EP1097198A2 - Derives de polypeptides - Google Patents

Derives de polypeptides

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Publication number
EP1097198A2
EP1097198A2 EP99934852A EP99934852A EP1097198A2 EP 1097198 A2 EP1097198 A2 EP 1097198A2 EP 99934852 A EP99934852 A EP 99934852A EP 99934852 A EP99934852 A EP 99934852A EP 1097198 A2 EP1097198 A2 EP 1097198A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
derivative according
membrane
derivative
polypeptide
membrane binding
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP99934852A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Richard Anthony Godwin Norfolk House SMITH
Jeremy Richard Bright
Michael Whitebeam Cottage Thomas Walk STEWARD
Vivienne Frances Cox
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Adprotech PLC
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Adprotech PLC
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Publication of EP1097198A2 publication Critical patent/EP1097198A2/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
    • C12N9/64—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue
    • C12N9/6421—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue from mammals
    • C12N9/6424—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • C12N9/6435—Plasmin (3.4.21.7), i.e. fibrinolysin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
    • A61K47/64—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/575—Hormones
    • C07K14/57554—Prolactin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/775—Apolipopeptides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/78—Connective tissue peptides, e.g. collagen, elastin, laminin, fibronectin, vitronectin or cold insoluble globulin [CIG]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/36—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against blood coagulation factors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
    • C12N9/64—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue
    • C12N9/6421—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue from mammals
    • C12N9/6424—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • C12N9/6429—Thrombin (3.4.21.5)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
    • C12N9/64—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue
    • C12N9/6421—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue from mammals
    • C12N9/6424—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • C12N9/6456—Plasminogen activators
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
    • C12N9/64—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue
    • C12N9/6421—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue from mammals
    • C12N9/6424—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • C12N9/6456—Plasminogen activators
    • C12N9/6459—Plasminogen activators t-plasminogen activator (3.4.21.68), i.e. tPA
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y304/00—Hydrolases acting on peptide bonds, i.e. peptidases (3.4)
    • C12Y304/21—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • C12Y304/21005—Thrombin (3.4.21.5)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y304/00—Hydrolases acting on peptide bonds, i.e. peptidases (3.4)
    • C12Y304/21—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • C12Y304/21007—Plasmin (3.4.21.7), i.e. fibrinolysin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y304/00—Hydrolases acting on peptide bonds, i.e. peptidases (3.4)
    • C12Y304/21—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • C12Y304/21069—Protein C activated (3.4.21.69)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • This invention relates to anti-angiogenic polypeptide derivatives, their use in therapy and methods and intermediates for their production.
  • the fragment was isolated from urine and blood of tumour-bearing mice and shown to be derived from the N-terminal region of plasminogen and to contain the first two 'kringle' domains. Subsequent studies showed that the first three kringle domains isolated by limited elastase digestion of plasminogen (L.Sottrup-Jensen et al, Prog.Chem.Fibrinolysis, 3, 191- 209,1978) also had angiostatic activity, that kringle 4 largely lacked it but that kringle 5 alone was a potent inhibitor in vitro. (Y.Cao et al, J.Biol.Chem.
  • angiostatin a 20kDa C-terminal fragment of human collagen XVIII
  • endostatin a 20kDa C-terminal fragment of human collagen XVIII
  • WO98/02454 discloses general methods for the preparation of soluble therapeutic polypeptide derivatives with affinity for outer cell membranes through incorporation of a combination of heterologous membrane binding elements with low individual membrane affinities.
  • the present invention therefore provides a soluble derivative of a polypeptide capable of inhibiting angiogenesis, said derivative comprising a combination of heterologous membrane binding elements covalently associated with the polypeptide so that the derivative acquires affinity for the surface of the vascular endothelium particularly that of growing blood vessels.
  • 'heterologous' is meant that the elements are not found in the native full length protein from which the anti-angiogenic protein may be derived.
  • membrane binding element with low membrane affinity is meant that the element has moderate affinity for membranes, that is a dissociation constant greater than 0.1 ⁇ M, preferably l ⁇ M-lmM.
  • the elements preferably have a size ⁇ 5kDa.
  • the derivative incorporates sufficient elements with low affinities for membrane components to result in a derivative with a high (preferably 0.001 - lOnM dissociation constant) affinity for cell membranes of blood vessel endothelium.
  • the elements are chosen so as to retain useful solubility in pharmaceutical formulation media, preferably >100 ⁇ g/ml.
  • membrane targeting agents with selectivity for(e.g) integrins implicated in angiogenesis would reduce the risk of interrupting a normal process elsewhere in the vasculature.
  • anti-angiogenic agents which may be modified according to the invention include but are not restricted to the following:
  • Fragments of related proteins containing kringle domains such as hepatocyte growth factor or apolipoprotein (a), prothrombin, tissue-type plasminogen activator, urinary-type plasminogen activator and hybrids thereof with plasminogen sequences
  • Mutants of the above kringle domains for example those containing positively charged to neutral or negatively charged mutations at positions 20, 21 ,78 and 79 (numbering as used by Cao et al, 1997)
  • Preferred derivatives of this invention have the following structure:
  • A is the soluble anti-angiogenic agent
  • each L is independently an optional flexible linker group
  • each W is independently a peptidic membrane binding element
  • n is an integer of 1 or more and
  • X is a peptidic or non-peptidic membrane-binding entity which may be covalently linked to any W.
  • Flexible linker groups are generally short (3 to 10 aminoacids) peptide sequences dominated by non-bulky and relatively hydrophilic residues such as serine, glycine and alanine which may exhibit a beta-turn propensity (and contain Proline) but do not have rigid conformations.
  • Non-rigid linkers other than alpha aminoacids may also be used such as beta- alanine, 6-aminohexanoic acid and alpha-amino, omega-carboxy derivatives of oxyethylene oligomers and polymers.
  • Peptidic membrane binding elements are preferably 8 to 20 amino acids long and elements W are preferably located sequentially either at the N or C terminus of the soluble polypeptide.
  • the amino acid sequences are linked to one another and to the soluble peptide by linker groups which are preferably selected from hydrophilic and/or flexible aminoacid sequences of 4 to 20 aminoacids; linear hydrophilic synthetic polymers; and chemical bridging groups.
  • Peptide linkages may be made chemically or biosynthetically by expression of appropriate coding DNA sequences.
  • Non peptide linkages may be made chemically or enzymatically by post-translational modification.
  • amino acid sequences comprising peptidic membrane binding elements are disclosed in WO98/02454 and are incorporated herein by reference. They include:
  • electrostatic switch sequences are examples of electrostatic switch sequences and they may be combined with amino acid sequences derived from ligands of integral membrane proteins known to be associated with vascular endothelium and angiogenic processes.
  • the v ⁇ 3 integrins are receptors for vitronectin and have ligands containing the RGD sequence.
  • Such peptides have been identified by phage display techniques (e.g E.Koivunen et al, Biotechnology, 13, 265-270, 1995) and include the disulphide-constrained sequence AlaCysAspCysArgGlyAspCysPheCysGly [SEQ ID No. 15].
  • AspGlyProSerGluIleLeuArgGlyAspPheSerSer [SEQ ID No. 16] derived from human fibrinogen alpha chain, which binds to the GpIIb/IIIa membrane protein in platelets.
  • binding sequences from random chemical libraries such as those generated in a phage display format and selected by biopanning operations in vitro (G.F.Smith and J.K.Scott, Methods in Enzymology, 217H, 228-257,1993) or in vivo (R.Pasqualini & E.Ruoslahti, Nature, 380, 364-366, 1996) are suitable elements for use in the invention.
  • Sequences derived from fibronectin or vitronectin binding proteins and from the complementarity-determining regions of monoclonal antibodies raised against epitopes within membrane proteins are also suitable binding or targeting elements.
  • polypeptide portion of the derivatives of the invention may be prepared by expression in suitable hosts of modified genes encoding the soluble polypeptide of interest plus one or more peptidic membrane binding elements and optional residues such as cysteine to introduce linking groups to facilitate post translational derivatisation with additional membrane binding elements.
  • the invention provides a process for preparing a derivative according to the invention which process comprises expressing DNA encoding the polypeptide portion of said derivative in a recombinant host cell and recovering the product and thereafter post translationally modifying the polypeptide to introduce membrane binding elements chemically.
  • the recombinant aspect of the process may comprise the steps of: i) preparing a replicable expression vector capable, in a host cell, of expressing a
  • DNA polymer comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes said polypeptide portion; ii) introducing an expression vector into the host cell; iii) culturing said host cell under conditions permitting expression of said DNA polymer to produce said polypeptide; and iv) recovering said polypeptide.
  • the DNA polymer comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes the polypeptide portion as well as the polypeptide portion itself and S- derivatives thereof, also form part of the invention.
  • the invention provides a polypeptide portion of a derivative of the invention comprising the soluble peptide linked by a peptide bond to one peptidic membrane binding element and/or including a C-terminal cysteine, and DNA polymers encoding the polypeptide portion.
  • the recombinant process of the invention may be performed by conventional recombinant techniques such as described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning : A laboratory manual 2nd Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989) and DNA Cloning vols I, II and III (D. M. Glover ed., IRL Press Ltd).
  • the invention also provides a process for preparing the DNA polymer by the condensation of appropriate mono-, di- or oligomeric nucleotide units.
  • the preparation may be carried out chemically, enzymatically, or by a combination of the two methods, in vitro or in vivo as appropriate.
  • the DNA polymer may be prepared by the enzymatic ligation of appropriate DNA fragments, by conventional methods such as those described by D. M. Roberts et al, in Biochemistry 1985, 24, 5090-5098.
  • the DNA fragments may be obtained by digestion of DNA containing the required sequences of nucleotides with appropriate restriction enzymes, by chemical synthesis, by enzymatic polymerisation, or by a combination of these methods. Digestion with restriction enzymes may be performed in an appropriate buffer at a temperature of 20°-70°C, generally in a volume of 50 ⁇ l or less with 0.1-10 ⁇ g DNA.
  • Enzymatic polymerisation of DNA may be carried out in vitro using a DNA polymerase such as DNA polymerase 1 (Klenow fragment) or the Taq or Pfu polymerases in an appropriate buffer containing the nucleoside triphosphates dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP as required at a temperature of 10°-72°C, generally in a volume of 50 ⁇ l or less.
  • a DNA polymerase such as DNA polymerase 1 (Klenow fragment) or the Taq or Pfu polymerases in an appropriate buffer containing the nucleoside triphosphates dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP as required at a temperature of 10°-72°C, generally in a volume of 50 ⁇ l or less.
  • Enzymatic ligation of DNA fragments may be carried out using a DNA ligase such as T4 DNA ligase in an appropriate buffer at a temperature of 4°C to 37°C, generally in a volume of 50 ⁇ l or less.
  • a DNA ligase such as T4 DNA ligase in an appropriate buffer at a temperature of 4°C to 37°C, generally in a volume of 50 ⁇ l or less.
  • the chemical synthesis of the DNA polymer or fragments may be carried out by conventional phosphotriester, phosphite or phosphoramidite chemistry, using solid phase techniques such as those described in 'Chemical and Enzymatic Synthesis of Gene Fragments - A Laboratory Manual' (ed. H.G. Gassen and A. Lang), Verlag Chemie, Weinheim (1982), or in other scientific publications, for example M.J.Gait, H.W.D. Matthes M. Singh, B.S. Sproat and R.C. Titmas, Nucleic Acids Research, 1982, 10, 6243; B.S. Sproat and W. Bannwarth, Tetrahedron Letters, 1983, 24, 5771; M.D.
  • the DNA polymer is preferably prepared by ligating two or more DNA molecules which together comprise a DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide.
  • the DNA molecules may be obtained by the digestion with suitable restriction enzymes of vectors carrying the required coding sequences.
  • DNA molecules and the way in which they are obtained depends upon the structure of the desired product.
  • design of a suitable strategy for the construction of the DNA molecule coding for the polypeptide is a routine matter for the skilled worker in the art.
  • codon usage may be optimised for high level expression in E. coli using the principles set out in Devereux et al, (1984) Nucl. Acid Res., 12, 387.
  • the expression of the DNA polymer encoding the polypeptide in a recombinant host cell may be carried out by means of a replicable expression vector capable, in the host cell, of expressing the DNA polymer.
  • Novel expression vectors also form part of the invention.
  • the replicable expression vector may be prepared in accordance with the invention, by cleaving a vector compatible with the host cell to provide a linear DNA segment having an intact replicon, and combining said linear segment with one or more DNA molecules which, together with said linear segment, encode the polypeptide, under ligating conditions.
  • the ligation of the linear segment and more than one DNA molecule may be carried out simultaneously or sequentially as desired.
  • the DNA polymer may be preformed or formed during the construction of the vector, as desired.
  • the choice of vector will be determined in part by the host cell, which may be prokaryotic, such as E. coli, or eukaryotic, such as mouse C127, mouse myeloma, Chinese hamster ovary, fungi e.g. filamentous fungi or unicellular 'yeast' or an insect cell such as Drosophila melanogaster, or Spodoptera fnigiperda
  • the host cell may also be in a transgenic animal.
  • Suitable vectors include plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids and recombinant viruses derived from, for example, baculoviruses or vaccinia.
  • the DNA polymer may be assembled into vectors designed for isolation of stable transformed mammalian cell lines expressing the fragment e.g. bovine papillomavirus vectors in mouse C127 cells, or amplified vectors in Chinese hamster ovary cells (DNA Cloning Vol. II D.M. Glover ed. IRL Press 1985; Kaufman, R.J. et al. Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, 1750-1759, 1985; Pavlakis G.N. and Hamer, D.H. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 80, 397-401, 1983; Goeddel, D.V. et al, European Patent Application No. 0093619, 1983).
  • vectors designed for isolation of stable transformed mammalian cell lines expressing the fragment e.g. bovine papillomavirus vectors in mouse C127 cells, or amplified vectors in Chinese hamster ovary cells (DNA Cloning Vol. II D.M. Glover ed. IRL Press 1985
  • the preparation of the replicable expression vector may be carried out conventionally with appropriate enzymes for restriction, polymerisation and ligation of the DNA, by procedures described in, for example, Sambrook et al, cited above. Polymerisation and ligation may be performed as described above for the preparation of the DNA polymer. Digestion with restriction enzymes may be performed in an appropriate buffer at a temperature of 20°-70°C, generally in a volume of 50 ⁇ l or less with 0.1-10 ⁇ g DNA.
  • the recombinant host cell is prepared, in accordance with the invention, by transforming a host cell with a replicable expression vector of the invention under transforming conditions.
  • Suitable transforming conditions are conventional and are described in, for example, Sambrook et al, cited above, or "DNA Cloning" Vol. II, D.M. Glover ed., IRL Press Ltd, 1985.
  • a bacterial host such as E.coli
  • a solution of CaCl2 (Cohen et ⁇ /.,Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1973, 69, 2110) or with a solution comprising a mixture of RbCl, MnCF ? , potassium acetate and glycerol, and then with 3-[N-morpholino]-propane-sulphonic acid, RbCl and glycerol or by electroporation as for example described by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, California, USA, manufacturers of an electroporator.
  • Mammalian cells in culture may be transformed by calcium co-precipitation of the vector DNA onto the cells or by using cationic liposomes.
  • the invention also extends to a host cell transformed with a replicable expression vector of the invention.
  • Culturing the transformed host cell under conditions permitting expression of the DNA polymer is carried out conventionally, as described in, for example, Sambrook et al, and "DNA Cloning" cited above.
  • the cell is supplied with nutrient and cultured at a temperature below 45°C.
  • the protein product is recovered by conventional methods according to the host cell.
  • the host cell is bacterial such as E. coli and the protein is expressed intracellularly, it may be lysed physically, chemically or enzymatically and the protein product isolated from the resulting lysate.
  • the host cell is eukaryotic, the product is usually isolated from the nutrient medium.
  • the product obtained from the culture may require folding for optimum functional activity. This is most likely if the protein is expressed as inclusion bodies.
  • the polypeptide is preferably partially purified before folding, in order to minimise formation of aggregates with contaminating proteins and minimise misfolding of the polypeptide.
  • the removal of contaminating E. coli proteins by specifically isolating the inclusion bodies and the subsequent additional purification prior to folding are important aspects of the procedure.
  • the folding process is carried out in such a way as to minimise aggregation of intermediate-folded states of the polypeptide.
  • careful consideration needs to be given to, among others, the salt type and concentration, temperature, protein concentration, redox buffer concentrations and duration of folding.
  • the exact condition for any given polypeptide generally cannot be predicted and must be determined by experiment.
  • the methods generally involve breaking all the disulphide bonds in the inclusion body, for example with 50mM 2- mercaptoethanol, in the presence of a high concentration of denaturant such as 8M urea or 6M guanidine hydrochloride. The next step is to remove these agents to allow folding of the proteins to occur. Formation of the disulphide bridges requires an oxidising environment and this may be provided in a number of ways, for example by air, or by incorporating a suitable redox system, for example a mixture of reduced and oxidised glutathione.
  • the inclusion body is solubilised using 8M urea, in the presence of mercaptoethanol, and protein is folded, after initial removal of contaminating proteins, by addition of cold buffer.
  • Suitable buffers may be identified using the techniques described in I.Dodd et al, 'Perspectives in Protein Engineering and Complementary Technologies' , Mayflower Publications, 66-69, 1995.
  • a suitable buffer for many proteins is 20 - 300mM ethanolamine containing ImM reduced glutathione and 0.5mM oxidised glutathione.
  • the folding is preferably carried out at a temperature in the range 1 to 5°C over a period of 1 to 4 days.
  • the aggregated protein can be removed in a number of ways, for example by centrifugation or by treatment with precipitants such as ammonium sulphate. Where either of these procedures are adopted, monomeric polypeptide is the major soluble product. If the bacterial cell secretes the protein, folding is not usually necessary.
  • polypeptide portion of the derivative of the invention may include an unpaired (preferably C-terminal) cysteine to facilitate post-translational modification.
  • a soluble anti- angiogenic polypeptide including a unique free and preferably C-terminal cysteine also forms part of the invention.
  • proteins of moderate size up to ⁇ 70kDa
  • ⁇ 8 disulphide bridges More complex proteins for which a free terminal cysteine could cause refolding or stability problems may require stable expression in eukaryotic cell lines (especially CHO). This will also be needed if a carbohydrate membrane-binding element is to be introduced post-translationally.
  • insect cells infected with recombinant baculovirus encoding the polypeptide portion is also a useful general method for preparing more complex proteins and will be preferred when it is desired to carry out certain post-translational processes (such as palmitoylation) biosynthefically (see for example, M.J.Page et ⁇ / J.Biol.Chem. 264, 19147-19154, 1989).
  • a preferred method of handling proteins C-terminally derivatised with cysteine is as a mixed disulphide with mercaptoethanol or glutathione or as the 2-nitro, 5-carboxyphenyl thio- derivative as generally described below in Methods.
  • Peptide membrane binding elements may be prepared using standard solid state synthesis such as the Merrifield method and this method can be adapted to incorporate required non-peptide membrane binding elements such as N-acyl groups derived from myristic or palmitic acids at the N terminus of the peptide.
  • activation of an amino acid residue for subsequent linkage to a protein can be achieved during chemical synthesis of such membrane binding elements. Examples of such activations include formation of the mixed 2-pyridyl disulphide with a cysteine thiol or incorporation of an N-haloacetyl group. Both of these groups are capable of reaction with free thiols, through disulphide interchange and alkylation, respectively.
  • Peptides can optionally be prepared as the C-terminal amide and/or with a conventional N-terminal blocking group such as acetyl.
  • the invention also provides a peptidic membrane binding element derivatised as disclosed in WO98/02454 and preferably having one or more of the following features: a terminal cysteine residue optionally activated at the thiol group; an N-haloacetyl group (where halo signifies chlorine, bromine or iodine) located at the N-terminus of the the peptide or at an ⁇ -amino group of a lysine residue; an amide group at the C-terminus; an N-terminal blocking group; and a fatty acid N-acyl group at the N-terminus or at an ⁇ -amino group of a lysine residue.
  • a terminal cysteine residue optionally activated at the thiol group
  • an N-haloacetyl group where halo signifies chlorine, bromine or iodine located at the N-terminus of the the peptide or at an ⁇ -amino group of a lysine residue
  • Chemical bridging groups, reagents suitable for their formation and conditions for their reaction with proteins include those described in WO98/02454.
  • 2-iminothiolane is especially useful as a protein attachment group for the present invention.
  • a preferred method for creating a free thiol function as a protein attachment group involves partial reduction of a disulphide-containing protein with a reducing agent.
  • the protein is derived from the N-terminal 561 aminoacids of human plasminogen and the reducing agent is tris-(2- carboxyethyl) phosphine.
  • the polypeptides to be linked are reacted separately with the linking agent or the reagent for introducing a protein attachment group by typically adding an excess of the reagent to the polypeptide, usually in a neutral or moderately alkaline buffer, and after reaction removing low molecular weight materials by gel filtration or dialysis.
  • the precise conditions of pH, temperature, buffer and reaction time will depend on the nature of the reagent used and the polypeptide to be modified.
  • the polypeptide linkage reaction is preferably carried out by mixing the modified polypeptides in neutral buffer in an equimolar ratio. Other reaction conditions e.g. time and temperature, should be chosen to obtain the desired degree of linkage. If thiol exchange reactions are involved, the reaction should preferably be carried out under an atmosphere of nitrogen.
  • UV-active products are produced (eg from the release of pyridine 2-thione from 2-pyridyl dithio derivatives) so that coupling can be monitored.
  • the polypeptide conjugate can be isolated by a number of chromatographic procedures such as gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography or hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). These procedures my be either low pressure or high performance variants.
  • Convenient generic final stage purification strategies are HIC on C2-C8 , preferably C4, media and cation exchange chromatography. These methods are preferred for separation of derivatised and underivatised proteins into which a hydrophobic-electrostatic switch combination has been inserted.
  • Affinity chromatography on immobilised Lysine or 6-aminohexyl (AH) media is a preferred technique for isolation of plasminogen derivatives containing lysine or AH binding sites
  • the conjugate may be characterised by a number of techniques including low pressure or high performance gel filtration, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focussing or electrospray mass spectrometry.
  • the present invention relates to derivatives of human plasminogen kringle domains linked through one or more disulphide bridges to:.
  • N-myristoyl AspGlyProLysLysLysLysLysLysLysSerProSerLysSerSerGlyCys N-myristoyl GlySerSerLysSerProSerLysLysLysLysLysLysLysLysProGlyAspCys CysAspGlyProLysLysLysLysLysLysLysSerProSerLysSerSerLys(N- ⁇ -myristoyl) N-myristoyl SerLysAspGlyLysLysLysLysLysLysSerLysThrLysCys [SEQ ID Nos. 17-20]
  • a further preferred aspect incorporates a C-terminal extension to the above proteins.
  • a C-terminal extension to the above proteins.
  • the derivatives of this invention are preferably administered as pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a derivative of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • compositions according to the invention may be formulated in accordance with routine procedures for administration by any route, particularly parenteral, especially by intravenous infusion but also including the oral, sublmgual, subcutaneous, intraperioneal and transdermal routes or by inhalation.
  • the compositions may be in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, granules, lozenges, creams or liquid preparations, such as oral or sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions or in the form of a spray, aerosol or other conventional method for inhalation.
  • topical formulations of the present invention may be presented as, for instance, ointments, creams or lotions and eye or ear drops, impregnated dressings and aerosols and may contain appropriate conventional additives such as preservatives, solvents to assist drug penetration and emollients in ointments and creams.
  • the formulations may also contain compatible conventional carriers, such as cream or ointment bases and ethanol or oleyl alcohol for lotions.
  • suitable conventional carriers such as cream or ointment bases and ethanol or oleyl alcohol for lotions.
  • Such carriers may be present as from about 1% up to about 98%> of the formulation. More usually they will form up to about 80% of the formulation.
  • Tablets and capsules for oral administration may be in unit dose presentation form, and may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, for example syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, or polyvinylpyrollidone; fillers, for example lactose, sugar, maize-starch, calcium phosphate, sorbitol or glycine; tabletting lubricants, for example magnesium stearate, talc, polyethylene glycol or silica; disintegrants, for example potato starch; or acceptable wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulphate. Tablets may also contain agents for the stabilisation of polypeptide drugs against proteolysis and absorbtion-enhancing agents for macromolecules. The tablets may be coated according to methods well known in normal pharmaceutical practice.
  • Suppositories will contain conventional suppository bases, e.g. cocoa-butter or other glyceride.
  • fluid unit dosage forms are prepared utilizing the compound and a sterile vehicle, water being preferred.
  • the compound depending on the vehicle and concentration used, is dissolved in the vehicle.
  • the compound can be dissolved in water for injection and filter sterilised before filling into a suitable vial or ampoule and sealing.
  • Parenteral formulations may include sustained-release systems such as encapsulation within microspheres of biodegradable polymers such as poly-lactic co-glycolic acid.
  • agents such as a local anaesthetic, preservative and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.
  • the composition can be frozen after filling into the vial and the water removed under vacuum.
  • the dry lyophilized powder is then sealed in the vial and an accompanying vial of water for injection may be supplied to reconstitute the liquid prior to use.
  • a surfactant or wetting agent is included in the composition to facilitate uniform distribution of the compound.
  • compositions of this invention may also suitably be presented for administration to the respiratory tract as a snuff or an aerosol or solution for a nebulizer, or as a micro fine powder for insufflation, alone or in combination with an inert carrier such as lactose.
  • the particles of active compound suitably have diameters of less than 50 microns, preferably less than 10 microns for example diameters in the range of 1-50 microns, 1-10 microns or 1-5 microns.
  • small amounts of anti-asthmatics and bronchodilators for example sympathomimetic amines such as isoprenaline, isoetharine, salbutamol, phenylephrine and ephedrine; xanthine derivatives such as theophylline and aminophylline and corticosteroids such as prednisolone and adrenal stimulants such as ACTH may be included.
  • sympathomimetic amines such as isoprenaline, isoetharine, salbutamol, phenylephrine and ephedrine
  • xanthine derivatives such as theophylline and aminophylline and corticosteroids such as prednisolone and adrenal stimulants such as ACTH
  • ACTH adrenal stimulants
  • Microfine powder formulations may suitably be administered in an aerosol as a metered dose or by means of a suitable breath-activated device or transdermally by ballistic techniques.
  • Suitable metered dose aerosol formulations comprise conventional propellants, cosolvents, such as ethanol, surfactants such as oleyl alcohol, lubricants such as oleyl alcohol, desiccants such as calcium sulphate and density modifiers such as sodium chloride.
  • Suitable solutions for a nebulizer are isotonic sterilised solutions, optionally buffered, at for example between pH 4-7, containing up to 20mg ml " of compound but more generally 0.1 to lOmg ml " , for use with standard nebulisation equipment.
  • an effective amount of the polypeptide for the treatment of a disease or disorder is in the dose range of 0.01-1 OOmg/kg per day, preferably O.lmg-lOmg/kg per day, administered in up to five doses or by infusion.
  • the invention also provides a derivative of the invention for use as a medicament.
  • the invention further provides a method of treatment of disorders amenable to treatment by a soluble peptide which comprises administering a soluble derivative of said soluble peptide according to the invention, and the use of a derivative of the invention for the preparation of a medicament for treatment of such disorders.
  • the present invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical composition for treating an established primary tumour and for preventing the growth of secondary tumours following surgery.
  • the polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a segment of DNA from template DNA molecules, using oligonucleotide primers designed to flank the chosen segment.
  • Nucleotides were from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, SuperTaq DNA polymerase and reaction buffer were from HT Biotechnology Ltd.
  • Ligation of DNA fragments was performed using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs) and supplied reaction buffer, typically for 1 hour at 37°C or overnight at 16°C.
  • DNA fragments were pruified from agarose or in solution using GeneClean (BiolOl) or the GFX PCR DNA and Gel Band Purification Kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
  • Plasmid isolation was carried out by the alkaline lysis method, either as described in Sambrook et al, (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 2nd Edition (Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press), or by a commercially available kit, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Typically the Promega WizardTM SV Miniprep kit or the Qiagen Plasmid Maxi kit were used.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis was performed using the Stratagene QuickChangeTM kit. Using the manufacturer's guidelines, pairs of complementary mutagenic oligonucleotides were designed to introduce nucleotide changes within template DNA.
  • the first step of the mutagenesis protocol demands amplification of the template DNA using the complementary mutagenic oligonucleotides, in the presence of DNA polymerase, nucleotides and reaction buffer supplied by the manufacturer. Reactions were prepared containing final DNA template concentrations of 0.4 ng/ ⁇ l and final oligonucleotide concentrations of 250 nM. Amplification using the polymerase chain reaction was performed according to the manufacturer's guidelines.
  • Plasmid DNA was used to transform competent E. coli cells (typically strain XL1 Blue - Stratagene) according to the supplier's instructions. Transformed cells were selected by their ability to grow on media containing appropriate antibiotic, typically 100 ⁇ g/ml ampicillin.
  • DNA sequencing was performed using automated fluorescent DNA sequencing under contract (Lark Technologies, Inc.).
  • Oligonucleotides were purchased from Genosys.
  • SDS-PAGE was carried out using the Novex system (Novex GmbH, Heidleberg, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Pre-packed gels containing a 4- 20% acrylamide gradient were used. Samples for electrophoresis, including protein molecular weight standards (for example LMW Kit, Pharmacia, Sweden or Novex Mark 12, Novex, Germany) were usually diluted 1 : 1 in 2% (w/v) SDS - containing buffer (with or without 5% (v/v) 2-mercaptoethanol), and left at room temperature for 0.5h before application to the gel.
  • protein molecular weight standards for example LMW Kit, Pharmacia, Sweden or Novex Mark 12, Novex, Germany
  • TCEP is available from Pierce & Warriner (Chester, Cheshire) and the following general example illustrates the type of conditions that may be used and that are useful for the generation of free thiols and their optional modification.
  • TCEP may be prepared as a 20mM solution in 50mM HEPES (approx. pH 4.5) and may be stored at -40°C.
  • DTT may be prepared at 1 OmM in sodium phosphate pH 7.0 and may be stored at -40°C.
  • DTNB may be prepared at lOmM in sodium phosphate pH 7.0 and may be stored at -40°C. All of the above reagents are typically used at molar equivalence or molar excess, the precise concentrations ideally identified experimentally. The duration and the temperature of the reaction are similarly determined experimentally. Generally the duration would be in the range 1 to 24 hours and the temperature would be in the range 2 to 30°C. Excess reagent may be conveniently removed by buffer exchange, for example using Sephadex G25. A suitable buffer is 0.1M sodium phosphate pH 7.0.
  • Example 1 Preparation of a conjugate of human plasminogen kringles 1-3 with Myristoyl Switch Peptide 1 (MSWP-1).
  • the K1-K3 fragment of human plasminogen (also known as lysine binding site 1) was prepared by the method of L. Sottrup- Jensen et al, 1978, loc cit and used as a solution 1.7mg/ml ( ⁇ 50micromolar) in 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0. To this solution (50 ⁇ l) was added either 1 ⁇ l or 2.5 ⁇ l of a solution of 5mM TCEP in 50 mM HEPES pH 7.4 corresponding to final concentrations of 1 OO ⁇ M and 250 ⁇ M respectively. Aliquots were incubated in sealed microtubes tubes at 16 °C for 14h to effect partial reduction of the kringle disulphide bonds.
  • Myristoyl switch peptide 1 (Example 2 of WO98/02454, 2.5 ⁇ l of a lOmM solution in 0.1 M sodium chloride, 0.05M sodium phosphate pH 7.2) was added to a final concentration of approximately 0.5mM (10-fold molar excess over protein). The mixture was incubated at 16°C for 15 min and then held at 4 °C for 2h before being frozen at -70°C. SDS-PAGE analysis of these materials was performed in comparison with a control to which MSWP-1 but not TCEP had been added.
  • Control K1-K3 showed three main bands at apparent molecular weights of 29kDa, 34kDa and 37kDa and weak bands at higher molecular weight corresponding to the components of 'Pool II' described by Sottrup-Jensen et al.
  • Pretreatment with TCEP in 2 or 5-fold molar excess resulted in a shift of the main triplet to give new bands with apparent Mr 38kDa, 43kDa and 47kDa. If higher molar ratios of TCEP were used, bands became indistinct and a discrete gel shift was not observed.
  • the reaction mixture (0.05ml) of K1-K3-MSWP1 described above was diluted with Q.1M sodium phosphate pH7.0 (0.05ml) and mixed with Toyopearl Butyl 650M matrix (80mg) that had been washed in 0.1M sodium phosphate pH7.0 and suction-dried.
  • the suspension was mixed for 5 min at 4 degrees C, then centrifuged at lOOOOg for 2 min. The supernatant was removed and retained.
  • the pellet (matrix) was washed with 2 x 0.4ml of 0.1M sodium phosphate pH7.0 and adsorbed protein was then eluted using 0.1ml of 0.6M ethanolamine (to give a final ethanolamine concentration of about 0.3M).
  • the plasmin A-chain and MSWP-1 molecules are mixed under appropriate conditions to generate the title compound.
  • Appropriate conditions are described in more detail in WO 98/02454 and include, for example, reaction for a short period of time (2 to 4h) in 0.1 M sodium phosphate pH 8.0 at 20°C of a small molar excess of MSWP-1 over plasmin A-chain.
  • reaction for a short period of time (2 to 4h) in 0.1 M sodium phosphate pH 8.0 at 20°C of a small molar excess of MSWP-1 over plasmin A-chain.
  • 0.05mM plasmin A-chain and 0.2mM MSWP-1 would be used.
  • the product of the invention is identified in the first instance by the detection of a small decrease in mobility of the modified plasmin A-chain (compared to unmodified) on SDS PAGE, corresponding to the addition of the approx. 2K ligand.
  • the product of the invention is purified to homogeneity, using for example, hydrophobic interaction chromatography or affinity chromatography on Lysine-Agarose, and formulated for use as a clinically acceptable preparation by buffer-exchange into a suitable buffer, optionally in the presence of excipients such as stabilisers (eg. Mannitol), and optionally lyophilised.
  • excipients such as stabilisers (eg. Mannitol), and optionally lyophilised.
  • Example 3 Production of kringle 5, comprising human plasminogen (S458-C548), using an E.coli expression system, and its conjugation to MSWP-1.
  • the DNA sequence encoding kringle 5 of human plasminogen is contained for example within the plasmids encoding the hybrid plasminogen activators (eg. pDB850) described in US5302390.
  • the desired sequence of the mature polypeptide is given in sequence ID number 1 :
  • the kringle 5 DNA was amplified from the vector pDB850 using the polymerase chain reaction and a pair of oligonucleotide primers partially complementary to the kringle 5 sequence, but containing additional nucleotides to introduce additional amino acid residues or restriction sites as follows:
  • Primer 1 (Sequence ID No 2) introduces a restriction site for Ndel, a site that is present in the E. coli vector pBroc413, and also introduces a methionine residue, for translation initiation, at the N-terminus of the desired sequence.
  • Primer 2 (Sequence ID Number 3) introduces the additional amino acid sequence Ala-Ala-
  • Pro-Ser-Phe-Asp-Cys [SEQ ID No. 23] at the C-terminus of the polypeptide.
  • This sequence is native to plasminogen, but does not appear in some of the hybrid plasminogen activator plasmids.
  • the terminal cysteine is required for subsequent chemical modification.
  • a translation termination codon and a BamHI site are added.
  • the sequence encoding kringle 5 was amplified using Primer 1 and Primer 2 (Seq ID No 2 and 3) to generate PCR Product 1.
  • PCR Product 1 was purified and ligated directly into a holding vector, pCR2.1 (Invitrogen), and used to transform E.coli XLl Blue cells. Plasmid DNA was prepared from several of the colonies of transformed cells and the integrity of the cloned PCR Product 1 in each determined by DNA sequencing. Plasmid carrying PCR Product 1, with the correct DNA sequence, was digested with restriction enzymes Nde I and BamH I to generate Fragment 1. The vector pBroc413 was digested with restriction enzymes Nde I and BamH I to generate Fragment 2. Fragments 1 & 2 were separated from by-products of the digestion reactions by agarose gel electrophoresis, then excised from the gel and purified. Purified Fragments 1 and 2 were ligated to generate vector pBC87-01.
  • pCR2.1 Invitrogen
  • IPTG is added to a final concentration of lmM and the cultures are shaken at 200 rpm for a further three hours.
  • the cells are pelleted by centrifugation at 6000 rpm and the kringle 5 product refolded and recovered from inclusion bodies essentially as described by Wilhem O.G et al, (J.Biol.Chem,
  • Kringle 5 products are first reduced using TCEP and then reacted with MSWP-1 as described in Example 2.
  • the modified product is isolated by ultrafiltration using lOkDa cut-off membranes or by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Toyopearl Butyl as described in Example 1.
  • Example 4 Production of kringle 5, comprising human plasminogen (S458-C548), using the Baculovirus expression system, and its conjugation to MSWP-1.
  • the DNA sequence encoding kringle 5 of human plasminogen is contained, for example, within the plasmids encoding the hybrid plasminogen activators (eg. pDB850) described in US5302390.
  • the desired sequence of the mature polypeptide is given in sequence ID number 1 (see Example 3).
  • the desired polypeptide sequence is expressed in insect cells preceded by a signal peptide to enable the mature polypeptide to be secreted into the culture medium.
  • the signal peptide is derived from the baculovirus gene encoding gp64 and is attached to the kringle 5 coding region by cloning of the amplified kringle 5 DNA fragment into the expression vector pBacSurf-1 (Novagen).
  • the kringle 5 DNA was amplified from the vector pDB850 using the polymerase chain reaction and a pair of oligonucleotide primers partially complementary to the kringle 5 sequence, but containing additional nucleotides to introduce additional amino acid residues or restriction sites as follows:
  • Primer 3 (sequence ID No 4) introduces an Nsi I site, which, upon cleavage, creates a cohesive end compatible with the Pst I site in the baculovirus vector, pBacSurf-1.
  • Primer 4 introduces the additional amino acid sequence Ala-Ala- Pro-Ser-Phe-Asp-Cys at the C-terminus of the polypeptide. This sequence is native to plasminogen, but does not appear in some of the hybrid plasminogen activator plasmids. The terminal cysteine is required for subsequent chemical modification. In addition to the amino acids, a translation termination codon and a BamH I site are added.
  • the sequence encoding kringle 5 was amplified using Primer 3 and Primer 4 (Seq ID No 4 and 5) to generate PCR Product 2.
  • PCR Product 2 was purified and ligated directly into a holding vector, pCR2.1 (Invitrogen), and used to transform E.coli XLl Blue cells. Plasmid DNA was prepared from several of the colonies of transformed cells and the integrity of the cloned PCR Product 2 in each determined by DNA sequencing. Plasmid carrying PCR Product 2, with the correct DNA sequence, was digested with restriction enzymes Nsi I and BamH I to generate Fragment 3. The vector pBacSurf-1 was digested with enzymes Pst I and BamH I to generate Fragment 4. Fragments 3 and 4 were separated from by-products of the digestion reactions by agarose gel electrophoresis, then excised from the gel and purified.
  • pCR2.1 Invitrogen
  • Purified Fragments 3 and 4 were ligated to generate vector pAS87-01.
  • Expression and isolation of kringle 5 from a baculovirus/insect cell system pAS87-01 is used to generate the baculovirus expression vector vAS87-01 by cotransfection with linearised baculovirus DNA into Sf9 cells using components of the BacPak kit (Clontech) under conditions recommended by the manufacturer.
  • Recombinant baculoviruses containing the kringle 5 gene are identified by Western blot or activity assay of the recombinant protein, which is present in the culture supernatant. A single confirmed clone of vAS87-01 is plaque purified and scaled up.
  • Sf9 cells are grown at 28°C under low serum or serum-free conditions in IPL41 medium (Sigma), with supplements of yeast hydrolysate (Sigma), at a dilution of 1 in 50, Lipid mixture (Sigma), at a dilution of 1 in 1000, and Pluronic (10% stock) (Sigma), at a dilution of 1 in 100.
  • Cells are grown to a density of between 5 x 10 5 and 1 x 10 6 cells/ml and infected with vAS 87-01 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5 plaque-forming units (pfu) per cell. The infected cultures are grown for a further 48-72 hours prior to harvesting the supernatant.
  • the kringle 5 product is isolated directly by chromatography on 6-aminohexyl- or 4-aminobenzamidine-Sepharose.
  • Kringle 5 products are first reduced using TCEP and then reacted with MSWP-1 as described in Example 2.
  • the modified product is isolated by ultrafiltration using lOkDa cut-off membranes or by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Toyopearl Butyl as described in Example 1.
  • Example 5 Production of kringle 5, comprising human plasminogen (S458-C548), using the Pichia pastoris expression system, and its conjugation to MSWP-1.
  • the Pichia pastoris expression vector used to express human kringle 5 was pPIC9K.
  • This vector contains the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ⁇ -factor mating pheromone prepro- peptide signal sequence, which, when fused to the N-terminus of a foreign protein, will direct its secretion from the host cell; this signal sequence is adjacent to the vector's multiple- cloning site.
  • a Xho I restriction site convenient for the introduction of foreign DNA, lies shortly before the multiple cloning site. However, a second Xho I site lies elsewhere in pPIC9K and digestion of the vector to cleave the first Xho I site selectively is inefficient.
  • the vector pPIC9K was digested with restriction enzymes BamH I and Not I to release Fragment 5, encoding the signal sequence and the vector's multiple-cloning site.
  • the digested DNA was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, Fragment 5 excised and purified.
  • the vector generated by the mutagenesis reaction, pUC19N was digested simultaneously with restriction enzymes BamH I and Not I and purified using a Size-Sep column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Purified Fragment and BamH I / Not I digested pUC19N were ligated to generate the Pichia pastoris shuttle vector pUCPIC, which was used to transform competent E.coli XLl Blue cells (Stratagene). A single colony of transformed cells was used to inoculate 50 ml LB medium containing 100 ⁇ g/ml ampicillin, grown overnight at 37°C, shaking at 200 rpm, and used to prepare pUCPIC plasmid DNA.
  • Kringle 5 DNA was amplified from the vector pBC87-01 (See Example 3), using the polymerase chain reaction and a pair of oligonucleotide primers partially complementary to the kringle 5 sequence, but containing additional nucleotides to add additional amino acid residues or restriction sites as follows:
  • Primer 7 (Sequence ID No 8) was designed to introduce a unique Xho I restriction site and to encode a Lys-Arg dipeptide contiguous with and upstream of the region encoding kringle 5. This dipeptide is necessary to ensure that the signal sequence is cleaved from the mature kringle 5 polypeptide before its secretion into the culture medium.
  • Primer 8 (Sequence ID No 9) was designed to introduce a unique EcoRI restriction site and to introduce a translation termination codon, contiguous with and downstream of the C-terminal cysteine residue of kringle 5.
  • the sequence encoding kringle 5 was amplified from pBC87-01 using the polymerase chain reaction and Primers 7 and 8 (Sequence ID Nos 8 and 9) to generate PCR Product 3.
  • PCR Product 3 was purified and digested using restriction enzymes Xhol and EcoRI to generate Fragment 6.
  • the digested DNA was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, Fragment 6 excised and purified.
  • Shuttle vector pUCPIC was digested using restriction enzymes Xhol and EcoRI and purified using a Size-Sep column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Purified Fragment 6 and Xho I / EcoRI digested pUCPIC were ligated to generate the vector pUCPIC87-01, which was used to transform competent E.coli XLl Blue cells (Stratagene).
  • the vector was digested with restriction enzymes BamH I and Not I to generate Fragment 7, which was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis and purified.
  • the vector pPIC9K was digested with restriction enzymes BamH I and Not I and purified using a Size-Sep column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Purified Fragment 7 and BamH I / Not I digested pPIC9K were ligated to generate the vector pAG87-01, which was cloned in E.coli XLl Blue cells (Stratagene).
  • Spheroplasts of Pichia pastoris cells were prepared and transfected with 10 ⁇ g of purified Sal I-digested pAG87-01 according to the Multi-Copy Pichia Expression Kit Instruction Manual (Invitrogen).
  • Pichia pastoris SMDl 168 cells carry a mutation in their histidinol dehydrogenase gene, rendering them incapable of growth in the absence of the amino acid histidine.
  • Cells transformed with the vector pAG87-01 were selected for their ability to grow on medium lacking histidine, because the vector carries a functional copy of the histidinol dehydrogenase gene.
  • Expression of kringle 5 from the transformed cells was examined using the experimental guidelines given in the Multi-Copy Pichia Expression Kit Instruction Manual.
  • Expression of foreign proteins from Pichia pastoris, using vectors derived from pPIC9K is accomplished in two stages: (i) a growth phase, typically using buffered minimal glycerol (BMG) medium and (ii) an induction phase, typically using buffered minimal methanol (BMM) medium.
  • BMG buffered minimal glycerol
  • BMM buffered minimal methanol
  • the cells grow rapidly in BMG medium but no foreign protein can be produced, because the promoter controlling transcription of the foreign gene is switched off.
  • the cells grow slowly in the BMM medium, but the promoter controlling transcription of the foreign gene is switched on.
  • a typical experiment to screen for expression of a foreign protein uses the growth phase to accumulate biomass followed by an induction phase to accumulate foreign protein.
  • One clone was used to inoculate 30 ml of BMG medium and incubated at 30°C, shaking at 250 rpm, for 24 hours, to produce a starter culture for a large-scale induction experiment.
  • the cells were harvested by centrifugation at 1500g for 10 min, the culture supernatant discarded and the cells resuspended in four 750 ml aliquots of BMM (containing 1% v/v methanol).
  • the four aliquots were returned to the four 5 litre conical flasks and incubated for 60 hours at 3Q°C, shaking at 200 rpm; 1 % (v/v) methanol was added after 24 hours and after 48 hours.
  • the cells were then removed by centrifugation at 1500g for 20 min, the culture supernatants pooled and stored at 4°C.
  • the pH of the pooled culture supernatant was adjusted to pH 3.0 using 5 M HC1, then the acidified supernatant was passed though a column of Macroprep Hi-S cation exchange matrix (BioRad), pre-equilibrated in 20mM acetic acid.
  • the column was washed with 20mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.6 and the bound kringle 5 protein eluted by washing with 20mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.6, containing 1 M NaCl; the eluted fraction was regarded as the product.
  • Analysis of the product by SDS PAGE followed by staining for protein revealed two major polypeptide species with apparent molecular weights of 8000Da and lOOOODa. Based on estimation of the intensity of the bands the product contained approximately 5 mg of kringle 5. Further purification of kringle 5 is accomplished by chromatography on 6- aminohexyl- or 4-aminobenzamidine-Sepharose.
  • the kringle 5 from the cation-exchange purification step was concentrated by ultrafiltration using a 3 kDa cut-off membrane in a stirred-cell (A icon).
  • a sample of material was buffer exchanged in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 to generate a 180 ⁇ M solution of kringle 5 (approx.1.8 mg/ml).
  • Three 200 ⁇ l aliquots were taken and 10 mM TCEP added to each such that the final molar ratio of TCEP to kringle 5 was 1.5, 2.0 or 3.0. These reactions were incubated overnight at room temperature then brought to a final concentration of 50mM ethanolamine.

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  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
  • Enzymes And Modification Thereof (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)

Abstract

On a découvert que l'on peut préparer des dérivés des protéines inhibant l'angiogenèse dans lesquels un processus de rétroaction négative peut être renforcé à des fins thérapeutiques et qui peuvent être dirigés sur des membranes de cellules et des sites d'angiogenèse active, en particulier sur ceux de l'endothélium vasculaire. L'invention concerne un dérivé de polypeptide soluble capable d'inhiber l'angiogenèse, ledit dérivé comprenant une combinaison d'éléments hétérologues liant la membrane, associés par covalence avec le polypeptide de manière à conférer au dérivé une affinité pour la surface d'endothélium vasculaire, notamment de celui des vaisseaux sanguins en croissance. Le polypeptide soluble peut être sélectionné depuis des régions non catalytiques du plasminogène humain (à l'intérieur des 560 résidus N-terminaux de cette protéine); de ses fragments, notamment de ceux générés par digestion métalloprotéase du plasminogène; des fragments des protéines correspondantes contenant des domaines kringle tels que facteur de croissance d'hépatocytes ou apolipoprotéine (a), prothrombine, activateur de plasminogène du type tissu, activateur de plasminogène du type urinaire et leurs hybrides avec des séquences plasminogènes; des mutants des domaines kringle mentionnés ci-dessus, de ceux contenant des mutations dans des positions 20, 21, 78 et 79 à charge positive à neutre ou à charge négative; des fragments de collagène, en particulier du collagène XVIII; des fragments de prolactine, de la région N-terminal 16 kDa de la prolactine; des anticorps neutralisants dirigés contre les récepteurs pour médiateurs angiogéniques; des antagonistes d'intégrines participant à l'angiogenèse; et de leurs hybrides, dérivés ou mutéines. Chaque élément liant la membrane avec une affinité peu élevée pour les membranes peut avoir une constante de dissociation comprise entre 1νM et 1 mM, le dérivé pouvant intégrer suffisamment d'éléments avec des affinités peu élevées pour les composants de membrane pour arriver à une affinité constante de dissociation pour des membranes spécifiques comprise entre 0,01 et 10 nM.
EP99934852A 1998-07-16 1999-07-16 Derives de polypeptides Withdrawn EP1097198A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9815505 1998-07-16
GBGB9815505.4A GB9815505D0 (en) 1998-07-16 1998-07-16 Polypeptide derivatives
PCT/GB1999/002292 WO2000004052A2 (fr) 1998-07-16 1999-07-16 Derives de polypeptides

Publications (1)

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EP1097198A2 true EP1097198A2 (fr) 2001-05-09

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EP99934852A Withdrawn EP1097198A2 (fr) 1998-07-16 1999-07-16 Derives de polypeptides

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EP (1) EP1097198A2 (fr)
JP (1) JP2002520044A (fr)
AU (1) AU5049599A (fr)
CA (1) CA2333929A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB9815505D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2000004052A2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7144854B1 (en) 1999-09-10 2006-12-05 Conjuchem, Inc. Long lasting anti-angiogenic peptides
CA2373252C (fr) * 1999-05-17 2007-08-07 Conjuchem Inc. Peptides antiangiogeniques durables
WO2000069911A1 (fr) 1999-05-17 2000-11-23 Conjuchem, Inc. Peptides insulinotropes a longue duree d'action
JP2003517007A (ja) * 1999-12-15 2003-05-20 エントレメッド インコーポレイテッド 内皮細胞増殖阻害組成物および方法
EP1130031A1 (fr) * 2000-02-25 2001-09-05 Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht Procédé pour inhiber l'angiogenèse à l'aide des molécules qui augmentent la formation de la plasmine ou qui prolongent son activité
US6974791B2 (en) * 2000-03-16 2005-12-13 The University Of Pittsburgh Endothelial specific targeting
CA2407083A1 (fr) 2000-04-21 2001-11-01 Amgen Inc. Derive de peptides apo-ai/aii
CA2421251A1 (fr) 2000-09-05 2002-03-14 Karolinska Innovations Ab Materiaux et procedes concernant des inhibiteurs de croissance cellulaire endotheliale
ATE510553T1 (de) 2002-05-17 2011-06-15 Univ Texas Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 als angiogenesehemmer
JP5721140B2 (ja) * 2009-06-12 2015-05-20 富士フイルム株式会社 新生血管に対する標的化剤

Family Cites Families (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB9614871D0 (en) * 1996-07-15 1996-09-04 Smithkline Beecham Plc Compounds

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
See references of WO0004052A2 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB9815505D0 (en) 1998-09-16
JP2002520044A (ja) 2002-07-09
AU5049599A (en) 2000-02-07
WO2000004052A2 (fr) 2000-01-27
WO2000004052A3 (fr) 2000-04-20
CA2333929A1 (fr) 2000-01-27

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