EP1143135B1 - Zylinderkopfkühlwasserstruktur und Verfahren zur Herstellung - Google Patents

Zylinderkopfkühlwasserstruktur und Verfahren zur Herstellung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1143135B1
EP1143135B1 EP20010107296 EP01107296A EP1143135B1 EP 1143135 B1 EP1143135 B1 EP 1143135B1 EP 20010107296 EP20010107296 EP 20010107296 EP 01107296 A EP01107296 A EP 01107296A EP 1143135 B1 EP1143135 B1 EP 1143135B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
channel
side channel
intake
exhaust
cooling water
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP20010107296
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1143135A3 (de
EP1143135A2 (de
Inventor
Tetsuo Asano
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Toyota Industries Corp
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Toyota Industries Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Toyota Industries Corp filed Critical Toyota Industries Corp
Publication of EP1143135A2 publication Critical patent/EP1143135A2/de
Publication of EP1143135A3 publication Critical patent/EP1143135A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1143135B1 publication Critical patent/EP1143135B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
    • F02F1/42—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads
    • F02F1/4285—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads of both intake and exhaust channel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
    • F02F1/26—Cylinder heads having cooling means
    • F02F1/36—Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling
    • F02F1/40—Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling cylinder heads with means for directing, guiding, or distributing liquid stream 
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
    • F02F1/42—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads
    • F02F1/4214—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads specially adapted for four or more valves per cylinder
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
    • F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
    • F02F2001/244—Arrangement of valve stems in cylinder heads
    • F02F2001/245—Arrangement of valve stems in cylinder heads the valve stems being orientated at an angle with the cylinder axis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a cooling water channel structure of a cylinder according to the preamble of the patent claim 1 and a method of manufacturing the cylinder head according to the preamble of the patent claim 4.
  • a cooling water channel provided in a cylinder head is formed so as to be separated into an intake side channel and an exhaust side channel.
  • a cylinder head having a cooling water channel with the above-mentioned structure is described in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Hei 9-203346 and Japanese Utility Model Application Laid-open No. Hei 7-35741 .
  • FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view showing a general cooling water channel structure in the periphery of ports.
  • the cooling water channel of a cylinder head 50 includes three channels: an intake side channel 53 extending around an intake port 51, an exhaust side channel 54 extending around an exhaust port 52, and a central channel 55 extending through a central portion (central upper portion of a combustion chamber) between the intake port 51 and the exhaust port 52.
  • the central channel 55 extending between the ports have a substantially inverse triangle shape, as shown in FIG. 15.
  • the central channel 55 is communicated with either one of the intake side channel 53 or the exhaust side channel 54.
  • a lower end portion 56 between the ports, where the intake port 51 and the exhaust port 52 are disposed closest to each other, has a thin wall as well as is thermally influenced. Therefore, this portion is likely to be cracked due to thermal fatigue. Accordingly, this portion needs cooling the most.
  • the cross-section of the central channel 55 is prescribed to be an inverse triangle shape. Therefore, the amount of flowing cooling water is varied between an upper side U and a lower side L, irrespective of the flow rate. More specifically, the upper side U allows cooling water to flow easily, whereas the lower side L does not allow cooling water to flow easily. Therefore, cooling water stagnates or its flow becomes slow in the lower end portion 56 (which needs cooling most) between the intake port 51 and the exhaust port 52. Consequently, it is difficult to obtain a sufficient cooling efficiency.
  • the US 1,845,521 is designated in which a central channel is divided into an upper and a lower side channel, but the upper side channel is connected to the lower side channel exclusively via ports in the form of orifices arranged in the horizontal separation wall.
  • the lower side channel will be applied with cooling water supplied by a pressure pump wherein in case hot pockets may by created by steamed water the steam can escape through the ports into the upper side channel.
  • the upper side channel is a kind of a drainage channel wherein the flow rate created therein is dependent from the amount of water/steam fed through the ports/orifices and their cross-sections.
  • the cooling water channel structure of a cylinder head according to the present invention is used for an engine in which a plurality of cylinders are arranged in series, and includes: an intake side channel extending along a periphery of an intake port in a longitudinal direction; an exhaust side channel extending along a periphery of an exhaust port in a longitudinal direction; and a central channel extending between the intake port and the exhaust port, in which the central channel is divided into the two upper and lower sides.
  • the method of manufacturing a cylinder head according to the present invention by molding a cylinder head for an engine in which a plurality of cylinders are arranged in series, using a mold having a predetermined shape includes the steps of: disposing an intake side channel forming core having a substantially L-shaped cross-section, for forming an intake side channel extending along a periphery of an intake port in a longitudinal direction and having a central channel extending between the intake port and an exhaust port, and an exhaust side channel forming core having a substantially L-shaped cross-section, for forming an exhaust side channel extending along a periphery of the exhaust port in a longitudinal direction and having the central channel extending between the intake port and the exhaust port, in such a manner that the respective central channels are overlapped with each other in a vertical direction; and injecting molten metal into the mold.
  • FIG. 1 shows only one cylinder (combustion chamber).
  • the cooling water channel formed in a cylinder head 1 includes an intake side channel 2 extending along intake ports 5 in a longitudinal direction, an exhaust side channel 3 extending along exhaust ports 6 in a longitudinal direction, and a central channel 4 extending between the intake port 5 and the exhaust port 6, i.e., in an upper central portion of each cylinder 7 (hereinafter, also referred to as "combustion chamber").
  • the central channel 4 is separated into two upper and lower channels. One (lower) central channel 4b is communicated with the intake side channel 2, and the other (upper) central channel 4a is communicated with the exhaust side channel 3.
  • the cooling water channel of the cylinder head 1 is separated into two independent channels: the intake side channel 2 having the central channel 4b on the lower side, and the exhaust side channel 3 having the central channel 4a on the upper side. Furthermore, in order to distribute an appropriate amount of cooling water into the intake side channel 2 and the exhaust side channel 3, the respective channel entrance areas are defined.
  • Cooling water sent from a water pump passes through the cooling water channel of a cylinder block and is divided to the intake side channel 2 and the exhaust side channel 3 of the cylinder head 1. After flowing from the intake side channel 2 and the exhaust side channel 3, the cooling water is combined to be sent to a radiator. Because of the above-mentioned constitution, even when the cross-sectional area of a certain portion of the cooling water channel is decreased, a resultant increase in a pressure loss is not so large as that in the case of a serial channel in which the intake side channel and the exhaust side channel are continuously formed, and a small water pump can be used for supplying cooling water.
  • valve gap portion 13 In the diesel 4-valve DI engine having a cylinder serial arrangement, when intake valves 11 and exhaust valves 12 are disposed as shown in FIG. 3, the thickness of a wall in a valve gap portion 13 interposed between both the intake valve 11 and the exhaust valve 12 is difficult to be rendered thick.
  • the valve gap portion 13 is most likely to be thermally influenced. Since the valve gap portion 13 is a part which receives most thermal influence, the valve gap portion 13 is likely to be cracked due to thermal fatigue. Thus, it is desirable that the valve gap portion 13 is intensively cooled with cooling water.
  • the cooling water channel of the cylinder head 1 is separated into two independent parallel channels: the intake side channel 2 having the central channel 4a and the exhaust side channel 3 having the central channel 4b, and the central channel 4 is divided into the upper and lower channels.
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view of a cylinder head seen from the upper surface.
  • FIG. 3 is a bottom plan view of a cylinder head seen from the lower surface.
  • FIGS. 4 to 6 are cross-sectional views showing a cooling water channel.
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line A-A in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line B-B in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line C-C in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • FIG. 7 is a plan view of a cylinder head gasket.
  • the cooling water sent from a channel inside the cylinder block flows into the intake side channel 2 and the exhaust side channel 3 of the cylinder head 1 in parallel through communication holes 21 and 22 of a gasket 8 as shown in FIG. 7.
  • the communication holes 21 and 22 on the intake and exhaust sides are formed so that an appropriate amount of cooling water is distributed to the intake side channel 2 and the exhaust side channel 3.
  • the intake side channel 2 extending along an outside of the intake ports 5 in a longitudinal direction and the central channel 4b on the intake side (lower side) are separated from each other in a portion corresponding to the intake port 5 and between the adjacent intake ports 5 in one cylinder 7, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. However, they are combined with each other between the intake ports 5 in the adjacent cylinders 7, as shown in FIG. 6.
  • the exhaust side channel 3 extending along an outside of the exhaust port 6 is separated into two (upper and lower) ports with the exhaust port 6 interposed therebetween in a portion corresponding to the exhaust port 6 and between the adjacent exhaust ports 6 in one cylinder 7, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.
  • the central channel 4a on the exhaust side (upper side) is defined between the exhaust port 6 and the intake port 5 in a portion corresponding to the exhaust port 6, as shown in FIG. 4.
  • the central channel 4a is communicated with the upper channel of the exhaust side channel 3 in the adjacent exhaust ports 6, as shown in FIG. 6.
  • the exhaust side channel 3 and the central channel 4a are combined (into one channel) between the exhaust ports 6 in the adjacent cylinders 7, as shown in FIG. 6.
  • the central channel 4b on the intake side and the central channel 4a on the exhaust side are disposed so as to be overlapped with each other, as shown in FIG. 4. Because of this, a partition wall 9 separating the central channel 4b on the intake side from the central channel 4a on the exhaust side connects the wall on the intake port 5 side to the wall on the exhaust port 6 side. Furthermore, the central channel 4b on the intake side and the central channel 4a on the exhaust side are designed so as to have substantially the same cross-sectional area.
  • the central channel 4 defined between the intake port 5 and the exhaust port 6 is divided into the upper and lower channels. Because of this, the flow rate of cooling water is not likely to be varied between the central channel 4a on the upper side and the central channel 4b on the lower side.
  • the cross-sectional areas of the intake side channel 2 and the exhaust side channel 3 outside of the ports can be set smaller than those of the central channels 4a and 4b.
  • This setting increases a pressure loss.
  • an increase in a pressure loss will not be so large as that in the serial channel structure in which the intake side channel and the exhaust side channel are continuously arranged.
  • the central channel 4 is divided into the upper and lower channels, whereby port walls are connected to each other via the plate-shaped partition wall 9 between the upper and lower channels 4a and 4b. Consequently, stiffness between the ports can be enhanced.
  • the cylinder head 1 having a cooling water channel structure obtained as described above is produced by setting cores in a mold formed into a predetermined shape, and injecting molten metal into the mold. More specifically, the cylinder head 1 is produced by molding, during which the cooling water channel is produced by using cores as shown in FIGS. 8 to 14.
  • FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an intake side channel forming core.
  • FIG. 9 is a perspective view of an exhaust side channel forming core.
  • FIG. 10 is a perspective view showing a state in which the intake side channel forming core is combined with the exhaust side channel forming core.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic front view showing a state in which the intake side channel forming core is combined with the exhaust side channel forming core.
  • FIG. 12 is a perspective view showing a state where the forming cores are cut from a portion corresponding to the cross-sectional view in FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 13 is a perspective view showing a state where the forming cores are cut from a site corresponding to the cross-sectional view in FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 14 is a perspective view showing a state where the forming cores are cut from a portion corresponding to the cross-sectional view in FIG. 6.
  • an intake side channel forming core 31 includes a portion 31a for forming an intake side channel and a portion 31b for forming a central channel, and has a substantially L-shaped cross-section.
  • an exhaust side channel forming core 32 includes a portion 32a for forming an exhaust side channel and a portion 32b for forming a central channel, and has a substantially L-shaped cross-section.
  • the cores 31 and 32 formed as described above are placed in a mold under the condition that the portions 31b and 32b for forming a central channel are disposed so as to be superimposed on top of the other with a predetermined interval, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 14.
  • a substantially N-shaped gap S is formed between opposed surfaces of the intake side channel forming core 31 and the exhaust side channel forming core 32 disposed as described above.
  • a stepped wall is defined between the intake side channel 2 and the exhaust side channel 3.
  • the stepped wall is considered as a structure in which two vertical ribs separated with a predetermined interval are disposed between the intake port 5 and the exhaust port 6. Because of this rib structure, the stiffness of the cylinder head 1 in the vertical direction can be enhanced without decreasing a channel cross-sectional area for cooling water. Furthermore, due to the production of the cylinder head 1 by molding, only two cores are required for forming a cooling channel, and handling thereof is easy.
  • the central channels 4a and 4b may be formed so as to be completely independent from the intake side channel 2 and the exhaust side channel 3.
  • the cooling water channel may have a 4-division structure in which the intake side channel 2, the exhaust side channel 3, and the upper and lower central channels 4a and 4b are disposed in parallel with each other.
  • a wide choice can be made for setting a cross-sectional area so that an appropriate amount of cooling water is distributed into each channel.
  • cooling water may be flowed into the intake side channel 2 and the exhaust side channel 3 via a pipe or the like, in place of the communication holes 21 and 22 provided in the gasket 8.
  • cooling can be efficiently conducted, particularly, in a wall portion between an intake port and an exhaust port.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)

Claims (4)

  1. Kühlwasserkanalstruktur eines Zylinderkopfs für eine Maschine, in der eine Vielzahl von Zylindern (7) in Serie angeordnet sind, mit:
    einem einlassseitigen Kanal (2), der sich entlang eines Umfangs einer Einlassöffnung (5) erstreckt;
    einem auslassseitigen Kanal (3), der sich entlang eines Umfangs einer Auslassöffnung (6) erstreckt; und
    einem mittleren Kanal (4), der sich zwischen der Einlassöffnung (5) und der Auslassöffnung (6) erstreckt,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
    der mittlere Kanal (4) durch eine durchgehende Trennwand (9) in zwei Seiten, eine obere und eine untere Seite (4a, 4b), geteilt ist,
    der einlassseitige Kanal (2), der auslassseitige Kanal (3) und der mittlere Kanal (4) sich in einer Längsrichtung der Maschine entlang einer Reihe einer Vielzahl von in Serie angeordneten Zylindern erstrecken, wobei alle der Kanäle (2, 3, 4) mit Kühlwasser versorgt werden, um eine Strömungsrate in jedem Kanal gemäß ihren entsprechenden Querschnittsflächen zu erzeugen.
  2. Kühlwasserkanalstruktur eines Zylinderkopfs (1) nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine von der oberen und der unteren Seite (4a, 4b) des mittleren Kanals (4) mit dem einlassseitigen Kanal (2) in Verbindung ist, und die andere Seite (4b, 4a) mit dem auslassseitigen Kanal (3) in Verbindung ist.
  3. Kühlwasserkanalstruktur eines Zylinderkopfs (1) nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die obere und untere Seite (4a, 4b) des mittleren Kanals (4) jeweils so bereitgestellt sind, dass sie unabhängig von dem einlassseitigen Kanal (2) und dem auslassseitigen Kanal (3) sind.
  4. Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Zylinderkopfs, der eine Kühlwasserkanalstruktur gemäß Anspruch 1 aufweist, durch Gießen eines Zylinderkopfs (1) für eine Maschine, in der eine Vielzahl von Zylindern (7) in Serie angeordnet sind, unter Verwendung einer eine vorbestimmte Form aufweisenden Gießform, gekennzeichnet durch das Umfassen der Schritte:
    Anordnen eines einen einlassseitigen Kanal formenden Kerns (31), der einen im Wesentlichen L-förmigen Querschnitt aufweist, um den einlassseitigen Kanal (2) zu formen, der sich entlang eines Umfangs einer Einlassöffnung (5) in einer Längsrichtung erstreckt und den mittleren Kanal (4) aufweist, der sich entlang eines Umfangs einer Einlassöffnung (5) in einer Längsrichtung erstreckt und den mittleren Kanal (4) aufweist, der sich zwischen der Einlassöffnung (5) und einer Auslassöffnung (6) erstreckt, und eines einen auslassseitigen Kanal formenden Kerns (32), der einen im Wesentlichen L-förmigen Querschnitt aufweist, um den auslassseitigen Kanal (3) zu formen, der sich entlang eines Umfangs der Auslassöffnung (6) in einer Längsrichtung erstreckt und den mittleren Kanal (4) aufweist, der sich zwischen der Einlassöffnung (5) und der Auslassöffnung (6) erstreckt, auf eine derartige Weise, dass die entsprechenden mittlerem Kanäle (4a, 4b) miteinander in einer vertikalen Richtung durch das Platzieren des den Kanal formenden Kerns (31) und des den auslassseitigen Kanal formenden Kerns (32) in der Gießform unter der Bedingung, dass diese Abschnitte (31b und 32) von sowohl dem den einlassseitigen als auch dem den auslassseitigen Kanal formenden Kernen (31; 32) zum Ausbilden des mittleren Kanals (4) so angeordnet werden, dass sie auf der Oberseite des anderen mit einem vorbestimmten Abstand zwischen diesen überlagert sind; und
    Einspritzen von geschmolzenem Metall in die Gießform.
EP20010107296 2000-04-06 2001-03-23 Zylinderkopfkühlwasserstruktur und Verfahren zur Herstellung Expired - Lifetime EP1143135B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2000105248A JP4250723B2 (ja) 2000-04-06 2000-04-06 シリンダヘッドの冷却水通路構造及び製造方法
JP2000105248 2000-04-06

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1143135A2 EP1143135A2 (de) 2001-10-10
EP1143135A3 EP1143135A3 (de) 2002-11-27
EP1143135B1 true EP1143135B1 (de) 2007-11-21

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EP20010107296 Expired - Lifetime EP1143135B1 (de) 2000-04-06 2001-03-23 Zylinderkopfkühlwasserstruktur und Verfahren zur Herstellung

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EP (1) EP1143135B1 (de)
JP (1) JP4250723B2 (de)
DE (1) DE60131487T2 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109441656A (zh) * 2018-12-12 2019-03-08 中国北方发动机研究所(天津) 一种多回路冷却的气缸盖

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4112391B2 (ja) * 2003-02-06 2008-07-02 本田技研工業株式会社 内燃機関のシリンダヘッド
US7051685B2 (en) * 2003-10-27 2006-05-30 General Motors Corporation Cylinder head with integrated exhaust manifold
JP5278299B2 (ja) * 2009-12-17 2013-09-04 トヨタ自動車株式会社 シリンダヘッドの冷却構造
WO2011163633A2 (en) * 2010-06-25 2011-12-29 Cummins Intellectual Properties, Inc Cylinder head having plural water jackets and cast-in water rail
JP6303991B2 (ja) * 2014-11-13 2018-04-04 トヨタ自動車株式会社 シリンダヘッド
JP6071990B2 (ja) 2014-12-24 2017-02-01 本田技研工業株式会社 内燃機関の冷却構造
JP2017115738A (ja) * 2015-12-25 2017-06-29 ダイハツ工業株式会社 内燃機関のシリンダヘッド

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1845521A (en) * 1929-01-02 1932-02-16 Carl A Ross Cooling system for engine cylinders
JPH0635824B2 (ja) * 1985-01-29 1994-05-11 マツダ株式会社 シリンダヘツドの冷却構造
JPH0735741A (ja) 1993-07-20 1995-02-07 Fuji Electric Co Ltd Ｂｏｄ測定装置
JPH09203346A (ja) 1996-01-25 1997-08-05 Toyota Motor Corp シリンダヘッドの冷却水通路構造
FR2774128B1 (fr) * 1998-01-23 2000-03-10 Renault Culasse de moteur a combustion interne refroidie par liquide

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109441656A (zh) * 2018-12-12 2019-03-08 中国北方发动机研究所(天津) 一种多回路冷却的气缸盖

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2001289116A (ja) 2001-10-19
EP1143135A3 (de) 2002-11-27
EP1143135A2 (de) 2001-10-10
JP4250723B2 (ja) 2009-04-08
DE60131487T2 (de) 2008-09-25
DE60131487D1 (de) 2008-01-03

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