbeiströmt. Der Luftdurchsatz wird so eingestellt, dass die durch den Heizblock geströmte Luft und die an den Kühlkörpern 6 vorbeigeströmte Luft möglichst geringe Temperaturunterschiede aufweisen. Nur wenn die durch die Fensteröffnungen 7 geströmte Luft in ihrer Temperatur der durch den Heizblock geströmten Luft möglichst nahe kommt, wird eine möglichst hohe Effizienz beim Betrieb der Zusatzheizung erreicht.The choice of the size of the window openings 7 allows the proportion of the air volume to increase determine which flows past the cooling elements 6. The air flow becomes like this that the air flowing through the heating block and that at the heat sinks 6 air flowing past should show as little temperature difference as possible. Only if the temperature of the air flowing through the window openings 7 that of the Heating block comes as close as possible to the air flowed, the highest possible efficiency reached when operating the auxiliary heater.

    Figur 3 zeigt eine Detailansicht des kastenförmig ausgebildeten Seitenholms 5 und der in diesen einsetzbaren Steuerschaltung. Der Seitenholm 5 ist auf einer Seite mit den Längsholmen 3 und dem Heizblock mit den Heizelementen 2 verbunden. Auf der Oberseite des Seitenholms 5 sind die fensterförmigen Öffnungen 7 zu erkennen, durch die die zu erwärmende Luft hindurchtritt.Figure 3 shows a detailed view of the box-shaped side member 5 and the in this applicable control circuit. The side rail 5 is on one side with the Longitudinal bars 3 and the heating block connected to the heating elements 2. On the The window-shaped openings 7 can be seen through the top of the side member 5 that the air to be heated passes through.

    Innerhalb des kastenförmig ausgebildeten Seitenholms 5 sind drei Anschlusslaschen 15 zu erkennen und ein Anschlussbolzen 8a. Dieser Anschlussbolzen stellt die Plusverbindung für alle Heizelemente 2 dar. Zusätzlich ist in dieser Abbildung in perspektivischer Darstellung die Steuervorrichtung 5a zu erkennen, die in den Kasten des Seitenholmes 5 einsetzbar ist. Die Steuervorrichtung 5a wird mit der dem Seitenholm 5 zugewandten Seite in diesen eingesetzt.Inside the box-shaped side member 5 there are three connecting straps 15 to recognize and a connecting bolt 8a. This connecting bolt represents the Plus connection for all heating elements 2. In addition, in this figure in Perspective view to recognize the control device 5a in the box the side rail 5 can be used. The control device 5a with the Side spar 5 facing side used in this.

    Auf der dem Seitenholm 5 zugewandten Seite der Steuereinrichtung 5a ist die Unterseite der Platine 10 zu erkennen. Aus dieser Platine 10 ragen drei Kühlelemente 6 heraus. Jedes dieser Kühlelemente bzw. Kühlbleche ist einem der Leistungstransistoren 11 einer Heizstufe zugeordnet.The underside is on the side of the control device 5a facing the side rail 5 to recognize the circuit board 10. Three cooling elements 6 protrude from this circuit board 10. Each of these cooling elements or cooling plates is one of the power transistors 11 Assigned heating level.

    Zu jedem Kühlelement 6 sind entsprechende Fensteröffnungen 7 in der Oberfläche des Seitenholms 5 vorgesehen. Dadurch wird im Betrieb jedem Kühlelement gezielt ein Luftstrom zugeführt. For each cooling element 6 there are corresponding window openings 7 in the surface of the Side spar 5 provided. As a result, each cooling element is targeted during operation Airflow supplied.

    Auf der nach außen gewandten Seite ist ein weiterer Anschlussbolzen 8b zu erkennen. Dieser Anschlussbolzen dient als elektrischer Massepol bei der Zuführung von Strom. Der Anschlussbolzen 8b ist mit der in Fig. 4 dargestellten Leitungsschiene 13 verbunden, die den Heizstrom einzelnen Heizstufen zuführt. Jeder einzelne der Heizstufen entnimmt über ihren Leistungstransistor 11 bis zu etwa 40 Ampere der über die Leitungsschiene 13 zugeführten Strommenge.A further connecting bolt 8b can be seen on the side facing outwards. This connection pin serves as an electrical ground pole when power is supplied. The connecting bolt 8b is connected to the line rail 13 shown in FIG. 4, which supplies the heating current to individual heating levels. Each of the heating levels is removed via their power transistor 11 up to about 40 amperes via the line rail 13 amount of electricity supplied.

    In Fig. 4 ist eine weitere perspektivische Detailansicht des Seitenholms 5 und der in die kastenförmige Öffnung des Seitenholms 5 einsteckbaren Steuerschaltung dargestellt.In Fig. 4 is a further detailed perspective view of the side rail 5 and in the box-shaped opening of the side member 5 insertable control circuit shown.

    Im oberen Bereich der Fig. 4 sind auf der Oberfläche des Seitenholms 5 zwei der Fensteröffnungen 7 zu erkennen. Diese Fensteröffnungen sind so angeordnet, dass sie ober- und unterhalb der Kühlelemente 6 liegen, wenn die Steuerschaltung in den Seitenholm 5 eingesetzt ist. Für eine gezielte Lenkung des Luftstroms zwischen den Fensteröffnungen 7 können in dem Seitenholm 5 zusätzliche Wände vorgesehen sein, die in den Figuren nicht dargestellt sind.4 are two of the on the surface of the side member 5 Window openings 7 can be seen. These window openings are arranged so that they are above and below the cooling elements 6 when the control circuit in the Side rail 5 is inserted. For targeted control of the air flow between the Window openings 7 can be provided in the side rail 5 additional walls, which are not shown in the figures.

    Innerhalb der kastenförmigen Öffnung des Seitenholms 5 sind die Anschlusslaschen 15 der Heizelemente 2 zu erkennen. Für jede Heizstufe ist eine Anschlusslasche 15 vorgesehen.The connecting straps 15 are inside the box-shaped opening of the side rail 5 to recognize the heating elements 2. There is a connecting strap 15 for each heating level intended.

    In der unteren Hälfte der Fig. 4 ist die in den Seitenholm 5 einsetzbare Steuerschaltung dargestellt. Nur einer der Leistungstransistoren 11 ist in diesem Fall zur besseren Deutlichkeit des Aufbaus mit einem Kühlelement 6 versehen.In the lower half of FIG. 4 is the control circuit that can be used in the side rail 5 shown. In this case, only one of the power transistors 11 is for the better Provide clarity of the structure with a cooling element 6.

    Auf einer Platine 10 ist neben den Leistungselektronikbauelementen 11 eine Steuerelektronik vorgesehen. Die Steuerelektronik bestimmt die von den Leistungselektronikbauelementen 11, insbesondere den Leistungstransistoren, an das diesen jeweils zugeordnete Heizelement 2 abzugebende Strommenge. Die Strommenge wird der Steuerschaltung von einem der Anschlussbolzen 8 über eine Leitungsschiene 13 zugeführt. Der Ausgang des Leistungstransistors 11 ist fest mit der Platine 10 verlötet und mit dem diesem Transistor zugeordneten Federelement 14 verbunden. On a circuit board 10, in addition to the power electronics components 11 Control electronics provided. The control electronics determine that of the Power electronics components 11, in particular the power transistors, to the amount of electricity to be delivered to each associated heating element 2. The amount of electricity the control circuit from one of the connecting bolts 8 via a line rail 13 fed. The output of the power transistor 11 is soldered to the circuit board 10 and connected to the spring element 14 assigned to this transistor.

    Die Federelemente 14 sind so auf der Platine angebracht, dass sie beim Zusammenstecken der Steuervorrichtung in den Seitenholmen 5 mit den Anschlussfahnen 15 der Heizelemente 2 verbunden sind.The spring elements 14 are attached to the circuit board so that they Put the control device in the side rails 5 with the Terminal lugs 15 of the heating elements 2 are connected.

    In der dargestellten Ausführungsform werden die Anschlussfahnen 15 durch die Platine 10 hindurch in die Federelemente 14 gesteckt. Eine solche Anordnung erlaubt eine feste mechanische Fixierung der Platine 10 mit der Steuerelektronik in dem Rahmen. Gleichzeitig wird eine elektrische Kontaktierung mit den jeweiligen Heizelementen bewirkt.In the illustrated embodiment, the terminal lugs 15 are through the board 10 inserted into the spring elements 14. Such an arrangement allows a fixed one mechanical fixation of the circuit board 10 with the control electronics in the frame. At the same time, electrical contact is made with the respective heating elements causes.

    Die Platine 10 ist nur einseitig mit Bauelementen bestückt. Entsprechend der Anzahl von Heizstufen weist die Platine waagerecht auf dieser befestigte Leistungstransistoren 11 auf. Im Ausführungsbeispiel sind drei Heizstufen und dementsprechend drei Leistungstransistoren vorgesehen. Jeder Leistungstransistor 11 ist an seinem Ausgangsanschluss fest mit der Platine 10 verlötet.The circuit board 10 is only equipped with components on one side. According to the number of The circuit board has heating stages horizontally on power transistors 11 fastened thereon on. In the exemplary embodiment there are three heating levels and accordingly three Power transistors provided. Each power transistor 11 is on its Output connection soldered to the circuit board 10.

    Aus dem Transistor ragt eine Anschlussfahne heraus, an der ein Kühlelement 6 befestigt ist. Das Kühlelement 6 ist vorteilhafterweise nicht elektrisch leitend mit dem Heizelement verbunden.A terminal lug protrudes from the transistor, to which a cooling element 6 is attached is. The cooling element 6 is advantageously not electrically conductive with the heating element connected.

    Das Kühlelement 6 weist Kühlrippen auf, die in einer Ebene liegen, die senkrecht auf der Platine steht. Im gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel sind die Kühlrippen zudem auf der nicht bestückten Seite der Platine angeordnet. Nur ein Schenkel des Kühlelementes 6 ragt auf die bestückte Seite der Platine und ist mit der Anschlussfahne des Transistors 11 verbunden, um die vom Transistor erzeugte Wärme abzuleiten. In der gezeigten Ausführungsform ragt der mit dem Transistor 11 verbundene Schenkel des Kühlelementes 6 durch eine Öffnung in der Platine 10 auf die bestückte Seite der Platine 10. Diese Öffnungen in Fig. 4 jeweils links von den Transistoren 11 angeordnet zu erkennen. Er kann jedoch ebenfalls über den Rand der Platine ragen, so dass eine Öffnung in der Platine 10 nicht erforderlich ist.The cooling element 6 has cooling fins which lie in a plane which is perpendicular to the Circuit board stands. In the exemplary embodiment shown, the cooling fins are also not on the assembled side of the board. Only one leg of the cooling element 6 protrudes the populated side of the board and is with the terminal lug of the transistor 11th connected to dissipate the heat generated by the transistor. In the shown Embodiment protrudes the leg of the connected to the transistor 11 Cooling element 6 through an opening in the board 10 on the populated side of the board 10. These openings in FIG. 4 are each arranged to the left of the transistors 11 detect. However, it can also protrude over the edge of the board, so that a Opening in the board 10 is not required.

    Eine entsprechende Anordnung der Bauelemente von Transistor 11, Federelement 14 und Kühlelement 6 ist jeweils für jede Heizstufe auf der Platine vorgesehen. A corresponding arrangement of the components of transistor 11, spring element 14 and cooling element 6 is provided for each heating level on the board.

    Die Grundschaltung einer elektrischen Heizvorrichtung als Zusatzheizung gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung ist in Fig. 2 dargestellt. Eine Recheneinheit 16, vorzugsweise ein Mikrocomputer, steuert die Heizleistung mehrerer elektrischer Heizwiderstände 17. Die hohen Ströme, die zur Erzielung einer Gesamtheizleistung im Bereich von 1000 bis 2000 Watt erforderlich sind, werden über Leistungshalbleiter 11, insbesondere Leistungstransistoren, den elektrischen Heizwiderständen 17 zugeführt. Welche Strommenge von den Transistoren 11 an die Widerstände 17 geleitet wird, bestimmt die Steuervorrichtung 16 in Abhängigkeit von dem verwendeten Steuerverfahren und vorgegebenen Sollwerten. Dazu ist die Recheneinheit 16 über Leitungen 18 separat mit jedem der Leistungstransistoren 11 verbunden.The basic circuit of an electric heater as an additional heater according to the present invention is shown in FIG. A computing unit 16, preferably a Microcomputer, controls the heating power of several electrical heating resistors 17. The high currents to achieve a total heating output in the range of 1000 to 2000 Watts are required via power semiconductors 11, in particular Power transistors, the electrical heating resistors 17 supplied. Which Amount of current from the transistors 11 to the resistors 17 is determined Control device 16 depending on the control method used and predetermined target values. For this purpose, the computing unit 16 is connected separately via lines 18 each of the power transistors 11 connected.

    Die Gesamtheizleistung, die von den Heizwiderständen 17 erzeugt wird, regelt die Recheneinheit 16 in Abhängigkeit von der erwünschten Heizleistung. Zusätzlich kann auch die maximal zur Verfügung stehende Generatorleistung in einem Kraftfahrzeug bei der Steuerung mitberücksichtigt werden.The total heating power generated by the heating resistors 17 regulates the Computing unit 16 as a function of the desired heating output. In addition can also the maximum generator power available in a motor vehicle of the control system.

    In welcher Weise jeder der einzelnen Heizwiderstände zur Gesamtheizleistung beiträgt, hängt von dem gewählten Leistungsregelungskonzept ab. Im Gegensatz zu bekannten, linearen Ansteuerungskonzepten wird erfindungsgemäß eine getaktete Ansteuerung verwendet. In den Fig. 6a und 6b sind Beispiele für eine getaktete Leistungsregelung wiedergegeben. Die Zusatzheizung besteht dabei wiederum vorzugsweise aus drei voneinander getrennten Heizkreisen mit elektrischen Heizwiderständen 17. Die Heizleistung jedes einzelnen Widerstands 17 ist mit P1, P2 und P3 angegeben. Die resultierende Gesamtheizleistung ergibt sich im untersten Diagramm jeweils zu P.How each of the individual heating resistors contributes to the total heating output depends on the selected performance control concept. Unlike known ones According to the invention, linear control concepts become a clocked control used. 6a and 6b are examples of a clocked power control reproduced. The additional heater in turn preferably consists of three separate heating circuits with electrical heating resistors 17. The The heating power of each individual resistor 17 is indicated by P1, P2 and P3. The The resulting total heating output is shown in the bottom diagram for P.

    Jeder Heizkreis wird von der Steuereinrichtung 1 mit einer festen Frequenz f mit der Periode T getaktet. Die Leistung jedes einzelnen Heizelementes 17 ergibt sich dabei aus dem Tastverhältnis. Durch eine Modulation der Breite der Pulse ist es möglich, die Heizleistung stufenlos zu variieren. Die Trägheit der Heizelemente aus Heizwiderständen und Wärmeleitelementen (beispielsweise Radiatoren) bei der Wärmeleitung bewirkt eine der gemittelten Heizleistung entsprechende Temperatur. Die Schwankungen der Temperatur der Heizelemente sind daher im Vergleich zu denen der Ströme weit weniger stark. Each heating circuit is controlled by the control device 1 with a fixed frequency f Period T clocked. The performance of each individual heating element 17 results from the duty cycle. By modulating the width of the pulses, it is possible to Infinitely variable heating output. The inertia of the heating elements from heating resistors and heat-conducting elements (for example radiators) in the heat conduction causes one temperature corresponding to the average heating output. The fluctuations in The temperature of the heating elements is therefore wide compared to that of the currents less strong.

    Die in Fig. 6a gezeigte Leistungsregelung entspricht prinzipiell der unter Bezugnahme auf Fig. 5a beschriebenen linearen Aussteuerung. Demgemäss werden zur Erzeugung einer vorgegebenen Gesamtheizleistung alle Heizelemente gleichmäßig ausgesteuert. Bei zunehmender Gesamtheizleistung nimmt die Heizleistung aller einzelnen Heizelemente entsprechend zu.The power control shown in FIG. 6a corresponds in principle to that with reference linear modulation described in FIG. 5a. Accordingly, for generation a predetermined total heating output all heating elements evenly controlled. With increasing total heating output, the heating output of all individuals decreases Heating elements accordingly.

    In Fig. 6a ist beispielsweise ein Tastverhältnis von 70% für jeden der Impulse angegeben. Es wird also demgemäss 70% der maximal möglichen Heizleistung erzeugt. Im untersten Diagramm gibt die gestrichelte Linie mit der Bezeichnung P70% die gemittelte effektive Heizleistung aller Heizelemente an, während die durchgezogene Linie jeweils die Momentanleistung anzeigt. In Fig. 6b ist eine entsprechende Ansteuerung für eine 30%-ige Gesamtheizleistung wiedergegeben.For example, in Fig. 6a a duty cycle of 70% is given for each of the pulses. Accordingly, 70% of the maximum possible heating output is generated. In the bottom diagram, the dashed line labeled P 70% indicates the average effective heating output of all heating elements, while the solid line shows the instantaneous output. A corresponding control for a 30% total heating output is shown in FIG. 6b.

    Eine zeitlich synchron erfolgende Tastung der verschiedenen Heizelemente führt jedoch bei jedem Taktvorgang zu einem sprunghaften Anstieg der von der Zusatzheizung entnommenen Generatorleistung bzw. zu einem ebenso sprunghaften Abfall. Diese Umschaltung zwischen Nulllast und Volllast mit jedem Takt führt zu einer unregelmäßigen und störenden Belastung des Generators. Dementsprechend pulsiert auch die von der Zusatzheizung insgesamt abgegebene Wärmemenge. Die starken Schwankungen der Momentangesamtleistung wird von den durchgezogenen Linien in den untersten Diagrammen in Fig. 6a und 6b wiedergegeben.However, the different heating elements are keyed synchronously in time with every cycle to a sudden increase in the additional heating withdrawn generator power or to an abrupt drop. This Switching between zero load and full load with every cycle leads to a irregular and disturbing load on the generator. Correspondingly pulsates also the total amount of heat given off by the additional heating. The strong Fluctuations in the momentary total output is shown by the solid lines in the bottom diagrams shown in Fig. 6a and 6b.

    Um solche zeitlichen Schwankungen in der Wärmeabgabe zu vermeiden, werden bei Verwendung mehrerer Heizstufen diese vorzugsweise zeitlich versetzt getaktet. In Fig. 7a und 7b sind Beispiele für einen solchen zeitlichen Versatz dargestellt. Die drei Heizstufen werden mit einem zeitlichen Versatz t getaktet. Dabei ist die jeweilige aktive Impulsbreite der einzelnen Heizstufen über eine ganze Periode T eines Taktes verteilt. Auf diese Weise wird die Gesamtheizleistung zeitlich sehr viel gleichmäßiger erzeugt. In Fig. 7a und 7b ist eine im Vergleich zu den Fig. 6a und 6b relativ konstante Momentan-Gesamtheizleistung im untersten Diagramm zu erkennen.To avoid such temporal fluctuations in the heat emission, at Use of several heating stages, preferably clocked at different times. In Fig. 7a and 7b show examples of such a time offset. The three Heating levels are clocked with a time offset t. The respective one is active Pulse width of the individual heating stages distributed over an entire period T of a cycle. In this way, the total heating output is generated much more evenly over time. In 7a and 7b is a relatively constant instantaneous total heating power compared to FIGS. 6a and 6b recognizable in the bottom diagram.

    Die verschiedenen Heizkreise werden gemäß Fig. 7 sequentiell mit einem vorbestimmten zeitlichen Versatz innerhalb einer Frequenzperiode angesteuert. Auf diese Weise wird eine gleichzeitige Stromverdopplung und damit eine erhöhte Belastung für einen (Kraftfahrzeug)-Generator vermieden. Idealerweise erfolgt die Ansteuerung einer weiteren Heizstufe jeweils in den Strompausen der weiteren Heizstufen, wie in Fig. 7b gezeigt. Ein gleichmäßiger Zeitversatz innerhalb einer Periode T ergibt sich bei einem Zeitversatz t gemäß folgender Formel t = 1 - TV n - 1 wobei TV das Tastverhältnis angibt und n die Anzahl der verwendeten Heizstufen.7, the various heating circuits are controlled sequentially with a predetermined time offset within a frequency period. In this way, a simultaneous doubling of current and thus an increased load on a (motor vehicle) generator is avoided. Ideally, the activation of a further heating stage takes place in each case during the pauses in the further heating stages, as shown in FIG. 7b. A uniform time offset within a period T results with a time offset t according to the following formula t = 1 - TV n - 1 where TV indicates the duty cycle and n the number of heating levels used.

    Dadurch, dass die aktiven Pulsbreiten über die gesamte Dauer einer Periode T verteilt werden, kann auch bei unterschiedlichen Tastverhältnissen eine möglichst kontinuierliche elektrische Belastung erzeugt werden. In Fig. 7b ist ein nahtloser Anschluss des Gesamtstroms im untersten Diagramm, das die Gesamtheizleistung P wiedergibt, beim Übergang vom letzten Impuls einer Periode T vom dritten Heizelement zu dem ersten Impuls einer neuen Periode T vom ersten Heizelement zu erkennen.Because the active pulse widths are distributed over the entire duration of a period T. can be as possible even with different duty cycles continuous electrical load are generated. 7b is a seamless one Connection of the total current in the bottom diagram, which shows the total heating power P reproduces, at the transition from the last pulse of a period T from the third heating element to recognize the first pulse of a new period T from the first heating element.

    Bis zu einer Heizleistung von P/n jeder einzelnen Stufe können die "aktiven" Impulse der Einzelstufen so aufeinanderfolgen, dass ein nahezu konstanter Stromfluss entsteht und nur eine geringe Anzahl von Stromflusssprüngen erforderlich ist.Up to a heating power of P / n of every single stage the "active" impulses of the Sequence individual stages in such a way that an almost constant current flow arises and only a small number of current flow jumps is required.

    Im folgenden wird eine zweite Ausführungsform eines Leistungsregelungskonzepts beschrieben. Gemäß dem Stand der Technik ist es bekannt, mehrere, unabhängige Heizstufen je nach gewünschter Gesamtheizleistung gleichmäßig auszusteuern (vgl. Fig. 5a) oder jede Heizstufe sequentiell aufzuregeln (vgl. Fig. 5b). Beide bekannte Regelungskonzepte haben jedoch die folgenden Nachteile. Bei der gleichmäßigen Aufregelung aller Heizelemente (Fig. 5a) wird abhängig von der eingestellten Heizleistung jeweils eine relativ hohe Verlustleistung erzeugt. Gemäß der in Fig. 5b dargestellten sequentiellen Aufregelung separater Heizelemente wird die Verlustleistung vermindert, indem ein weiteres Heizelement erst dann aktiv wird, wenn ein Vorhergehendes die erwünschte Heizleistung nicht mehr allein bewirken kann.The following is a second embodiment of a power control concept described. According to the prior art, it is known to have several independent Control heating levels evenly depending on the desired total heating output (see Fig. 5a) or sequentially regulate each heating stage (cf. FIG. 5b). Both known However, control concepts have the following disadvantages. At the even Control of all heating elements (Fig. 5a) depends on the set Heating power each generates a relatively high power loss. According to the in Fig. 5b The sequential regulation of separate heating elements is the power loss reduced by a further heating element only becomes active when a The foregoing can no longer effect the desired heating output alone.

    Mit einem solchen Leistungsregelungskonzept wird zwar die Verlustleistung der Steuervorrichtung deutlich vermindert, jedoch der Steuerungsaufwand selbst erhöht. With such a power control concept, the power loss of the Control device significantly reduced, but the control effort itself increased.

    Zudem benötigen beide bekannte Regelungskonzepte separate lineare Regler für jede Heizstufe.In addition, both known control concepts require separate linear controllers for each Heating level.

    Diese beiden Nachteile lassen sich vermeiden, in dem das in Fig. 5b dargestellte Regelungskonzept weiter verbessert wird. Dazu werden die Heizstufen bei steigendem Heizleistungsbedarf nicht aufeinanderfolgend hochgeregelt, sondern nur eine einzige Heizstufe ist regelbar ausgestaltet. Alle weiteren zusätzlichen Heizstufen sind entweder nur unter Volllast oder Nulllast betreibbar. Diese Heizstufen können je nach Bedarf zu-bzw. abgeschaltet werden. Für eine entsprechende "Feinabstimmung" der zu erbringenden Heizleistung wird die regelbare Heizstufe mit einem variablen Beitrag zugeschaltet. Die Heizleistung dieser Heizstufe ist kontinuierlich einstellbar (in der Regel über eine Vielzahl diskreter Werte). Ein solches Regelungskonzept ist in Fig. 5c dargestellt.These two disadvantages can be avoided by the one shown in Fig. 5b Control concept is further improved. To do this, the heating levels increase The heating power requirement is not increased sequentially, but only one The heating level is adjustable. All other additional heating levels are either can only be operated under full load or no load. These heating levels can be increased or decreased as required. be switched off. For a corresponding "fine-tuning" of the Providing heating power is the adjustable heating level with a variable contribution switched on. The heating power of this heating level is continuously adjustable (usually over a variety of discrete values). Such a control concept is shown in Fig. 5c shown.

    Dieses Konzept lässt sich auch auf eine getaktete Aussteuerung übertragen. Dazu ist die Heizleistung einer Stufe kontinuierlich durch Einstellung des Tastverhältnisses TV regelbar. Weitere Heizstufen werden je nach Bedarf zu- bzw. abgeschaltet. Eine solche Regelung hat den Vorteil, dass nur eine Stufe getaktet wird und damit der Steuerungsaufwand vermindert wird. Stromverdopplungen, wie bei der ersten Ausführungsform können dabei nicht auftreten.This concept can also be applied to clocked modulation. This is the Heating output of a stage continuously by setting the duty cycle TV adjustable. Additional heating levels are switched on or off as required. Such Regulation has the advantage that only one stage is clocked and thus the Control effort is reduced. Doubling of electricity, like the first Embodiment can not occur.

    In Fig. 8 ist ein Beispiel für eine alternative Kurvenform dargestellt, um den Strom, der einem Heizelement jeweils zugeführt wird, zu modulieren. Anders als die Rechteckfunktionen der vorhergehenden Beispiele können auch Modulationsfunktionen mit weniger sprunghaftem Anstieg bzw. Abfall des Stromflusses verwendet werden. Als Beispiel ist in Fig. 8 eine sinusförmige Taktung wiedergegeben. Weitere, nicht dargestellte Funktionen sind ebenfalls möglich. Solche Kurven zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass der Strom nicht nur zwischen einem Nulllast- und einem Volllastbetrieb umgeschaltet wird, sondern auch Zwischenwerte annimmt.In Fig. 8 an example of an alternative waveform is shown to the current that a heating element is fed to modulate. Different from that Rectangular functions of the previous examples can also use modulation functions be used with less sudden increases or decreases in the current flow. As 8 shows a sinusoidal timing. More, not functions shown are also possible. Such curves are characterized by it from that the current is not just between a no-load and a full-load operation is switched, but also accepts intermediate values.

    Claims (7)

    Elektrische Zusatzheizung für Kraftfahrzeuge mit: mehreren zu einem Heizblock zusammengesetzten Heizelementen (2), wobei der Heizblock in einem rechteckigen Rahmen (3, 4, 5) gehalten ist, und einer Steuervorrichtung (1) zur Ansteuerung der Heizelemente (2), die mit dem in dem Rahmen (3, 4, 5) gehaltenen Heizblock eine bauliche Einheit bildet, wobei die Heizleistung der Heizelemente (2) über den durch die Heizelemente (2) jeweils fließenden Strom einstellbar ist und die Steuervorrichtung (1) Leistungstransistoren (11) zur Einstellung des durch die Heizelemente (2) jeweils fließenden Stroms aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Steuervorrichtung (1) zur Einstellung der Heizleistung den durch ein Heizelement (2) fließenden Strom mit einer Puls-Breiten-Modulation moduliert, und jeweils nur eines der Heizelemente (2) gleichzeitig mit einem entsprechenden Stromanstieg oder Stromabfall ansteuerbar ist. Electric auxiliary heating for motor vehicles with: several heating elements (2) assembled to form a heating block, the heating block being held in a rectangular frame (3, 4, 5), and a control device (1) for controlling the heating elements (2), which forms a structural unit with the heating block held in the frame (3, 4, 5), the heating power of the heating elements (2) being higher than that of the heating elements (2) flowing current is adjustable and the control device (1) has power transistors (11) for setting the current flowing through the heating elements (2), characterized in that the control device (1) for adjusting the heating power modulates the current flowing through a heating element (2) with a pulse-width modulation, and only one of the heating elements (2) can be controlled simultaneously with a corresponding current rise or fall. Elektrische Zusatzheizung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass nur der Strom durch eines der Heizelementen (2) modulierbar ist und weitere Heizelemente (2) in Abhängigkeit von der einzustellenden Heizleistung jeweils zu- oder abschaltbar sind.Additional electrical heating according to claim 1, characterized in that only the current through one of the heating elements (2) can be modulated and further heating elements (2) can be switched on or off depending on the heating power to be set. Elektrische Zusatzheizung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die durch die elektrischen Heizelemente (2) jeweils fließenden Ströme in Abhängigkeit von der einzustellenden Heizleistung modulierbar sind.Additional electric heater according to claim 1, characterized in that the currents flowing through the electric heating elements (2) can be modulated as a function of the heating power to be set. Elektrische Zusatzheizung nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Puls, der die durch die Heizelemente (2) fließenden Ströme moduliert, zeitlich jeweils versetzt ist, so dass der resultierende Gesamtstrom aus den durch die Heizelemente (2) fließenden Strömen möglichst konstant ist.Additional electric heater according to claim 3, characterized in that the pulse that modulates the currents flowing through the heating elements (2) is staggered in time, so that the resulting total current from the currents flowing through the heating elements (2) is as constant as possible. Elektrische Zusatzheizung nach Anspruch 3 oder 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Puls für die Modulation der jeweiligen Ströme zeitlich so versetzt ist, dass jeweils nur eines der Heizelemente (2) gleichzeitig mit einem entsprechenden Pulsanstieg oder Pulsabfall ansteuerbar ist.Additional electric heater according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the pulse for the modulation of the respective currents is offset in time so that only one of the heating elements (2) can be controlled simultaneously with a corresponding pulse increase or decrease. Elektrische Zusatzheizung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Rahmen, in dem der Heizblock gehalten ist, aus sich gegenüberliegenden Längsholmen (3) und senkrecht zu diesen angeordneten Seitenholmen (4, 5) gebildet ist, zumindest einer der Seitenholme (5) als einseitig offener Kasten ausgebildet ist, in den die Steuervorrichtung einsetzbar ist, Fensteröffnungen (7) in dem Seitenholm (5) vorgesehen sind und Kühlelemente (6) der Leistungstransistoren (11) bei eingesetzter Steuervorrichtung jeweils zwischen sich gegenüberliegenden Fensteröffnungen (7) liegen. Electric auxiliary heater according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the frame in which the heating block is held is formed from opposing longitudinal bars (3) and side bars (4, 5) arranged perpendicular to these, at least one of the side rails (5) is designed as a box open on one side, in which the control device can be inserted, Window openings (7) are provided in the side rail (5) and Cooling elements (6) of the power transistors (11) each lie between opposite window openings (7) when the control device is inserted. Elektrische Zusatzheizung nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Mittel zur Beeinflussung der Luftströmung zwischen den sich gegenüberliegenden Fensteröffnungen (7) vorgesehen sind.Electric auxiliary heater according to claim 6, characterized in that means for influencing the air flow between the opposite window openings (7) are provided.
    EP00112395A 2000-05-23 2000-06-09 Additional electrical heating device for vehicles Expired - Lifetime EP1157869B2 (en)

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    EP1253807A2 (en) 2002-10-30
    EP1253808A2 (en) 2002-10-30
    EP1157868B1 (en) 2003-07-09
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    EP1157868A3 (en) 2002-07-17
    JP3481217B2 (en) 2003-12-22
    ES2187411T3 (en) 2003-06-16
    EP1253808A3 (en) 2003-02-05
    JP2003260925A (en) 2003-09-16
    EP1253807A3 (en) 2003-02-05
    DE50002174D1 (en) 2003-06-18
    JP2002019457A (en) 2002-01-23
    ES2197846T3 (en) 2004-01-16
    DE50002831D1 (en) 2003-08-14
    EP1157869B1 (en) 2003-05-14
    JP3747031B2 (en) 2006-02-22
    ATE313450T1 (en) 2006-01-15
    ES2201973T3 (en) 2004-04-01
    JP2003276424A (en) 2003-09-30
    EP1157869B2 (en) 2012-05-23
    ATE229892T1 (en) 2003-01-15
    ES2254568T3 (en) 2006-06-16
    US20020011484A1 (en) 2002-01-31
    DE50011929D1 (en) 2006-01-26
    EP1253808B1 (en) 2005-12-21
    EP1157868A2 (en) 2001-11-28
    EP1157867A1 (en) 2001-11-28
    ES2197846T5 (en) 2012-07-06
    EP1157869A3 (en) 2002-07-17
    ATE244652T1 (en) 2003-07-15
    US6392207B2 (en) 2002-05-21
    DE50000968D1 (en) 2003-01-30
    ATE240223T1 (en) 2003-05-15

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