EP1129803A2 - Material prepared by powder metallurgy with improved isotropy of the mechanical properties - Google Patents

Material prepared by powder metallurgy with improved isotropy of the mechanical properties Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1129803A2
EP1129803A2 EP01890047A EP01890047A EP1129803A2 EP 1129803 A2 EP1129803 A2 EP 1129803A2 EP 01890047 A EP01890047 A EP 01890047A EP 01890047 A EP01890047 A EP 01890047A EP 1129803 A2 EP1129803 A2 EP 1129803A2
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EP
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Prior art keywords
flat
powder
deformation
produced
isostatically pressed
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EP01890047A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1129803B1 (en
EP1129803A3 (en
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Siegfried Dipl.-Ing. Wilmes
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Voestalpine Edelstahl GmbH
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Voestalpine Edelstahl GmbH
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
    • C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
    • C22C33/0278—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5%
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
    • B22F3/16—Both compacting and sintering in successive or repeated steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/18—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by using pressure rollers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B22F5/006—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of flat products, e.g. sheets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the powder metallurgical production of improved isotropic material with rectangular or flat-elliptical cross-section, so-called wide-flat material, in particular Primary material for the production of cutting and punching tools, in which a powder of an alloy produced with gas, in particular atomized with nitrogen introduced into a capsule, compressed and, if necessary, after a Evacuation is closed, followed by heating and isostatic pressing (HIP-en) of the powder capsule and the hot isostatic produced in this way pressed blank subjected to deformation by forging and / or rolling becomes.
  • HIP-en isostatic pressing
  • the invention also includes a material produced by powder metallurgy rectangular or flat-elliptical cross-section, so-called wide-flat material with a width at least 3.1 times the thickness and one Has a degree of deformation of at least 2 times, in particular manufactured according to one of the aforementioned methods.
  • a material (PM material) produced in this way by powder metallurgy can be undeformed used or deformed to increase the mechanical properties.
  • microstructure areas were included different etching in comparison with the other areas of the material found that support fiber theory.
  • a structure with rough, that Grain adapted to the deformation process was not metallographically detectable.
  • the invention now aims to provide methods of the type mentioned at the beginning create, by means of which an improved isotropy of the mechanical Properties, in particular an increase in impact resistance and Bending fracture toughness in the direction of thickness of wide-flat material from deformed PM workpieces is reached.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a Object according to the preamble of claim 4.
  • the aim is achieved in that a blank with such a rectangular or flat elliptical cross-sectional shape created and a reshaping is subjected to the difference between the deformation in Direction of width and deformation in the thickness direction of the cross section of the Wide-flat material at most 2 times, preferably at most 1.5 times the lower deformation value.
  • the above objective is also achieved when the isostatic is hot pressed blank in the direction of the longitudinal extent of a upsetting is subjected to at least a double degree of compression, after which a Stretch forming of the compressed blank while shaping the Wide-flat material takes place.
  • the advantage of the method according to the invention can be seen in particular in that the effectiveness of adversely affecting the toughness properties Areas in the material is reduced. The emergence of these areas is not yet scientifically clarified, why these zones in the material can certainly not adversely affect mechanical properties can be interpreted because in these areas or zones the in a sleep test are etched darker, there is a rather finer globulitic carbide structure.
  • the blank with a Cross-sectional shape creates a difference in the subsequent reshaping the degree of deformation in the width and thickness direction of at most 2 times required, there are slight deviations of the mechanical in these directions Property before and much higher impact bending work values are achieved than this is given in a hot isostatically pressed, undeformed workpiece are.
  • the hot isostatically pressed blank one Compression forming at forging temperature is subjected to what so-called stretching or stretch forging of the upset forging in which a wide-flat profile is created, as found, the values for the impact bending work of the material in the transverse and in the thickness direction of the profile are essentially the same and are around 80% of the values in Longitudinal direction of the material are given.
  • the hot isostatically pressed blank or a slightly deformed forging blank subjected to a diffusion annealing treatment, whereupon the final deformation takes place so are high according to the invention, in particular in a wide-flat material Toughness values of the material also reached in the thickness direction.
  • the methods according to the invention solve the problem of an essential one Anisotropy in powder-metallurgically manufactured wide-flat materials, especially in ledeburitic steels of this cross-sectional shape, and increase entirely generally the resilience of such manufactured products.
  • an advantageous use properties specifying the object of the aforementioned type is solved by that the toughness of the material, measured in any direction, especially in Thickness direction of the cross section of the material is larger than that of the Material in the hot isostatically pressed, undeformed state.
  • the main advantage of the material created in this way is that that tools made from it are less sensitive to notches and therefore endure much higher voltages and shock loads. So were for example, from the face of a wide-flat material more conventional Production and creation according to the invention hot-pressed dies manufactured and in tested in practical use. The service life of the tool from conventional Material was extremely low, it occurred after 33 sudden pressings Breaking off a projecting profile part, whereby no other wear or wear was found. Created the same way for the same product According to the invention by similar material deformations in width and Width-flat material created over 3,000 pressings, after which the tool was rejected due to abrasive wear.
  • Material with the format 550mm square and 800 x 220 mm was after the HIP process, whereupon on the one hand a direct deformation of a square and rectangular material to a rod cross section of 550 x 100 mm. On Another square material was at a temperature before the deformation of 38 ° C below the solidus temperature determined in the heating table microscope annealed for 43 hours. Finally, one was hot isostatic pressed blank before forming to the cross-sectional format 550 x 100 mm an upsetting to 48% of the original height. For comparison purposes, a hot isostatically pressed undeformed material is provided.
  • Fig. 2 relates to a wide-flat material made from a block 550 mm
  • test values T-S and T-L as well as S-T and S-L are all the same Scattering range, so that only one size or one value in FIGS. 2 to 5 is taken into account.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)

Abstract

The method involves forming the powder with nitrogen and compacting the powder in a capsule, which is evacuated, sealed and then heated and pressing isostatically. The blank is then forged or rolled. A blank of the desired cross-section is formed and then deformed. The deformation in the width and in the thickness directions of the cross-section are not more than twice, but preferably not more than 1.5 times the lowest deformation value. An Independent claim is included for a material formed using the method and having a width of at least 3.1 times its thickness and a deformation degree of at least four.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur pulvermetallurgischen Herstellung von verbesserte Isotropie aufweisendem Material mit rechteckigem oder flachelliptischem Querschnitt, sogenannten Breit- Flach- Material, insbesondere Vormaterial für die Herstellung von Schneid- und Stanzwerkeugen, bei welchem ein mit Gas hergestelltes, insbesondere mit Stickstoff verdüstes Pulver einer Legierung in eine Kapsel eingebracht, verdichtet und diese gegebenenfalls nach einem Evakuieren verschlossen wird, wonach ein Erwärmen und isostatisches Pressen (HIP-en) der Pulverkapsel erfolgen und der derart hergestellte heißisostatisch gepreßte Rohling einer Verformung durch Schmieden und/oder Walzen unterworfen wird.The invention relates to a method for the powder metallurgical production of improved isotropic material with rectangular or flat-elliptical cross-section, so-called wide-flat material, in particular Primary material for the production of cutting and punching tools, in which a powder of an alloy produced with gas, in particular atomized with nitrogen introduced into a capsule, compressed and, if necessary, after a Evacuation is closed, followed by heating and isostatic pressing (HIP-en) of the powder capsule and the hot isostatic produced in this way pressed blank subjected to deformation by forging and / or rolling becomes.

Weiters umfaßt die Erfindung ein pulvermetallurgisch hergestelltes Material mit rechteckigem oder flachelliptischem Querschnitt, sogenanntes Breit-Flach-Material mit einer Breite, die mindestens das 3,1-fache der Dicke beträgt und einen Verformungsgrad von mindestens 2-fach aufweist, insbesondere hergestellt nach einem der vorgenannten Verfahren.Furthermore, the invention also includes a material produced by powder metallurgy rectangular or flat-elliptical cross-section, so-called wide-flat material with a width at least 3.1 times the thickness and one Has a degree of deformation of at least 2 times, in particular manufactured according to one of the aforementioned methods.

Bei der Erstarrung von Legierungen treten zumeist Entmischungen auf, deren Ausgleich oder Auflösung durch Diffusion bei ledeburitischen Stählen nicht möglich ist. Die Größe der aus der Schmelze ausgeschiedenen Phasen bzw. Körner hängt dabei von der Bildungs- bzw. Erstarrungszeit ab.When alloys solidify, segregation usually occurs Compensation or dissolution by diffusion not possible with ledeburitic steels is. The size of the phases or grains separated from the melt depends thereby on the education or solidification time.

In herkömmlich mittels Blockgusses hergestellten ledeburitischen Werkzeugstählen beispielsweise können im Gußzustand grobe primäre Karbide und ein Karbidnetzwerk vorliegen. Werden diese Gußstücke oder Blöcke einer Warmumformung unterworfen, so werden die mechanischen Materialeigenschaften zwar verbessert, jedoch hängt das Ausmaß der Verbesserung von der Beanspruchungsrichtung ab. Es ist dabei durchaus möglich, daß mittels Schlagbiegeproben quer zur Verformungsrichtung lediglich 25 bis 30% der Schlagbiegearbeitswerte im Vergleich mit jenen, gemessen in Verformungsrichtung, ermittelt werden. Diese Richtungsabhängigkeit der Werkstoffzähigkeit läßt sich mit einer, auch mikroskopisch nachweisbaren ausgeprägten Karbidzeilenstruktur im herkömmlich hergestellten Material erklären.In ledeburitic tool steels conventionally manufactured using block casting for example, in the as-cast state, coarse primary carbides and a Carbide network. Will these castings or blocks be one Subjected to hot forming, so are the mechanical material properties Although improved, the extent of the improvement depends on the Direction of stress. It is entirely possible that by means of Impact bending samples transverse to the direction of deformation only 25 to 30% of the Impact bending work values in comparison with those measured in the direction of deformation, be determined. This directional dependency of the material toughness can be determined with a pronounced carbide line structure in the explain conventionally manufactured material.

Um weitgehend isotrope mechanische Materialeigenschaften zu erreichen, wurden Verfahren zur pulvermetallurgischen Herstellung von Werkstücken entwickelt. Dabei erfolgt eine Zerteilung eines flüssigen Metallstromes, insbesondere durch Gasströmungen mit hoher Geschwindigkeit und Energie, zu Tröpfchen, wonach die Tröpfchen in kurzer Zeit erstarren. In den einzelnen Pulverkömem mit einem Durchmesser in der Regel von kleiner als 0,3 mm sind die gebildeten Gefügephasen der äußerst kurzen Erstarrungszeit wegen homogen verteilt und äußerst fein. Das derart erstellte Pulver wird sodann in eine Kapsel eingebracht, diese verschlossen und anschließend hoher Temperatur und hohem allseitigen Druck ausgesetzt, wobei sich die Pulverkörner metallisch verbinden bzw. das Pulver verschweißt oder sintert. Dieser Vorgang wird Heiß - Isostatisches Pressen (HIP-en) genannt.In order to achieve largely isotropic mechanical material properties, Process for powder metallurgical production of workpieces developed. there there is a division of a liquid metal stream, in particular by Gas flows at high speed and energy, to droplets, after which the Freeze droplets in a short time. In the individual powder grains with one Diameters usually less than 0.3 mm are formed Structural phases due to the extremely short solidification time due to homogeneous distribution and extremely fine. The powder created in this way is then introduced into a capsule, these closed and then high temperature and high all-round Exposed to pressure, whereby the powder grains bind metallic or the powder welded or sintered. This process becomes hot - Isostatic pressing (HIP-en) called.

Ein derart pulvermetallurgisch hergestelltes Material (PM-Material) kann unverformt eingesetzt oder zur Anhebung der mechanischen Eigenschaften verformt werden.A material (PM material) produced in this way by powder metallurgy can be undeformed used or deformed to increase the mechanical properties.

Bei Teilen aus karbidreichen Werkzeugstählen erwartet man durch die PM-Herstellung eine feine homogene Mikrostruktur, was durch Gefügebilder, die nahezu vollkommen gleichmäßig verteilte Karbide einheitlicher geringer Größe zeigen, bestätigt wird, und auf Grund dieser Struktur keine nennenswerte Richtungsabhängigkeit der mechanischen Eigenschaften im verformten Material. Wohl wurde über Zähigkeitsunterschiede des Werkstoffes in Verformungsrichtung und quer dazu berichtet, diese Unterschiede betragen aber höchstens 8 bis 20 % und wurden bisher im wesentlichen auf den nicht völlig vermeidbaren Gehalt an nichtmetallischen Einschlüssen und eine sogenannte Faserstruktur zurückgeführt.For parts made of carbide-rich tool steels, one expects through the PM manufacture a fine homogeneous microstructure, which is reflected by microstructures almost completely evenly distributed carbides of uniform small size show, is confirmed, and due to this structure no significant Directional dependence of the mechanical properties in the deformed material. Probably was about differences in toughness of the material in the direction of deformation and reported across, but these differences are at most 8 to 20% and have so far been based on the not completely avoidable content non-metallic inclusions and a so-called fiber structure.

Pulvermetallurgisch hergestellte Schneid- und Stanzwerkzeug, wie Matrizen, Stempel und dergleichen, mit rechteckiger flacher Querschnittsform zeigten im praktischen Einsatz teilweise nur eine geringe Lebensdauer; es traten völlig unerwartet Schadensfälle durch Werkzeugbrüche auf. Umfangreiche Untersuchungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften, insbesondere der Hauptbeanspruchung entsprechend die der Schlagzähigkeit des Materials, erfolgten an sogenannten Breit-Flach-Stäben. Dabei wurden die Proben dem Stab in Längs,- Quer- und Dickenrichtung entnommen und die jeweils richtungsorientierten Proben mit um 90° zueinander versetzten brucherzeugenden Schlägen geprüft. Die Bezeichnung und die Lage der Proben sind nachfolgender Tabelle und Fig. 1 zu entnehmen. Es bedeuten:

  • L-S Probe in Längsrichtung, Schlag auf die Flachseite in Dickenrichtung
  • L-T Probe in Längsrichtung, Schlag auf die Schmalseite in Breitenrichtung
  • T-L Probe in Breitenrichtung, Schlag auf die Stirnseite in Längsrichtung
  • T-S Probe in Breitenrichtung, Schlag auf die Flachseite in Dickenrichtung
  • S-L Probe in Dickenrichtung, Schlag auf die Stirnseite in Längsrichtung
  • S-T Probe in Dickenrichtung, Schlag auf die Schmalseite in Breitenrichtung
    • Powder-metallurgically produced cutting and punching tools, such as dies, stamps and the like, with a rectangular, flat cross-sectional shape sometimes only had a short service life in practical use; Damage caused by tool breakage occurred completely unexpectedly. Extensive investigations of the mechanical properties, in particular the main stress corresponding to the impact strength of the material, were carried out on so-called wide-flat bars. The samples were taken from the rod in the longitudinal, transverse and thickness directions and the respective direction-oriented samples were tested with breakage blows offset by 90 ° to one another. The designation and the position of the samples are shown in the following table and Fig. 1. It means:
  • LS sample in the longitudinal direction, blow on the flat side in the thickness direction
  • LT sample in the longitudinal direction, blow on the narrow side in the width direction
  • TL sample in the width direction, blow on the face in the longitudinal direction
  • TS sample in the width direction, blow on the flat side in the thickness direction
  • SL sample in the thickness direction, blow on the face in the longitudinal direction
  • ST sample in the thickness direction, blow on the narrow side in the width direction

    • Untersuchungen an Breit-Flach-Material (380 x 55 mm) aus Schnellarbeitsstahl ( HS 6-5-3) brachten folgendes Ergebnis in % im Vergleich mit der Schlagarbeit bei

  • L-S-Erprobung.
  • L-S 100%
  • L-T 100%
  • T-S 80%
  • T-L 80%
  • S-T 25%
  • S-L 25%
    • Investigations on wide-flat material (380 x 55 mm) made of high-speed steel (HS 6-5-3) brought the following result in% in comparison with the impact work
  • LS testing.
  • LS 100%
  • LT 100%
  • TS 80%
  • TL 80%
  • ST 25%
  • SL 25%

    • Die äußerst geringe Biegebruchzähigkeit von pulvermetallurgisch hergestelltem Breit-Flach-Material in Dickenrichtung war für die Fachwelt vollkommen unerwartet und unbekannt, erklärten aber die vorher erwähnten Werkzeugbrüche. In wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen wurde ein sogenanntes Fasermodell entwickelt, dessen Wirksamkeit auf Bindungsfehlern und Entmischungen an der Grenzfläche der verdüsten und verformten Partikel beruht. Dem entgegen steht jedoch eine absolute Gleichförmigkeit und Reinheit des Vormaterial aus dem Verdüsungs- und HIP- Prozeß, welches eine Faserstruktur nicht erwarten und - bei der in der Regel dunkel geätzten Matrix zur Darstellung der Karbidanordnung und Karbidgröße- nicht erkennen läßt.The extremely low bending strength of powder metallurgy Wide-flat material in the thickness direction was completely unexpected for the professional world and unknown, but explained the previously mentioned tool breaks. In scientific studies have developed a so-called fiber model, its effectiveness on binding errors and segregation at the interface based on atomized and deformed particles. There is, however, one absolute uniformity and purity of the material from the atomization and HIP process which does not expect a fiber structure and - as a rule dark etched matrix to show the carbide arrangement and carbide size - not reveals.

    Bei weiteren mikroskopischen Erprobungen wurden Gefügebereiche mit unterschiedlicher Anätzung im Vergleich mit den übrigen Bereichen des Materials gefunden, die die Fasertheorie stützen. Ein Gefüge mit groben, dem Verformungsprozeß angepaßten Körnern war aber metallographisch nicht nachweisbar.In further microscopic tests, microstructure areas were included different etching in comparison with the other areas of the material found that support fiber theory. A structure with rough, that Grain adapted to the deformation process was not metallographically detectable.

    Die Erfindung setzt sich nun zum Ziel, Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art zu schaffen, mittels welcher eine verbesserte Isotropie der mechanischen Eigenschaften, insbesondere eine Erhöhung der Schlagzähigkeit und Biegebruchzähigkeit in Dickenrichtung von Breit-Flach-Material von verformten PM-Werkstücken erreicht wird. Weiters ist Aufgabe der Erfindung die Angabe eines Gegenstandes gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruches 4.The invention now aims to provide methods of the type mentioned at the beginning create, by means of which an improved isotropy of the mechanical Properties, in particular an increase in impact resistance and Bending fracture toughness in the direction of thickness of wide-flat material from deformed PM workpieces is reached. Another object of the invention is to provide a Object according to the preamble of claim 4.

    Das Ziel wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch erreicht, daß ein Rohling mit einer derart rechteckigen oder flachelliptischen Querschnittsform erstellt und einer Umformung unterworfen wird, daß bei dieser der Unterschied zwischen der Verformung in Richtung der Breite und der Verformung in Dickenrichtung des Querschnittes des Breit-Flach-Materials höchstens das 2-fache, vorzugsweise höchstens das 1,5-fache des niedrigeren Verformungswertes beträgt.The aim is achieved in that a blank with such a rectangular or flat elliptical cross-sectional shape created and a reshaping is subjected to the difference between the deformation in Direction of width and deformation in the thickness direction of the cross section of the Wide-flat material at most 2 times, preferably at most 1.5 times the lower deformation value.

    Gemäß der Erfindung wird obiges Ziel auch erreicht, wenn der heißisostatisch gepreßte Rohling in Richtung der Längserstreckung einer Stauchumformung mit einem mindestens zweifachen Stauchgrad unterworfen wird, wonach eine Reckumformung des gestauchten Rohlings unter Ausformung des Breit-Flach-Materials erfolgt.According to the invention, the above objective is also achieved when the isostatic is hot pressed blank in the direction of the longitudinal extent of a upsetting is subjected to at least a double degree of compression, after which a Stretch forming of the compressed blank while shaping the Wide-flat material takes place.

    Ein weiterer Weg zum Erreichen des eingangs genannten Zieles besteht darin, daß der heißisostatisch gepreßte Rohling einer Diffusionsglühbehandlung mit einer höchsten Temperatur von 20°C unterhalb der Solidustemperatur der Legierung und einer Mindestglühdauer von 4 Stunden unterworfen wird, wonach dieser durch Reckumformung zu einem Breit-Flach-Material geschmiedet und/oder gewalzt wird.Another way to achieve the goal mentioned above is that the hot isostatically pressed blank of a diffusion annealing treatment with a highest temperature of 20 ° C below the solidus temperature of the alloy and is subjected to a minimum annealing period of 4 hours, after which this is followed by Forging is forged and / or rolled into a wide flat material.

    Der Vorteil des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist insbesondere darin zu sehen, daß die Wirksamkeit der die Zähigkeitseigenschaften nachteilig beeinflussenden Bereiche im Werkstoff herabgesetzt wird. Das Entstehen dieser Bereiche ist wissenschaftlich noch nicht geklärt, auch warum diese Zonen im Werkstoff die mechanischen Eigenschafen nachteilig beeinflussen, kann mit Sicherheit noch nicht gedeutet werden, weil in diesen Bereichen oder Zonen die in einer Schlifferprobung dunkler angeätzt werden, eine eher feinere globulitische Karbidstruktur vorliegt.The advantage of the method according to the invention can be seen in particular in that the effectiveness of adversely affecting the toughness properties Areas in the material is reduced. The emergence of these areas is not yet scientifically clarified, why these zones in the material can certainly not adversely affect mechanical properties can be interpreted because in these areas or zones the in a sleep test are etched darker, there is a rather finer globulitic carbide structure.

    Wird jedoch, wie erfindungsgemäß vorgesehen, der Rohling mit einer Querschnittsform erstellt, die bei der nachfolgenden Umformung einen Unterschied der Verformungsgrade in Breiten- und Dickenrichtung von höchstens 2-fach erfordert, liegen in diesen Richtungen geringe Abweichungen der mechanischen Eigenschaft vor und es werden wesentlich höhere Schlagbiegearbeitswerte erreicht als diese in einem heißisostatisch gepreßten, unverformten Werkstück gegeben sind.However, as provided according to the invention, the blank with a Cross-sectional shape creates a difference in the subsequent reshaping the degree of deformation in the width and thickness direction of at most 2 times required, there are slight deviations of the mechanical in these directions Property before and much higher impact bending work values are achieved than this is given in a hot isostatically pressed, undeformed workpiece are.

    Wenn gemäß der Erfindung der heißisostatisch gepreßte Rohling einer Stauchumformung bei Schmiedetemperatur unterworfen wird, worauf ein sogenanntes Recken oder Reckschmieden des gestauchten Schmiedestückes erfolgt, bei welchem ein Breit-Flach-Profil erstellt wird, so sind, wie gefunden wurde, die Werte für die Schlagbiegearbeit des Materials in Quer- und in Dickenrichtung des Profiles im wesentlichen gleich hoch und liegen bei ca. 80% jener Werte, die in Längsrichtung des Materiales gegeben sind.If according to the invention the hot isostatically pressed blank one Compression forming at forging temperature is subjected to what so-called stretching or stretch forging of the upset forging in which a wide-flat profile is created, as found, the values for the impact bending work of the material in the transverse and in the thickness direction of the profile are essentially the same and are around 80% of the values in Longitudinal direction of the material are given.

    Wird, wie gemäß einer weiteren Ausführungsform der Erfindung vorgesehen, der heißisostatisch gepreßte Rohling oder ein gering umgeformter Schmiederohling einer Diffusionsglühbehandlung unterworfen, worauf die Endverformung erfolgt, so werden dadurch erfindungsgemäß insbesondere in einem Breit-Flach-Material hohe Zähigkeitswerte des Werkstoffes auch in Dickenrichtung erreicht.If, as provided according to a further embodiment of the invention, the hot isostatically pressed blank or a slightly deformed forging blank subjected to a diffusion annealing treatment, whereupon the final deformation takes place, so are high according to the invention, in particular in a wide-flat material Toughness values of the material also reached in the thickness direction.

    Die erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren lösen das Problem einer wesentlichen Anisotropie in pulvermetallurgisch hergestellten Breit-Flach-Materialien, insbesondere in ledeburitischen Stählen dieser Querschnittsform, und steigern ganz allgemein die Beanspruchbarkeit derartig hergestellter Erzeugnisse.The methods according to the invention solve the problem of an essential one Anisotropy in powder-metallurgically manufactured wide-flat materials, especially in ledeburitic steels of this cross-sectional shape, and increase entirely generally the resilience of such manufactured products.

    Die weitere Aufgabe der Erfindung, einen vorteilhafte Gebrauchseigenschaften aufweisenden Gegenstand der vorgenannten Art anzugeben, wird dadurch gelöst, daß die Zähigkeit des Werkstoffes, gemessen in jeglicher Richtung, insbesondere in Dickenrichtung des Querschnittes des Materials, größer ist als jene des Werkstoffes im heißisostatisch gepreßten, unverformten Zustand.The further object of the invention, an advantageous use properties specifying the object of the aforementioned type is solved by that the toughness of the material, measured in any direction, especially in Thickness direction of the cross section of the material is larger than that of the Material in the hot isostatically pressed, undeformed state.

    Der Vorteil des derartig erstellten Materials ist im wesentlichen dadurch begründet, daß daraus gefertigte Werkzeuge weniger kerbempfindlich sind und dadurch wesentlich höhere Spannungen und stoßartige Belastungen ertragen. So wurden beispielsweise aus der Stirnseite eines Breit-Flach-Materials herkömmlicher Herstellung und erfindungsgemäßer Schaffung Warmpreßmatrizen gefertigt und im praktischen Einsatz erprobt. Die Standzeit des Werkzeuges aus herkömmlichen Material war äußerst gering, es erfolgte nach 33 stoßartigen Pressungen ein Abbrechen eines vorspringenden Profilteiles, wobei keinerlei sonstiger Verschleiß oder Abrieb festzustellen war. Die gleicherart für das gleiche Produkt erstellte Matrize aus erfindungsgemäß durch ähnliche Materialverformungen in Breiten-und Dickenrichtung erstellten Breit-Flach-Material erbrachte über 3000 Pressungen, wonach das Werkzeug wegen abrasiven Verschleisses ausgeschieden wurde.The main advantage of the material created in this way is that that tools made from it are less sensitive to notches and therefore endure much higher voltages and shock loads. So were for example, from the face of a wide-flat material more conventional Production and creation according to the invention hot-pressed dies manufactured and in tested in practical use. The service life of the tool from conventional Material was extremely low, it occurred after 33 sudden pressings Breaking off a projecting profile part, whereby no other wear or wear was found. Created the same way for the same product According to the invention by similar material deformations in width and Width-flat material created over 3,000 pressings, after which the tool was rejected due to abrasive wear.

    Im folgenden soll die Erfindung anhand von Beispielen aus Materialerprobungen dargelegt werden.
    Aus einer Schmelze mit einer Zusammensetzung in Gew.-% von
    C = 1,3, Si = 0,63, Mn = 0,24, S = 0,013, P = 0,019, Cr = 3,83, 0 = 4,87, W = 6,11, V = 3,03, Co = 0,40, Cu = 0,013, Sn = 0,011 wurde, nach dem Gaszerstäubungsverfahren mit Stickstoff, Pulver mit einer mittleren Korngröße von 0,09 mm gefertigt.     In the following, the invention will be explained with the aid of examples from material tests.
    From a melt with a composition in% by weight of
    C = 1.3, Si = 0.63, Mn = 0.24, S = 0.013, P = 0.019, Cr = 3.83, 0 = 4.87, W = 6.11, V = 3.03, Co = 0.40, Cu = 0.013, Sn = 0.011 was produced by the gas atomization process with nitrogen, powder with an average grain size of 0.09 mm.

    Vormaterial mit dem Format 550mm quadrat und 800 x 220 mm wurde nach dem HIP-Verfahren hergestellt, worauf einerseits eine direkte Verformung eines Quadrat- und Rechteckmaterials zu einem Stabquerschnitt von 550 x 100 mm erfolgte. Ein weiteres quadratisches Vormaterial wurde vor der Verformung bei einer Temperatur von 38 ° C unterhalb der im Heiztischmikroskop festgestellten Solidustemperatur der Legierung 43 Stunden geglüht. Schließlich erfolgte an einem heißisostatisch gepreßten Rohling vor der Verformung auf das Querschnittsformat 550 x 100 mm ein Stauchen auf 48% der ursprünglichen Höhe. Zu Vergleichszwecken wurde ein heißisostatisch gepreßtes unverformtes Material bereitgestellt.Material with the format 550mm square and 800 x 220 mm was after the HIP process, whereupon on the one hand a direct deformation of a square and rectangular material to a rod cross section of 550 x 100 mm. On Another square material was at a temperature before the deformation of 38 ° C below the solidus temperature determined in the heating table microscope annealed for 43 hours. Finally, one was hot isostatic pressed blank before forming to the cross-sectional format 550 x 100 mm an upsetting to 48% of the original height. For comparison purposes, a hot isostatically pressed undeformed material is provided.

    Aus allen derartig erstellten Breit-Flach-Materialien wurden Proben gemäß der in Fig. 1 gezeigten Lage entnommen und auf eine Härte von 55 bis 63 HRC vergütet. Es wurden, wie für harte Werkzeugstähle üblich, ungekerbte Schlagproben mit den Maßen 7x10x55 mm verwendet. Bei der Kennzeichnung gibt der erste Buchstabe die Probenlage im Material an. Der zweite Buchstabe zeigt die durch einen Pfeil gekennzeichnete Schlagrichtung. Die Erprobung der Kerbschlagarbeitswerte der Materialien erbrachte die in Fig. 2 bis Fig. 5 dargestellten Ergebnisse, wobei die Erprobungswerte in Längsrichtung der Verformung jeweils mit 100 % dargestellt sind.Samples according to the method described in Fig. 1 shown location removed and tempered to a hardness of 55 to 63 HRC. As is usual for hard tool steels, notched impact tests were carried out with the Dimensions 7x10x55 mm used. The first letter of the identification the sample position in the material. The second letter shows that by an arrow marked stroke direction. Testing the impact strength values of the Materials yielded the results shown in Figures 2-5, with the Test values in the longitudinal direction of the deformation are shown at 100% are.

    Fig. 2 betrifft ein Breit-Flach-Material hergestellt aus einem Block 550 mmFig. 2 relates to a wide-flat material made from a block 550 mm

    Fig. 3 betrifft Material A, hergestellt nach Anspruch 13 relates to material A, produced according to claim 1

    Fig. 4 betrifft Material B, hergestellt nach Anspruch 24 relates to material B, produced according to claim 2

    Fig. 5 betrifft Material C, hergestellt nach Anspruch 35 relates to material C, produced according to claim 3

    Die Prüfwerte T-S und T-L sowie S-T und S-L liegen durchwegs im gleichen Streubereich, so daß in Fig. 2 bis Fig. 5 nur eine Größe bzw. ein Wert berücksichtigt ist.The test values T-S and T-L as well as S-T and S-L are all the same Scattering range, so that only one size or one value in FIGS. 2 to 5 is taken into account.

    In den Darstellungen bedeuten weiter: S-TU die Zähigkeit der gehipten unverformten Probe in Dickenrichtung und S-TK die Zähigkeit eines konventionell hergestellten Breit-Flach-Materials in Dickenrichtung.In the illustrations furthermore mean: ST U the toughness of the hipped undeformed sample in the thickness direction and ST K the toughness of a conventionally produced wide-flat material in the thickness direction.

    Claims (4)

    Verfahren zur pulvermetallurgischen Herstellung von verbesserte Isotropie der mechanischen Eigenschaften aufweisendem Material mit reckteckigem oder flachelliptischem Querschnitt, sogenannten Breit-Flach-Material, insbesondere Vormaterial für die Herstellung von Schneid-, Stanz- und Umformwerkzeugen, bei welchem Verfahren ein mit Gas hergestelltes, insbesondere mit Stickstoff verdüstes Pulver einer Legierung in eine Kapsel eingebracht, verdichtet und diese, gegebenenfalls nach einem Evakuieren, verschlossen wird, wonach ein Erwärmen und isostatisches Pressen (HIP-en) der Pulverkapsel erfolgen und der derart hergestellte heißisostatisch gepreßte Rohling einer Verformung durch Schmieden und/oder Walzen unterworfen wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein Rohling mit einer derart rechteckigen oder flachellipischen Querschnittsform erstellt und einer Umformung unterworfen wird, daß bei dieser der Unterschied zwischen der Verformung in Richtung der Breite und der Verformung in Dickenrichtung des Querschnittes des Breit-Flach-Materials höchstens das 2-fache, vorzugsweise höchstens das 1,5-fache des niedrigeren Verformungswertes beträgt.Process for the powder metallurgical production of improved isotropy of the material having mechanical properties with a rectangular or flat-elliptical cross-section, so-called wide-flat material, in particular primary material for the production of cutting, punching and forming tools, in which process a gas-produced, in particular nitrogen atomized powder of an alloy is introduced into a capsule, the capsule is sealed, optionally after evacuation, then the powder capsule is heated and isostatically pressed (HIP-en) and the hot isostatically pressed blank thus produced is deformed by forging and / or rolling is subjected to, characterized in that a blank with such a rectangular or flat-elliptical cross-sectional shape is created and subjected to a deformation that in this the difference between the deformation in the direction of the width and the deformation in thickness The cross-section of the wide-flat material is at most 2 times, preferably at most 1.5 times the lower deformation value. Verfahren zur pulvermetallurgischen Herstellung von verbesserte Isotropie der mechanischen Eigenschaften aufweisendem Material mit reckteckigem oder flachelliptischem Querschnitt, sogenannten Breit-Flach-Material, insbesondere Vormaterial für die Herstellung von Schneid- und Stanzwerkzeugen, bei welchem Verfahren ein mit Gas hergestelltes, insbesondere mit Stickstoff verdüstes Pulver einer Legierung in eine Kapsel eingebracht, verdichtet und diese, gegebenenfalls nach einem Evakuieren, verschlossen wird, wonach ein Erwärmen und isostatisches Pressen (HIP-en) der Pulverkapsel erfolgen und der derart hergestellte heißisostatisch gepreßte Rohling einer Verformung durch Schmieden und/oder Walzen unterworfen wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der heißisostatisch gepreßte Rohling in Richtung der Längserstreckung einer Stauchumformung mit einem mindestens zweifachen Stauchgrad unterworfen wird, wonach eine Reckumformung des gestauchten Rohlings unter Ausformung des Breit-Flach-Materials erfolgt. Process for the powder-metallurgical production of improved isotropy of the material having mechanical properties with a rectangular or flat-elliptical cross-section, so-called wide-flat material, in particular primary material for the production of cutting and punching tools, in which process a gas-produced, in particular nitrogen-atomized powder Alloy is introduced into a capsule, the latter is sealed, optionally after evacuation, then the powder capsule is heated and isostatically pressed (HIP-en) and the hot isostatically pressed blank thus produced is subjected to deformation by forging and / or rolling, characterized in that the hot isostatically pressed blank is subjected to compression forming with at least a double degree of compression in the direction of the longitudinal extent, after which a stretch forming of the compressed blank with formation of the wide-flat material than done. Verfahren zur pulvermetallurgischen Herstellung von verbesserte Isotropie der mechanischen Eigenschaften aufweisendem Material mit reckteckigem oder flachelliptischem Querschnitt, sogenannten Breit-Flach-Material, insbesondere Vormaterial für die Herstellung von Schneid- und Stanzwerkzeugen, bei welchem Verfahren ein mit Gas hergestelltes, insbesondere mit Stickstoff verdüstes Pulver einer Legierung in eine Kapsel eingebracht, verdichtet und diese, gegebenenfalls nach einem Evakuieren, verschlossen wird, wonach ein Erwärmen und isostatisches Pressen (HIP-en) der Pulverkapsel erfolgen und der derart hergestellte heißisostatisch gepreßte Rohling einer Verformung durch Schmieden und/oder Walzen unterworfen wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der heißisostatisch gepreßte Rohling einer Diffusionsglühbehandlung mit einer höchsten Temperatur von 20°C unterhalb der Solidustemperatur der Legierung und einer Mindestglühdauer von 4 Stunden unterworfen wird, wonach dieser durch Reckumformung zu einem Breit-Flach-Material geschmiedet und/oder gewalzt wird.Process for the powder-metallurgical production of improved isotropy of the material having mechanical properties with a rectangular or flat-elliptical cross-section, so-called wide-flat material, in particular primary material for the production of cutting and punching tools, in which process a gas-produced, in particular nitrogen-atomized powder Alloy is introduced into a capsule, the latter is sealed, optionally after evacuation, then the powder capsule is heated and isostatically pressed (HIP-en) and the hot isostatically pressed blank thus produced is subjected to deformation by forging and / or rolling, characterized in that the hot isostatically pressed blank is subjected to a diffusion annealing treatment with a maximum temperature of 20 ° C below the solidus temperature of the alloy and a minimum annealing time of 4 hours, after which this is carried out by stretching is forged and / or rolled into a wide-flat material. Pulvermetallurgisch hergestelltes Material mit rechteckigem oder flachelliptischem Querschnitt, sogenanntes Breit-Flach-Material mit einer Breite die mindestens das 3,1-fache der Dicke beträgt und einen Verformungsgrad von mindestens 4-fach aufweist, insbesondere hergestellt nach einem der vorgenannten Verfahren, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Zähigkeit des Werkstoffes gemessen in jeglicher Richtung, insbesondere in Dickenrichtung des Querschnittes des Materials, größer ist als jene des Werkstoffes im heißisostatisch gepreßten, unverformten Zustand.Powder-metallurgically produced material with a rectangular or flat-elliptical cross-section, so-called wide-flat material with a width that is at least 3.1 times the thickness and has a degree of deformation of at least 4 times, in particular produced by one of the aforementioned methods, characterized in that that the toughness of the material measured in any direction, in particular in the thickness direction of the cross section of the material, is greater than that of the material in the hot isostatically pressed, undeformed state.
    EP01890047A 2000-03-03 2001-02-23 Material prepared by powder metallurgy with improved isotropy of the mechanical properties Expired - Lifetime EP1129803B1 (en)

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    US8778259B2 (en) 2011-05-25 2014-07-15 Gerhard B. Beckmann Self-renewing cutting surface, tool and method for making same using powder metallurgy and densification techniques
    EP2662166A1 (en) * 2012-05-08 2013-11-13 Böhler Edelstahl GmbH & Co KG Material with high wear resistance

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    EP1129803A3 (en) 2001-10-04
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