EP1115894B1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur beschichtung von hochtemperaturbauteilen mittels plasmaspritzens - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur beschichtung von hochtemperaturbauteilen mittels plasmaspritzens Download PDFInfo
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- EP1115894B1 EP1115894B1 EP99952248A EP99952248A EP1115894B1 EP 1115894 B1 EP1115894 B1 EP 1115894B1 EP 99952248 A EP99952248 A EP 99952248A EP 99952248 A EP99952248 A EP 99952248A EP 1115894 B1 EP1115894 B1 EP 1115894B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- component
- temperature
- infrared camera
- temperature distribution
- surface region
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/134—Plasma spraying
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B12/00—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area
- B05B12/08—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area responsive to condition of liquid or other fluent material to be discharged, of ambient medium or of target ; responsive to condition of spray devices or of supply means, e.g. pipes, pumps or their drive means
- B05B12/12—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area responsive to condition of liquid or other fluent material to be discharged, of ambient medium or of target ; responsive to condition of spray devices or of supply means, e.g. pipes, pumps or their drive means responsive to conditions of ambient medium or target, e.g. humidity, temperature position or movement of the target relative to the spray apparatus
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
- B05B7/16—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed
- B05B7/22—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc
- B05B7/222—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc
- B05B7/226—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc the material being originally a particulate material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for coating High temperature components by means of plasma spraying, in particular of gas turbine components, according to the preamble of claim 1.
- the invention further relates to a coating device with an infrared camera, according to the generic term of Claim 14.
- Plasma spraying has, among other thermal coating processes due to its flexible application options and a good economic balance sheet is of great importance at Manufacture of coatings to protect components, e.g. against hot gas corrosion.
- Various known methods include vacuum plasma spraying (VPS), low pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) and atmospheric plasma spraying.
- this creates a coating generates a very hot plasma jet while feeding from the material to be applied to the material to be coated Substrate is directed.
- the coating material is there mostly as powder or wire and is used during the Transport through the plasma jet before hitting the Melted substrate.
- This is the manufacture different layer thicknesses with very different Coating and substrate materials possible. It can be metal powder and ceramic powder in various mixtures and grain sizes can be used as long as the starting material has a defined melting point.
- Gas turbine blades with a hot gas corrosion layer e.g. an MCrAlY layer is used, M being a placeholder stands for the metals Ni and Co.
- the type and quality of the layer will include through the pore content, the oxide and nitride content and their adhesive properties affected. Important liability mechanisms are next to the mutual roughness of the surface roughness of different materials or chemical reactions. It is often necessary before the actual protective layer is applied to apply an adhesion promoter layer, in particular then when different coefficients of thermal expansion are to be balanced.
- infrared technologies are based on the fact that every matter correlates with temperature of the component absorbs electromagnetic radiation and emits, which is registered by infrared detectors.
- the infrared methods can be used quickly and flexibly can easily be connected to controls or regulations become.
- control procedures outlined above and others will generally after finishing the coating carried out.
- online controls are desirable to be carried out during the coating process, if necessary intervene in a controlling manner or the process based on the results to regulate.
- the surface temperature has to be coated
- Component for the formation of the various protective functions of the coating is of fundamental importance.
- the MCrAlY layers mentioned above achieve their protective function for example by the formation of aluminum oxide or chromium oxide layers. This in particular leads to an oxidation attack prevented in the base material.
- the oxide layers are depending on the surface temperature of the component educated.
- Results of the surface temperature of the substrate and the Temperature gradients on the component surface increased importance to (see e.g. Proc. Int. Therm. Spr. Conf. 1998, Nice, France, p. 1555 ff.).
- Pyrometers are often used for temperature measurement in plasma spraying at a freely definable point on the surface of the component used. However, these only provide point measurements and there is movement of the bucket during the process control the risk that the pyrometric temperature measurement performed at different locations on the blade surface becomes. The temperature measured in this way is therefore subject to large, incalculable fluctuations.
- the object is achieved by a method according to claim 1 / a Device according to claim 14 solved.
- the component using an infrared camera By measuring the heat distribution of a surface area the component using an infrared camera in the sense of present invention is an areal overview of the component surface is possible in real time.
- a measurement of the Thermal radiation with an infrared camera is already an example in the above-mentioned known method according to US 5 047 612 for checking the powder application during the plasma coating used.
- the present Invention the determination of the exact absolute temperature distribution the entire component surface or selected, predetermined sections of the component surface accurately and in Depends on the time performed.
- An inventive Infrared camera corresponds to an infrared-sensitive CCD field with optics for imaging the component on the CCD field and intensity or frequency-dependent evaluation devices.
- the determination of the temperature distribution from the heat distribution happens in that with the infrared camera measured thermal radiation of the component surface with the radiation reference means is compared.
- Essential for the present Invention is one with the measurement of heat distribution or the temperature distribution related setting of Heat distribution or the temperature distribution determined from it by means of an adjustable process parameter. By the setting of the process parameter becomes a correction the surface temperature in terms of its absolute size to achieve a threshold temperature.
- the radiation reference medium is heated by a heater adjustable temperature brought by as needed a temperature control element is precisely determined.
- the one with thermal images of the radiation reference means recorded by the camera can be easily, e.g. by Color comparisons or, for example, with an upstream radiation filter through intensity comparisons absolute temperature values assign and transfer to the thermal image of the component.
- the surface temperature of the component is then set adapted to the process parameter and taking into account the special properties of the present Surface area reproducible and exactly in one Area brought up for layer formation and adhesion is advantageous. By exceeding the threshold temperature is then an essential condition for good attachment reached.
- color comparisons can be done "by eye” with a high Sensitivity can be made.
- a predetermined temperature of the radiation reference means close to the threshold temperature to be set a simple, quick and safe control criterion for exceeding or falling below the threshold temperature already through a visual comparison of the heat radiation recordings of the component and the radiation reference element given.
- an evaluation using EDP is also useful applicable, e.g. an electronic color value or intensity comparison.
- the process offers reproducible results and ensures an exact one already during the coating process and variable control over the adhesion properties the layer to be applied. Due to the The temperatures can be kept clear while maintaining the Accuracy and reproducibility even set by hand become. Especially with complex surface areas to be coated affects the great spatial accuracy or the very good resolution cheap.
- the detection of heat radiation using an infrared camera can further fluctuations in temperature distribution over time, which, for example, from fluctuations in the output of the heating source result, make visible and in-situ and with the highest temporal resolution, e.g. 10-50 frames / sec.
- the setting is advantageous based on empirical values or measured values and by coordination with the measured, time-dependent temperature distribution.
- the threshold temperature is advantageously taken into account for optimal adhesion of the coating on the Component set and / or the temperature differences and / or temperature gradients are used for the same purpose only allowed within predetermined limits. Different materials, especially material combinations made of layer material and substrate material the setting of the temperature distribution of the surface areas of the components necessary, different threshold temperatures achieve what by changing attitudes of the process parameter is possible.
- a predetermined threshold temperature is set on several areas of the surface of the component in each case. Especially in later use stressed areas of the component, e.g. hottest and strongest Exposed to currents and mechanical loads Parts of gas turbines need optimal adhesion ensure to ensure functionality.
- the present invention always makes it possible To meet requirements as required. One for heating up
- the beam used by the component can be adjusted as required over certain, faster cooling points become.
- a simultaneous control is through observation and control with the infrared camera given at any time.
- the process parameters are compared the temperature distribution of the surface area of the Component is controlled with a target temperature distribution. If there are certain temperature distributions during test measurements and test runs, but also during the actual coating have proven to be particularly advantageous, it is desirable use this for subsequent coatings can. So there can also be a constant temperature distribution with temperatures higher than the threshold temperature as reasonable have highlighted. The temperature distribution is then in the sense of this constant temperature for the entire surface set. This can be done quickly by hand. The setting of a temperature distribution can continue by using and stored in a control loop verified parameters of the process parameter after comparison with the temperature distribution provided by the infrared camera happen on the component surface.
- the component is advantageously preheated and / or during of plasma spraying with a plasma jet and a parameter of the plasma jet is used as a process parameter set.
- the adhesion of the layer to the base material is positively influenced by a high preheating temperature.
- the preheating temperature is not decisive for the adhesion only the first, but also all later on applied layers, as these can only adhere so well like the first.
- a temperature comparable to the preheating temperature should also be observed during plasma spraying be and is advantageously by heating with the To reach plasma jet. Heating with the plasma jet guarantees, for example, compared to an inductive one Resistance heating that is essentially for coating important outer layers are warmed up.
- the component material that may be the high temperatures unable to withstand for a long time becomes minimal damaged.
- the surface can be sprayed with the plasma jet under certain polarity, explained in more detail below of the component to be cleaned, which in turn increases liability improved.
- it can easily happen that stronger gradients occur in the temperature distribution, that counteract good liability.
- it is therefore advantageous the entire component in the To have a view and regulate the process parameters accordingly to be able to.
- the two processes of heating and the coating that occurs during the plasma coating process often overlay in an uncontrollable way, by the presented Processes are monitored and regulated separately become.
- the performance of the plasma jet can be adjusted its process parameters are regulated as required become. This enables a quick response to that of results obtained with the infrared camera regarding the temperature distribution.
- With the same route or the same scanning method of the beam on the component surface by storing and evaluating the data for the plasma jet a good reproducibility of the process is ensured become. This is a better quality of the layers and ensures increased productivity.
- the current of a Beam source of the plasma beam can be set. This size can be controlled with little effort and enables precise Adjustments of the energy input of the plasma jet into the Surface of the component according to the specified temperature distribution.
- the position of the component can in the present method be changed relative to the plasma jet and the determination the temperature distribution of the surface area of the component in different positions relative to the plasma jet. In this way it is possible to create an individual Control of the different surface areas of the component carry out without having to remove the component.
- the different Component positions can be saved. This enables a reproducible assignment of the component position to a size of the process parameter. To achieve a It is useful for other components of the same shape and type it makes sense to use stored data, e.g. starting point or assignment of the component position to regulate the Process parameters for each component in the series.
- the component can be optimally aligned during plasma spraying the axis of rotation of the component rotates to the infrared camera become. So without changing the setting of the Plasma jets the entire surface of the component completely and coated evenly while maintaining control the surface temperature distribution using the infrared camera be made.
- This control function can be done in Form of short-term measurements, i.e. for every surface area separately taking into account the speed of rotation be made.
- the spatial resolution is very precise. It can be a setting adapted to the surface conditions the process parameters in order to reach the threshold temperature be made.
- the present plasma spray device preferably comprises a holding device for the continuous rotation of the component around its longitudinal axis.
- This type of rotation is stable feasible and ensures the greatest possible effectiveness in In terms of coating speed and one uniform layer application.
- an optimal measurement of the temperature distribution to ensure the component surface are advantageous special conditions for the angular relationships from axis of rotation to plasma beam and camera orientation set. It is particularly important to avoid that the solid angle at which the plasma radiation reflects will overlap with the viewing angle of the infrared camera. This setting would outshine the whole Recording essentially through the direct or reflected Bring radiation from the plasma beam.
- the infrared camera is therefore outside the solid angle of the reflection of the Plasma jets arranged.
- the temperature distribution of the surface area of the component is advantageously determined as a function of time and the process parameter according to the temporal behavior of the Temperature distribution set.
- the infrared camera enables a registration of the entire temperature distribution in one step. It is in terms of constant surveillance the development of the layer quality advantageous To record temperature distribution as a function of time to assess the material behavior and the blasting behavior and a corresponding, time-dependent function to be able to set the process parameter.
- the energy transfer pro Time unit remains the same, but is distributed more evenly. This reduces the temperature gradients. on the other hand Too little energy transfer can also result in the surface temperature drops too much. Then she can Power of the plasma jet can be increased. To achieve a high quality surface layer it is necessary according to the determined temperature distribution exact coordination of the different positions of the component and to make changes to the parameter.
- the triggering is at a quarterly interval Revolution time or an integer multiple thereof carried out. This ensures that either the front or the back of the component or the Sides of the component are examined.
- the two sides can e.g. with a turbine blade, different shapes and have material thicknesses of the component material and therefore the energy input of the plasma beam varies save heavily. So there are different forms of temperature gradients before what may be an adjustment of the process parameter of the plasma jet.
- the on a coating device for high temperature components task directed by plasma spraying is accomplished by solved a device according to claim 14.
- the radiation reference means be independent heated by the heater for plasma spraying is. This enables the material of the radiation reference means e.g. by inductive heating or direct heating, for example resistance heating, is heated completely and in particular evenly. This provides an important prerequisite for a correct, Surface-independent comparison of the temperatures of reference agents and component to be coated.
- the temperature of the radiation reference means to measure advantageously with a thermocouple.
- the Measurement with the thermocouple or another independent one After a calibration, the temperature measuring element delivers reliable Absolute temperature values for comparison with the results of the heat radiation measurements of the Component can be used by means of the infrared camera.
- the radiation reference means in Measuring field of the camera inside the chamber next to the one to be coated Component is arranged.
- This enables one simultaneous detection of the radiation reference means and of the component to be coated by the infrared camera. This can be particularly beneficial for rapidly changing Radiation conditions and reflections reflecting the measurement results can influence.
- a detection in the same measuring field enables measurement under the same environmental conditions, which is particularly the case with rotated or relocated Components is advantageous due to the rapidly changing visible surfaces.
- the environmental conditions are also significantly due to contamination from coating material at the observation window or through the infrared components influenced in the radiation of the plasma beam. It is therefore to guarantee unadulterated measurement results particularly advantageous, the radiation reference means within the coating chamber.
- the camera is arranged and designed so that at least with it the entire surface of a turbine blade facing her is detectable. Especially if due to big differences the component properties, for example the component material thickness, large temperature gradients to be expected it is advantageous to capture the entire surface can.
- the special arrangement of the camera of the present Invention makes this possible without problems. Particularly advantageous is the easy to carry out registration and control the temperature distributions of peripheral areas or areas with small radii of curvature, such as those found in turbine blades occur in the area of the blade ends. This is important because there on the coating in use in the Compared to flat surface areas, additional strong ones mechanical and thermal loads act.
- the infrared camera is projecting outward at one end Neck of the coating chamber attached. On attached at the end of the nozzle, an insight into the coating chamber enabling stained glass window with a Seal is provided to ensure a good vacuum, is very little contaminated by process dusts in this way.
- the proposed device reduces the frequency for maintenance and cleaning of the equipment.
- Favorable for the Infrared camera shots are when the nozzle is conical Has a shape with a wide, free opening angle range. This shape is then the field of view of the infrared camera adapted and enables optimal recordings of the component.
- the glass window advantageously consists of a special glass with a transmission adapted to the measuring range of the camera for wavelengths between 2-5 ⁇ m.
- This measuring range corresponds that infrared radiation range in which a large proportion of the radiation emitted from the component surface becomes.
- This area of radiation is sufficiently good of the overlapping, broadband infrared portion of the Plasma beams distinguishable.
- the examined wavelength range of 2-5 ⁇ m is far from the maximum of the thermal radiation of the plasma jet removed and compared to the other radiation areas of the plasma beam less Intensity. This is particularly the case with the present Online controls of the coating are essential to ensure that the well resolved and clear mapping of the temperature distribution the surface of the component.
- the glass window advantageously consists of sapphire glass.
- This type of glass which contains Al 2 O 3 , has optimal transmission properties in the desired range.
- the glass is commercially available and can be functionally adapted to the device according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic and not to scale a principle Structure of a coating device 1 for implementation of a plasma spraying process.
- the coating device 1 has a coating chamber 17 with a Suction nozzle 18, with a vacuum device, not shown connected is. Inside the coating chamber 17, a plasma spray device 16 is arranged. The in the plasma spray device 16 generated plasma jet 12 on one to be coated arranged in the coating chamber 17 Component 10 directed.
- the schematic structure the plasma spray device 16 is shown in FIG.
- the plasma jet 12 enables both the heating of the component 10 as well as a coating with a powder load 95.
- the components 10 to be coated are in essential to high temperature components for use in Gas turbines, for example turbine blades or combustion chamber linings.
- the complex geometries cause inhomogeneities in heating and thus in the heat radiation distribution 30 of surface areas 40 of a component to be coated 10.
- a moving device for two vertical directions 101 or a rotating device 100 enables all to be coated to be reached Surface areas 40 of the component 10, so that the plasma jet 12 does not have wide surface areas 40 must be distracted.
- Each surface area 40 of the component 10, including the narrow sides, can be rotated or Moving quickly in directions perpendicular to each other become.
- the location of the plasma jet 12 to the component surface 40 by shifting the position of the Plasma spraying device 16 can be changed.
- the beam cone can also cover the entire, facing surface of component 10 cover.
- An example of one Recording 25 with the infrared camera 20 is shown in FIG 2a.
- the infrared camera 20 is attached to a glass window 19, which is attached to a nozzle 11, which in turn the coating chamber 17 is attached.
- the nozzle 11 prevents the glass window 19 and thus the view of the Infrared camera 20 is heavily contaminated by process dusts.
- the angle of the viewing area 29 of the infrared camera 20 and the Opening angles of the conically shaped nozzle 11 are against each other customized.
- the infrared camera 20 is arranged on the coating chamber 17, that reflections of the radiation from the plasma beam 12 the infrared camera 20 of the component surface. It must also be ensured that the infrared camera 20 shows a complete picture of the heat radiation distribution 30 of the component 10 can be determined in all positions. For this purpose, an angle adjustment must be carried out so that the Component 10 always in the viewing area 29 of the infrared camera 20 lies and at the same time that of the viewing area 29 of the infrared camera 20 swept solid angles preferably outside the Solid angle of the reflection of the plasma beam 12 is.
- a radiation reference means 60 is arranged next to the component 10 to be coated. Since both the component 10 and the radiation reference means 60 are located simultaneously in the field of view 29 of the infrared camera 20, the heat radiation distributions 30 of the two can be detected simultaneously by means of a recording 25.
- the radiation reference means 60 is heated by a heater 61 which is independent of the heating of the component 10 and its temperature is determined by a thermocouple 62. This temperature is used as the reference temperature T R for determining the temperatures of the heat radiation distribution 30 of the surface area 40 of the component 10.
- FIG. 1 shows the schematic sequence of the measuring, converting and regulating process for the temperature control of the surface area 40 of the component 10.
- the thermal radiation distribution 30 of the surface region 40 and the radiation reference means 60 recorded by the infrared camera 20 and the temperature T R of the radiation reference means 60 measured by the thermocouple 62 are fed to the converter 31. From this, the latter determines the absolute temperature distribution 70 of the examined component surface 40 and supplies this to the control device 32.
- the control device 32 determines, depending on supplied Sollemperaturverotti T set (x, y), the movement of the component 10, in particular by regulating the power supply of the rotator 102, the power supply of controllable current source 64 of the heater 62 of the radiation reference means 60 and the size of the adjustable process parameter p of the plasma spray device 16.
- the infrared camera 20 can, for example, also have an internal, i.e. radiation reference means located within the infrared camera 20 own, with which also a temperature determination and assignment can be performed.
- the measurement errors can, for example, be superimposed by different ones Infrared radiation sources as scattered radiation and Background radiation or by a time-dependent increase the degree of contamination of the glass window 19 by process dusts arise.
- the glass window 19 preferably contains Al 2 O 3 .
- This type of glass also called sapphire glass, has good transmission properties in the range of electromagnetic waves with wavelengths between 2-5 ⁇ m, which corresponds to the measuring range of the infrared camera 20. This is necessary for the precise, distinctive characterization of the radiating surface area 40 of the component 10, since the plasma beam 12 represents a very broadband radiation source which can be superimposed on the radiation of the component, as shown above. If the radiation in the infrared range caused by the plasma beam 12 is too intense, suitable filters or other optics are connected upstream of the infrared camera 20.
- the high-temperature component 10 is brought to a predetermined preheating temperature, the threshold temperature T s , on the surface area 40 in order to ensure better adhesion of the coating 15 to be applied.
- This preheating or heating during the coating process is preferably carried out with the “pure” plasma jet 12 without powder load 95.
- Several surface areas 40 can also be brought at least locally to predetermined threshold temperatures T S.
- a target temperature distribution Tsoll (x, y) in the surface area 40 a method parameter p of the plasma spraying process is set in accordance with the determined temperature distribution 70 in the method presented. It is also possible to set a target temperature distribution Tsoll (x, y), which can be obtained, for example, from material and component-specific measured values.
- FIG. 2a shows a schematic drawing of a receptacle 25 of a Heat radiation distribution 30 of a surface area 40 of a heated component 10 and a radiation reference means 60, which was determined with an infrared camera 20.
- the differently hatched areas indicate differently strong heat radiation or differences in the frequency distributions.
- FIG. 2 b shows a schematic temperature distribution 70, which is obtained by evaluating the recording 25 of the heat distribution 30 of a surface area 40 of the component 10 and of the radiation reference means 60 with the infrared camera 20.
- predetermined, maximum temperature differences T 1 -T 2 and temperature gradients T as low as possible should preferably be maintained.
- By adjusting the process parameter p of the plasma jet 12 these areas can be subjected to a treatment that compensates for the temperature distribution 70. This setting can be made by hand or with an electronic regulation or control device.
- FIG. 3 shows a cross section through a typical layer structure.
- a first layer 15a is applied to a component 10 using the VPS method, for example a CoCrAlY corrosion protection layer.
- a Y-stabilized ZrO 2 layer 15b (ZrO 2 + Y 2 O 3 ) serving as a thermal insulation layer is applied.
- a roughened, clean surface of the component 10 is an important requirement.
- the component 10 can be cleaned by sputtering with negative polarity of the component 10.
- matched thermal expansion coefficients of the materials are an important requirement. Otherwise, internal stresses cause the coating 15 to flake off.
- FIG. 4 schematically shows a plasma beam source 13, a Conversion device 31 for the conversion of the infrared camera 20 registered heat radiation distribution 30 des Component 10 for temperature distribution 70 and a control device 32 for setting up the plasma beam source 13 the process parameter p in accordance with the temperature distribution 70 and the target temperature distribution Tsoll (x, y).
- the plasma jet source 13 consists of two as nozzles shaped electrodes - negative polarized cathode 8 and positive polarized anode 9 - with a high, applied voltage u and a working gas as an atmosphere. Due to high wall temperatures (approx. 3000K) on the cathode 8 sets a thermal field emission of electrons. The plasma electrons are through the E field accelerates in the direction of the anode 9.
- the working gas is heated by the arc discharge and by bumps of atoms that are longer than the free ion-neutral particle exchange length are removed from the cathode 8, ionized.
- a local arc discharge occurs in the electrode nozzle 12 with the arc current i.
- the plasma jet 12 is free of current.
- This plasma jet 12 is supplied by applying Powder load 95 used for coating.
- the stability of the arc discharge 12 affects the entire plasma spraying process. fluctuations in the plasma generation act immediately the state of the outflowing plasma jet 12, and thus et al also on the temperature distribution 70 of the surface area 40 of the component to be coated 10.
- the arc base on the anode 9 with the smoothed arc current i the arc is shortened or extended, which can result in voltage fluctuations. This in turn creates fluctuations in the plasma enthalpy h and thus a thermal and dynamic influence on the Spray particles. Control of these fluctuations is in the Necessary for the safe setting of the process parameter p.
- the process parameter p used in the setting process the desired temperature distribution according to the determined temperature distribution 70 is changed is how shown above, preferably the arc current i of the arc discharge. This can be done with not very complex circuits keep constant. The one for a good coating quality responsible variables such as beam temperature and intensity - and homogeneity and melting of the powder load to be applied However, 95 still depend in a complex way on the various others, for setting the plasma jet 12 necessary process parameters p from. For example, the above mentioned voltage u by changing the voltage between the Electrodes or the emission of electrons from the cathode 8 changed by increasing the heating power at the cathode 8 become.
- FIG. 5 shows an example of a triggering, ie a coordination of the recordings 25 of the infrared camera 20 with the rotation of the component 10.
- the recordings 25 of the infrared camera 20 are indicated by a displacement of the infrared camera 20 over a time line t.
- a more complex component 10 is rotated about its axis of rotation 105 in 90 ° steps. This makes it possible to receive the component 10 from all sides.
- recording technology can also be time-dependent Setting the process parameter p may be useful in order to slow down the target To achieve the target temperature distribution Tsoll (x, y), for example to avoid the creation of thermal stresses and the surface properties of component 10 are not to change.
Description
- FIG 1
- schematisch eine Vorrichtung zum Beschichten mittels Plasmaspritzens mit Beschichtungskammer und Infrarotkamera,
- FIG 2a
- eine vereinfachte, graphische Darstellung einer Aufnahme einer Wärmeverteilung mit einer Infrarotkamera,
- FIG 2b
- eine vereinfachte, graphische Darstellung einer Temperaturverteilung, ermittelt aus einer Wärmeverteilung,
- FIG 3
- einen Querschnitt durch ein beschichtetes Bauteil,
- FIG 4
- eine Plasmaspritzeinrichtung mit Regelung des Verfahrensparameters und
- FIG 5
- eine Darstellung zur Erläuterung einer getriggerten Aufnahmenfolge der Infrarotkamera bei rotierendem Bauteil.
Claims (22)
- Verfahren zum Beschichten von Hochtemperaturbauteilen (10) mittels Plasmaspritzens, insbesondere von Gasturbinenbauteilen, wie Turbinenschaufeln oder Brennkammerauskleidungen, bei dem das Bauteil (10) beheizt wird, wobei mit einer Infrarotkamera (20) die Verteilung der Wärmestrahlung (30) eines Oberflächenbereichs (40) des Bauteils (10) ermittelt und in Abhängigkeit von dieser Verteilung (30) ein Verfahrensparameter (p) beeinflußt wird,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß aus der Wärmestrahlungsverteilung (30) des Oberflächenbereichs (40) des Bauteils (10) durch Vergleich mit einem Strahlungs-Referenzmittel (60) die Temperaturverteilung (70) des Oberflächenbereichs (40) bestimmt wird, und daß der Verfahrensparameter (p) zum Erreichen einer vorgegebenen Schwellentemperatur (TS) im Oberflächenbereich (40) nach Maßgabe der Temperaturverteilung (70) eingestellt wird. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mit dem Verfahrensparameter (p) eine Temperaturverteilung (70) im Oberflächenbereich (40) des Bauteils (10) eingestellt wird, bei der vorbestimmte Temperaturdifferenzen (T1-T2) und/oder Temperaturgradienten (grad T) nicht überschritten werden. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schwellentemperatur (TS) im Hinblick auf ein optimales Haftungsvermögen der Beschichtung (15) auf dem Bauteil (10) eingestellt wird und/oder daß die Temperaturdifferenzen (T1-T2) und/oder Temperaturgradienten (grad T) zu demselben Zweck nur innerhalb vorbestimmter Grenzen zugelassen werden. - Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß an mehreren Oberflächenbereichen (40) des Bauteils (10) jeweils eine vorgegebene Schwellentemperatur (TS) eingestellt wird.
- Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verfahrensparameter (p) durch Vergleich der Temperaturverteilung (70) des Oberflächenbereichs (40) des Bauteils (10) mit einer Solltemperaturverteilung (Tsoll(x,y)) geregelt wird.
- Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Bauteil (10) vorgewärmt und/oder während des Plasmaspritzens mit einem Plasmastrahl (12) beheizt wird und daß als Verfahrensparameter (p) ein Parameter des Plasmastrahls (12) eingestellt wird.
- Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als Verfahrensparameter (p) der Strom (i) einer Strahlquelle (13) des Plasmastrahls (12) eingestellt wird.
- Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Stellung des Bauteils (10) relativ zum Plasmastrahl (12) verändert wird und daß die Ermittlung der Temperaturverteilung (70) des Oberflächenbereichs (40) des Bauteils (10) in unterschiedlichen Relativstellungen erfolgt.
- Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Bauteil (10) beim Plasmaspritzen mit optimaler Ausrichtung des Oberflächenbereichs (40) zur Infrarotkamera (20) rotiert wird.
- Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Temperaturverteilung (70) des Oberflächenbereichs (40) des Bauteils (10) als Funktion der Zeit ermittelt und der Verfahrensparameter (p) nach Maßgabe des zeitlichen Verhaltens der Temperaturverteilung (70) eingestellt wird.
- Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Stellungsveränderungen des Bauteils (10) relativ zum Plasmastrahl (12) einerseits und ein Verfahrensparameter (p) des Plasmaspritzens andererseits nach Maßgabe der Temperaturverteilung (70) so aufeinander abgestimmt werden, daß Temperaturgradienten (grad T) des Oberflächenbereichs (40) des Bauteils (10) verringert werden.
- Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß nacheinander erfolgende Aufnahmen (25) mit der Infrarotkamera (20) in Abhängigkeit von der Umdrehungsdauer (tu) des Bauteils (10) getriggert werden.
- Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Triggerung mit dem zeitlichen Abstand (Δt) eines Viertels einer Umdrehungsdauer (tu) oder einem ganzzahligen (n) Vielfachen davon durchgeführt wird.
- Vorrichtung zum Beschichten von Hochtemperaturbauteilen (10) mittels Plasmaspritzens insbesondere von Gasturbinenbauteilen, wie Turbinenschaufeln oder Brennkammerauskleidungen, mit einer Plasmaspritzeinrichtung (16), die eine Beschichtungskammer (17) aufweist, mit einer Infrarotkamera (20), die die Wärmestrahlung (30) zumindest eines Oberflächenbereichs (40) des Bauteils (10) zu beobachten gestattet, und mit einer Einrichtung zur Einstellung eines Verfahrensparameters (p) nach Maßgabe der ermittelten Wärmestrahlungsverteilung (30), zur Durchführung eines Verfahrens nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 13,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein Strahlungs-Referenzmittel (60) vorhanden ist, mit dem von der Infrarotkamera (20) erhaltene Signale vergleichbar sind und das der Einstellung der Temperaturverteilung (70) des Bauteils (10) oberhalb einer vorgegebenen Schwellentemperatur (TS) und/oder der Einstellung der Temperaturverteilung (70) innerhalb einer Solltemperaturverteilung (Tsoll(x,y)) durch den Verfahrensparameter (p) dient. - Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 14,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Strahlungs-Referenzmittel (60) unabhängig von einer Heizvorrichtung für das Plasmaspritzen beheizbar ist. - Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 14 oder 15,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Temperatur des Strahlungs-Referenzmittels (60) mit einem Thermoelement (62) zu messen ist. - Vorrichtung nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 14 bis 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Strahlungs-Referenzmittel (60) im Meßfeld der Infrarotkamera (20) innerhalb der Beschichtungskammer (17) neben dem zu beschichtenden Bauteil (10) angeordnet ist.
- Vorrichtung nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 14 bis 17, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mit der Infrarotkamera (20) der gesamte ihr zugewandte Oberflächenbereich (40) einer Turbinenschaufel erfaßbar ist.
- Vorrichtung nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 14 bis 18, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Infrarotkamera (20) an einem Ende (11') eines nach außen vorspringenden Stutzens (11) der Beschichtungskammer (17) angebracht ist.
- Vorrichtung nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 14 bis 19, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Öffnungswinkel des Stutzens (11) und der Sichtbereich (29) der Kamera (20) aneinander angepaßt sind und der Stutzen (11) ein die Infrarotkamera (20) abschirmendes Glasfenster (19) aufweist.
- Vorrichtung nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 14 bis 20, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Glasfenster (19) aus einem Spezialglas mit einer dem Meßbereich der Kamera (20) angepaßten Transmission für Wellenlängen zwischen 2-5 µm besteht.
- Vorrichtung nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 14 bis 21, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Glasfenster (19) aus Saphirglas besteht.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
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DE19837400 | 1998-08-18 | ||
DE19837400A DE19837400C1 (de) | 1998-08-18 | 1998-08-18 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Beschichtung von Hochtemperaturbauteilen mittels Plasmaspritzens |
PCT/DE1999/002381 WO2000011234A1 (de) | 1998-08-18 | 1999-08-03 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur beschichtung von hochtemperaturbauteilen mittels plasmaspritzens |
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EP1115894A1 EP1115894A1 (de) | 2001-07-18 |
EP1115894B1 true EP1115894B1 (de) | 2002-04-10 |
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EP99952248A Expired - Lifetime EP1115894B1 (de) | 1998-08-18 | 1999-08-03 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur beschichtung von hochtemperaturbauteilen mittels plasmaspritzens |
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US (1) | US6537605B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1115894B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2002523623A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2340930A1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE19837400C1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2000011234A1 (de) |
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1998
- 1998-08-18 DE DE19837400A patent/DE19837400C1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
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1999
- 1999-08-03 JP JP2000566484A patent/JP2002523623A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-08-03 EP EP99952248A patent/EP1115894B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-03 WO PCT/DE1999/002381 patent/WO2000011234A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1999-08-03 DE DE59901219T patent/DE59901219D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-03 CA CA002340930A patent/CA2340930A1/en not_active Abandoned
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DE102014220180A1 (de) * | 2014-10-06 | 2016-06-09 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Überwachung und Steuerung eines Beschichtungsvorgangs anhand einer Wärmeverteilung auf dem Werkstück |
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CA2340930A1 (en) | 2000-03-02 |
US6537605B1 (en) | 2003-03-25 |
DE19837400C1 (de) | 1999-11-18 |
DE59901219D1 (de) | 2002-05-16 |
JP2002523623A (ja) | 2002-07-30 |
WO2000011234A1 (de) | 2000-03-02 |
EP1115894A1 (de) | 2001-07-18 |
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