EP1092837B1 - Fire protection device for tunnels - Google Patents

Abstract

A fire protection device (1) for pedestrian and/or vehicular tunnels (5) comprises a high temperature resistant liner (6) with high thermal conductivity, which is positioned spaced apart from the tunnel wall surface. Preferably the high temperature resistant material is ceramic e.g. silicon carbide, boron nitride, boron carbide, or tungsten carbide, reinforced with e.g. carbon, glass or polyhalocarbon fibres, and particularly supported by a metallic carrier layer. Alternatively the resistant material may be e.g. 500 micron enamel on 1.5-2 mm thickness steel plate.

Description

The invention relates to a fire protection device for accessible and / or passable cavities, in particular Tunnels, with a protective wall that protrudes from the wall of the Cavity is spaced apart, the protective wall a protector from has high thermal conductivity, and a Fire protection wall and one made of fire protection wall modules existing fire protection wall.

The accessible and / or passable cavities can be in provided above ground or in underground structures in which there is a potential fire risk and the must be protected against the effects of fire. To simplify such a, a walkable and / or passable Cavity-forming structure as an example below Referred to as tunnels without this To limit patent application to underground tunnels, because the fire protection device according to the invention can also in underpasses, high or underground garages, factory buildings or other structures that can be walked on or driven over by people be applied.

Usually have such structures, such as Traffic tunnels, especially road tunnels Concrete wall. However, concrete is a poor heat conductor, so that when fires occur, the on the Concrete wall of the tunnel due to heat poor thermal conductivity of concrete at high temperatures leads in the area of fire. This leads to a Deformation of the reinforcement in the concrete with the result that the Concrete flakes off and that large and heavy concrete parts in the Can fall inside the tunnel and people there injure or damage vehicles and escape routes and block escape routes. It is even conceivable that in In extreme cases the tunnel skin supporting the mountain fails, so that at high mountain pressure the tunnel can collapse and making it impassable.

In tunnels, fires from vehicles in particular Transport vehicles high energies are released, for example, this is 5 MW for a passenger car, for a truck between 20 MW and 30 MW, and at a dangerous goods transport of 100 MW or more. When a fire breaks out Passenger cars are built over a period of 30 to 35 Minutes temperatures of approx. 850 ° C, in a truck over the same duration 1000 ° C and up to 1200 ° C during a fire a dangerous goods transport.

A problem with severe fires in tunnels is therefore that this amount of heat over the period described conventional tunnel inner surfaces (usually concrete or Ceramic surfaces) acts on the reinforced concrete and thus causing damage described above.

Another problem is that of a fire Smoke in the tunnel. Many road tunnels are included Smoke extraction systems provided, the air from the Tunnel is usually suctioned off near the ground because collect the vehicle exhaust fumes there. In the event of a fire, however The combustion gases collect in the upper area of the tunnel and are arranged by the on the tunnel floor Suction devices sucked down again, where they are in the Area of breathing air for people fleeing the fire reach.

A generic fire protection device is from the DE 37 31 124 C2 known. The protective wall consists of there a self-supporting concrete shell, which on the to Interior facing surface with a ceramic covering is provided. This protective wall is attached using steel anchors attached to the tunnel wall, using a fire protection mat and a ceramic fiber mat as an insulating layer between the Tunnel wall and the protective wall are arranged. This Construction of a fire protection device for tunnel walls is both in terms of cost and weight very complex.

DE 296 01 777 U1 describes fire protection insulation in Known tunnels and structures, in which a ventilated Perforated sheet metal shell in the upper area of the tunnel or on the Tunnel ceiling is attached. The perforated sheet shell is complete coated with insulating layer formers. When a The intumescent layer foams up and forms fire this way, with the perforated sheet metal shell coated as Carrier scaffolding, a heat-insulating protective wall. A such a heat-insulating protective wall on a foam However, perforated sheet is only partially resistant to high Temperatures. In the event of a fire in a motor vehicle Partly very high temperatures occur, especially if these vehicles are loaded with a flammable dangerous goods there is a burning of the insulation layer, so that the one behind which then consists only of the perforated plate Fire protection wall located concrete wall due to the fire is exposed to high temperatures and damage can take. Furthermore, when burning the Insulating layer of gaseous combustion residues that still Also burden the remaining breathing air in the tunnel.

Fire protection walls for generic Fire protection devices and from these fire protection walls Fire protection walls formed serve as building parts, such as for example walls, load-bearing parts, steel sheet piling, Cable ducts or pipe ducts, in front of immediate Protect from flame and heat. On special application for such Fire protection walls and fire protection walls exist for example in tunnel construction or in the construction of underpasses, High or underground garages, factory buildings or other from People walkable or passable structures in which the There is a risk that a fire in the building will damage the walls or load-bearing parts etc. of the structure due to heat damaged, so that the statics of the building immediately endangered is.

The object of the present invention is a Specify generic fire protection device that the Risk of damaging the wall of the cavity or the tunnel due to the effects of temperature in high-energy fires in the cavity or in Tunnels minimized and at the same time the available ones standing escape time for in the cavity or in the tunnel located people maximized.

This invention is achieved according to claim 1.

This construction and arrangement of the protective wall leads that a large part of those caused by the fire Heat radiation reflected from the high temperature resistant material is, so that the protectors are heated by the Thermal radiation is reduced. Furthermore, they lead well heat-conducting protectors which are punctual due to the fire occurring heat from the side, so that the selective on the Fire protection device acting on a larger heat Area of the fire protection device is distributed. Though the one behind the fire protection device heats up Wall of the cavity or tunnel also, yet occur due to heat dissipation within the Fire protection device and due to the by the Rear ventilation did not allow high air convection Temperature peaks in the wall of the cavity.

The high-temperature-resistant material is preferably a ceramic material, which is preferably fiber-reinforced, the protectors being formed from this material. This creates protectors that can be manufactured in one piece and have high thermal conductivity and high temperature resistance as well as high surface hardness. The ceramic material can have, for example, silicon caride (SiC), boron nitride (BN), boron carbide (B ₄ C) or tungsten carbide (WC). The fiber reinforcement can have carbon fibers, glass fibers or fibers made from polymeric halogenated hydrocarbons.

A particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the protectors Have carrier body made of metal and at least on one side are provided with a high temperature resistant material, the Melting point of the high temperature resistant material is higher than that of the metal of the metal carrier body of the associated Protectors and where the protectors at least on that of surface facing away from the wall of the cavity with the high temperature resistant material are provided. This Fire protection device is simple and also inexpensive to manufacture and easily in existing tunnels mountable. The high temperature resistant material forms one of the Become chewy, not flowing and not hot volatilizing layer that is well above the melting point of the Carrier material and beyond its own melting point a liquefaction or scaling of the carrier material prevented.

The high-temperature resistant material is preferably enamel. This enamel surface causes the enamel coating load-bearing metal, for example steel, at high Fire temperatures are not scaled. Steel enamel is through that Enameling is a composite material with high resistance to glowing means that the enamelled steel sheet even at extremely high Temperatures above the annealing temperature or the Melting temperature of the steel sheet, does not glow or melts. In a first preferred variant for this Steel sheets with a thickness of 1.5 mm to 2 mm are used, the enamel thickness preferably not 500 µm exceeds. The metal carrier material can be completely enamelled which then made the aforementioned high temperature resistant layer Email is additionally applied. Another advantage of The use of enamelled metal plates is the easy cleaning of the protective wall, which at the same time the Inner wall of the tunnel or cavity forms. Another advantage is that the enamel surface does not charge statically.

The high temperature resistant material can also advantageously Be ceramic.

It is also advantageous if the protectors have plate-like shape. Such plate-shaped structure of the protective wall enables the simple construction and at the same time fast and inexpensive retrofit option for existing tunnels or cavities. Such a retrofit plate-shaped protectors can even be found in a tunnel be carried out if the traffic in it for example continues to flow on one side or with insignificant reduction.

In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention are the plate-shaped forming the protective wall Protectors on their adjacent edges by means of the Joints between the protectors filling thermally conductive Jointing material thermally connected. This thermally conductive lining of the joints improves the Heat dissipation within the protective wall and thus ensures for a further improved heat distribution an area of the protective wall acting on one larger area of the protective wall. The thermally conductive Joint material is preferably lead, but it can also Be rock wool. Is the joint material lead or another at temperatures lower than those mentioned at the beginning Fire temperature melting, good heat conductive material, this is how this joint material seals the joints in the normal state between the individual protectors, ensures up to one certain temperature for good heat dissipation, melts then, however, to release the joints so that the Flue gases can be extracted through these joints.

It is particularly advantageous if such melting seals alternating with non-melting, good heat-conducting seals inside a joint are provided so that even after melting of the meltable joint material over the non-melting ones Sections of the joint seal ensure good heat conduction neighboring protectors remains possible.

It can also be advantageous if the melting ones Seals only in the area of the upper protectors, i.e. in the Area of the tunnel ridge are provided, since there the Flue gases are to be extracted, while in the rest of the area Protective wall, non-melting seals are provided, to achieve maximum heat dissipation there.

In a further preferred embodiment, the Space between the protective wall and the wall of the Cavity formed a ventilation duct or a room for Ventilation ducts provided. Such a ventilation duct can in the normal operating state of the cavity respectively Tunnels for the supply of fresh air into the cavity or tunnel, while in case of fire through the Ventilation duct the fire gases are extracted. Furthermore can the ventilation duct in normal operating condition also as Cooling air duct serve to cool the protective wall, because especially in very deep mountains Traffic tunnels ambient temperatures up to 55 ° C can rule.

In addition, the back of the protective wall, that is the side facing the wall of the cavity, with a Thermal insulation should be provided during normal operation of the tunnel the mountain range surrounding the tunnel Temperature from the protective wall and thus the Cooling load of bulkhead cooling is reduced, and that in Fire additional insulation for the rear of the Protective wall located wall of the tunnel and this before high local temperature peaks.

Likewise, the thermal insulation can preferably be on the inside the tunnel wall made of reinforced concrete should be attached, so that in this way the back of the protective wall in Fire trap or to achieve a desired Temperature effects inside the tunnel either through Forced convection or by thermal convection undergoes immediate cooling so that the remaining by further radiation onto the tunnel wall (e.g. from Reinforced concrete) transferred heat, which by the No more convection on the back of the protective wall can be removed, not to damage the concrete wall leads.

Some of the protectors of the protective wall can be made from the Protective wall forming composite to form an opening in the protective wall can be at least partially removable. This design of the protective wall enables that at heating the protectors to a predeterminable Tripping temperature, for example to 400 ° C, a local Opening in the protective wall is created, which is a suction of the Fire gases through one connected to the opening Ventilation duct allowed. The joints can preferably remain closed between the protectors. The detachment the protectors can be triggered thermally Locks under gravity and / or spring force respectively. For this purpose, a protector can be used as a flap, for example be formed, the hinge-like at its one edge neighboring protector is articulated and at least another edge by means of heat melting or otherwise (e.g. using a Bimetal) a release effecting bracket is secured. In this embodiment of the fire protection device ensures that only in the area of the fire an opening in the protective wall for the extraction of the fire gases is formed. All others provided in the fire protection device too opening protectors or ventilation flaps remain closed so that no fumes in others Tunnel sections are sucked and the suction power of the Fans are preserved over the length of the tunnel. The melting or triggering by thermal action Locking the flap also ensures a secure and reliable operation since no electrical or electronic controls must be provided in in the event of a fire.

In addition, at least one in the space behind removable protector a storage container for extinguishing agent be provided that automatically under the influence of heat to release the extinguishing agent from the detached Protector formed opening in the cavity opens. A such automatic extinguishing device allows that automatic application of extinguishing agents, for example Fire extinguishing powder, directly on the source of the fire. This is the extinguishing agent, for example in a plastic hose stored behind the detachable metal projector is appropriate. After removing the protector from the The plastic hose melts under the protective wall Exposure to heat and the fire extinguishing powder falls on the Source of fire down. The storage container for extinguishing agent can also be connected to a pressure source in the event of fire optionally triggered thermally and the Applies extinguishing agent under pressure to the source of the fire.

Are, as in a further preferred embodiment, in the Layer of enamel reflective and / or self-luminous integrated or afterglow components, so can this way a weatherproof and fireproof Escape and rescue routes are signposted.

A preferred fire protection wall for a generic one Fire protection device has an at least two-shell Building from a source of fire or potential source of fire facing front shell and one from the source of the fire or potential fire source facing away from the rear shell, whereby the front shell and the rear shell spaced apart are arranged and form an air space between them, and whereby at least the front shell on the the source of the fire or potential area of fire facing the area high temperature resistant material is provided.

With this double-shell fire protection wall, which also made of Protector plates can be formed, the front shell ensures for keeping the flames out, and the one in the airspace Air provides effective heat dissipation from that Area of the front shell on which the flames immediately act so that the back shell only on one Temperature warmed significantly below the temperature of the Front shell in the same area of the fire protection wall lies. The fact that the area facing the source of the fire Front shell with a high temperature resistant material is the carrier body of the front shell itself, for example one with the high temperature resistant material provided steel sheet, protected from the flames, so that for example, scaling of the steel sheet immediate exposure to flame is avoided.

The rear shell is preferably also on it Front shell facing area with a provided high temperature resistant material, which also the Back shell from damage caused by temperature, for example in the case of long-lasting fires.

The high temperature resistant material is preferably enamel. E-mail has a very high fire resistance and will also Temperatures well over 1,000 ° C like this for example in the case of vehicle fires, not or only in one that does not significantly restrict its effect Dimensions damaged.

In a special embodiment, is or are the front shell and / or the rear shell with one on the respective to the source of the fire or potential source of fire facing front and / or on the back applied basic enamel on which on the A front enamel is applied. The Front is, by definition, usually that Movement space in the building, e.g. the driving or Facing street space in a tunnel, i.e. then one too possible fire usually facing. This structure of the Enamel protects the base metal of the front shell or the rear shell and avoids, for example its corrosion, the ceiling enamelling for a ensures particularly high fire resistance. The application of the Enamel layer (s) prevents the steel itself from failing at temperatures, the annealing and melting temperatures represent, it also prevents scaling.

In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention the front shell and the rear shell are over in the airspace spacers to a "Air sandwich" construction linked together. This Sandwich construction enables an industrial or semi-industrial manufacturing, so that on the site itself the prefabricated sandwich modules just attached and need to be connected.

Is preferably between the spacers and the Front shell provided a thermally insulating material. This will prevent the heat from accumulating Front panel heating over the Spacer is transferred to the rear shell.

Is preferably between the spacers and the A thermally insulating material is provided for the rear shell. This can alternatively or in addition to that thermally insulating material between the spacers and the Front shell can be provided and improves the thermal Decoupling of the rear shell from the front shell. Is this thermal insulating material only between the Spacers and the rear shell provided, so the Spacer also as a heat sink for the front shell be used.

Alternatively, the spacer itself can also be made of thermal insulating material or such a material exhibit.

The air sandwich construction is in a lower section with air inlet openings and in an upper section with Provide air outlet openings for the air space, so an air exchange takes place within the airspace, resulting in better heat dissipation from the back of the Front shell due to the then improved thermal Convection occurs. This fire protection wall enables the both immediate from a fire Flame and heat from behind the Keep fire protection walls away from building parts.

The air inlet openings are preferably in a lower one Area of the rear shell formed so that from the Colder air can be drawn in from the rear of the rear shell and not the hot air from the fire room into the air space between the front shell and the rear shell. The Air sandwiches can be coupled so that the Shell intermediate areas (air spaces) also laterally through Airspace connections are in fluid communication with each other, so that especially in the area of a large fire from the Pages, i.e. e.g. in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel air can flow to more distant areas, which is used for cooling contributes to the fire protection wall. These connections the Airspaces preferably exist among each other, but that Air spaces are preferably not related to the possible Fire area or fire area in fluid communication.

The air outlet openings are preferably in an upper one Area of the rear shell so that the im Air that rises, warmed air does not enter the Fire room but in the behind the fire protection wall located room exits and from there over an existing Tunnel ventilation system is discharged.

A fire protection wall is preferably made of the invention Fire protection wall modules formed. Such one modular construction of a complete fire protection wall permitted the industrial or semi-industrial prefabrication of the sandwich-like fire protection wall modules that this way prefabricated transported to the construction site and there can be assembled on site to form the fire protection wall.

In such a fire protection wall, the Fire protection wall modules connected so that the Air spaces of the individual fire protection wall modules are in fluid communication with each other. This fluid connection can be done both horizontally and vertically Direction exist between individual modules, so that a brisk air exchange within neighboring air spaces Fire protection wall modules can take place, whereby the convection-related heat removal from the air space and from the back of the front shell is improved. In particular a structure is preferred in which vertically one above the other arranged fire protection wall modules a vertical Air flow within them in fluid communication allow standing airspaces.

It is also advantageous if the respective front shells and / or the respective rear shells neighboring Fire protection wall modules thermally conductive with each other are connected. This will result in local fire exposure on a fire protection wall module on this module selective heat by conduction into the Front panels of adjacent fire protection modules derived. In the same way, the respective Back shells to be connected to each other there too possible high point thermal loads due to prolonged exposure to fire on the rear shells derive neighboring fire protection wall modules.

Fig. 1a

einen Vertikalschnitt durch ein Tunnelprofil eines Tunnels, der mit der erfindungsgemäßen Brandschutzvorrichtung ausgerüstet ist;

Fig. 1b

einen Vertikalschnitt durch ein alternatives Tunnelprofil eines Tunnels, der mit der erfindungsgemäßen Brandschutzvorrichtung ausgerüstet ist;

Fig. 2

eine Ansicht einer Schutzwandung einer erfindungsgemäßen Brandschutzvorrichtung in Richtung des Pfeiles II in Fig. 1a;

Fig. 3

eine vergrößerte geschnittene Ansicht einer Schutzwandung entlang der Linie III-III in Fig. 2 und Fig. 9;

Fig. 4

eine zu Fig. 3 analoge Schnittansicht mit einer alternative Gestaltung der Schutzwandung;

Fig. 5

eine vergrößerte Schnittansicht eines Protektors gemäß dem Detail V in Fig. 3;

Fig. 6

eine geschnittene Ansicht eines Ausschnitts eines Tunnels mit einer erfindungsgemäßen Brandschutzvorrichtung und

Fig. 7

einen Längsschnitt durch einen Straßentunnel mit einer erfindungsgemäßen Brandschutzvorrichtung gemäß der Ansicht VII-VII in Fig. 1a.

Fig. 8a

einen Querschnitt durch eine mit einer erfindungsgemäßen doppelwandigen Brandschutzwandung ausgestattete Tunnelröhre,

Fig. 8b

einen Querschnitt durch eine alternative mit einer erfindungsgemäßen doppelwandigen Brandschutzwandung ausgestattete Tunnelröhre,

Fig. 8c

einen Querschnitt durch eine weitere alternative mit einer erfindungsgemäßen doppelwandigen Brandschutzwandung ausgestattete Tunnelröhre,

Fig. 9

einen Vertikalschnitt durch eine erfindungsgemäße Brandschutzwandung gemäß der Einzelheit IX in den Fig. 8a, 8b und 8c,

Fig. 10

einen Horizontalschnitt durch eine erfindungsgemäße Brandschutzwandung gemäß der Linie X-X in Fig. 9,

Fig. 11

eine Ansicht einer erfindungsgemäßen Brandschutzwandung in Richtung des Pfeiles XI in den Fig. 8a, 8b und 8c und

Fig. 12

eine dritte Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Brandschutzvorrichtung mit selbsttragender Brandschutzwandung.

The invention is explained in more detail below by means of examples with reference to the drawing. In this shows:

Fig. 1a

a vertical section through a tunnel profile of a tunnel, which is equipped with the fire protection device according to the invention;

Fig. 1b

a vertical section through an alternative tunnel profile of a tunnel, which is equipped with the fire protection device according to the invention;

Fig. 2

a view of a protective wall of a fire protection device according to the invention in the direction of arrow II in Fig. 1a;

Fig. 3

an enlarged sectional view of a protective wall along the line III-III in Fig. 2 and Fig. 9;

Fig. 4

a sectional view analogous to FIG. 3 with an alternative design of the protective wall;

Fig. 5

an enlarged sectional view of a protector according to the detail V in Fig. 3;

Fig. 6

a sectional view of a section of a tunnel with a fire protection device according to the invention and

Fig. 7

a longitudinal section through a road tunnel with a fire protection device according to the invention according to the view VII-VII in Fig. 1a.

Fig. 8a

3 shows a cross section through a tunnel tube equipped with a double-walled fire protection wall according to the invention,

Fig. 8b

3 shows a cross section through an alternative tunnel tube equipped with a double-walled fire protection wall according to the invention,

Fig. 8c

3 shows a cross section through a further alternative tunnel tube equipped with a double-walled fire protection wall according to the invention,

Fig. 9

8a, 8b and 8c, a vertical section through a fire protection wall according to the invention in accordance with detail IX,

Fig. 10

3 shows a horizontal section through a fire protection wall according to the invention along the line XX in FIG. 9,

Fig. 11

a view of a fire protection wall according to the invention in the direction of arrow XI in Figs. 8a, 8b and 8c and

Fig. 12

a third embodiment of the fire protection device according to the invention with self-supporting fire protection wall.

In Fig. 1a is a vertical section through a tunnel profile one with a fire protection device 1 according to the invention equipped tunnels 2 shown. Tunnel 2 is as Road tunnel with a carriageway 3 and with a tunnel wall 4 educated. Inside the tunnel 2 there is a cavity 5 formed, which is accessible by vehicles 30 Determines the interior of the tunnel and the Street space, lane space or lane space is called. The The tunnel can also be designed as a train tunnel.

The fire protection device 1 comprises one from the inside the tunnel wall 4 spaced protective wall 6. Between the Tunnel wall 4 and protective wall 6 is an intermediate space 7 formed by the protective wall 6 from the cavity or Tunnel interior 5 is essentially hermetically separated.

The protective wall 6 is only in FIGS. 1a and 1b schematically illustrated, heat-resistant brackets 8 the tunnel wall 4 anchored. The brackets 8 are resistant to high temperatures and designed as thermal insulators, so no heat from the brackets from the Protective wall 6 is passed into the tunnel wall 4.

Fig. 1b shows an alternative tunnel profile, in which the Protective wall 6 in the upper area essentially horizontally is formed, whereby a space 7 'in the upper tunnel area for ventilation ducts and other installations. This figure also shows how one Insulation layer 9 on the back of the protective wall 6 may be appropriate.

The structure of the protective wall 6 is described below using the Fig. 2 described. Fig. 2, which is a view of Protective wall 6 in the direction of arrow II in Fig. 1a shows a section of the protective wall 6, the formed from a plurality of plate-like protectors 10 is. These protectors 10 are tile-like to the protective wall 6 composed, the contour of the individual protectors 10 is such that it is the curvature of the tunnel wall 4th adapt, as can be seen in Fig. 1a. The single ones Protectors 10 are attached by means of loosely attached safety ropes 11 the tunnel wall 4 secured so that the protectors 10 at a fire-related dissolution of the protective wall 6 does not occur the road 3 can fall down.

Between the individual protectors 10 are longitudinal joints 12 and Cross joints 14 formed with a good thermal conductivity Joint material 13 are sealed, as can be seen in FIG. 3 is. The joint material 13 is either lead or another sealing and good heat-conducting material, such as for example rock wool. Will lead as a grout used, this can be an advantage because in the event of a fire the lead melts out of the joints and so in the fire area exposes the joints as vents through the smoke from the tunnel interior 5 into the space 7 between the Protective wall 6 and the tunnel wall 4 can be suctioned off if the space 7 after a fire occurs Reversal of this space 7 in normal operation Fresh air feeding blower placed under negative pressure becomes.

The protectors 10 are enamelled on all sides and additionally on their facing away from the tunnel wall 4 Surface, that is, on the surface that corresponds to the Tunnel interior 5 is facing, with a layer 10C a high temperature resistant material 10B, for example Email, provided, as below in connection with the Fig. 5 is explained.

Fig. 4 shows an alternative embodiment of the structure the protective wall 6 ', in which the edges of the individual plate-like protectors 10 'are not butted against each other but rather overlap each other slightly. The Joint material 13 'is in this case between the Tunnel interior 5 facing the front of the upper Protector and the back of the tunnel wall 4 facing the underlying protector in the overlap area arranged sealingly. Because of this scale-like overlap of the individual superimposed protectors is from the mountain dripping or flowing water on the side of the Protective wall 6 'derived so that it is not through Leaks in the longitudinal joint area in the tunnel interior 5 can occur. Also in the area of those not shown in FIG. 4 Transverse joints 14 a similar overlap can be provided, the entry of mountain water into the tunnel interior 5 prevented by the transverse joints 14.

FIG. 5 shows a longitudinal section through a protector 10 according to section V in FIG. 3. The protector 10 comprises a carrier body 10A made of a load-bearing and good heat-conducting metal, for example made of sheet steel, the thickness d _{A of which is} approximately 1.5 to 2 mm , On its side facing the tunnel interior or cavity 5, the carrier body 10A is provided with a high-temperature-resistant material 10B forming a refractory layer. This high temperature resistant material 10B is preferably enamel. The thickness d _{C of} this refractory layer 10C made of, for example, enamel is up to 500 μm.

Fig. 6 shows an additional equipment of the invention Fire protection device, namely a fire automatically opening exhaust flap 16 and one above arranged storage container 18 for fire extinguishing agent 20.

In the upper tunnel area 2 '(Fig. 1a, Fig. 1b) is under the there the tunnel wall 4 forming the tunnel ceiling in the intermediate space 7 a hose-like reservoir 18 is laid, the Contains fire extinguishing agent 20. This reservoir 18 has at least in its lower region 18 ' material that melts under the influence of heat, For example, from a plastic that is used in the usual Fire temperatures melt, so that the hose-like Storage container 18 at the fire site in its lower Area 18 'opens and the fire extinguishing agent 20 downwards can fall out.

Below the storage container 18 is a flap-like Protector 16 is provided in the protective wall 6, which in its Construction resembles the firmly anchored protectors 10, especially the refractory layer high temperature resistant material 10B at its the Tunnel interior or cavity 5 facing Surface. This protector 16 is also means a loosely attached safety rope 17 on the tunnel wall 4 secured, thereby causing the protector 26 to fold down is allowed, but it is avoided that he is on the Lane 3 falls down.

The flap-like protector 16 is on one longitudinal edge with a hinge 22 on an adjacent protector 10 articulated so that it can pivot downwards like the broken line and arrow C in FIG. 6 demonstrate.

The flap-like protector is in normal operating condition 16 in the solid closed shown in Fig. 6 Position by means of a lock 24 on another adjacent protector 10 held. The flap-like Protector 16 surrounding joints are not with lead closed but only contain one not with the adjacent protectors 10 or the flap-like protector 16 a mechanical connection incoming joint material. For example, the joints are blocked with rock wool 26, so that opening the flap-like protector 16 is possible.

The lock 24 can be exposed to heat (for Example open at a temperature of 300 ° C to 400 ° C), for example by providing a bimetal lock or by providing a section of melting Plastic. This enables the flap-like Protector 16 in the event of warming from a fire due to its own weight downwards automatically pivoted and thus a vent 28 in the Releases the ridge area of the protective wall 6 at the fire site. On the one hand, this can result in the fire Flue gases from the tunnel interior 5 into the intermediate space 7 and be sucked out of this out of the tunnel and on the other hand it can go up from the source of the fire rising heat or upward heat Heat radiation directly onto the lower region 18 'of the reservoir 18 filled with fire extinguishing agent 20 act so that this lower region 18 'can melt and the fire extinguishing agent can fall onto the source of the fire.

Below the storage container 18 for the fire extinguishing agent 20 can also be an analogue foldable protector 16 'can be provided, which has only one extinguishing opening 29 releases that sealed against the gap 7 so is that the fire extinguishing agent 20 is free by this Extinguishing opening 29 can fall down without going through oppositely flowing combustion gases or smoke gases are impeded to become.

In conjunction with FIG. 7, the mode of operation is described below the fire protection device according to the invention in one Describe vehicle fire in a tunnel.

Fig. 7 shows a longitudinal section through a road tunnel along the line VII-VII in Fig. 1a, only one Tunnel section is shown. In tunnel 2 there is one Motor vehicle 30 caught fire and the vehicle occupants 32, 34 flee from the scene of the fire. Because of the vehicle fire emerging temperatures have been above the fire site located, formed by flap-like protectors 16, 16 ' Ventilation flaps opened and the combustion gases and the Fires that arise are caused by the smoke that is formed in this way Vents 28 in the space 7 and through sucked this out.

Furthermore, the in the space 7 above the flap-like protector 16 arranged tubular Storage hose or reservoir 18 for that Fire extinguishing agent 20 due to the heat generated during the fire opened and the fire extinguishing agent 20 falls through Vent and extinguishing opening 29 down on the burning Vehicle 30. Due to the effects of fire temperature also some of the longitudinal and transverse joints 12 ', 14' in the upper one Area of the protective wall above the source of the fire Melt the joint material open, so that too through these open joints 12 ', 14' fire gases and smoke in the space 7 are suctioned off. In the area far from the fire the flap-like protectors 16 "and the joints remain tightly closed.

8a is a vertical section through a tunnel profile one equipped with a fire protection device 100 Tunnels 2 shown an alternative embodiment of a Fire protection wall 106 according to the invention.

The fire protection device 100 includes one from the inside the tunnel wall 4 spaced double-shell fire protection wall 106. Between the tunnel wall 4 and the fire protection wall 106 an intermediate space 7 is formed which is formed by the Fire protection wall 106 from the cavity or tunnel interior 5 is separated. The fire protection wall 106 is by means of in 8a, 8b and 8c only shown schematically, heat-resistant or heat-reducing brackets 8 anchored to the tunnel wall 4. The brackets 8 are also in this embodiment high temperature resistant and as thermal insulators designed so that no heat through the brackets from the fire protection wall 106 in the Tunnel wall 4 is passed or at least the introduction of heat occurs with great delay and greatly reduced.

In the upper area of the tunnel shown in FIGS. 8a and 8b the fire protection wall 106 is essentially horizontal formed, whereby there, as can be seen in Fig. 8b, a Space for a supply air duct 7 "and an exhaust air duct 7 '' ' as well as for other installations.

The fire protection wall 106 is also in the example of FIG. 8c horizontally trained. There are room chambers 7 ", 7" 'for Supply air and exhaust air are formed by a reinforced concrete false ceiling and separated from the route area (route area). In this The case is the horizontal fire protection wall 106 or wall modules also protect them due to their reduced thickness in the event of fire, they may be particularly at risk of collapse Concrete structure.

In Fig. 9 is a section of a vertically cut Fire protection wall 106 according to the invention shown. The double-shell fire protection wall consists of a to Tunnel interior, where a possible fire may occur, facing front shell 60 and a spaced from it, to the tunnel wall 4 facing rear shell 62. Between the Front shell 60 and rear shell 62 is an air space 64 educated. The distance between the front shell and the The rear shell is, for example, between 1 cm and 5 cm; in a test example, a distance of 3 cm was chosen.

The rear shell 62 is somewhat in its lower section 70 shorter than the front shell 60 and not enough like this to the floor below, so that on this A preferably continuous air inlet opening 72 is formed by the cooler air coming from the supply air duct 7 "also flows into the intermediate space 7, from the intermediate space 7 can enter the air space 64 from below. In her top Section 74 preferably has the rear shell 62 continuous or several individual air outlet openings 76 on which is an escape of airspace 64 warmed and ascended air from airspace 64 enable. The air outlet openings 76 are, as in FIG. 8b, preferably via connecting channels 76 'to the Exhaust air duct or the exhaust air chamber 7 '' 'of the tunnel connected.

The front shell 60 and the rear shell 62 are shown in FIG Example using spacer 66 for a sandwich construction summarized. 9 is an exemplary structure of a such spacer shown, between the Back of the front shell 60 and the spacer 66 a Layer of thermal insulating material 65 is introduced. A similar layer of thermally insulating material 67 is between the spacer 66 and the front of the Rear shell 62 arranged. For attachment is the Spacer 66 with the front shell 60 and the rear shell 62 connected by rivets 61, 63. The one shown in Fig. 9 Riveting is just one example of a fastening. Here can of course all other known mechanical fastening types such as screws or glue are used.

The spacer 66 consists of in the example shown a metal profile that corresponds to the desired curvature the fire protection wall or the tunnel profile bent and the ventilation and air flow technology required or optimal distance between the front and the rear shell is adapted. A horizontal one Cross section of the fire protection wall is shown in Fig. 10 and will be discussed further below in connection with this figure described.

The front shell 60 is designed as a protector 10, which has a carrier body 10A made of a load-bearing and good heat-conducting metal, for example made of sheet steel, the thickness d _{A of which is} in a range from preferably 0.3 mm to 0.6 mm. The structure of the front shell 60 corresponds in principle to the structure shown in FIG. 3. On the front side facing the tunnel interior or cavity 5, that is to say on the side facing a potential fire, the carrier body 10A is provided with a high-temperature-resistant material 10B forming a refractory layer. This high temperature resistant material 10B is preferably enamel. The thickness d _{C of} this refractory layer 10C made of, for example, enamel is preferably between 100 μm and 300 μm. Both the front side and the rear side of the carrier body 10A can be provided with a base enamelling, to which a top enamelling is then applied on the front side. The rear shell 62 can also be constructed in the same way. However, the rear shell can also be made of stainless steel or of non-enamelled, rust-treated but extremely heat-resistant metal.

10 along the line X-X in 9 shows the arrangement of the spacers 66. The spacer 66 is a hat profile-like vertical support trained, the two lateral legs with the Rear shell 62 are connected by rivets 63, wherein between the side legs of the hat profile-like carrier 66 and the rear shell 62 a layer 67 made of thermal insulating material is introduced. The middle section the hat profile 66, also with the inclusion of a layer 65 made of thermally insulating material, with the front shell 60 connected by rivets 61.

Inside the hat profile 66 is a vertical direction extending air space 64 'is formed in which also air flow directed from bottom to top for convective Dissipation of the heat introduced from outside can arise. Openings 66 'in the side faces of the hat profile-like Spacers 66 enable lateral air exchange between the air space 64 between the front shell 60 and the Rear shell 62 and the air space 64 'within the Hat profile.

The arrangement of the hat profile between the front shell 60 and the rear shell 62 is in the form shown in FIG. 10 only by way of example; it is also possible that Hat profile is installed in reverse, that is, the lateral free leg of the hat profile-like Spacer 66 with the front shell 60 and the Middle section of the hat profile-like spacer with the Rear shell 62 is connected.

Fig. 11 shows a longitudinal section through a section of a Road tunnels in the direction of arrow XI in FIGS. 8a, 8b, 8c. In the tunnel 2, a motor vehicle 30 is on fire come and the vehicle occupants 32, 34 flee from Fire scene. Due to the temperature that arises during a vehicle fire have located above the fire site, of foldable Vent flaps formed from fire protection wall elements opened and the combustion gases as well as the resulting from the fire Smoke becomes through the ventilation openings 28 thus formed in the space 7 "and sucked out through this.

In Fig. 11 it can also be seen that the entire Fire protection wall made of vertical, sheet-like Fire protection wall modules 110 is formed, which together are connected and each have at least one protector plate exhibit. Such fire protection wall modules 110 can be used in an exemplary embodiment, a width of 1.2 m and have a height of, for example, 4 m or 5 m.

The exhaust air duct and the supply air duct are in the figures only shown as an example and schematically. Any supply air or Exhaust air routing is said to have convection effect in the Air gaps 64, 7 between the front shell 60 and the Rear shell 62 and behind the rear shell 62 and the Do not hinder convection from these spaces or short-circuit.

Fig. 12 shows a third embodiment of the Fire protection device according to the invention, the Fire protection device here later in a tunnel free-standing and statically independent and independent of the Tunnel wall 4 is used. The protective wall 206 of the Fire protection device 200 is like the embodiment according to 8a, two-shell design with a front shell 260 and a rear shell 262, one between them Form airspace 264. In the area of the rear shell 262 Protective wall 206 on a static independence effecting substructure 280 attached. The Substructure 280 includes left and right vertical supports 282 as well as a left and a right vertical support 282 connecting ridge arches 284. The vertical supports 282 and the ridge arches 284 are over thermally insulating elements attached to the protective wall 206. The vertical supports 282 are anchored on or in the tunnel floor 3 '.

This design with free-standing fire protection wall has the advantage that the fire protection wall is not on the Tunnel wall must be anchored, at most only to some few uncritical points on the tunnel wall can. This embodiment is particularly useful when old tunnels with an inventive Fire protection device should be retrofitted and if the tunnel wall may or may not be attacked can be attacked in very few places. example for Such tunnel walls are brick walls in old tunnels as well Steel sheet piles from underwater tunnels that are not drilled be allowed and not with welded bolts may be provided to damage the sheet steel wall and thus to prevent water from entering. Is conceivable but also that a concrete wall of the tunnel or a False ceiling no longer with additional static loads may be provided and therefore anchoring the Fire protection device on the tunnel wall is not possible so that in this case too, preferably the free-standing one Version of the fire protection device is used.

The invention is not based on the above embodiment limited, which is only the general explanation of the Core idea of the invention serves. As part of the Rather, the scope of the device according to the invention can also other than the embodiments described above accept. The device can, in particular, have features have a combination of the respective Represent individual features of the claims.

Reference signs in the claims, the description and the Drawings are only for a better understanding of the Invention and are not intended to limit the scope.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

Fire protection device

2

tunnel

2 '

Upper tunnel area

3

roadway

3 '

tunnel floor

4

tunnel wall

5

cavity

6

protective wall

6 '

protective wall

7

gap

7 '

Space for ventilation ducts

7 "

supply air duct

7 '' '

exhaust duct

8th

brackets

9

insulating material layer

10

protectors

10 '

protectors

10A

support body

10B

High temperature resistant material

10C

Layer of high temperature resistant material

11

Safety wire

12

longitudinal joints

12 '

longitudinal joints

13

grout

14

Querfugen

14 '

Querfugen

16

Flap-like protector

16 '

Flap-like protector

16 "

Flap-like protector

17

Safety wire

18

reservoir

18 '

Lower area

20

Fire extinguishing agents

22

hinge

24

bracket

26

rock wool

28

vent

29

extinguishing opening

30

motor vehicle

32

passenger

34

passenger

60

front shell

61

rivet

62

backshell

63

rivet

64

airspace

64 '

airspace

65

thermally insulating material

66

spacer

66 '

openings

67

thermally insulating material

70

lower section

72

Air inlet opening

74

upper section

76

Air outlet opening

76 '

connecting channels

100

Fire protection device

106

Brandschutzwandung

110

Brandschutzwandungs module

200

Fire protection device

206

Brandschutzwandung

260

front shell

262

backshell

264

airspace

280

substructure

282

vertical support

284

First bow

d _A

Thickness of 10A

d _C

Thickness of 10C

Claims (18)

1. Fire protection device (1) for cavities (5) negotiable by pedestrians and/or vehicles, in particular for tunnels, comprising a protective wall (6, 106) disposed at a spacing from the wall (4) of the cavity (5),
   characterized in

   that the protective wall (6, 106) has protectors (10, 16, 16'), which comprise a carrier body (10A) made of metal and provided at least on one side with a high-temperature-resistant material (10B), and

   that the protective wall (6, 106) is disposed at a spacing from the wall (4) of the cavity (5) so as to form an intermediate space (7),

   wherein the protective wall (6, 106) is anchored to the wall (4) of the cavity (5) by means of high-temperature-resistant fixing devices (8), which prevent or at least extensively retard and extensively reduce heat transfer into the wall (4).
2. Fire protection device according to claim 1,
   characterized in that the melting point of the high-temperature-resistant material (10B) is higher than the melting point of the metal of the metal carrier body (10A) of the associated protector (10, 16, 16') and that the protectors (10, 16, 16') are provided with the high-temperature-resistant material (10B) at least on the surface remote from the wall (4) of the cavity (5).
3. Fire protection device according to claim 1 or 2,
   characterized in that the high-temperature-resistant material (10B) comprises a refractory layer (10C) of enamel or ceramic material.
4. Fire protection device according to claim 3,
   characterized in that reflective and/or luminous or phosphorescent components are integrated into the layer (10C) of enamel.
5. Fire protection device according to one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that the high-temperature-resistant material is a preferably fibre-reinforced ceramic material.
6. Fire protection device according to one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that the protective wall (6, 106) is provided at its side remote from the cavity (5) with an insulating material layer (9) for heat insulation purposes.
7. Fire protection device according to one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that the protective wall (6, 106) is back-ventilated at its side facing the wall (4) of the cavity (5).
8. Fire protection device according to one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that the protectors (10, 16, 16') are of an at least two-shell construction comprising a front shell (60) facing a fire source or potential fire source and a rear shell (62) remote from the fire source or potential fire source, wherein the front shell (60) and the rear shell (62) are spaced from one another and between them form an air space (64) and wherein at least the front shell (60) is provided with the high-temperature-resistant material (10B) on the surface (10C) facing the fire source or potential fire source.
9. Fire protection device according to claim 7,
   characterized in that the rear shell (62) is also provided with the high-temperature-resistant material on its surface facing towards the front shell (60).
10. Fire protection device according to claim 8,
    characterized in that the front shell (60) and/or the rear shell (62) are/is provided with a ground coat of enamel, which is applied to the respective front side directed towards the fire source or potential fire source and/or to the rear side and onto which on the front side a cover coat of enamel is applied.
11. Fire protection device according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterized in that the front shell (60) and the rear shell (62) are connected to one another to form an air sandwich structure by means of spacers (66), which are situated in the air space (64) and are preferentially made from thermally insulating material or comprise such a material, wherein a thermally insulating material (65) is preferably provided between the spacers (66) and the front shell (60) and/or between the spacers (66) and the rear shell (62).
12. Fire protection device according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterized in that the air sandwich structure is provided in a lower portion (70) with air inlet openings (72) and/or in an upper portion (74) with air outlet openings (76) for the air space, wherein the air inlet openings (72) are formed preferentially in a lower region of the rear shell (62) and wherein the air outlet openings (76) are formed preferentially in an upper region of the rear shell (62).
13. Fire protection device according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterized in that the protectors (10, 16, 16') are of a plate-shaped design, wherein preferably the plate-shaped protectors (10, 16, 16') forming the protective wall (6, 106) are connected to one another at their mutually adjacent edges in a heat-conducting manner by means of heat-conducting joint material (13, 26), such as e.g. lead, which fills the gaps (12, 14) between the protectors (10, 16).
14. Fire protection device according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterized in that in the space (7) between the protective wall (6, 106) and the wall (4) of the cavity (5) a ventilation duct is formed or a compartment for ventilation ducts is provided.
15. Fire protection device according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterized in that the protectors (10, 16, 16') are designed as fire protection wall modules (110), wherein the fire protection wall modules (110) are preferably connectable to one another in such a way that the air spaces (64) of the individual fire protection wall modules (110) are flow-connected to one another.
16. Fire protection device according to claim 14,
    characterized in that the respective front shells (60) of adjacent fire protection wall modules are connectable in a heat-conducting manner to one another and/or the respective rear shells (62) of adjacent fire protection wall modules are connectable in a heat-conducting manner to one another.
17. Fire protection device according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterized in that the front shell and the rear shell are connected in a thermally non-conducting manner to one another.
18. Fire protection device (1) for cavities (5) negotiable by pedestrians and/or vehicles, in particular for tunnels, comprising a protective wall (206) disposed at a spacing from the wall (4) of the cavity (5),
    characterized in

    that the protective wall (206) has protectors (10, 16, 16'), which comprise a carrier body (10A) made of metal and provided at least on one side with a high-temperature-resistant material (10B), and

    that the protective wall (206) is disposed at a spacing from the wall (4) of the cavity (5) so as to form an intermediate space (7),

    wherein the protective wall (206) is fastened to a substructure (280) and hence forms a statically independent structure, which is installable in a stand-alone manner without anchoring to the wall (4) of the cavity (5).

Images