EP1109638B1 - Method for producing load-optimised steel strips - Google Patents

Method for producing load-optimised steel strips Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1109638B1
EP1109638B1 EP99942925A EP99942925A EP1109638B1 EP 1109638 B1 EP1109638 B1 EP 1109638B1 EP 99942925 A EP99942925 A EP 99942925A EP 99942925 A EP99942925 A EP 99942925A EP 1109638 B1 EP1109638 B1 EP 1109638B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
process according
rolls
strip
steel
thickness
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP99942925A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1109638A1 (en
Inventor
Wilhelm Schmitz
Dieter Senk
Ulrich ALBRECHT-FRÜH
Reiner Kopp
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ThyssenKrupp Steel Europe AG
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ThyssenKrupp Stahl AG
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22DCASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/06Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22DCASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/06Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
    • B22D11/0622Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars formed by two casting wheels
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21BROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/46Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21BROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B37/00Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
    • B21B37/16Control of thickness, width, diameter or other transverse dimensions
    • B21B37/24Automatic variation of thickness according to a predetermined programme
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21BROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B2205/00Particular shaped rolled products
    • B21B2205/02Tailored blanks

Definitions

  • the invention has for its object a method for the production of load-optimized steel strips create that both a direct use of the Steel strips as well as their further forming without the Disadvantages described in cold rolling allowed.
  • the invention thus relates to a method for manufacturing load-optimized steel strips with in Band longitudinal direction constantly changing thickness according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a such a method is according to the invention characterized in that dependent on from the path of the continuous, cast strip to the poured into the gusset formed by the rollers Molten steel acting cooling of the rollers and thus the thickness of the steel strip is changed such that the Steel band a length-related change in thickness from 10 to 40% receives.
  • the cooling by means of Roll over their contact time with the molten steel to be influenced. Specifically, this can be done by setting the Circumferential speed of the rollers and / or over the height of the melt pool level. Alternatively, you can but also cooling via the heat flow between the rollers and the molten steel are affected. Specifically, this can be done using the surface structure of the rollers and / or an inert gas atmosphere and / or pouring oil respectively.
  • the cast tape is further reduced in thickness it can be hot rolled. About it and especially about cold rolling as well as possible The structure of the strip can be recrystallized to be influenced.
  • the distance between the rollers 1, 2 can be shown by not shown Actuators can be set. Preferably work the actuators with constant or, when enlarged Distance, slightly increasing support force. In this The case is setting the correct distance particularly easy because of the width of the passage gap in this case automatically depending on the Sets the thickness of the strand shells 4.5. in principle applies that with a rigid framework a large ⁇ K for the rolling force is a small ⁇ S for the thickness of the strip and with a soft framework a small ⁇ K a large one ⁇ S corresponds.
  • the band 7 leaving the band casting device with in The tape running direction gradually gets bigger and smaller Strip thickness has a homogeneous structure and can then are used immediately or by others Formings such as hot or cold rolling can be changed. In any case, it offers because of the homogeneous structure optimal conditions for further processing.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metal Rolling (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Sheet Steel (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Steel Electrode Plates (AREA)

Abstract

To produce sheet steel components optimised for loading, a steel strip is cast between two cooled rolls with a variable nip and the thickness of the steel strip is changed by changing the time of contact between the strand shells and the rolls or by changing the cooling intensity of the rolls on the molten steel cast into the gusset formed by the rolls, thereby changing the thickness of the steel strip. Such a strip has a homogeneous structure and can subsequently be given a special quality by hot or cold rolling for its particular purpose of use.

Description

Aus Gründen eines sparsamen Umgangs mit Rohstoffen und Energie ist man seit langem bemüht, konstruktive Bauteile belastungsoptimiert zu gestalten. Diese Bemühungen haben vor allem bei Kraftfahrzeugen, bei denen das Gewicht für den Kraftstoffverbrauch eine herausragende Rolle spielt, dazu geführt, daß an verschiedenen Stellen des Kraftfahrzeuges aus sogenannten tailored blanks hergestellte Bauteile eingesetzt werden. Solche Bauteile bestehen aus zusammengeschweißten Blechteilen unterschiedlicher Dicke. Es versteht sich, daß solche Bauteile wegen des Dickensprungs nicht an jeder Stelle bezüglich der späteren Belastung optimal sind.For reasons of economical use of raw materials and Energy has long been sought, constructive components to design load-optimized. Have these efforts especially in motor vehicles where the weight for fuel consumption plays an important role, led to the fact that in different places of the Motor vehicle from so-called tailored blanks manufactured components are used. Such components consist of welded sheet metal parts different thickness. It is understood that such Components not at every point due to the thickness change are optimal with regard to the subsequent load.

Um belastungsoptimierte Bauteile ohne solchen Dickensprung zu erhalten, sind in jüngster Zeit Versuche mit dem sogenannten flexiblen Kaltwalzen gemacht worden, das heißt einem Kaltwalzen von Bändern, bei dem der Walzspalt beim Durchlaufen des Bandes wegabhängig verändert wird (B. Hachmann, R. Kopp, Aachen, "Walzen belastungsoptimierter Längsprofile", Seiten 4.2-1 bis 4.2-6, Umformtechnik, 7. Aachener Stahlkolloquium, 26. März bis 27. März 1992, Institut für Bildsame Formgebung der RWTH Aachen). Diese Versuche haben jedoch noch nicht zu praktisch verwendbaren Ergebnissen geführt.To load-optimized components without such Getting a jump in thickness has recently been attempts with the so-called flexible cold rolling, that is a cold rolling of strips in which the Roll gap depending on the path as it passes through the strip is changed (B. Hachmann, R. Kopp, Aachen, "Walzen load-optimized longitudinal profiles ", pages 4.2-1 to 4.2-6, metal forming technology, 7th Aachen Steel Colloquium, March 26th to March 27th, 1992, Institute for Bildsame Shaping of the RWTH Aachen). However, these attempts have have not yet led to practical results.

Neben der Schwierigkeit, die erforderlichen hohen Walzkräfte aufzubringen, besteht eine weitere Schwierigkeit darin, daß die Bänder beim Kaltwalzen über die Bandlänge verschiedenen Umformgraden unterworfen werden. Für die meisten Anwendungsfälle ist die damit verbundene unterschiedliche Verfestigung nicht erwünscht.In addition to the difficulty, the required high Another is to apply rolling forces Difficulty in that the strips over cold rolling the strip length is subjected to various degrees of deformation become. This is the case for most applications associated different solidification not desirable.

Ferner ist ein Verfahren zum Anfahren einer Stranggießanlage zum Gießen von Bändern bekannt. (Patent abstracts of Japan, vol. 011, no. 125 (M-582). Bei Anfahren einer solchen Stranggießanlage wird der von Wasser gekühlten Rollen gebildete Walzspalt allmählich vergrößert und gleichzeitig die Gießgeschwindigkeit erhöht, derart, daß sich für die Strangschalen eine konstante Dicke ergibt. Bei diesem Verfahren geht es nicht darum, Bänder mit in Bandlängsrichtung sich stetig verändernder Dicke herzustellen.Furthermore, there is a method for starting up a continuous caster for casting known from tapes. (Patent abstracts of Japan, vol. 011, no. 125 (M-582). When starting one Continuous caster is the water-cooled roll formed nip gradually enlarged and at the same time increases the casting speed, such that there is a constant thickness for the strand shells. This procedure is not about using tapes with Strip longitudinal direction of constantly changing thickness manufacture.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zum Herstellen belastungsoptimierter Stahlbänder zu schaffen, das sowohl einen unmittelbaren Einsatz der Stahlbänder als auch deren weitere Umformung ohne die beschriebenen Nachteile beim Kaltwalzen erlaubt.The invention has for its object a method for the production of load-optimized steel strips create that both a direct use of the Steel strips as well as their further forming without the Disadvantages described in cold rolling allowed.

Die Erfindung betrifft somit ein Verfahren zum Herstellen belastungsoptimierter Stahlbänder mit in Bandlängsrichtung sich stetig verändernder Dicke gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1. Ein solches Verfahren ist erfindungsgemäß dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in Abhängigkeit vom Weg des durchlaufenden, gegossenen Bandes die auf die in den von den Rollen gebildeten Zwickel eingegossene Stahlschmelze einwirkende Kühlung der Rollen und damit die Dicke des Stahlbandes derart verändert wird, daß das Stahlband eine längenbezogene Dickenänderung von 10 bis 40 % erhält. The invention thus relates to a method for manufacturing load-optimized steel strips with in Band longitudinal direction constantly changing thickness according to the preamble of claim 1. A such a method is according to the invention characterized in that dependent on from the path of the continuous, cast strip to the poured into the gusset formed by the rollers Molten steel acting cooling of the rollers and thus the thickness of the steel strip is changed such that the Steel band a length-related change in thickness from 10 to 40% receives.

Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren läßt sich ein Stahlband mit homogenem Gefüge aber über seine Länge unterschiedlicher Dicke herstellen. Ein solches Band bietet beste Voraussetzungen für eine umformende Weiterbehandlung, sei es durch Warmwalzen, sei es insbesondere durch Kaltwalzen. Wird das Band kaltgewalzt, dann lassen sich konstante Umformgrade problemlos erzielen.With the method according to the invention one can Steel strip with a homogeneous structure but over its length produce different thicknesses. Such a band offers the best conditions for a reshaping Further treatment, be it by hot rolling, be it especially by cold rolling. If the strip is cold rolled, then constant degrees of deformation can easily be achieved achieve.

Nach Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung gibt es verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Einstellung der Dicke des Bandes über die Kühlung der Rollen. So kann nach einer ersten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung die Kühlung mittels der Rollen über deren Kontaktzeit mit der Stahlschmelze beeinflußt werden. Konkret kann dies durch Einstellen der Umfangsgeschwindigkeit der Rollen und/oder über die Höhe des Schmelzbadspiegels erfolgen. Alternativ kann allerdings auch die Kühlung über den Wärmefluß zwischen den Rollen und der Stahlschmelze beeinflußt werden. Konkret kann dies über die Oberflächenstruktur der Rollen und/oder eine Inertgasatmosphäre und/oder Gießöl erfolgen.According to embodiments of the invention, there are various Possibilities of adjusting the thickness of the tape over cooling the rollers. So after a first Embodiment of the invention, the cooling by means of Roll over their contact time with the molten steel to be influenced. Specifically, this can be done by setting the Circumferential speed of the rollers and / or over the height of the melt pool level. Alternatively, you can but also cooling via the heat flow between the rollers and the molten steel are affected. Specifically, this can be done using the surface structure of the rollers and / or an inert gas atmosphere and / or pouring oil respectively.

Da die Dicke des Bandes über die Kühlung der Rollen und damit über die sich bildenden Strangschalen des Bandes beeinflußt wird, bietet sich eine einfache Einstellung der Stützkraft an. Die Rollen können nämlich mit konstanter bis geringfügig ansteigender Stützkraft beaufschlagt werden. Soll das Band dicker werden, dann wird die Kühlung mit der Folge dickerer Strangschalen vergrößert. Das bedeutet, daß die Rollen zurückweichen und einen größeren Durchtrittsspalt bilden. Umgekehrt stellen sich die Stützrollen nach, wenn die Kühlung vermindert wird und damit die Strangschalen dünner werden. In jedem Fall wird auf diese Art und Weise sichergestellt, daß die Strangschalen im sogenannten "kissing point", das sind die gegenüberliegenden Scheitelpunkte der Rollen, einander kontaktieren und miteinander verschweißen.Because the thickness of the tape over the cooling of the rolls and thus over the forming strand shells of the band is influenced, there is a simple setting the support force. The roles can namely with constant to slightly increasing support force be charged. If the tape should get thicker, then cooling with the consequence of thicker strand shells increased. This means that the roles recede and form a larger passage gap. Vice versa adjust the support rollers after the cooling is reduced and thus the strand shells thinner become. In any case, this way ensured that the strand shells in the so-called "kissing point" are the opposite Vertices of the roles, contact each other and weld together.

Sofern das gegossene Band in der Dicke weiter vermindert werden soll, kann es warmgewalzt werden. Darüber und insbesondere über das Kaltwalzen sowie über mögliches Rekristallisationsglühen kann das Gefüge des Bandes beeinflußt werden. If the cast tape is further reduced in thickness it can be hot rolled. About it and especially about cold rolling as well as possible The structure of the strip can be recrystallized to be influenced.

Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand einer ein Ausführungsbeispiel für eine für das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren geeigneten Vorrichtung darstellenden Zeichnung näher erläutert.In the following the invention is based on a Embodiment for one for the invention Process suitable device drawing explained in more detail.

Zwei gegenläufig angetriebene gekühlte Rollen 1,2 bilden zwischen sich einen Durchtrittsspalt. Oberhalb des Durchtrittsspaltes bilden sie einen Zwickel, in den aus einem Gießbehälter 3 Stahlschmelze gegossen wird. Die Stahlschmelze erstarrt in den an den gekühlten Rollen 1,2 angrenzenden Bereichen, so daß sich Strangschalen 4,5 bilden, die sich an der engsten Stelle des Spaltes im sogenannten "kissing point" 6 treffen. Hier verschweißen die Strangschalen 4,5 zu einem Band 7, das in Richtung eines Pfeils Z abgezogen wird.Form two counter-rotating cooled rollers 1,2 a gap between them. Above the Passage gap they form a gusset in which a casting tank 3 steel melt is poured. The Steel melt solidifies in the cooled rollers 1,2 adjacent areas, so that strand shells 4.5 form that at the narrowest point of the gap in the so-called "kissing point" 6 meet. Weld here the strand shells 4, 5 to a band 7, which is in the direction an arrow Z is subtracted.

Um ein Band 7 mit in Bandlängsrichtung unterschiedlicher Dicke herzustellen, ist es erforderlich, daß der Abstand der Rollen 1,2 veränderlich ist. Darüber hinaus ist es erforderlich, daß über die auf die Stahlschmelze ausgeübte Kühlung der Rollen 1,2 sich Strangschalen 4,5 unterschiedlicher Dicke bilden. Für die Beeinflussung der Kühlung gibt es mehrere Möglichkeiten. So kann die Kühlung über den Wärmefluß zwischen den gekühlten Rollen 1,2 und der Stahlschmelze beeinflußt werden. Im Ausführungsbeispiel sind segmentierte Rollen 1,2 dargestellt, deren Segmente eine unterschiedliche Oberflächenstruktur haben können. Sie könnten aber auch unterschiedlich stark gekühlt sein. Die Kühlung kann aber auch dadurch beeinflußt werden, daß bei Gießen unter Inertgas das Inertgas, das die Atmosphäre bildet, verändert wird. Denkbar ist aber auch, daß eine Beeinflussung über das Gießöl, das zwischen den Rollenmänteln und der Schmelze sich befinden kann, erfolgt. Besonders wirksam und schnell reagieren hinsichtlich der Kühlung kann man allerdings über eine Veränderung der Kontaktzeit der Rollen 1,2 mit der Stahlschmelze. So kann der Badspiegel schnell über einen als Verdränger wirkenden Tauchkörper 8 beeinflußt werden. Der Tauchkörper sollte adiabatisch sein, insbesondere aus Keramik bestehen. Schließlich ist aber auch eine Beeinflussung über die Umfangsgeschwindigkeit der Rollen 1,2 möglich. In diesen beiden letzten Fällen wird die Kühlung über die Kontaktzeit der Rollen 1,2 mit der Schmelze beeinflußt. Einer Verringerung der Umfangsgeschwindigkeit entspricht eine längere Kontaktzeit, so daß die Strangschalen dicker werden, während durch Erhöhung der Umfangsgeschwindigkeit die Kontaktzeit kürzer und damit die Strangschalen dünner werden.To a band 7 with different in the longitudinal direction of the band To produce thickness, it is necessary that the distance the roles 1,2 is variable. Beyond that it is required that over to the molten steel exerted cooling of the rollers 1, 2 strand shells 4 form different thickness. For influencing the There are several options for cooling. So it can Cooling via the heat flow between the cooled rollers 1,2 and the steel melt are affected. in the Embodiment are segmented roles 1,2 shown, the segments of which can have different surface structures. she but could also be cooled to different degrees. The Cooling can also be influenced by the fact that when pouring under inert gas Inert gas that forms the atmosphere is changed. But it is also conceivable that an influence on the pouring oil that is between the Roll coats and the melt can be he follows. React particularly effectively and quickly in terms of cooling, however, one can Change the contact time of the roles 1,2 with the Molten steel. So the bathroom mirror can quickly over a acts as a displacer immersion body 8 become. The diving body should be adiabatic, consist in particular of ceramics. Finally, however also an influence on the peripheral speed the roles 1,2 possible. In the latter two cases the cooling over the contact time of the rollers 1,2 with affects the melt. A decrease in The peripheral speed corresponds to a longer one Contact time, so that the strand shells become thicker, while by increasing the peripheral speed Contact time shorter and therefore the strand shells thinner become.

Der Abstand der Rollen 1,2 kann durch nicht dargestellte Stellglieder eingestellt werden. Vorzugsweise arbeiten die Stellglieder mit konstanter oder, bei vergrößertem Abstand, leicht größer werdender Stützkraft. In diesem Fall ist die Einstellung des richtigen Abstandes besonders einfach, weil die Weite des Durchtrittsspaltes sich in diesem Fall automatisch in Abhängigkeit von der Dicke der Strangschalen 4,5 einstellt. Grundsätzlich gilt, daß bei einem steifen Gerüst einem großen Δ K für die Walzkraft ein kleines Δ S für die Dicke des Bandes und bei einem weichen Gerüst einem kleinen Δ K ein großes Δ S entspricht.The distance between the rollers 1, 2 can be shown by not shown Actuators can be set. Preferably work the actuators with constant or, when enlarged Distance, slightly increasing support force. In this The case is setting the correct distance particularly easy because of the width of the passage gap in this case automatically depending on the Sets the thickness of the strand shells 4.5. in principle applies that with a rigid framework a large Δ K for the rolling force is a small Δ S for the thickness of the strip and with a soft framework a small Δ K a large one Δ S corresponds.

Das die Bandgießvorrichtung verlassende Band 7 mit in Bandlaufrichtung allmählich größer und kleiner werdender Banddicke hat ein homogenes Gefüge und kann anschließend unmittelbar zum Einsatz kommen oder durch weitere Umformungen, wie Warm- oder Kaltwalzen, verändert werden. In jedem Fall bietet es wegen des homogenen Gefüges optimale Voraussetzungen für die Weiterverarbeitung.The band 7 leaving the band casting device with in The tape running direction gradually gets bigger and smaller Strip thickness has a homogeneous structure and can then are used immediately or by others Formings such as hot or cold rolling can be changed. In any case, it offers because of the homogeneous structure optimal conditions for further processing.

Claims (9)

  1. A process for producing steel strips optimised for loading and having a thickness continuously changing in the longitudinal direction of the strip, wherein the steel strip (7) is produced by casting between two cooled rolls (1,2) with a variable nip) characterised in that in dependence on the travel of the cast strip (7) passing through, the cooling of the rollers acting on the molten steel cast into the gusset formed by the rollers and therefore the thickness of the steel strip are so changed as to give the steel strip a length-related change in thickness of 10 to 40%.
  2. A process according to claim 1,
    characterised in that the cooling of the rollers is influenced via their time of contact with the molten steel.
  3. A process according to claim 2,
    characterised in that the time of contact is adjusted via the speed of rolls and/or the level of the bath of molten metal.
  4. A process according to one of claims 1 to 3,
    characterised in that the cooling is influenced via the heat flow between the rolls and the molten steel.
  5. A process according to claim 4,
    characterised in that the heat flow is influenced via the surface structure of the rolls and/or an inert gas atmosphere and/or casting oil.
  6. A process according to one of claims 1 to 5,
    characterised in that the rolls are acted upon with a constant supporting force.
  7. A process according to one of claims 1 to 6,
    characterised in that the cast steel strip is hot rolled from the casting heat.
  8. A process according to one of claims 1 to 7,
    characterised in that the cast steel strip is cold rolled immediately after hot rolling and/or recrystallisation annealing.
  9. A process according to claims 7 or 8,
    characterised in that hot rolling and/or cold rolling are performed, if necessary after previous recrystallisation annealing, with a constant degree of shaping.
EP99942925A 1998-09-08 1999-08-27 Method for producing load-optimised steel strips Expired - Lifetime EP1109638B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19840898A DE19840898C2 (en) 1998-09-08 1998-09-08 Process for producing load-optimized steel strips
DE19840898 1998-09-08
PCT/EP1999/006303 WO2000013820A1 (en) 1998-09-08 1999-08-27 Method for producing load-optimised steel strips

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EP1109638A1 EP1109638A1 (en) 2001-06-27
EP1109638B1 true EP1109638B1 (en) 2002-05-02

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US (1) US6524408B1 (en)
EP (1) EP1109638B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2002524261A (en)
KR (1) KR20010074990A (en)
CN (1) CN1316929A (en)
AT (1) ATE216930T1 (en)
AU (1) AU5625199A (en)
BR (1) BR9913520A (en)
DE (2) DE19840898C2 (en)
ES (1) ES2177315T3 (en)
WO (1) WO2000013820A1 (en)

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KR101482461B1 (en) * 2013-12-20 2015-01-13 주식회사 포스코 Strip casting method for manufacturing austenite stainless steel having good edge porperty
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BR9913520A (en) 2001-06-05
DE19840898C2 (en) 2000-06-29
ES2177315T3 (en) 2002-12-01
EP1109638A1 (en) 2001-06-27
US6524408B1 (en) 2003-02-25
AU5625199A (en) 2000-03-27
KR20010074990A (en) 2001-08-09
ATE216930T1 (en) 2002-05-15
DE59901359D1 (en) 2002-06-06
JP2002524261A (en) 2002-08-06
DE19840898A1 (en) 2000-03-16
WO2000013820A1 (en) 2000-03-16

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